LITLHAHISO: Ena ke mofuta oa lingaka tsa Dr. Hilton Litšila Tsa Bootsoa: Maikutlo a Neuroscience (2011), e fumanoang karolong ena. O kholisehile, joalo ka rona, hore litlhohonolofatso tsa tlhaho li ka lemalla 'me li etsa hore boko bo tšoanang bo fetohe joaloka lithethefatsi. Pampiri ea morao-rao e hlahlojoang ke lithaka ke Ho lemalla litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro - ts'usumetso e kholo e nahannoeng maemong a ts'oaetso ea methapo | Hilton | Socioaffective Neuroscience le Psychology (2013).
January 20, 2011
Donald L. Hilton, Jr. MD, FACS
Moprofesa oa Kopano ea Kliniki
Lefapha la Neurosurgery
Setsi sa Univesithi sa Bophelo bo Botle sa Setebo sa San Antonio
Boko ba motho bo etselitsoe ho khothaletsa boits'oaro bo tlatselletsang ho phela. Sistimi ea mesolimbic dopaminergic e putsa ho ja le thobalano ka tšusumetso e matla ea boithabiso. Cocaine, li-opioid, joala le lithethefatsi tse ling li khelosa kapa ho koetela, litsamaiso tsena tsa menyaka, 'me li etsa hore boko bo nahane hore sethethefatsi se phahameng sea hlokahala hore se phele. Bopaki bo matla hona joale ba hore meputso ea tlhaho joalo ka lijo le thobalano e ama litsamaiso tsa moputso ka tsela e ts'oanang le lithethefatsi li li ama, ka hona thahasello ea hona joale ea 'ho lemalla tlhaho.' Bokhoba, ekaba k'hok'heine, lijo kapa thobalano bo etsahala ha mesebetsi ena e khaotsa ho kenya letsoho ho boemo ba homeostasis, mme e baka litlamorao. Mohlala, ha ho ja ho baka ho nona ho fetelletseng, ke ba fokolang ba tla pheha khang ea hore mmele o maemong a nepahetseng. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li kotsi ha li senya kapa li senya bokhoni ba motho ba ho ba le kamano e haufi le maikutlo.
Lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng bopaki bo ile ba qala ho supa mofuta oa bokhoba ba tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea boits'oaro ba tlhaho bo bakang moputso oa dopaminergic ho ba le boiphihlelo bokong. Mohlala, Ngaka Howard Shaffer, Motsamaisi oa Patlisiso ea Lithethefatsi ho Univesithi ea Harvard, o re ka 2001, "Ke bile le bothata bo boholo le bo mphato ba ka ha ke ne ke etsa tlhahiso ea hore bokhoba bo bongata ke litholoana tsa boiphihlelo… bo pheta-pheta, maikutlo a phahameng, phahameng boiphihlelo khafetsa. Empa ho hlakile hore neuroadaptation – ke hore, liphetoho lipotolohong tsa methapo tse thusang ho ntšetsa pele boitšoaro - li etsahala le ha ho se na lithethefatsi "[1] Lilemong tse leshome ho tloha ha a bua sena, o tsepamisitse maikutlo lipatlisisong tsa hae le ho feta ka litlamorao tsa bokooa ba lithethefatsi tsa tlhaho joalo ka papali ea chelete. Hlokomela tse latelang ho tloha hona mona Science pampiri e tsoang ho 2001
