Tlhahlobo ea Boiketlo ba Batho ba Boiketlo ba Sechaba Mocha oa Kotsi-Ho Nka (2008)

Ho nchafatsa Sisteme ea Dopaminergic nakong ea Khale

Liphetoho tsa bohlokoa tsa nts'etsopele tsamaisong ea dopaminergic li etsahala nakong ea bokhachane (Litho tsa et al., 2003; Spear, 2000). Ha re fuoa karolo ea bohlokoahali ea tšebetso ea dopaminergic ho melaoana e amehang le e susumetsang, liphetoho tsena li ka etsa hore nako ea bocha e be teng, hobane ts'ebetso ea tlhaiso-leseling ea litaba tsa sechaba le maikutlo e itšetleha ka marang-rang a thehiloeng ho likhoutu bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse lumellanang. Lits'oants'o tsa bohlokoa tsa marang-rang ana li na le li-amygdala, li-nucleus accumbens, orbitofrontal cortex, medort preortalal cortex, le super tempal sulcus (Nelson et al., 2005). Libaka tsena li kentsoe likarolong tse fapaneng tsa ts'ebetso ea sechaba, ho kenyelletsa le ho ananeloa ha maikutlo a bohlokoa sechabeng (mohlala, lifahleho, Hoffman le Haxby, 2000; motsamao oa tlhaho Heberlein et al., 2004), likahlolo tsa sechaba (bohlahlobi ba ba bang, Ochsner, et al., 2002; ho ahlola ho hohelang, Aharon, et al., 2001; ho hlahloba morabe, Phelps et al., 2000; Ho lekola sepheo sa ba bang, Gallagher, 2000; Baron-Cohen et al., 1999), menahano ea sechaba (Riling et al., 2002), le likarolo tse ling tsa ts'ebetso ea sechaba (bakeng sa tlhahlobo, bona Adolphs, 2003). Habohlokoa, hara bacha lilemong tse libaka libaka tse hlahisoang nakong ea ho pepesetsoa maikutlo a bophelo bo phahameng haholo le libaka tse bontšitsoeng li ela hloko phapang ea bophahamo ba meputso, joalo ka sebaka sa boemo bo bocha (cral.) Galvan et al., 2005; Knutson et al., 2000; May et al., 2004). Ho joalo, boithuto ba morao-rao ba lilemong tsa bocha bo etsa mosebetsi oo ho amoheloa lithaka le ho khesoa ka tsona li ileng tsa etsoa ka boomo (Nelson et al., 2007) e senotse ts'ebetso e kholo ha lithuto li pepesoa ho amoheloa ke lithaka, ho hanana le ho amoheloa, kahare ho likarolo tsa bokong tse kentsoeng ts'ebetsong ea meputso (ke hore, sebaka se katamelano sa moea, sebaka se atolositsoeng sa amygdala, le ventral pallidum). Hobane libaka tsona tsena li kentsoe liphuputsong tse ngata tsa ama amanang le moputso (cf., Berridge, 2003; Ikemoto & Bohlale, 2004; Waraczynski, 2006), liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore bonyane lilemong tsa bocha, kamohelo ea sechaba ka lithaka e ka sebetsoa ka mekhoa e ts'oanang le meputso e meng, ho kenyeletsa le moputso o motle (Nelson et al., 2007). Joalokaha ke hlalosa hamorao, taba ena e arola lipakeng tsa potoloho ea litaba tsa kahisano le ts'ebetso ea moputso e thusa ho hlalosa hore na hobaneng ha ho beoa kotsi ea bongoana ho le teng maemong a sehlopha sa lithaka.

Ho nchafatsoa ha sisteme ea dopaminergic kahare ho marang-rang a maikutlo le keketseho ea morao-rao ea tlhaho, 'me ho qala ka nako ea lilemo tsa 9 kapa 10, phokotso e latelang ea dopamine receptor density ho striatum le preortalal cortex. e tsebahala haholo hara banna ho feta basali (bonyane ka litoeba) (Sisk & Foster, 2004; Sisk & Zehr, 2005; Teicher, Andersen, & Hostetter, e monyenyane, 1995). Habohlokoa, leha ho le joalo, boholo le nako ea ho eketseha le ho fokotseha ha li-receptor tsa dopamine li fapana pakeng tsa libaka tsena tsa cortical le subcortical; ho na le monahano oa hore ke liphetoho ho se amanang letsoalo la li-receptor tsa dopamine libakeng tsena tse peli tse tlisang phetoho ts'ebetsong ea meputso lilemong tsa bocha. Ka lebaka la ho nchafatsoa hona, ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic ho cortex ea pele e eketseha haholo lilemong tsa bocha ba pele mme e phahame nakong ena ho feta pele kapa ka morao ho moo. Hobane dopamine e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa morerong oa moputso oa boko, ho eketsoa, ​​ho fokotsoa, ​​le ho abuoa hoa bongaka ba dopamine receptor nakong ea bokhachane, haholoholo lipakaneng tsa ho tloha lenaneong la litho tsa maoto ho ea sebakeng sa pele, li ka ba le litlamorao tsa bohlokoa tsa ho batla maikutlo.

Ho fanoe ka litlatsetso tse 'maloa mabapi le se boleloang ke liphetoho tsena tšebetsong ea neural. Khopolo-taba e 'ngoe ke hore ho se leka-lekane ha nakoana hoa li-dopamine receptors ka pele ho cortex e amanang le striatum ho baka "lefu la khaello ea moputso," ho hlahisa boits'oaro har'a bacha ba bacha bo sa fapaneng le bo bonoang har'a batho ba nang le mefuta e itseng ea bofokoli ba dopamine. Batho ba nang le lefu lena ba phatlalalitsoe hore "ba se ke ba batla lithethefatsi feela empa ba batla le boiphihlelo ba tikoloho joalo ka mofuta oa boitokiso ba boitšoaro ba khaello ea moputso" (Gardner, 1999, ho bontšitsoe Spear, 2002, leq. 82). Haeba ts'ebetso e ts'oanang e etsahala lilemong tsa bocha, re ka lebella ho bona ho nyoloha ha meputso (boemo boo bacha ba mamelang meputso le ho tsotella ho fapana ha meputso) le ho batla meputso (ho isa moo ba fumanang meputso). Joalokaha Spear a ngola:

[A] li-dolescents ka kakaretso li ka fumana phello e ntle ho tloha ho ts'usumetso e nang le boleng bo tlase ba khothatso, mme e ka latela tšehetso e ncha ea takatso ka ho eketseha ha kotsi ea ho nka / ho batla bocha le ka ho etsa boits'oaro bo khelohileng joalo ka ho sebelisa lithethefatsi. Tlhahiso ke hore bacha ba bonts'e "minire'reward defence syndrome 'e ts'oanang, hangata e le ea nakoana ebile e le matla a manyane, ho hore hypothesized e lokela ho amahanngoa le batho ba baholo ba nang le [dopamine] hypofunctioning invuzo circry…. Ho joalo, bacha ba bonahala ba bonts'a matšoao a ho fumana boleng bo tlase ba takatso ho tsoa bathong ba fapaneng ba lilemo tse ling, mohlomong li ba lebisa ho batleng litlatsetso tse eketsehileng ka ho phehella litšebelisano tse ncha tsa bophelo le ho kenya letsoho ho nkeng kotsi kapa ho batla boits'oaro bo bobe. Litšobotsi tse joalo tsa bocha li kanna tsa ba tsa feto-fetoha ka linako tsohle ho thusa bacha ho tsoa mokhatlong oa tlhaho ea tlhaho le ho buisana ka katleho phetoho ea kholo ho tloha ho ts'epeng ho ea boikemelong. Boleng ba motho, mahlaba ana a ka hlahisoa, leha ho le joalo, tšebelisong ea joala le lithethefatsi, le mekhoa e meng e fapaneng ea boits'oaro (2000, maq. 446-447).

