Botsoako ba Bokooa ba Bongoaneng le Cortical Folding: Bopaki ba ho Fokotsa Gyrification (2014)

PloS One. 2014; 9 (1): e84914.

E phatlalalitsoe marang-rang Jan 15, 2014. Doi:  10.1371 / journal.pone.0084914
PMCID: PMC3893168
Maurice Ptito, Mohlophisi

inahaneloang

Bopaki bo tsoang lipatlisisong tsa lipono tsa anatomical le tšebetso bo totobalitse liphetoho tse kholo tsa lipotoloho tsa cortical nakong ea bohlankana. Tsena li kenyelletsa phokotso ea litaba tsa bohlooho (GM), keketseho ea momahano ea khokahano ea cortico-cortical le liphetoho phetohong ea marang-rang a marang-rang a maholo a cortical. Hajoale ha ho tsejoe hantle hore na lits'ebetso tsa nts'etsopele tse tsoelang pele li ama joang phepelo ea mokokotlo oa "cerebral cortex" le hore na liphetoho tse bang teng joang maemong a ferekaneng a amanang le phetoho ea boholo ba GM / WM, botenya le bokaholimo ba sebaka. Phuputsong ea morao-rao, re fumane data ea resolution-high (3 Tesla) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) e tsoang ho lihlooho tse phetseng hantle tsa 79 (banna ba 34 le basali ba 45) pakeng tsa lilemo tsa 12 le lilemo tsa 23 mme ra etsa tlhahlobo eohle ea boko ea mekhoa ea cortical folding ka index ea gyrification (GI). Ntle le boleng ba GI, re fumane likhakanyo tsa bophahamo ba cortical, sebaka se ka holimo, bophahamo ba GM le basweu (WM) bo neng bo lumella khokahano le liphetoho lipakeng tsa gyration. Lintlha tsa rona li bonts'oa phokotso e atileng le e atileng ho boleng ba GI nakong ea bocha libakeng tse 'maloa tsa cortical tse kenyeletsang libaka tsa pele, tsa nakoana le tsa pele. Phokotso ea ho thulana ha lintho ka mokhoa o pharaletseng e tletse hanyane ka hanyane ka liphetoho tsa boholo, bophahamo le bophahamo ba GM mme li ne li tšoailoe ka kakaretso ke tšubuhlellano e tsoetseng pele ea tatellano. Lintlha tsa rona li fana ka maikutlo a hore phokotso e bonoeng litekanyetsong tsa GI e bonts'a phetoho ea bohlokoa le ea bohlokoa ea "cortex" ea "cerebral" nakong ea kemiso ea morao ea boko e ka amanang le kholo ea kelello.

Selelekela

Mosebetsi o moholo lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse fetileng o totobalitse bohlokoa ba bocha bakeng sa kholo ea methati ea li-cortical circuits [1]-[3]. Ho qala ka ho bonoa Huttenlocher [4] ea matšoao a fokotsehileng palong ea mabitso a synaptic, lithuto tsa magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) li hlahisitse liphokotso tse hlahisitsoeng ka bongata le botenya ba taba e putsoa (GM) [5], [6]. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, palo ea taba e tšoeu (WM) e bontšitsoe hore e eketseha ka lebaka la ntlafatso ea khokahano ea khokahano ea cortico-cortical [7]-[10]. Patlisiso e sa tsoa feta e bonts'itse hore liphetoho ho GM / WM li atoloha lilemong tse leshome tsa bophelo [11], [12] le ho kenyelletsa liphetoho mokhatlong o moholo oa li-network tsa anatomical le tšebetso [13]. Liphumano tsena li fane ka leseli la lipale tsa bohlokoa ba ho ba lilemong tsa bocha e le nako e mahlonoko ea tsoelo-pele ea motho eo hape e ka bang le lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa ho hlaha ha mafu a kelello, joalo ka schizophrenia, tse bonts'ang nakong ea phetoho ho tloha bocheng ho ea ho motho e moholo [14], [15].