Litsebi li rata ho re ho lemala ho etsahala ha tloaelo e "hijacks" lipotoloho tsa boko e ileng ea fetoha ho fumana moputso oa boitšoaro bo matlafatsang bo kang ho ja le ho kopanela liphate. "Hoa utloahala haeba u ka soma lipotoloho tsena ka mokhoa oa phekolo ea metsoako, u ka e etsa ka litlhohonolofatso tsa tlhaho," ho buuoa setsebi sa kelello sa Stanford Univesithing ea bitsoang Brian Knutson. Kahoo, lithethefatsi ha li sa le pelo ea taba ena. "Seo se hlahang ka potlako e le eona taba ea motheo ... e tsoele pele ho kopanela boitšoarong bo senyang ho sa tsotellehe liphello tse bohloko," ho bolela Steven Grant oa NIDA.[2]
Lilemong tse leshome ho tloha ha likhopolo tsena tsa phetohelo li hlalositsoe ka lekhetlo la pele, bopaki ba mohopolo oa tlholeho oa ho lemalla moputso bo matlafetse feela. Ka 2005 Dr. Eric Nestler, eo hona joale e leng molulasetulo oa methapo ea kutlo Setsing sa Bongaka sa Mount Sinai New York o phatlalalitse pampiri ea bohlokoa ho Nature Neuroscience ka sehlooho se reng "Na ho na le Tsela e Tloaelehileng ea Bokhoba?" O itse: "Bopaki bo ntseng bo hola bo supa hore tsela ea VTA-NAc le libaka tse ling tsa maoto tse boletsoeng kaholimo ka tsela e ts'oanang li arola, bonyane karolo e 'ngoe, litlamorao tse ntle tsa maikutlo tsa meputso ea tlhaho, joalo ka lijo, thobalano le likamano tsa sechaba. Libaka tsena le tsona li kentsoe letsoho ho seo ho thoeng ke 'litlhare tsa tlhaho' (ke hore, tšebeliso e tlamang ea meputso ea tlhaho) joalo ka ho ja ho feteletseng, ho becha ka mokhoa o feteletseng le ho lemalla thobalano. Liphuputso tsa pele li fana ka maikutlo a hore litsela tse arolelanoang li kanna tsa ameha: mohlala ke ho hlohlelletsa maikutlo ho etsahalang lipakeng tsa meputso ea tlholeho le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso. ”[3]
Phuputsong ea 2002 ho hlaseloa ha li-cocaine ho ile ha phatlalatsoa ho bontšang tahlehelo ea lerata e lekanyelitsoeng libakeng tse 'maloa tsa boko, ho kenyeletsa le lobes e ka pele.[4] Mokhoa ona e ne e le ho sebelisa protocol e thehiloeng ho MRI e bitsoang voxel-based morphometry (VBM), moo methapo ea milimitara e le 'ngoe ea boko e lekantsoeng le ho bapisoa. Phuputso e 'ngoe ea VBM e phatlalalitsoe ka 2004 ka methamphetamine e nang le liphetho tse tšoanang.[5] Le ha li ntse li thahasellisa, liphuputso tsena ha li makatse ho rasaense kapa moemeli, kaha tsena ke "lithethefatsi tsa sebele."
Pale ena e ba e khahlisang le ho feta ha re sheba bokhoba ba tlhaho bo kang ho ja ho tlōla ho isa botenya. Ka 2006 phuputso ea VBM e phatlalalitsoe e shebile haholo botenya, mme liphetho li ne li ts'oana haholo le lithuto tsa cocaine le methamphetamine.[6] Boithuto ba botenya bo bonts'itse libaka tse ngata tsa tahlehelo ea molumo, haholoholo makaleng a ka pele, libaka tse amanang le kahlolo le taolo. Le ha thuto ena e le bohlokoa ho bonts'a tšenyo e bonahalang ho lemalleng ka tlhaho, ho fapana le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, ho ntse ho le bonolo ho e amohela ka tlhaiso-leseling hobane re khona sheba liphello tsa ho ja haholo ka motho ea feteletseng.