Khopolo ea hore bacha ba na le "lefu la khaello ea moputso," leha e le ntle ka mokhoa o khahlisang, e nyenyefatsoa ke lithuto tse 'maloa tse bonts'ang ts'ebetso e phahameng libakeng tse maemong a tlase, haholoholo, ha ba le lilemong tsa bocha.Ernst et al., 2005; Galvan et al., 2006). Tlaleho e 'ngoe ke hore keketseho ea ho batla maikutlo nakong ea bocha ha e ea etsahala ka lebaka la bofokoli bo sebetsang ba dopamine empa ke tahlehelo ea nakoana ea "bokhoni ba" bo amanang le ho nyamela ha dopamine autoreceptors karolong ea pele ea cortex e sebeletsang mosebetsi o laoloang oa ho se bue ka nako nakong ea phetoho. bongoana (Dumont et al., 2004, ho bontšitsoe Ernst & Spear, ka ho tobetsa). Ho lahleheloa ke matla a ho senya, ho fella ka ho fokotseha ha taolo ea thibelo ea dopamine, ho ka baka maemo a batlang a phahame haholo a ho potoloha ha dopamine libakeng tse etelletseng pele ho arabela likhato tse lekanang tsa moputso nakong ea bocha ho feta kamoo ho neng ho ka ba kateng nakong ea bongoana kapa botsofaling. Kahoo, keketseho ea ho batla maikutlo e bonoang nakong ea bocha e ke ke ea e-ba sephetho, joalo ka ha ho nahanne, ea ho putlama ha "moputso" oa tšusumetso e putsang e khannelang batho ho batla maemo a phahameng le a phahameng a moputso (joalo ka ha ho ka boleloa esale pele haeba Bacha ba ne ba le monyetla oa ho hlokofatsoa haholo ke "lefu la khaello ea moputso"), empa keketseho ea kutlo le ts'ebetso ea sistimi ea dopaminergic, eo, ka mohopolo, e neng e ka etsa hore tšusumetso e ka bang le moputso e fumanoe e le e putsang haholo mme ka tsela eo e matlafatse botsitso ba moputso. Ak'haonte ena e tsamaellana le ho shebella ho eketseha ha dopaminergic kahare ho preortal cortex nakong ea bocha (Rosenberg & Lewis, 1995), leha ho na le phokotso ea letsoalo la dopamine receptor.

Mekhoa ea Steroid-Independent le Steroid-Dependent

Ke hlokometse pejana hore ho tloaelehile ho re phetoho ena ea dopaminergic-mediated ho mokhahlelo oa meputso le ho batla moputso ka tšusumetso ea li-hormone tsa "pubertal" bokong, e leng tšobotsi eo ke e bontsitseng lingolong tsa pejana ka taba ena (mohlala, Steinberg, 2004). Le ha ho nchafatsoa hona ho kopane le ho kena bohlankaneng, leha ho le joalo, ha ho hlake hore e bakoa ka kotloloho ke eona. Liphoofolo tse ileng tsa tlosoa li-gonads tsa tsona li tlositsoe esale pele (mme ka hona li sa bone keketseho ea lihormone tsa thobalano tse amanang le ho holofala ha mmele) li bontša lits'oaetso tse tšoanang tsa dopamine receptor proliferation le prunifering joalo ka liphoofolo tse sa kang tsa fuoa gonadectomized (Andersen, Thompson, Krenzel, & Teicher, 2002). Kahoo ho bohlokoa ho khetholla pakeng tsa boroetsana (ts'ebetso e lebisang bothateng ba ho tsoala) le bocha (boits'oaro, tlhalohanyo, le phetoho ea maemo a nako) e seng ntho e le 'ngoe, ekaba ka conceptually kapa neurobiologically. Joalokaha Sisk le Foster ba hlalosa, "ho feto-fetoha ha maemo a gonadal le ho fetoha ha boits'oaro ke mekhoa e 'meli e ikhethileng e tataisoang ke ts'ebetso ea nako le methapo ea methapo, empa li hokahanngoa haufi-ufi le tšebelisano e mpe pakeng tsa tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo le lihomone tsa steroid tsa gonadal"Sisk & Foster, 2004, leq. 1040). Kahoo, ho kanna ha ba le keketseho e tsamaeang le nako ea tlhaho ea ho batla ho fumana moputso le ho batla moputso lilemong tsa bocha tse nang le motheo o tiileng oa tlhaho, o amanang le ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng, empa seo se ka amana feela le liphetoho tsa li-hormone tsa gonadal boteng ba pele.

Ha e le hantle, liphetoho tse ngata tsa boitšoaro tse etsahalang nakong ea boroetsana (le tseo ka linako tse ling li nkoang e le phoso ea ho kena bohlankaneng kapa botšehali) li hlophisitsoe esale pele ke nako ea tlhaho eo nako ea tsona e etsang hore li kopane, empa li sa ikemele, ka liphetoho tsa lihormone tsa thobalano tsa botona le botšehali. Ka hona, liphetoho tse ling tsa tšebetso ea bongoana le boits'ebetso bocheng ba ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng li ikemetse ka ho ikemela, tse ling li its'episitse ka li-steroid, 'me tse ling ke sehlahisoa sa tšebelisano lipakeng tsa tse peli (moo lits'ebetso tse ikemetseng tsa steroid li amang tsietsi ho ba ts'ehetsoeng ke steroid)Sisk & Foster, 2004). Ho feta moo, kahara sehlopha sa liphetoho tse itšetlehileng ka steroid ke tseo e leng sephetho sa tšusumetso ea li-hormone mokhatlong oa boko nakong ea pele le nako ea bokhutšoanyane, e ileng ea fetoha ka liphetoho tse sisinyehileng boitšoarong tse sa iponahatseng ho fihlela boroetsaneng (ho thoe ke litlamorao tsa mokhatlo. ea lihormone tsa thobalano); liphetoho tse hlahisoang ka kotloloho ke tšusumetso ea li-hormone ha o kena bohlankaneng (ka bobeli ho mokhatlo oa boko le tšebetsong ea kelello le boits'oaro, tseo hamorao ho thoeng ke litlamorao tsa ts'ebetso); le liphetoho tseo e leng litholoana tsa tšebelisano lipakeng tsa tšusumetso ea tšebetso le tšebetso. Le liphetoho tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano, mohlala, tseo re tloaetseng ho li amahanya le liphetoho tsa kholo ea ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng, li laoloa ke motsoako oa mekhatlo e sebetsang, e sebetsang le e ikemiselitseng ea steroid. Lekhetlong lena, boholo ba liphetoho tse sebetsang ho dopaminergic nakong ea bosebeletsi ke (1) e ikemetse ka boeona, (2) ka lebaka la litlamorao tsa mokhatlo ho pepesetsoa li-steroid tsa thobalano (ekaba o sa le monyane haholo kapa nakong ea bocha, tse ka hahang kapa tsa holisa. tšusumetso ea mekhatlo ea pele), (3) ka lebaka la ts'usumetso ea ts'ebetso ea li-steroid tsa thobalano ho kena bohlankaneng, kapa monyetla o moholo, (4) ka lebaka la motsoako o mong oa lintlha tsena ha o e-so fumanoe. Mohlomong, ho etsahetse, ka mohlala, hore ntlafatso ea sebopeho sa dopaminergic system ha e susumetsoe ke gonadal steroids nakong ea bokhachane empa hore ts'ebetso ea eona ke (Cameron, 2004; Sisk & Zehr, 2005).

Ho boetse ho na le lebaka la ho kholoa hore maikutlo a phello ea tlhophiso ea lihormone tsa "pubertal" a fokotseha ka lilemo (bona Schulz & Sisk, 2006), ho fana ka maikutlo a hore tšusumetso ea li-hormone tsa pubertal mabapi le ho batla moputso e ka ba matla ho feta ho ba holileng tsebong ho feta ba holileng ka nako kapa ba holileng tsebong. Batho ba holileng tsebong ba sa le banyenyane le bona ba ka ba kotsing e kholo ea ho beha likotsi hobane ho na le lekhalo le lelelele la nakoana lipakeng tsa phetoho tsamaisong ea dopaminergic le botlalo ba sistimi ea taolo ea kelello. Ka lebaka la liphapang tsena tsa likokoana-hloko, re ka lebella ho bona maemo a phahameng a ho ipeha kotsing ho batho ba lilemong tsa bocha ba lilemong tsa bocha ho feta har'a lithaka tsa bona tsa lilemong tse ts'oanang (hape, re pheha khang ka akhaonto e hlakileng ea ho se tsotelle ha mocha, hobane ha ho na phapang e kholo ts'ebetsong ea kelello. lipakeng tsa ba holileng bocheng le ba liehang ho holisa 'mele) le ho theoha hoa nako ea nalane lilemong tsa tlhahlobo ea pele ka boits'oaro bo kotsi, ka lebaka la mokhoa oa lefats'e ho isa qalong ea boroetsana. (Karolelano ea lilemo tsa ho ilela khoeli lichabeng tse tsoetseng pele li fokotsehile ka 3 ho isa ho likhoeli tsa 4 ka lilemo tse leshome le motso o mong nakong ea karolo ea pele ea 20^th lekholong le ho tsoela pele ho theoha pakeng tsa 1960s le 1990s, ka likhoeli tse 2½ ka botlalo [bona Steinberg, 2008]). Ho na le bopaki bo hlakileng bakeng sa liketsahalo tsena ka bobeli: Banana le banana ba ntseng ba hola ba sa le banyenyane ba tlaleha litheko tse phahameng tsa joala le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, bonyatsi le boitšoaro ba mathata, mokhoa o bonoang litsong tse fapaneng le merabeng e fapaneng ea United States (Collins le Steinberg, 2006; Deardorff, Gonzales, Christopher, Roosa, & Millsap, 2005; Steinberg, 2008), le lilemo tsa liteko tsa joala, koae le lithethefatsi tse seng molaong (hammoho le lilemo tsa bohlankana ba thobalano) li fokotsehile ha nako e ntse e feta (Johnson le Gerstein, 1998), e tsamaellanang le ho theoha hoa nalane nakong ea ho qala ha motho.