Le ha lintlafatso mohloling oa GM / WM li bonts'itsoe haholo, bopaki bo fokolang ha bo na teng mabapi le liphetoho tsa kholo nakong ea ho peta ha sefahleho sa cortical. Cortex ea "cerebral cortex" e 'ngoe ea litšobotsi tsa eona tse khethollang mokhoa oa ho penta o lebisang sebakeng se phahameng haholo sa cortical. Mohlala, bokaholimo ba k'holera ea motho bo boholo ka makhetlo a leshome ho feta ba monkey ea macaques empa bo imenne habeli feela [16]. Sebaka se eketsehileng sa cortical ho batho se kanna sa amana le ho hlaha ha mesebetsi e phahameng ea ho lemoha ka lebaka la palo e kholo ea li-neuron le li-cortico-cortical connections tse ka lulang.

Ho na le bopaki ba hore mokhoa oa "cortical folding" o ka fetoha. Kamora ho qeta likhoeli tsa 5 ho utero, likhoele tsa cortical li hlahella mme li tsoela pele ho hola ho ba selemo sa pele sa pelehi [17]. Nakong ea bongoana, boemo ba gyration bo eketseha le ho fihlela joale ho nahanoa hore o tsitsa kamora moo. Litlhahlobo tsa post-mortem ke Armstrong et al. [18], leha ho le joalo, e hlokometse bohlokoa bo boholo ba ho pola-cortical ho fihlela selemong sa pele se lateloang ke phokotso ho fihlela e le motho e moholo.

Ho fumana hona ho tšehetsoa ke lithuto tsa morao-rao tsa MRI tse ileng tsa etsa lipatlisiso ka boleng ba GI nakong ea ho holofala bokong. Raznahan et al. [19] e bontšitse ho fokotseha ho hoholo hoa gyration nakong ea bohlankana. Haufinyane tjena, Mutlu et al. [20] e bonts'itse hore boleng ba GI bo theohile pakeng tsa 6-29 ea lilemo tsa pele ho cortices ea pele le ea parietal e lumellanang le data e tsoang ho Su le basebetsi-mmoho [21] ea sebelisitseng mokhoa o mocha oa tekanyo ea gyrization ho sampole e nyane ea bana le bacha. Qetellong, ya data ka Hogstrom et al. [22] fana ka maikutlo a hore liphetoho tse mabapi le taolo ea botšehali li tsoela pele ho fihlela botsofaling.

Thutong ea hajoale, re batlile ho supa ka botlalo ho ntlafatsoa ha botšehali nakong ea bocha ka ho etsa lipatlisiso ka melao-motheo ea BI-GI ea boleng bo bong mabapi le MRI-data. Ntle le moo, re fumane li-parameter tsa GM (boholo ba cortical, bophahamo ba bophahamo le bokaholimo ba sebaka) hammoho le likhakanyo tsa bonyatsi tsa WM ho fumana kamano pakeng tsa liphetoho tse its'epahalletseng botsofaling ho paramente le lipallo tsa GM / WM. Liphetho tsa rona li bonts'a phokotso e pharaletseng ea boleng ba GI bo etsahalang ka ho feta empa hape le libaka tse ikhethileng tsa phetoho ea GM, joalo ka libaka tsa pele, tsa nakoana le tse ka pele, tse totobatsang phetoho e sa khaotseng ea semmuso nakong ea bocha.

Lisebelisoa le mekhoa

barupeluoa ba

Barupeluoa ba sebelisang letsoho le letona la 85 (basali ba 36 le basali ba 49) lipakeng tsa lilemo tsa 12 le 23 ba ile ba ngolisoa likolong tse phahameng tsa lehae le Univesithi ea Goethe Frankfurt mme ba hlahlobeloa ho ba teng ha mafu a kelello, bokuli ba methapo le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi. Ho ile ha fumanoa tumello e ngotsoeng e tsoang ho bohle ba neng ba nkile karolo. Bakeng sa barupeluoa ba ka tlase ho lilemo tsa 18, tumello e ngotsoeng e fanoe ke batsoali ba bona. Betri ea tlhahlobo ea bohlale ea Hamburger-Wechsler (HAWI-E / K) [23], [24] e entsoe. Barupeluoa ba tšeletseng ba ile ba qheleloa ka thoko sesosa sa tlhaiso-leseling ea MRI. Boithuto bona bo amohetsoe ke boto ea melao ea boitšoaro ea Goethe-University Frankfurt.