Joale ho thoe'ng ka ho lemalla thobalano? Ka 2007 phuputso ea VBM e tsoang Jeremane e ne e shebile ka kotloloho pedophilia, mme e bonts'a sephetho se batlang se ts'oana le lithuto tsa cocaine, methamphetamine le botenya.[7] Bohlokoa ba thuto ena kamanong le puisano ena bo bohlokoa haholo ka hore e bonts'a hore tlamo ea thobalano e ka baka phetoho ea 'mele, anatomic bokong, ke hore, kotsi. Ho khahlisang ke hore pampiri ea morao-rao e fumane kamano e phahameng lipakeng tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho hlekefetsa bana ka thobalano.[8] Sena se hlokometse, ka hona pampiri e ne e shebile sehlotšoana se nang le, har'a mathata a mang, bokhoba bo matla ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ha re ntse re ka khetholla melao ea boitšoaro bo botle le ea molao lipakeng tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bana le tsa batho ba baholo, boko ha bo na monyetla oa ho ba le maemo a amanang le lilemo mabapi le ho theoloa ha dopaminergic le tahlehelo ea molumo e thehiloeng bokhobeng. Na boko bo tsotella hore na motho o na le thobalano, kapa o e etsa ka mokhoa oa thobalano, ke hore, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Lisebelisoa tsa liipone tsa bokong li fetola boiphihlelo ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho ba boiphihlelo ba nnete, ho ea fihla bokong. Sena se tšehetsoa ke phuputso ea haufinyane e tsoang Fora e bonts'ang ts'ebetso ea libaka tse amanang le liipone tsa liipone bokong ba motho ho banna ba shebang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Bangoli ba phethela ka ho re, "re fana ka maikutlo a hore ... sistimi ea seipone-neuron e susumetsa bashebelli ho ikamahanya le boemo ba tšusumetso ba batho ba bang ba hlahang litšoantšong tse bonts'ang likamano tsa thobalano."[9] Thuto ea pele e tšehetsa tšenyo e ka pele ka ho toba ho bakuli ba sitoang ho laola boitšoaro ba bona ba thobalano.[10] Phuputso ena e sebelisitse MRI e fapaneng ho lekola tšebetso ea phetisetso ea methapo ka lintho tse tšoeu, moo li-axon, kapa lithapo tse hokahanyang lisele tsa methapo li fumanehang. E bontšitse ho se sebetse hantle sebakeng se ka pele se ka pele, sebaka se amanang le ho qobelloa, e leng letšoao le lemalang la bokhoba.
Liphuputso tse ngata li bonts'a liphetoho tsa metabolism ho methapo ea methapo ha boko bo "ithuta" ho ba lekhoba. Liphetoho tsena tse lemalloang tsamaisong ea moputso oa dopamine le tsona li ka hlahlojoa ka likena tsa boko joalo ka ts'ebetso ea MRI, PET le SPECT. Ha re ntse re ka lebella hore thuto ea scan ea boko e bonts'a ho se ts'oanehe ha metabolism ea dopamine ho lemaleng koae,[11] re ka 'na ra makatsoa ha re fumana hore phuputso ea morao-rao e boetse e bontša ho se sebetse ha litsi tsena tse thabisang le papali ea chelete.[12] Ho ja ho tlōla ho lebisang boteng, ho lemala ha tlhaho, ho boetse ho bontša mafu a tšoanang.[13]
Hape ho bohlokoa ke pampiri e tsoang ho Mayo Clinic kalafo ea ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng ka naltrexone, mohanyetsi oa li-opioid receptor.[14] Drs. Bostsick le Bucci Setsing sa Mayo sepetlele sa Mayo ba ile ba tšoara mokuli hore ha a khone ho laola litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa Inthanete.
O ile a beoa naltrexone, sethethefatsi se sebetsang ho sistimi ea opioid ho fokotsa ho teneha ha dopamine ho matlafatsa lisele tse bokellaneng ba li-nucleus. Ka sethethefatsi sena o ile a khona ho fumana taolo ea bophelo ba hae ba thobalano.
Bangoli ba phetha ka ho re:
Ka bokhutšoanyane, ho fetola ha lisele tsa cellular ka lebaka la lithethefatsi la PFC ho fella ka ho ba le botsitso bo eketsehileng ba ts'oaetso e amanang le lithethefatsi, ho fokotseha ha boleng ba lithethefatsi tse sa sebeliseng lithethefatsi, le ho fokotsa thahasello ea ho phehella mesebetsi e laoloang ke morero. Ho phaella tabeng ea naltrexone ea tumello e tsoang ho Tsamaiso ea Lijo le Lithethefatsi bakeng sa ho phekola tahi ea joala, litlaleho tse 'maloa tse hatisitsoeng tsa liketsahalo li bontšitse bokhoni ba tsona ba ho phekola papali ea chelete, ho intša kotsi, kleptomania, le boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate. Re lumela ena ke tlhaloso ea pele ea tšebeliso ea eona ho loantša ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate Inthaneteng.