Bacha — Selling-Searching and Evolutionary Adaptation

Leha liphetoho tsa sebopeho tsamaisong ea dopaminergic tse etsahalang nakong ea ho kena bohlankaneng li kanna tsa se be ka kotloloho ka lebaka la ts'usumetso ea li-hormone tsa pubertal, leha ho le joalo e etsa mohopolo o motle oa khopolo ea hore liphetoho tse hlahang mekhoeng e meng, joalo ka ho batla maikutlo, li etsahala nakong ea bokhachane, haholoholo hara ba batona. (eo ho phetisetsoang dopaminergic e boetse e boletsoe haholoanyane, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe pejana) (bona hape Spear, 2000). Ho batla mokokotlo, hobane ho kenyelletsa ho kena metsing a seng a sa sebetsoa, ​​ho na le kotsi e itseng, empa ho nka kotsi ho joalo ho ka hlokahala bakeng sa ho phela le ho tsamaisa pelehi. Joalokaha 'na le Belsky re ile ra ngola libakeng tse ling, "Ho ikemisetsa ho beha bophelo ba rona kotsing, mohlomong le ho beha bophelo kotsing, ho ka be ho bile molemo ho baholo-holo ba rona ha ba hana ho ipeha kotsing e joalo ho bile ho le kotsi le ho feta ho pholoha kapa ho beleha. Leha ho le joalo chisi e fetang ka hara siling e tukang kapa ho leka ho tšela noka e ruruhileng e kanna ea ba e se joalo, ho se be joalo ho ka be ho bile kotsi le ho feta ”(Steinberg le Belsky, 1996, leq. 96). Ho isa moo batho ba neng ba rata ho nka likotsi tse joalo ba ne ba e-na le melemo e fapaneng ntlheng ea ho pholoha le ho hlahisa litloholo tse tla iphelisa le ho ikatisa melokong e tlang, khetho ea tlhaho e ka rata ho boloka mekhoa ea ho beha bonyane boits'oaro bo kotsing nakong ea bocha. ha tsoalo ea thobalano e qala.

Ntle le ho khothaletsa pholoho maemong a kotsing, ho ipeha kotsing ho ka hlahisa melemo, haholoholo ho banna, ka lipontšo le ka ts'ebetso e bitsoang "khetho ea thobalano" (Taemane, 1992). Mabapi le lipontšo tse hlahelletseng, ho ikemisetsa ho beha likotsi e kanna ea ba leqheka la ho fihlela le ho boloka taolo mekhoeng ea kahisano ea sechaba. Mekhoa e joalo ea ho fihlela maemo le tlhokomelo e kanna ea khetheloa eseng hobane feela ba tlatselitse ho iphumaneleng le setho sa motho ea arolelanang lisebelisoa tsa mmele (mohlala, lijo, bolulo, liaparo), empa hobane li boetse li ekelletsa menyetla ea ho ba le bana ka ho thibela tse ling. ba batona ho tsoa ho mating. Ho isa tekanyong eo puso e bonts'ang khokahano pakeng tsa ho nka kotsi le ho beleha, ho ba le mohopolo o motle oa ho iphetola ha lintho ho liehisa keketseho ea ho nka menyetla ho fihlela nako ea kemiso ea "pubertal" e fihla, e le hore batho ba ipehang kotsing ba le matla le ponahalo. .

Mabapi le khetho ea thobalano, lipontšo tsa maikutlo tse batloang ke banna ba ka be ba romelletse melaetsa e mabapi le takatso ea bona ea ho ba molekane oa thobalano le batho bao e tla ba balekane. Ho etsa moelelo oa tlhaho bakeng sa banna ho etsa lintho tse khahlang tse tšehali le bakeng sa basali ho khetha ba batona ba nang le menyetla e mengata ea ho phela le ho ikatisa (Steinberg le Belsky, 1996). Mekhatlong ea batho ba hlonephang thuto e ithutoang ke litsebi tsa thuto ea methapo ho fumana leseli la hore na maemo a batho a bile teng joang (mohlala, Ache, naheng ea Venezuela; Yamamano ka Brazil; the! Kung in Africa), "bahlankana ba lula ba hlahlojoa joalo ka ha litebello ke ba ka ba khethang hore e be banna le barati… ”(Wilson & Daly, 1993, leq. 99, ho hatisoa ka mantlha). Ho feta moo, "boiphihlelo ba ho tsoma, ntoa le mesebetsi e meng e kotsi ke sesupo se seholo sa ho nyaloa hoa bahlankana" (Wilson & Daly, 1993, leq. 98). Babali ba belaella taba ena ea khopolo ea ho iphetola ha lintho ba hopotsoa ka leruo le lengata la taba ea hore banana ba lilemong tsa bocha ba fumana "bashanyana ba fosahetseng" ba hohela thobalanong. Le sechabeng sa mehleng ena, ho na le bopaki bo matla ba hore banana ba lilemong tsa bocha ba rata le ho fumana bashanyana ba ratehang le ba mabifi haholo (Pellegrini & Long, 2003).

Leha khopolo ea hore ho nka likotsi e fetoha lilemong tsa bocha e etsa mohopolo o hlakileng ha o sebelisoa tlhahlobisong ea boitšoaro ba monna ho feta basali, mme leha ho na le bopaki ba hore bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba etsa mefuta e meng ea likotsi tsa nnete tsa lefatše hangata ho feta basali.Harris, Jenkins, & Glaser, 2006), liphapang tsa ho etsa thobalano ka ho nka likotsi ha li bonoe kamehla lithutong tsa laboratori tsa ho nka likotsi (mohlala, Galvan et al., 2007). Ho feta moo, ho tlalehiloe litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa tlokotsi har'a bacha le batho ba baholo lithutong tsa basali le ho banna (Gardner le Steinberg, 2005). Taba ea hore lekhalo la bong mabapi le ho ipeha kotsing ea lefatše ho bonahala le fokotseha (Byrnes, Miller, & Schafer, 1999) le hore lithuto tsa ho nka litšoantšo tse sebelisang likotsi tse ipehang kotsing ha li fumane liphapang tsa bong (Galvan et al., 2007) e fana ka maikutlo a hore phapang ea thobalano ka boits'oaro bo kotsi e ka fetellana haholo ho feta ka tlhaho.

Liphetoho ho Batleng Tlhabollo, Ho Fumana Kotsi, le Kutloisiso Bofelong Boemong ba Bocha

Liphetho tse 'maloa tse tsoang boithuto ba morao-rao' na le bo-mphato ba ka re ithutile ka ho fapana ha lilemo ka bokhoni bo ka amang ho nka likotsi, bo lumellana le maikutlo a hore bocha ba mantlha haholo ke nako ea liphetoho tsa bohlokoa maikutlong a batho mabapi le ho ipeha kotsing ea bona (bona Steinberg, Cauffman, Woolard, Graham, & Banich, 2007 bakeng sa tlhaloso ea thuto). Ho latela tsebo ea ka, ena ke e 'ngoe feela ea lithuto tsa liketsahalo tsena tse nang le sampole e lekanyang lilemo tse lekaneng (ho tloha 10 ho isa 30 lilemo) mme e kholo ka ho lekana (N = 935) ho lekola phapang ea kholo ho pholletsa le bocha, bocha le ho ba motho e moholo. Batri ea rona e kenyellelitse mekhoa e mengata e sebelisoang haholo ke ho itlaleha, ho kenyeletsoa Benthin Risk Perception Measure (Benthin, Slovic, & Severson, 1993), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (Patton, Stanford, & Barratt, 1995), le Scand-Suck-Searching Scale tsa ZuckermanZuckerman et al., 1978)¹, hammoho le tse ncha tse ntlafalitsoeng bakeng sa morero ona, ho kenyelletsa le tekanyo ea Boithuto ba Bokamoso (Steinberg et al., 2007) le tekanyo ea ho hanyetsa tšusumetso ea Lithaka (Steinberg & Monahan, ka har'a khatiso). Batri e boetse e kenyelletsa mesebetsi e mengata e tsamaisitsoeng ke komporo, ho kenyelletsa mosebetsi oa ho becha oa Iowa, o lekang kutloisiso ea kutlo (Bechara, Damasio, Damasio, & Anderson, 1994); mosebetsi oa theolelo ea ho lieha, e lekanyang khetho eo o e ratang bakeng sa meputso e liehang ho bapisoa (Green, Myerson, Ostaszewski, 1999); le Tora ea London, e lekanyang ho rera esale pele (Berg & Byrd, 2002).