Phumano ea Tlhahlobo ea MR

Litšoantšo tsa "stronological magnetic resonance" li ile tsa fumanoa ka sekepe sa 3-Tesla Motorola Trio (Motorola, Erlangen, Jeremane), se sebelisa coil ea hlooho ea CP bakeng sa phetiso ea RF le ho amohela baeti. Re sebelisitse mokhoa oa T1 o boima ba likarolo tse tharo (3D) tse hlophisitsoeng ka potlako tsa Rapid Acquisition Gradient Echo (MPRAGE) ka litekanyetso tse latelang: nako ea ho pheta-pheta (TR): 2250 ms., Time echo (TE): 2.6 ms. (FOV): 256 × 256 mm3, lingoloa: 176 le boholo ba voxel ba 1 × 1 × 1.1 mm3.

Ntlafatso ea bokaholimo

Lintlha tsa MRI li ile tsa sebetsoa ka bokaholimo le phala ea bophahamo ba mofuta oa FreeSurfer-software 5.1.0 (http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu) [25], [26] le likhakanyo tsa bokete ba cortical, GM- le ​​WM- bophahamo ba sebaka sa cortical, 3-D ea lehae ea li-gyrification Index (lGI) le bosholu ba likhakanyo tsa intracranial (eTIV) li fumanoe. Pipe e tloaelehileng ea FreeSurfer e ile ea lateloa mme marang-rang a ikhethileng a ile a hlahlojoa bakeng sa ho nepahala mme ha ho hlokahala, ho ile ha sebelisoa liphatlalatso tsa litaelo tse sebelisang lisebelisoa tsa tokiso ea FreeSurfer.

Pele ho ts'ebetso ho kenyelletsoe phetolo ea Talairach, ho lokisoa ha motsamao, ho sebetsa ka thata, ho se tlose lisele tsa bokong, ho arola likarolo le ho ts'oaroa hoa moeli oa taba e putsoa le e tšoeu, ho lokisa khalemelo le boits'oaro 'me ho hlalositsoe ka mokhoa o qaqileng libakeng tse ling. [25], [27]-[29]. Ntle le moo, ngoliso ea atlas ea spherical, inflation le gyral / sulcal based parcellation e ile ea etsoa bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea mahareng e hlahisang libaka tsa 33 cortical ka hemisphere [30].

Cortical bokima, Cortical Surface Area le GM-bophahamo

Bophahamo ba cortical bo ile ba lekanngoa e le sebaka se pakeng tsa moeli oa WM le bokaholimo ba taba ea GM sebakeng ka seng [27]. Limmapa tsa tikoloho ea cortical li hlahisitsoe ka likhakanyo tsa sebaka ka seng tsa karolo e ngoe le e ngoe ka mokhoa o lekanang oa tessellation [31]. Likhakanyo tsa sebaka ka seng li ile tsa khutlisetsoa sebakeng se le seng sa cortical ka ngolisa ea spherical atlas [32]. Sena se hlahisitse likhakanyo tsa vertex-ka-vertex tsa khokahano e atolositsoeng kapa compression [33]. Likhakanyo tsa molumo oa GM li nkiloe mehatong ea botebo ba cortical le sebaka se potolohileng vertex e tsamaellanang le mokokotlo oa cortical [34].

Index ea tikoloho ea sebaka sa 3-D (lGI)

LGI ea 3-D e ne e kopantsoe [35] e kileng ea sebetsoa lithutong tse fetileng tsa MR [36], [37]. Ka bokhutšoanyane, lGI e kenyelletsa ntlafatso ea 3-D ea cortical moo boemo ba gyration bo hlalosoang e le palo ea bokaholimo ba cortex bo patiloeng ka har'a mealo ea scalcal ha bo bapisoa le palo ea cortex e bonahalang libakeng tse potolohileng. [38]. Boemong ba pele, karolo e katlaneng ea kantle e koahelang bokaholimo ba pine e entsoe ka ts'ebetso ea ho koala ea morphological. Kamora ho fetolela letlooa la pial hore e be bophahamo ba binary, re sebelisitse bophara ba 15 mm ho koala sulci ea mantlha bakeng sa ho hlahisa mokokotlo [35]. Bakeng sa ho theha sebaka se potolohileng sa thahasello (ROI), re khetha radius ea 25 mm ho kenyelletsa sulfur e fetang e le 'ngoe ho fumana qeto e phethahetseng [38]. Litekanyetso tsa pele tsa lGI tsa vertex li hlalositsoe e le karolelano lipakeng tsa sefahleho sa ROI kantle le bokaholimo ba sefahleho sa pial. Bakeng sa papiso ea lipalo, boleng ba kantle ba lGI bo ile ba ts'oaroa morao ho ts'ebetso ea ho hokahanya e le 'ngoe e fokotsitseng ho lumellana ka tsela e fapaneng [35].