Koranta e tummeng ea Royal Society ea London e thehiloe ho 1660, 'me e hatisa koranta ea saense ea nako e telele ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng. Khatisong e sa tsoa feta ea Litšebelisano tsa Bofilosofi tsa Royal Society, ho tlalehiloe boemo ba hajoale ba kutloisiso ea bokhoba ba lithethefatsi joalo ka ha bo ile ba buisanoa ke bo-rasaense ba bang ba etelletseng pele ba ho lemalla joala kopanong ea Mokhatlo. Sehlooho sa makasine e tlalehang kopano e ne e le "The neurobiology of addiction - new vistas." Ho khahlisang ke hore ho lingoloa tsa 17, tse peli li ne li amehile haholo ka bokhoba ba tlhaho: papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete[15] le pampiri ea Dr. Nora Volkow ka litšebelisano tsa bokooa ba ho lemalla lithethefatsi le ka ho ja lijo tse ngata[16]. Pampiri ea boraro ea Dr. Nestler e buile ka mefuta ea liphoofolo ea bokhoba ba tlhaho le mabapi le DFosB.[17]
DFosB ke k'hemik'hale eo Dr. Nestler a ithutileng eona, 'me e bonahala e fumaneha ho li-neuron tsa bafo ba lemalloang. Ho bonahala e na le karolo ea physiologic e hantle, empa e na le tšekamelo e matla ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi Ho khahlisang ke hore e fumanoe ka lekhetlo la pele liseleng tsa boko ba liphoofolo tse ithutoang ka ho lemalla lithethefatsi, empa joale e se e fumanoe liseleng tsa boko li-nucleus accumbens tse amanang le tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea meputso ea tlhaho.[I] Koranta ea morao-rao e etsang lipatlisiso tsa DFosB le karolo ea eona ho sebeliseng ho feta litlhapi tse peli tsa tlhaho, ho ja le ho kopanela liphate, e phetha ka ho re:
Ka bokhutšoanyane, mosebetsi o hlahisitsoeng mona o fana ka bopaki ba hore, ntle le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, litlhohonolofatso tsa tlhaho li baka litekanyetso tsa DFosB ho ... litlhoko tsa rona li hlahisa monyetla oa hore DFosB ho kenyelletsoa ho NAC e se ke ea buisana feela le lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa ho lemalla lithethefatsi, empa hape likarolo tsa seo ho thoeng ke mekhoa e metle ea lithethefatsi tse amang ho qobelloa ho sebelisoa ha mehloli ea tlhaho.[18]
Ngaka Nora Volkow ke hlooho ea Setsi sa Naha sa Tlhekefetso ea Lithethefatsi (NIDA), hape ke e mong oa bo-ramahlale ba hatisitsoeng le ba hlomphuoang ka ho fetesisa lefatšeng. O amohetse phetoho ena kutloisisong ea bokhoba ba tlhaho mme a khothaletsa ho fetola lebitso la NIDA ho Setsi sa Naha sa Mafu a Tlhekefetso. Koranta Science e tlaleha: "Motsamaisi oa NIDA Nora Volkow le eena o ne a nahana hore lebitso la setsi sa hae se lokela ho kenyelletsalithethefatsi tse kang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, papali ea chelete, le lijo, "moeletsi oa NIDA, Glen Hanson, o re. 'O rata ho romela molaetsa oo [re lokelang] ho sheba tšimo eohle.' "[19] (ho hatisoa).