Re fumane kamano e kopaneng pakeng tsa lilemo le boholo ba batho ba tlalehileng hore melemo e feta litšenyehelo tsa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tse kotsi, joalo ka ho ba le thobalano e sa sireletsehang kapa ho palama koloi e khannoang ke motho ea neng a entsoe, le pakeng tsa lilemo le ho itlaleha. maikutlo a ho batla (Steinberg, 2006). Hobane mofuta oa rona oa mosebetsi oa papali ea Iowa oa Koloi o re lumelletse ho theha litekanyetso tse ikemetseng tsa bakhethoa ba mekotla e hlahisitseng meputso ea chelete ho fapana le ho qoba litheko tse hlahisang tahlehelo ea chelete, re ka sheba karohano ea lilemo tsa moputso le kutloelo-bohloko ea kotlo. Ho khahlisang, re fumane kamano e kopanetsoeng lipakeng tsa lilemo le kutloelo-bohloko ea moputso, e ts'oanang le sebopeho se bonoang bakeng sa khetho ea likotsi le takatso ea maikutlo, empa eseng pakeng tsa lilemo le kutloelo-bohloko ea kotlo, e ileng ea eketseha ka tatellano (Cauffman, Claus, Shulman, Banich, Graham, Woolard, & Steinberg, 2007). Haholo-holo, lintlha mabapi le ho batla maikutlo, ho rata likotsi, le ho ba le maikutlo a moputso kaofela li eketsehile ho tloha lilemong tsa 10 ho fihlela lilemong tsa bocha (e hloa kae kae pakeng tsa 13 le 16, ho latela tekanyo) mme ea theoha kamora moo. Khetho ea meputso ea nako e khuts'oanyane mosebetsing oa Delaying Delay e ne e le kholo hara bana ba 12- ho 13 ba lilemo li (Steinberg, Graham, O'Brien, Woolard, Cauffman, & Banich, 2007), hape e tsamaellana le maikutlo a moputso o phahamisitsoeng ho potoloha bongoana. Ho fapana le moo, lintlha ka mehato ea liketsahalo tse ling tsa kelello, tse kang ho shebana le bokamoso, taolo ea tšusumetso, le ho hanela tšusumetso ea lithaka, le kutloisiso ea kotlo mosebetsing oa Iowa Ho Becha le ho rala molemong oa Tora ea London, li bonts'itse keketseho e kholo ho feta ena. Nako ea lilemo, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore mokhoa oa curvilinear o bonoang mabapi le ho ts'oanela ho ts'oasa maikutlo, ho rata likotsi le ho ba le maikutlo a meputso hase feela pontšo ea ho ntlafala ha kelello le kelello. Joalokaha ke tla hlalosa, mekhoa ena e 'meli e fapaneng ea lilemo tse fapaneng e lumellana le mofuta oa phetoho ea nts'etsopele ea phetoho e nkang kotsi e boletsoeng sehloohong sena.

Keketseho ea ho batla maikutlo, ho rata likotsi, le kutloelo-bohloko ea moputso lipakeng tsa preadolescence le bocha ba lilemong tsa bocha tse bonoang thutong ea rona li ts'oana le lithuto tsa boits'oaro ba litoeba tse bonts'ang keketseho e kholo ea ho se sebetse ka moputso nakong ea ho kena bohlankaneng (mohlala, Spear, 2000). Ho boetse ho na le bopaki ba phetoho ea ho lebella litlamorao tsa ho nka kotsi, ka boitšoaro bo kotsi bo ka amahanngoa le tebello ea litlamorao tse mpe hara bana empa ka litlamorao tse ntle ho bocha, phetoho ea nts'etsopele e tsamaeang le keketseho. ts'ebetsong ho bokellana ha li-nucleus nakong ea mesebetsi e nkang kotsi (Galvan et al., 2007).

Liphetoho ho Neural Oxetocin ha A kena bohlankaneng

Ho nchafatsoa hoa tsamaiso ea dopaminergic ke e 'ngoe ea liphetoho tse' maloa tsa bohlokoa mokhatlong oa synaptic o ka 'nang oa etsa hore keketseho ea ba ipehang kotsing e etsahalang pele ho nako ea bocha. Phetoho e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa mokhatlong oa synaptic e amana haholo le ho phahama ha li-hormone tsa gonadal nakong ea bokhachane. Ka kakaretso, lithuto li fumana hore li-steroid tsa gonadal li na le tšusumetso e matla mohopolong bakeng sa tlhaiso-leseling ea sechaba le bonngoeng ba sechaba (Nelson, Leibenluft, McClure, & Pine, 2005), le hore litšusumetso tsena li kopantsoe, bonyane ka karolo, ka tšusumetso ea li-steroid tsa gonadal mabapi le keketseho ea li-receptors bakeng sa oxytocin (hormone eo hape e sebetsang e le neurotransmitter) meahong e fapaneng ea litho tsa maoto le matsoho Leha boholo ba mosebetsi oa ho fetoha li-receptor tsa oxytocin nakong ea bongoaneng bo hlahlobile karolo ea estrogen (mohlala, Miller et al., 1989; Tribollet, Charpak, Schmidt, Dubois-Dauphin, & Dreifuss, 1989)hape ho na le bopaki ba litlamorao tse tšoanang tsa testosterone (Chibbar et al., 1990; Insel et al., 1993). Ntle le moo, ho fapana le lipatlisiso tsa litoeba tsa gonadectomised, tse bonts'ang litlamorao tse fokolang tsa li-steroid tsa gonadal nakong ea bongoaneng ho li-dopamine receptor remodeling (Andersen et al., 2002), lithuto tsa liteko tse sebelisang matla a gonadal steroids nakong ea ho kena bohlankaneng ka ho tsamaisoa ka morao ho gonadectomy ea li-steroid li bontša litlamorao tse tobileng tsa estrogen le testosterone ho li-neurotransmission tsa oxytocin-MediatedChibbar et al., 1990; Insel et al., 1993).

Oxytocin mohlomong o tsebahala haholo ka karolo eo ae phethang kopanong ea lelapa, haholo mabapi le boitšoaro ba bo-mme, empa e bohlokoa hape ho laoleng kamohelo le khopotso ea mehopolo ea sechaba (Insel le Fernald, 2004; Winslow & Insel, 2004). Joalo ka Nelson et al. hlokomela, "Lihormone tsa gonadal li na le litlamorao tsa bohlokoa mabapi le hore na likarolo tsee [tsamaisong ea maikutlo le sechaba] li arabela joang molemong oa sechaba, 'me qetellong li tla susumetsa karabo ea maikutlo le boits'oaro e hlahisoang ke tsusumetso ea sechaba nakong ea bocha" (2005, leq. 167). Liphetoho tsena tsa li-hormonal li thusa ho hlalosa hore na hobaneng, ho amana le bana le batho ba baholo, bacha ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e matlafalitsoeng ea likarolo tsa maoto, tsa parisano, le tsa maikutlo pele ho maikutlo le maikutlo a bophelo, ho kenyelletsa le lifahleho tse nang le maikutlo a fapaneng le maikutlo a sechaba. Ba boetse ba hlalosa hore na hobaneng ha e sa le moroetsana e le nako ea kutloisiso e matla ea menahano ea ba bang, haholo hoo bacha ba kenang boits'oarong ba "ho nahana ka bamameli", ho kenyelletsang ho ba le letsoalo le matla haholo hoo mocha a nahanang hore Boitšoaro ke eona ntho eo motho e mong le e mong ea amehileng ka eona ka ba bang. Maikutlo a ho itšepa a eketseha nakong ea bohlankana, a eketseha ka lilemo tsa 15, ebe oa theoha (Boemo, Lane, Gibbons, & Gerrard, 2004). Ho phahama le ho oela ha letsoalo lena ho hlahisitsoe ke liphetoho tse peli monahanong oa kelello (El mosa, 1967) le ho fetoha hoa maemo hoa kholiseho ea sechaba (Boemo, Lane, Gibbons, & Gerrard, 2004), mme leha tsena li ka kenya letsoho ketsahalong ena, thabo ea khokahano ea maikutlo le maikutlo ka lebaka la keketseho ea lihormone tsa pubertal le eona e ka bapala karolo.

Litšusumetso tsa Lithaka ho Kotsi

Khokahano e reriloeng pakeng tsa ho eketsoa ha li-oxytocin receptors le ho eketsa kotsi ea ho ba moroetsana ha e bonahale ka mokhoa o hlakileng; ka 'nete, ka lebaka la bohlokoa ba oxetocin tlamahanong ea bo-mme, motho a ka hakanya se fapaneng feela (ke hore, ho ka ba kotsi hore bo-mme ba kenye boitšoaro bo kotsi ha ba ntse ba hlokomela bana ba its'epahalletseng haholo). Khopolo ea ka ha se hore keketseho ea oxytocin e lebisa ho ho ts'oarong ea batho ba kotsing, leha ho le joalo, empa e lebisa keketseho ea botsitso ba lithaka, le hore keketseho ena ea lithaka e bapala karolo ea ho khothaletsa boitšoaro bo kotsi.