Boholo ba WM

Boholo ba WM ea lebatooa ka tlase bo ile ba hakanyetsoa likarolo tsa GM tsa tikoloho. E 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea litaba tse tšoeu e ile ea ngolloa sebakeng se haufi sa cortical GM-voxel e nang le moeli oa 5 mm e hlahisang 33 WM-li-volumes tsa libaka tse lumellanang tsa GM tsa 33 [39] e kileng ea sebelisoa lithutong tse fetileng [9], [40].

Palo e lekantsoeng ea Intracranial (eTIV)

Palo e lekantsoeng ea intracranial (eTIV) ka seporong sa FreeSurfer e nkiloe ho tsoa ts'ebetsong ea tloaelo ea atlas. Ka Atlas Scaling Factor (ASF), e emelang sekhahla sa ho nyolla motho le sepheo sa atlas, lipalo tsa eTIV ka 'ngoe li ile tsa etsoa [41].

Tlhahlobo ea Litekanyetso

Mehato ea sekaseka e akaretsoa ho Setšoantšo sa 1. Bokaholimo ba li-hemispheres tsa letsoho le letona le le letšehali la bankakarolo bohle ba 79 li ne li karolelanoe 'me sefahleho sa motho ka mong se ile sa khutlisetsoa tsamaisong e tloaelehileng ea sepakapaka. Ho eketsa lets'oao la phallo ea lerata, re sebelisitse 20 mm ka bophara bo boholo ka halofo e phahameng (FWHM) ho theola tekanyo ea boholo ba cortical, GM- bophahamo ba molumo le sebaka sa cortical le 5 mm FWHM bakeng sa lGI.

Setšoantšo sa 1 

E sekaseka Mehato bakeng sa lGI-Value and Correlations with Anatomical Parameter (GM / WM-vol, Area Cortical Surface Area le Cortical Thickness).

Boemong ba pele, re fuputse boleng ba lGI-bokong kaofela, boholo ba cortical, sebaka sa cortical bokaholimo le bophahamo ba GM tlhahlobisong ea vertex-by-vertex. Ho ile ha hiroa General Linear Model (GLM) ho sekaseka phello ea lilemo ho likarolo tse fapaneng tsa "anatomical parameter" (lGI, bophara ba cortical, sebaka sa cortical bokaholimo le molumo oa GM). Litlhahlobo tsohle li entsoe ha ho ntse ho laoloa litlamorao tsa bong le eTIV. Re sebelisitse mokhoa oa ho sibolla mashano a fosahetseng (FDR) [42] ho lokisa bakeng sa lipapiso tse ngata le boits'oaro bakeng sa botenya ba cortical, bokaholimo ba sebaka le GM-bophahamo ba q 0.05 le q 0.005 bakeng sa litekanyetso tsa lGI. Ho khethiloe litheko tse fapaneng tsa lipalo ka lebaka la liphetoho tse atileng, liphetoho tse itšetlehileng ka lilemo tsa boleng ba lGI ha li bapisoa le botenya ba cortical, sebaka sa cortical bokaholimo le molumo oa GM. Ntle le moo re ile ra sekaseka lilemo2 le lilemo3 litlamorao ho li-parameter tsohle tsa anatomical tse neng li laoloa bakeng sa tšusumetso ea lilemo, bong le eTIV.