Ka bokhutšoanyane, lilemong tsa ho qetela tsa 10 bopaki bo se bo tšehetsa ka tieo semelo se lemalloang sa meputso ea tlhaho. Dr. Malenka le Kauer, pampiring ea bona e ikhethang e mabapi le liphetoho tsa lik'hemik'hale tse etsahalang liseleng tsa boko tsa batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi, "bokhoba bo emela mokhoa o matla oa ho ithuta, empa o le matla oa ho ithuta le ho hopola."[20] Hona joale re bitsa liphetoho tsena liseleng tsa boko "matla a nako e telele" le "khatello ea maikutlo ea nako e telele," mme re bua ka boko e le polasetiki, kapa e ka fetohang le ho ts'oaroa hape. Dr. Norman Doidge, ngaka ea methapo ea mafu ea methapo ea Columbia, bukeng ea hae Boko bo Itšusumetsang e hlalosa kamoo litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li bakang ho ts'oaroa hape ha methapo ea methapo. O hlokometse phuputso e mabapi le banna ba shebellang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Inthaneteng moo ba neng ba shebahala ba “sa natse letho” joalo ka likhoto tse sutumetsang sefofane hore se fumane k'hok'heine ka har'a mabokose a liteko a Skinner. Joalo ka khoto e lemaletseng joala, ba labalabela ho lokisa se latelang, ba tobetsa le toeba joalo ka ha rat e sutumetsa sefofane. Ho lemalla litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ke ho hloka botsitso Ho ithuta, mme mohlomong ke ka hona batho ba bangata ba nang le bothata ba ho lemalla lintho tse ngata ba tlalehileng hore e ne e le bokhoba bo boima ka ho fetesisa ho bona ho bo hlola. Bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, leha bo le matla, bo etsa lintho ka tsela ea "ho nahana", athe ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, haholo-holo inthaneteng, ke mohato o sebetsang haholoanyane ho feta methapo ea kutlo. Ho phenyekolla le ho lekola sets'oants'o ka seng kapa sekhechana sa video se hlahisitsoeng bakeng sa matla le sephetho ke boikoetliso ba ho ithuta ka methapo ea kutlo le ho rewiring.
Tlhōrō ea thobalano ea batho e sebelisa mekhoa e tšoanang ea meputso e kang ea ba bokelloa nakong ea heroine e potlakileng.[21] Haeba re sa utloisise se boleloang ke bokhoni ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba ho nchafatsa boko ka sebopeho, methapo ea kutlo le 'mele, re ipeha kotsing ea ho tsoela pele ho hloleha ho phekola lefu lena le tšabehang. Leha ho le joalo, haeba re fa moputso ona o matla oa tlhaho ho tsepamisa mohopolo le khatiso e nepahetseng re ka thusa ba bangata bao joale ba seng ba lemaletse le ho nyahama ho fumana khotso le tšepo.
[1] Constance Holden, "Mekhoa ea Boits'oaro ea Boitšoaro: Na Li Teng? Science, 294 (5544) 2 November 2001, 980.
[2] Ibid.
[3] Eric J. Nestler, "Na ho na le tsela e tloaelehileng ea limolek'hule bakeng sa tahi?" Nature Neuroscience 9(11):1445-9, Nov 2005
[4] Teresa R. Franklin, Paul D. Acton, Joseph A Maldjian, Jason D. Gray, Jason R. Croft, Charles A. Dackis, Charles P. O'Brien, le Anna Rose Childress, "Ho Fokotseha ha Moriri ho Tšoenyehile, Orbitofrontal, Cingulate, le Temporal Cortices ea bakuli ba Cocaine, " Likokoana-hloko tsa likokoana-hloko (51) 2, January 15, 2002, 134-142.
[5] Paul M. Thompson, Kikralee M. Hayashi, Sara L. Simon, Jennifer A. Geaga, Michael S. Hong, Yihong Sui, Jessica Y. Lee, Arthur W. Toga, Walter Ling, le Edythe D. London, "Mekhoa e Meholo ea Boemo ka Bongoli ba Batho ba Ithutang ba Sebelisang Methamphetamine, " Journal of Neuroscience, 24 (26) Ka June 30 2004; 6028-6036.
[6] Nicola Pannacciulli, Angelo Del Parigi, Kewei Chen, Dec Son NT Le, Eric M. Reiman le Pietro A. Tataranni, "Boko bo sa tloaelehang boteng ba motho: Thuto ea morphometry e thehiloeng ho voxel." Nako ea mokokotlo 31 (4) July 15 2006, 1419-1425.