Kamohelo e matlafalitsoeng ea maikutlo a susumetsang sechabeng a hlahisoang ka lebaka la ho kena bohlankaneng ho bohlokoa haholo ho utloisisa ho beha bophelo ba bacha kotsing. E 'ngoe ea matšoao a ho beha bacha kotsing ea ho ba lilemong tsa bocha ke hore ho na le monyetla oa hore batho ba baholo ba fetang ka lihlopha. Tekanyo eo bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba e sebelisang joala kapa lithethefatsi tse seng molaong ke e 'ngoe ea matla ka ho fetisisa, haeba e se eona e matla ka ho fetisisa, ea boletsoeng pele ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ea mocha.Chassin et al., 2004). Patlisiso ka likotsi tsa koloi e supa hore boteng ba bapalami ba lilemong tse tšoanang ka koloing e khannoang ke mokhanni ea lilemong tsa bocha ho eketsa kotsi ea kotsi e mpe (Simons-Morton, Lerner, & Springer, 2005). Bacha ba na le monyetla oa ho etsa thobalano ha lithaka tsa bona li (DiBlasio & Benda, 1992; Bochabela, Felice, & Morgan, 1993; Udry, 1987) le ha ba Lumela hore metsoalle ea bona e kopanela liphate, hore na metsoalle ea bona ke (Babalola, 2004; Brooks-Gunn le Furstenberg, 1989; DiIorio et al., 2001; Prinstein, Meade, & Cohen, 2003). 'Me lipalo-palo tse hlophisitsoeng ke Federal Bureau of Investigation li bontša ka mokhoa o hlakileng hore bacha ba na le monyetla o moholo oa ho feta oa ho ba baholo ho etsa tlolo ea molao ka lihlopha ho feta ka bona (Zimring, 1998).

Ho na le litlhaloso tse 'maloa tse hlakileng tsa' nete ea hore ho ipeha kotsing ea bocha hangata ho hlaha ka lihlopha. Ho ata ha palo ea ba kotsing ea lihlopha har'a bacha ho ka bakoa ke taba ea hore bacha ba qeta nako e ngata lihlopheng tsa lithaka ho feta batho ba baholo.E sootho, 2004). Maikutlo a mang ke hore boteng ba lithaka bo kenya letsoho ts'ebetsong e tšoanang ea neural e kenelletseng ts'ebetsong ea moputso, le hore sena se susumetsa bacha ho batla maikutlo a matla. Bakeng sa ho hlahloba hore na boteng ba lithaka bo bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea ho ipeha kotsing nakong ea bocha, re ile ra etsa tlhahlobo eo ho eona bacha (ba bolelang lilemo tsa 14), bacha (ba bolelang lilemo tsa 20), le batho ba baholo (ba bolela lilemo tsa 34). abeloa ho phethela betri ea mesebetsi ea likhomphutha tlasa e ngoe ea maemo a mabeli: a le mong kapa moo ho nang le metsoalle e 'meli (Gardner le Steinberg, 2005). O mong oa mesebetsi e kenyelletsoeng thutong ena e ne e le papali ea ho khanna livideo e etsisang boemo boo motho a seng a le haufi le phallo, a bona lebone la sephethe-phethe le le lerootho, 'me a leka ho etsa qeto ea ho emisa kapa ho tsoela pele ka tsela e kenang. Mosebetsing, koloi e tsamaeang e skrineng, 'me ho hlahe lebone la sephethephethe le' mala o mosehla, e leng se bontšang hore ka nako e 'ngoe haufinyane, ho tla hlaha lebota' me koloi e tla oa. Mmino o phahameng o bapala ka morao. Hang ha leseli la mosehla le hlaha, litho tsa sehlopha li lokela ho etsa qeto ea hore na li tla tsoela pele ho khanna kapa ho etsa boroko. Barupeluoa ba bolelloa hore ha ba khanna nako e telele, ba fumana lintlha tse ngata empa haeba koloi e thula leboteng, lintlha tsohle tse bokelletsoeng li lahlehile. Nako e fetang pakeng tsa ponahalo ea leseli le ponahalo ea lebota e fapana ka liteko, ka hona ha ho na mokhoa oa ho nahana hore na koloi e tla senyeha neng. Batho ba nang le tšekamelo ea ho ipeha kotsing papaling ena ba khanna koloi nako e telele ho feta ba kotsing. Ha lithuto li ne li le mong, maemo a kotsi a ho khanna a kotsi a ne a bapisoa le lilemo tse tharo kaofela. Leha ho le joalo, boteng ba metsoalle bo beha mats'oao a kotsi habeli ho bacha, ba eketsehile ka liperesente tse mashome a mahlano har'a bacha, empa ha ba na phello ho batho ba baholo, mohlala o neng o tšoana ho ba batona le ba batšehali (ha ho makatse hore ebe re fumane senotlolo. phello ea thobalano, mme banna ba ipeha kotsing e fetang ea basali). Ho ba teng ha lithaka ho boetse ho matlafalitse boikemisetso ba batho ba hore ba tla phela ka mokhoa o tenang sechabeng haholo ho feta ho feta baithuti ba baholo, hape, hara ba batona le ba batšehali.

Bopaki bo bong ba hore tšusumetso ea lithaka ho ho bea bacha kotsing ea ho kena bohlankaneng e ka ba bohareng ba ts'ebetso e phahameng ea ts'ebetso ea marang-rang ea sechaba e tsoa mosebetsing o mong oo re o entseng le lithuto tse peli tsa monna oa 19 (Steinberg le Chein, 2006). Mosebetsing ona, re ile ra bokella data ea fMRI ha lithuto li etsa mofuta o ntlafalitsoeng oa mosebetsi oa ho khanna, moo ba kopaneng le lipuisano le mabone a sephethe-phethe a neng a fetohile mosehla mme a tlameha ho etsa qeto ea ho leka ho khanna ka har'a tsela (e neng e tla eketseha). moputso oa bona haeba ba feta ka polokeho empa ba o fokotseha haeba ba oela ka koloing e atamelang) kapa ba kenya li-brake (tse neng li tla fokotsa moputso oa bona empa eseng joalo ka ha eka ba thula koloi). Joalo ka har'a Gardner le Steinberg (2005) ho ithuta, lithuto li ile tsa fihla ka Lab le metsoalle e 'meli,' me ra qhekella maemo a lithaka ka ho etsa hore lithaka li be teng ka phapusing ea taolo ea makenete (ho shebella boitšoaro ba taba eo ho khomphutha e kantle ea leihlo le ho amohela karolo ea chelete e khothalletsoang ke taba eo) ​​kapa e falletse kamoreng e thoko. Lintho li ile tsa etsa mesebetsi e 'meli ea ho khanna maemong a hona joale,' me tse peli li le maemong a kantle ho lithaka; maemong a teng a lithaka, ba ile ba bolelloa hore metsoalle ea bona e tla shebella, 'me ha ba le sieo lithaka tsa bona, ba bolelloa hore metsoalle ea bona e ke ke ea bona tšebetso ea bona. Lintlha tsa boitšoaro tse bokelitsoeng ho tsoa lithutong ho sehatisi li bonts'itse keketseho ea likotsi tsa boteng ba lithaka tse neng li ts'oana le boholo bo lekanang le bo boneng thutong ea pejana, joalo ka ha ho pakoa ke keketseho ea palo ea likotsi le ho fokotseha ha khafetsa ha khafetsa. brake ha mabone a sephethephethe a fetoha mosehla.

Tlhahlobo ea tlhaiso-leseling ea fMRI e bonts'itse hore boteng ba lithaka bo ile ba kenya ts'ebetsong libaka tse itseng tse neng li sa sebetsoa ha papali ea ho khanna e bapaloa maemong a ho ba sieo ha lithaka. Joalo ka ha ho lebelletsoe, ho sa tsotelloe boemo ba lithaka, liqeto mosebetsing oa ho khanna li hlahisitse marang-rang a libaka tsa boko ho kenyeletsoa liboka tsa pele le tsa parietal (libaka tse hokahaneng le taolo ea kelello le mabaka). Empa maemong a hona joale a lithaka, re boetse re bone tšebetso e eketsehang ka mokokotlong o ka pele oa letsoho, re letsetse moea o mongata (haholo-holo ka har'a li-accumbens), re siile sebapali sa maemo a holimo, 'me se siile meetso ea nakoana ea bongaka. Ka mantsoe a mang, boteng ba lithaka bo ile ba qobella marang-rang a maikutlo le ho lebisa boits'ebetsong bo kotsi haholoanyane. Ona ke mosebetsi oa lifofane, ka hona, ho bohlokoa ho ba hlokolosi ho e hlalosa. Empa taba ea hore boteng ba lithaka e kentse tšebetsong potoloho e tšoanang e hlahisoang ke ho pepesehela moputso e lumellana le maikutlo a hore lithaka li ka etsa menyetla e ka bang teng - le ho ka bang kotsi - mesebetsi e be le moputso o fetang oo. Bocheng, joale, ho ka 'na ha se ke ha e-ba feela ba kopanngoang - ho feta ho ka ba hoa eketseha.