Ho fumana likhakanyo tsa boholo ba sebaka, re khethile li-vertices tse nang le boleng bo boholo ba lGI le likhokahano tsa bona tse lumellanang tsa Talairach mme re sebelisa ts'ebetso ea othomathike ea mri_surfcluster ho FreeSurfer (http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/fswiki/mri_surfcluster). Ntle le moo, d [43] e fumanoe bakeng sa libaka tsa boko tse nang le liphetoho tse kholo tse emelang lilemo ka ho bapisa liphihlelo tsa bohlokoa ho e monyane lilemong (lilemo: 12-14, n = 13) le sehlopha sa khale sa bankakarolo (lilemo: 21-23, n = 18). Mehlala ea boholo ba tsona e tlalehiloe litšōmong tsa lipalo.

Mohato oa bobeli, re hlahlobile li-coefficients tsa pearson lipakeng tsa litlamorao tsa li-lGI tse itšetlehileng ka lilemo le liphetoho botenya ba cortical, cortical surface area le GM / WM-volume. Ho kenyelletsa tlhaiso-leseling ea boleng ba WM, litlhahlobo tsa tikoloho li entsoe. Li-vertices tse 'ne tse tsoang ho vertex-by-vertex e hlahloba sekhahla se seng le se seng se nang le litlamorao tsa lilemo-lGI (palo ea lipalo p <10-4) ba abetsoe libaka tsa gyral tsa FreeSurfers [30] bakeng sa mabitso a tsamaellanang a bolela hore boholo ba cortical, bophahamo ba molumo oa GM / WM le sebaka sa cortical li ile tsa ntšoa.

Results

Vertex-ka-vertex e lekola liphetoho tse itšetlehileng ka lilemo ho lGI

Litekanyetso tsa lGI li fokotsehile ka lilemo ho lihlopha tsa 12 ka letsohong le lets'ehali le 10 ka hemisphere e nepahetseng (FDR ho 0.005) (Setšoantšo sa 2 'me Le3,3, Lethathamo 1). Libaka tsa brain tse nang le phokotso ea kholo ea lGI-kholo li ile tsa beoa sebakeng se ka pele ho le letšehali pele (boholo ba sebaka = 22211.63 mm2, p = 10-8.42, BA 6 le 7), e tlohile ka pele-pele (boholo ba sebaka = 3804.76 mm2, p = 10-5.69, BA 10), e tlohetsoe ke maemo a tlase-tlase (boholo ba sebaka = 2477.53 mm2, p = 10-4.61, BA 19, 20 le 37), leqeleng la oraloforal (boholo ba sebaka = 1834.36 mm2, p = 10-4.45, BA 47 le 11) le cortex e nepahetseng ea pele (boholo ba sebaka = 12152.39 mm2, p = 10-7.47, BA 6 le 7), leqhetsoana le leholo la paracularular (boholo ba sebaka = 271.76 mm2, p = 10-4.57, BA 10 le 46), ka ho le letona rostral-bohareng (boholo ba sebaka = 1200.69 mm2, p = 10-4.57, BA 9) le parietal e phahameng (boholo ba sebaka = 1834.36 mm2, p = 10-4.26, BA 19 le 39). Ha ho lits'oants'o tse kholo tsa bong tse fumanoeng bakeng sa liphetoho ho boleng ba lGI ho FDR ho 0.005 le litokollo tse amanang le lilemo ho gyration ho latela li-trailingories tse se nang molai (li-cubic) (Setšoantšo sa 3).

Setšoantšo sa 2 

Tlhatlhobo ea Borena ka Bophara ea Index ea Gyrification Index (lGI) nakong ea bocha.
Setšoantšo sa 3 

Merero ea Scatter bakeng sa libaka tse robong tsa boko tse nang le li-amanang tsa bohlokoa lipakeng tsa lilemo le boleng ba lGI.
Lethathamo 1 

Lits'oants'o tse amanang le lilemo ho Gercy.