[7] Boris Schiffer, Thomas Peschel, Thomas Paul, Elke Gizewshi, Michael Forshing, Norbert Leygraf, Manfred Schedlowske, le Tillmann HC Krueger, "Ts'ebetsong ea Bokooa Boemong ba Frontostriatal System le Cerebellum e Pedophilia," Journal of Psychiatric Research (41) 9, November 2007, 754-762.
[8] M. Bourke, A. Hernandez, 'Thuto ea Butner' Redux: Tlaleho ea ho ba teng ha matsoho ka ho hlekefetsoa ha bana ka Bana ba bootsoang ba bootsoa. Journal of Violence ea Lelapa 24(3) 2009, 183-191.
[9] H. Mouras, S. Stole4ru, V. Molier, M Pelegrini-Issac, R. Rouxel, B Grandjean, D. Glutron, J Bittoun, Ho ts'oaroa ha seipone-neuron ka li-video tse tsosang takatso ho bolela esale pele tekanyo ea ho tsosoa ka mofuthu: thuto ea fMRI . NeuroImage 42 (2008) 1142-1150.
[10] Michael H. Miner, Nancy Raymond, JoannaA. Meuller, Martin Lloyd, Kelvin Ol Lim, "Ho etsa lipatlisiso pele ho litšobotsi tse sa tsitsang le tse kotsi tsa boitšoaro ba ho kopanela liphate." Tlhahlobo ea Psychiatry Neuro e tsotehang Volume 174, Issue 2, November 30 2009, maqephe 146-151.
[11] Bruce E. Wexler, Christopher H. Gottschalk, Robert K. Fulbright, Isak Prohovnik, Cheryl M. Lacadie, Bruce J. Rounsaville le John C. Gore, "Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cocaine," Journal of American Psychiatry, 158, 2001, 86-95.
[12] Jan Reuter, Thomas Raedler, Michael Rose, Iver Hand, Jan Glascher, le Christian Buchel, "Papali ea papali ea chelete e amana le ho fokotsa ts'ebetsong ea moputso oa moputso oa mahlo," Nature Neuroscience 8, January 2005, 147-148.
[13] Jean-Lauren, Nora D. Volkow, Jean Logan, Naomi R. Pappas, Christopher T. Wong, Wei Zhu, Noelwah Netusil, Joanna S Fowler, "Dopamine ea boko le botenya," Lancet 357 (9253) February 3 2001, 354-357.
[14] J. Michael Bostwick le Jeffrey A. Bucci, "Ho lemalla ho Kopanela Liphate Tsa Inthanete ho Tšoaroa ka Naltrexone." Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 2008, 83(2):226-230.
[15] Marc N. Potenza, "Theourobiology ea papali ea chelete le ho lemalla lithethefatsi: kakaretso le liphuputso tse ncha," Litšebelisano tsa Bofilosofi tsa Royal Society, 363, 2008, 3181-3190 ..
[16] Nora D. Volkow, Gene-Jack Wang, Joanna S. Fowler, Frank Telang, "Ho hlophisa lipotoloho tsa neuronal ho lemalla le botenya: bopaki ba lits'ebeletso tsa mafu," Litšebelisano tsa Bofilosofi tsa Royal Society, 363, 2008, 3191-3200.
[16] Eric J. Nestler, "Mekhoa ea phekolo ea ho lemala: karolo ea DFosB," Litšebelisano tsa Bofilosofi tsa Royal Society, 363, 2008, 3245-3256.
[18] DL Wallace, le al, Tšusumetso ea DFosB ho Nucleus Accumberns mabapi le Boits'oaro bo amanang le moputso,Journal of Neuroscience, 28 (4): October 8, 2008, 10272-10277,
[19] Science 6 July 2007:? Vol. 317. che. 5834, leq. 23
[20] Julie A. Kauer, Robert C. Malenka, "Synaptic Plasticity le Addiction," Tlhahlobo ea Tlhaho Neuroscience, 8, 8440858 November 2007, 844-858.
[21] Gert Holstege, Janniko R. Georgiadis, Anne MJ Paans, Linda C. Meiners, Ferdinand HCE van der Graaf, le AAT Simone Reinders, "Ts'ebetso ea bongobo nakong ea ho khaotsa batho," Journal of Neuroscience 23 (27), 2003, 9185-9193
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