Boemo ba ho hlophisoa ha Sisteme ea Taolo ea Kelello

Liphetoho tse tharo tsa bohlokoa sebopeho sa boko nakong ea bocha li se li ngotsoe hantle (bona Paus, 2005, bakeng sa kakaretso). Taba ea mantlha, ho na le ho fokotseha hoa lintho tse putsoa libakeng tsa bokong ba pele ba bongoana, ho bonts'ang ho roka ha synaptic, e leng ts'ebetso eo likhokahanyo tsa neuronal tse sa sebelisoeng li felisoang. Ho felisoa hona ha likhokahano tsa neuronal tse sa sebelisoeng ho etsahala haholo nakong ea bokhachane le bocha, nako eo ho bonahetseng ntlafatso ea mantlha ts'ebetsong ea tlhahisoleseling le mabaka a utloahalang (Keating, 2004; Overton, 1990), e lumellanang le tatellano ea nako ea ho itloella ka synaptic karolong e ka pele ea cortex, boholo ba eona bo felletse ke ho ba lilemong tsa bocha.Casey et al., 2005; bona le Casey, Getz, & Galvan, taba ena). Leha lintlafatso tse ling tsa bokhoni bona ba kutloisiso li ntse li tsoela pele ho fihlela lilemo tse 20 kapa ho feta (Mokha, 1991, 1997), liphetoho kamora hore motho a le lilemong tsa bocha li na le maemo a manyane haholo 'me li batla li bonoa haholo lithutong tse sebelisang mesebetsi e hlokolosi eo ho bona ts'ebetso e tsamaisoang ka tšebelisano e kholo har'a libaka tsa cortical, e lumellang ts'ebetso e sebetsang haholoanyane (bona ka tlase). Thutong ea rona ea bokhoni bo amanang le ho nka likotsi tse hlalositsoeng pejana, ha re bone ntlafatso lits'ebetsong tsa tlhokomeliso ea mantlha, tse kang ho hopola kapa ho bua ka mokhoa o hlakileng, kamora lilemo 16 (Steinberg et al., 2007).

Taba ea bobeli, ho na le keketseho ea litaba tse tšoeu libakeng tsena tse tšoanang, tse bonts'ang maikutlo a myelination, e leng mokhoa oo ka ona likhoele tsa methapo li kenngoeng myelin, ntho e mafura e fanang ka mofuta oa ho kenella oa potoloho ea neural. Ho fapana le ho loants'oa ha libaka tsa mantlha pele, tse etsahalang bongoaneng, myelination e ntse e tsoela pele hantle lilemong tse leshome tsa bophelo hape mohlomong le ho feta (Lenroot, Gogtay, Greenstein, Wells, Wallace, Clasen, et al., 2007). Khokahano e ntlafalitsoeng kahare ho cortex ea pele e lokela ho amahanngoa le ntlafatso ea morao-rao lits'ebetsong tse hlophisehileng tse fanoeng ke libaka tse ngata tsa pele ho nako, ho kenyelletsa likarolo tse ngata tsa ts'ebetso ea botsamaisi, joalo ka karabo ea ho arabela, ho rera esale pele, ho lekola likotsi le meputso, le ho lekola ka nako e le ngoe mehloli e mengata tsa tlhahisoleseling. Ho fapana le seo re se fumaneng mabapi le ts'ebetso ea mantlha ea tlhaiso-leseling, e sa bonts'eng kholo ea maemo ho feta lilemo tsa 16, re fumane ntlafatso e tsoelang pele ho feta mehla ena molemong oa boits'oaro ba nakong e tlang (bo ileng ba eketseha ka lilemo tsa 18) le ho rala (joalo ka ha ho supiloe ke palo ea lithuto tsa nako li ile tsa emella pele ba nka leeto la pele mosebetsing oa London oa London, e sa eketseheng feela lilemong tsa bocha empa le li-20 tsa pele).

Ka kakaretso, ts'ebetso ho mesebetsi e etsang hore lobes e etelle pele e ntse e ntlafala ho tloha lilemong tsa bocha ba bohareng (ho fihlela ka 16 ea lilemo tse mabapi le mesebetsi ea boima bo itekanetseng), ho fapana le ts'ebetso ea mesebetsi e etsang likarolo tse ling tsa boko ba morao, tse fihlang maemong a batho ba baholo qetellong ea preadolescence (Conklin, Luciana, Hooper, & Yarger, 2007). Ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea botsamaisi lilemong tsa bocha e bonts'oa ts'ebetsong e ntle le lilemo mabapi le mesebetsi e tsejoang ho kenya tšebetsong cortex ea dorsolateral pele, joalo ka liteko tse thata tsa mohopolo oa nako ea sepakapakeng (Conklin et al., 2007) kapa liteko tse thata haholo tsa thibelo ea karabo (Luna et al., 2001); le "cortex" e ka pele e kenang pele e kenang pele, e kang Iowa Gask Task (Crone & van der Molen, 2004; Hooper, Luciana, Conklin, & Yarger, 2004). Leha liteko tse ling tsa ts'ebetso ea botsamaisi li sebetsa ka nako e le 'ngoe li-dorsolateral le ventromedial, ho na le bopaki bo bong ba hore phetoho ea libaka tsena e kanna ea etsahala ka linako tse fapaneng, ka ts'ebetso ea mesebetsi e ikhethileng e fihlang maemong a batho ba baholo pejana ho ts'ebetso ea mesebetsi e ikhethileng ea dorsolateral. (Conklin et al., 2007; Hooper et al., 2004). Phuputsong e 'ngoe ea morao-rao ea phapang ea lilemo mabapi le ts'ebetso ea kelello e sebelisang mesebetsi e tsejoang ka botlalo ho kenya tšebetsong libaka tsena tse peli tsa pele, ho bile le ntlafatso e amanang le lilemo tsa bocha bo mahareng ka mefuta e meng ea mesebetsi, empa ho ne ho sena khokahano e kholo lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ho mesebetsi ea ts'ebetso ea mokokotlo le ea dorsolateral. , e fana ka tlhahiso ea hore ho holisa mosireletsi oa "cortex" ea phetoho pele e ka ba ts'ebetso e arohaneng ho tloha popelong ea "corsex" ea dorsolateral.Hooper et al., 2004). Ts'ebetso mesebetsing e thata haholo e tsejoang ho kenya tšebetsong libaka tsa dorsolateral e ntse e ntlafala nakong ea bohlankana.Crone, Donohue, Honomichl, Wendelken, & Bunge, 2006; Luna et al., 2001).

Taba ea boraro, joalo ka ha ho bonahala keketseho ea lipalo tsa lipampitšana tsa litaba tse tšoeu ho pholletsa le libaka tse fapaneng tsa boko, ho na le keketseho eseng khokahanong pakeng tsa libaka tsa cortical (le lipakeng tsa libaka tse fapaneng tsa cortex ea pele ho nako), empa lipakeng tsa cortical le subcortical (hape, haholoholo) , lipakeng tsa libaka tsa pele le libaka tse nang le maoto le likamano tse phahameng, ho kenyelletsa le amygdala, nucleus accumbens, le hippocampus) (Eluvathingal, Hasan, Kramer, Fletcher, le Ewing-Cobbs, 2007). Phetoho ena ea boraro ea kutlo e lokela ho amahanngoa le ts'ebelisano e ntlafalitsoeng ea amang le ho utloisisa lintho, 'me e bonahatsoe ke taolo e ntlafalitsoeng ea maikutlo, e tataisoang ke khokahano e eketsehang ea libaka tse bohlokoa ts'ebetsong ea tlhaiso-leseling ea maikutlo le sechaba (mohlala, amygdala, ventral striatum, orbitof Pambal cortex, medial pre mapemaal cortex, and suprian salmial sorm) le libaka tsa bohlokoa lits'ebetsong tsa taolo ea kelello (mohlala, dorsolateral preortal cortex, anterior and posterior cingates, and temporo-parietal cortices). Tumellanong le sena, re fumane keketseho ea taolo ea boitšisinyo e tlalehiloeng ka bohareng ba 20s (Steinberg, 2006).

Liphetoho tse sebetsang ho Sisteme ea Taolo ea Kelello

Lithuto tse sebetsang tsa nts'etsopele ea boko bongoaneng li lumellana haholo le liphetho tsa lithuto tsa sebopeho le lithuto tsa kholo ea kelello le kelello. Liphetho tse ngata tse akaretsang li ka hlahisoa ke lipatlisiso tsena. Taba ea pele, lithuto li supa ho hola butle-butle ha mekhoa ea ho laola maemo a kelello nakong ea bongoana le ho ba motho e moholo ea lilemong tsa bocha, e lumellanang le liphetoho tsa anatomical ka kotloloho ea bongoaneng e hlalositsoeng pejana. Boithuto ba boithuto bo lekolang ts'ebetso ho mesebetsi e hlokang taolo ea kelello (mohlala, Stroop, mesebetsi e bohlasoa, Go-Che / Tsamaea, antisaccade) li bonts'itse hore bacha ba tloaetse ho hira marang-rang hantle ho feta batho ba baholo, le hore libaka tseo tšebetso ea tsona e lumellanang le ts'ebetso ea mosebetsi ( ke hore, libaka tsa taolo ea kelello) li qala ho sebetsa haholo ka lilemo (Durston et al., 2006). Ho fanoe ka maikutlo a hore karolo ena e atisang ho kenella ea libaka tsa taolo ea kelello e bonts'a matlafatso ea khokahano kahare ho marang-rang a taolo, le lipehelo tsa eona ho libaka tse ling (tleleime e lumellanang le data mabapi le khokahano e eketsehang har'a libaka tsa cortical le nts'etsopele; Liston et al., 2006).

Ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng mesebetsing ea taolo ea kelello lipakeng tsa bongoana le ho ba motho e moholo e tsamaea le liphetoho tse peli tse fapaneng tsa tšebetso: Pakeng tsa bongoana le bocha, ho bonahala ho na le keketseho ea ts'ebetso ea dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Adelman et al., 2002; Casey et al., 2000; Durston et al., 2002; Luna et al., 2001; Tamm et al., 2002;), e tsamaellanang le pruning le myelination ea sebaka sena ka nako ena. Nako pakeng tsa bocha le ho ba motho e moholo, ho fapana le hoo, e bonahala e le ntho e ntle (ho fapana le e khetholloang ka ho eketseha kapa ho fokotseha hoa ts'ebetso; Brown et al., 2005), mohlomong e tataisoang ke khokahano e pharalletseng haholoanyane kahare le libakeng tsa boko (Crone et al., 2006; Luna et al., 2001). Mohlala, ho nahana ka lithuto tse sebelisang mesebetsi eo ho eona batho ba botsoang ho thibela karabo ea "pele", joalo ka ho leka ho se shebe hole, ho e-na le ntlha ea leseli (mosebetsi oa antisaccade), e bontšitse hore bacha ba tloaetse ho hira kelello laola marangrang a tlase ntle le boikhethelo le ka nepo ho feta batho ba baholo, mohlomong ba fetelletsa matla a libaka tseo ba li hlahisang (Luna et al., 2001). Ha e le hantle, athe monyetla oo bacha ba nang le ona ho feta oa bana oa ho laola maemo a kelello a phahametseng tšebetso ea bokhoni (haholo-holo, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), mabaka a tsamaiso ea kelello ea batho ba baholo a sebetsa haholo ho feta a bacha. hobane kelello ea batho ba baholo e baka ts'ebetso e arohaneng haholoanyane ho arabela litlhoko tse fapaneng tsa mosebetsi. Sena se ka tsamaellana le mohopolo oa hore ts'ebetso litekong tsa mantlha tsa ts'ebetso ea botsamaisi e fihla maemong a batho ba baholo lilemong tsa 16, athe ts'ebetso ea mesebetsi e thata, e ka hlokang ts'ebetso e sebetsang, e tsoela pele ho ntlafala nakong ea bocha.

Le ha marang-rang a taolo ea kelello a ameha ka ho hlaka molemong oa ho beha mabaka le ho etsa liqeto, liphuputso tse 'maloa tsa morao-rao li bontša hore ho etsa liqeto hangata ho laoloa ke tlholisano lipakeng tsa netweke ena le khokahano ea maikutlo le sechaba (Lits'oants'o le Raichle, 1998). Tšebelisano ena ea tlholisano e bile le tšusumetso maemong a fapaneng a ho etsa liqeto, ho kenyelletsa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (Bechara, 2005; Litho, 2003), ts'ebetso ea liqeto tsa sechaba (Sanfey et al., 2003), likahlolo tsa boitšoaroGreene et al., 2004), le boleng ba moputso o mong le litšenyehelo (McClure le al., 2004; Ernst et al., 2004), hammoho le tlalehong ea ho beha bacha kotsing (Litho, 2003). Sebakeng ka seng, likhetho tse potlakileng kapa tse kotsi li nkoa li ka hlaha ha khokahano ea maikutlo le sechaba e laola marang-rang a taolo ea kelello. Ka ho khetheha, ho ipeha kotsing ho ka etsahala ha marang-rang a maikutlo le ts'ebetso e eketsehileng kapa ha lits'ebetso tse arotsoeng ke netweke ea taolo ea kelello li sitisoa. Ka mohlala, McClure et al. (2004) e bonts'itse hore liqeto tse bonts'ang khetho ea meputso e menyenyane kapele ka lebaka la meputso e meholo e lietsitsoeng e amana le ts'ebetso e nyane ea ts'ebetso ea ventral striatum, orbitofrontal cortex, le medial preortal cortex, libaka tsohle tse hokahantsoeng le marang-rang a maikutlo a batho, athe libaka tse kenelletseng taolong ea kelello (dorsolateral preambilial cortex, libakeng tsa parietal) ba ameha ka mokhoa o ts'oanang maemong ohle a liqeto. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, lithuto tse peli tsa morao tjena (Matthews le al., 2004; Ernst et al., 2004) bontša hore ts'ebetso e eketsehang libakeng tsa khokahano ea maikutlo le sechaba (ventral striatum, medial prefrontal cortex) e bolela esale pele khetho ea likhetho tse ka bang kotsi (empa li ka ba le moputso o moholo) likhethong tse ling tse ngata. Kamora nako, phuputso e 'ngoe ea morao-rao e fumanoeng e fumane hore tšitiso ea nakoana ea ts'ebetso ea methapo ea methapo pele ho tšusumetso ea matla a khoheli (ke ho re, tšitiso ea sebaka se tsejoang e le sa bohlokoa taolong ea kelello) ho eketsa likotsi mosebetsing oa papali ea chelete (Knoch, Gianotti, Pascual-Leone, Treyer, Leha, Hohmann, et al., 2006).

Coordination of Cortical and Subcortical Functioning

Phetoho ea bobeli, empa e sa ngoloa hantle, phetoho ea ts'ebetso ea boko nakong ea bocha e kenyelletsa ho kenya letsoho ho eketsehang ha likarolo tse ngata tsa boko mesebetsing e kenyelletsang ts'ebetso ea tlhaiso-leseling ea maikutlo (mohlala, sefahleho, maikutlo a tsosang maikutlo). Leha ho tlalehiloe hohle hore bacha ba bonts'a tšebetso e matla ho feta ea batho ba baholo ha ba bontšoa tšusumetso ea maikutlo (eo ka tloaelo e hlalosoang e le bopaki ba "maikutlo" a bacha), ha ho joalo kamehla. Lithutong tse ling bacha ba bontša tloaelo ea ho sebetsa ka thata ho feta batho ba baholo (mohlala, Baird, Gruber, Fein, Maas, Steingard, Renshaw, et al., 1999; Killgore & Yurgulen-Todd, 2007), empa ho tse ling, bacha ba bonts'a ts'ebetso ea pele ho pele (mohlala, Baird, Fugelsang, & Bennett, 2005; Nelson, McClure, Monk, Zarahn, Leibenluft, Pine, & Ernst, 2003). Boholo bo itšetlehile ka tšusumetso e sebelisitsoeng, hore na mohopolo o hlahisoa ka mokhoa o hlakileng kapa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng, le litaelo tse tobileng tse fuoeng morupeluoa (mohlala, hore na morupeluoa o botsoa ho ela hloko maikutlo kapa ho ela hloko karolo e 'ngoe ea lisebelisoa tsa khothatso. ). Ho bala ka hloko ha sengoloa sena ha se hore bacha ha ba na tšekamelo ea tlhaho ho feta batho ba baholo ho ts'ebetsong ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea bongoana ha e hlahisoa ka maikutlo (kapa "ba" maikutlo "haholo), empa e le hore ba ka 'na ba ba le monyetla oa ho kenya tšebetsong maikutlo a mangata le libaka tsa subcortical ka nako e ts'oanang, li fana ka maikutlo a khaello, e amanang le batho ba baholo, khokahanong ea kutloisiso le ho ama.

Ho haelloa ke puo ha u bua ka likarolong tsohle tsa boko ha ho felle feela ho batho ba itšehlang thajana ntle le ho nahana ka ho felletseng (setšoantšo se tsitsitseng sa ho ipeha kotsing ea bongoana), empa hape le ho nahana haholo ha maikutlo a setho sa botšehali a tlameha ho eloa hloko (ke bacha ba mofuta ofe. hape etsa nako le nako) (bona hape Reyna le Farley, 2006, bakeng sa puisano ea bofokoli ba bacha lilemong tsa bocha, kapa "ho thehiloe ke liqeto". Ke babali ba fokolang ba tla makala ha ba utloa ho buuoa ka lithuto tse bontšang ho se kenelle le ho nahana ka boomo ho bacha ho feta batho ba baholo. Empa phuputsong e le 'ngoe ea morao tjena (Baird, Fugelsang, & Bennett, 2005), ha ba botsoa hore na mesebetsi e meng e hlakileng e neng e le kotsi (mohlala, ho chesa moriri oa hae, ho sesa le lishaka) e ne e le "mehopolo e ntle," bacha ba nkile nako e telele haholo (ke hore, ka boomo) ho feta batho ba baholo ho araba lipotso mme ba kenya ts'ebetso hanyane ka hanyane. likarolo tse laoloang tsa libaka tse laoloang ke kelello, haholoholo ho dorsolateral preortal cortex - sephetho se re hopotsa thuto ea Luna mabapi le lilemo tse arohaneng le karohano ea karabo (Luna et al., 2001). Ha ho ne ho le joalo ha ts'ebetso e senotsoeng e ne e se kotsi, leha ho le joalo (mohlala, ho ja salate, ho tsamaea), moo bacha le batho ba baholo ba neng ba etsa joalo le ho bontša mekhoa e ts'oanang ea ts'ebetso ea boko. Kahoo, ho haella ha khokahano ea maikutlo le menahano, ho e-na le matla a maholo a amang monahano, a ka khethang bohlankana. Sena se fella ka mekhoa e 'meli ea ho ipeha kotsing e fapaneng ka mokhoa o fapaneng (ho etsa lintho ntle le ho nahana pele, le ho nahana ka ho feteletseng ho e-na le ho etsa lintho ntle le tšitiso) empa seo se ka ba le tšimoloho e ts'oanang ea neurobiological.