Vertex-ka-vertex e hlahlobisisa liphetoho tse itšetlehileng ka lilemo ho Cortical Thickness, GM-Volume le Cortical Surface Area

Bophahamo ba cortical bo fokotsehile haholo ka boholo bo phahameng-peleal (boholo ba sebaka = 2608.63 mm2, p = 10-7.13, BA 6, 8 le 9) le rostral-middle-frontal (boholo ba sebaka = 12859.08 mm2, p = 10-6.08, BA 11, 44, 45 le 46) ka hemisphere e ka letsohong le letšehali le sehlopheng sa pele ho "hemisphere" (boholo ba sebaka = 14735.38 mm2, p = 10-6.16, BA 6, 44 le 45) (Setšoantšo sa 4). Ho fokotseha ha botenya ba cortical ho ka hlalosoa ke "cubic trajectory" (R2 = 0.191 bakeng sa rostral-middle-frontal e leqeleng, R2 = 0.126 ka lehlakoreng le letšehali le ka pele le R2  = 0.134 bakeng sa lihlopha tse nepahetseng tsa precentral). Ntle le moo, re fumane ho its'etleha ka lilemo, ho fokotseha ha linaha tse peli ho GM-volum tse neng li le sebakeng sa pele-pele (boholo ba sebaka = 45212.15 mm2, p = 10-7.60, BA 6, 8 le 9) ka hemisphere e ka letsohong le letšehali ho ea ho orbitalis (boholo ba sebaka = 19200.11 mm2, p = 10-6.68, BA 44, 45 le 47) le ho inferior-parietal (boholo ba sebaka = 16614.72 mm2, p = 10-5.03 BA 19 le 39) ea hemisphere e nepahetseng (Setšoantšo sa 4). Phokotso ea molumo oa GM e latelang li-traicories tsa li-cubic (R2 = 0.132 ka lehlakoreng le letšehali le kaholimo, R2 = 0.185 bakeng sa li-orbitalis tse nepahetseng le R2 = 0.204 bakeng sa lihlopha tse tlaase tsa parietal).

Setšoantšo sa 4 

Ho bapisoa ha Liphetoho tse amanang le botsofali pakeng tsa GM-Buka, Cortical Thickness, Cortical Surface Area le Gyrification.

Bakeng sa sebaka se ka pele, re fumane phokotso e kholo litulong tsa pele (boholo ba sebaka = 2296.99 mm2, p = 10-9.64, BA 4), pele ho pele la caudal (boholo ba sebaka = 609.mm2, p = 10-6.03, BA 6) le supramarginal (boholo ba sebaka = 1647.24 mm2, p = 10-4.88, BA 22) lihlopha tse holima hemisphere. Sebaka sa bokaholimo se fokotsehile ka hemisphere e nepahetseng haholo ka ho fetisisa pele (boholo ba sebaka = 1371.37 mm2, p = 10-6.34, BA 4), parietal e sa sebetseng (boholo ba sebaka = 1248.36 mm2, p = 10-5.99, BA 7) le parietal e phahameng (boholo ba sebaka = 652.77 mm2, p = 10-4.11, BA 7) cortices (Setšoantšo sa 4). Phokotso sebakeng se ka holimo e hlalositsoe hantle ke "li-cubic trajectory" (R2 = 0.095 bakeng sa precentral ea leqeleng, R2 = 0.026 ka pele ka pele ho caudal-bohareng, R2 = 0.024 e setseng supramarginal, R2 = 0.116 hemisphere e nepahetseng, R2 = 0.156 parietal e nepahetseng le R2  = 0.046 bakeng sa lihlopha tse nepahetseng tsa precentral). Ha ho na litlamorao tse kholo tsa bong tse fumanoeng bakeng sa liphetoho bokong ba cortical, GM-volume le bokaholimo ba FDR ho 0.005

Litumellano lipakeng tsa Gyrification, Cortical Thickness, Sebaka sa Maqhubu le GM / WM-Bukana

Ho etsa liteko tsa likamano lipakeng tsa boleng ba lGI le phetoho ho GM / WM, libaka tsa 8 tse nang le liphetoho tse kholo haholo tse amanang le lilemo tsa bongaka li ile tsa khethoa mme litekanyetso tsa lGI li ne li hokahantsoe le boholo ba cortical, sebaka sa cortical bokaholimo le GM / WM-Volume (Setšoantšo sa 5, Lethathamo 2). Re fumane likhokahano tse kholo le tse ntle lipakeng tsa sebaka sa cortical holim 'a sebaka le GM-bophahamo ba boleng ba lGI. Kamano e joalo ha ea ka ea fumanoa bakeng sa khokahano lipakeng tsa boima ba cortical le lGI-likhakanyo. Keketseho ea WM e eketsehileng e boetse e bonts'itse kamano e fokolang ea albeit ho feta bophahamo ba molumo oa GM le sebaka se nang le gyrification e ntlafalitsoeng libakeng tse 'maloa tsa pele le ho parietal cortex.