Lekhalo la nakoana lipakeng tsa nts'etsopele ea bokhoni ba mantlha ba ho sebetsana le tlhahisoleseling, bo tataisoang ke boqhetseke ba cortex ea pele mme bo felletse ka lilemo tsa 16, le nts'etsopele ea bokhoni bo hlokang khokahano ea ama le tlhalohanyo, e tataisoang ke khokahano e ntlafalitsoeng lipakeng tsa libaka tsa cortical le lipakeng tsa cortical le subcortical, le eo e leng nts'etsopele ea moraorao, e bonts'oa Setšoantšo sa 1. Palo ena e ipapisitse le data ho tloha boithuto ba rona ba 10 ho isa ho ba lilemo li 30 ba boletsoeng pejana (Steinberg et al., 2007). Matla a mabeli a haptjoang ke bokhoni ba thuto ea mantlha, e leng palo e kopanyang ts'ebetso ho liteko tsa memori e sebetsang (Thompson-Schill, 2002), digit-span, le ho bua ka mokhoa o phollatsi; kholo ea kelello le kholo ea kelello, e akaretsang lintlha tse ngata tsa boits'oaro ba ho itšunya-tšunya, pono ea likotsi, ho batla maikutlo, ho nahana ka bokamoso le ho hanela tšusumetso ea lithaka tse boletsoeng pejana. Ho sebetsa ka botlalo mabapi le bokhoni bona ba kelello le kelello ho hloka tšebelisano 'moho ea maikutlo le kelello. Palo ena e bontša palo ea batho ba selemo ka seng ba pakang kapa ba kaholimo ho lilemo tsa 26- ho bana ba lilemo li 30 mohlaleng oa rona mohlaleng oa kelello le oa mahlale. Joalokaha palo e bonts'a, 'me e lumellana le lithuto tse ling, bokhoni ba thuto ea motheo bo fihla maemong a batho ba baholo ho isa lilemong tsa 16, nako e telele pele ts'ebetso ea ho holisa kelello e phethehile - ho fihlela lilemong tsa bocha tsa batho ba baholo.

 

Setšoantšo sa 1

Keketseho ea batho ba sehlopha se seng le se seng ba fumana moputso kapa ho feta ka moo se boleloang ke bana ba lilemo li 26- ho 30, ka ntlha ea kholo ea mahlale le kelello. Ho tloha Steinberg et al., 2007.

Liphetoho ho khokahano ea boko le nts'etsopele ea ho hanyetsa tšusumetso ea lithaka

Khokahano e ntlafalitsoeng pakeng tsa libaka tsa cortical le subcortical le eona e na le litlamorao tsa kutloisiso ea liphetoho mokhoeng oa ho susumetsoa ke lithaka, tseo, joalo ka ha ke hlokometse, ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea boitšoaro bo kotsing nakong ea bocha. Ke hanela tšusumetso ea lithaka, ke lumela, e fihlelloa ka taolo ea kelello ea boits'oaro bo sa lebelloang ba ho batla meputso e susumetsoang ke boteng ba lithaka ka ts'ebetso ea marang-rang a maikutlo a sechaba. Ho isa bohokahanyi bo ntlafalitsoeng ba tšebelisano lipakeng tsa taolo ea kelello le khokahano ea maikutlo le sechaba e nolofalletsa ts'ebetso ena ea taolo, re lokela ho bona melemo ho hanana le tšusumetso ea lithaka nakong ea bocha e tsoelang pele bonyane lilemong tsa bocha (ha nako ea khokahano ea likhokahanyo tsa lipakeng e le e ntse e tsoela pele). Sena ke sona seo re se fumaneng mosebetsing oa rona, moo re bonts'a hore katleho ea ho itlaleha ea ho hanyetsa tšusumetso ea lithaka e tsoela pele bonyane ho fihlela 18 (Steinberg & Monahan, ka har'a khatiso), le hore tšusumetso ea ho ba teng ha lithaka ka boits'oaro bo kotsi e ntse e bonahala hara baithuti ba kolecheng ba lekanang lilemo tsa 20 lilemong (Gardner le Steinberg, 2005).

Lithuto tse peli tsa morao-rao mabapi le kamano pakeng tsa ho hanela tšusumetso ea lithaka le sebopeho sa boko le tšebetso li fana ka tšehetso e 'ngoe bakeng sa khang ena. Phuputsong ea fMRI ea bana ba lilemo li 43 10 ba ileng ba pepesetsoa li-video tse tsosang maikutlo tse nang le tlhaiso-leseling (likarolo tsa metsamao e bohale ea matsoho kapa sefahleho se halefileng), re fumane hore batho ba nang le lintlha tse tlase haholo ho litekanyetso tsa rona tsa ho itlaleha ho hanela tšusumetso ea lithaka ho bonts'itse ts'ebetso e kholo ea libaka tse amehang ponong ea liketso tsa batho ba bang (ke hore, ba letšo le letšo la dorsal premotor cortex), athe ba nang le lintlha tse phahameng ba bonts'itse ts'ebelisano e kholo lipakeng tsa libaka tsena le tšebetso e sebetsanang le liqeto. (ke hore, corsex ea dorsolateral ea pele); phapang e joalo ha ea ka ea bonoa ha batho ba hlahisoa likarolo tse sa nke lehlakore maikutlo (Grosbras, Jansen, Leonard, McIntosh, Osswald, Poulsen, et al., 2007). Liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba nang le monyetla oa ho susumetsoa ke lithaka ba ka susumetsoa ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang ke matšoao a khalefo ho ba bang empa ba sa khone ho laola tšebeliso ea bona ea karabelo e joalo. Phuputsong ea bobeli, ea liphapang tsa morphology ea boko lipakeng tsa batho (ea nang le 12 ea lilemo li isa ho 18) ea tšoaeang liphapang tse phahameng khahlanong le tšusumetso ea lithaka, re fumane bopaki ba morphological ba hore, kamora ho laola lilemo, bacha ba hanang tšusumetso ea lithaka ba bonts'itse bopaki ba ho feta khokahano ea sebopeho lipakeng tsa sebaka sa tlholeho le pele ho nako, mokhoa o lumellanang le tšebelisano e atamelaneng ea li-network tsena har'a batho ba khonang ho hanela khatello ea lithaka (Paus, Toro, Leonard, Lerner, Lerner, Perron, et al., Ka khatiso). Hape e tsamaellanang le sena ke mosebetsi o bonts'ang hore ho hira lisebelisoa tsa taolo ea kelello (tse ka khaotsang ho qobelloa ke khatello ea lithaka) ho hoholo hara batho ba nang le khokahano e matla lipakeng tsa libaka tsa pele le tsa maemo a tlase (Liston et al., 2005).

Litokisetso tsa sengoloa sena li tšehelitsoe ke chelete e tsoang ho John D. le Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Research Network mabapi le Ntoa ea Bacha le Juvenile Justice le Setsi sa Naha sa Ts'ebeliso ea Dithethefatsi (1R21DA022546-01). Litaba tsa pampiri ena, leha ho le joalo, ke boikarabello ba mongoli feela ha se hore li emela maikutlo a semmuso a mekhatlo ena. Ke leboha litho tsa marang-rang, e leng Marie Banich, Elizabeth Cauffman, Sandra Graham, le Jennifer Woolard ka tšebelisano ea bona ho MacArthur Juvenile Capacity Study, le ho BJ Casey, Monique Ernst, Danny Pine, Cheryl Sisk, le Linda Spear bakeng sa maikutlo a bona ho moralo o fetileng oa buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho. Ke boetse ke kolota Danny Pine hammoho le Jason Chein bakeng sa thuto ea bona tikolohong ea methapo ea kutlo, e nolofaletsang puisano ea ka ea ts'epo ea tsoelo-pele ea bongoana pampiring ena. Likheo leha e le life tsa ho ba le kelello kapa kutloisiso ke lipontšo ho seithuti, eseng matichere a hae.