Setšoantšo sa 5 

Ho ipapisitsoe le ho ngolisoa ha FreeSurfers Desikan, libaka tse robeli tsa lithahasello (li-ROI) li ile tsa khethoa ho sekaseka likamano lipakeng tsa lGI, Cortical Thickness, GM-volume, Cortical Surface Area le WM-volume.
Lethathamo 2 

Litumellano lipakeng tsa li-lGI-Value tse nang le Thickness, WM-, GM-Volume le Area Area.

Kamano e se nang Leseli lipakeng tsa Liphetoho ho Maemo a Anatomical le Age: A Vertex-by-Vertex Analytes

lGI

Re fumane 16 (hemisphere ea leqele) le 7 Clusters (hemisphere) moo ho nang le lilemo2 le lGI li ne li amana hantleSetšoantšo sa S1). Mongwaha o matla ka ho fetisisa 2 litlamorao ho lGI li ne li fumaneha sebakeng se kaholimo-ka pele (boholo ba sebaka = 2147.01 mm2, p = 10-5.48, BA 8, 9 le 10), ba siile holimo-parietal (boholo ba sebaka = 5233.35 mm2, p = 10-4.51, BA 1, 2, 3, le 4) mme leqele le letsohong la pericalcarine (boholo ba sebaka = 243.34 mm2, p = 10-3.80, BA 17) lihlopha. Bakeng sa hemisphere e nepahetseng, litlamorao li ile tsa bonoa sebakeng sa precentral (boholo ba sebaka = 1165.59 mm2, p = 10-4.81, BA 1, 2, 3, 4, le 6), postcentral (boholo ba sebaka = 465.07 mm2, p = 10-3.53, BA 1, 2 le 3) le li-cortices tse phahameng (boholo ba sebaka = 330.55 mm2, p = 10-3.48, BA 8).

Litlamorao tsa Cubic tsa botsofali ho lGI li fumanoe ho 18 (hemisphere ea leqele) le 7 Clusters (hemisphere e nepahetseng). Libaka tse nang le litlamorao tse matla tsa li-cubic li ile tsa phatlalatsoa sebakeng se seholo se phahameng ka pele (boholo ba sebaka = 5598.96 mm2, p = 10-6.54, BA 8, 9, 10, 11, 45, 46 le 47), phahameng-parietal (boholo ba sebaka = 11513.02 mm2, p = 10-6.11, BA 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 le 9) le pericalcarine (boholo ba sebaka = 292.35 mm2, p = 10-3.73, BA 17) sehlopheng sa hemisphere e setseng. Ka hemisphere e nepahetseng, lilemo tse matla tsa li-cubic le li-lGI li fumanoe sebakeng sa pele (boholo ba sebaka = 5862.33 mm2, p = 10-5.52, BA 6, 4, 5, le 7), caudal-middlefrontal (boholo ba sebaka = 503.66 mm2, p = 10-3.56, BA 8 le 9) le sehlotšoana sa methapo e bohareng (boholo ba sebaka = 152.44 mm2, p = 10-2.98, BA 21).

GMW

Age2 litlamorao ho GMV li ne li le haufi le hemisphere (Setšoantšo sa S2). Litlamorao tse matla li ile tsa bonoa likarolong tse atolositsoeng tsa opermularis ea pars (boholo ba sebaka = 630.89 mm2, p = 10-4.35, BA 13, 44 le 45), paracentral (boholo ba sebaka = 495.23 mm2, p = 10-4.11, BA 4, 6 le 31) le inferior-parietal (boholo ba sebaka = 144.45 mm2, p = 10-3.71, BA 39 le 22) li-cortices.

Litlamorao tsa Cubic ho GMV li ne li le ka har'a li-cortices tsa 3 ka hemisphere e setseng. Sehlopha se le seng karolong e ka morao ea gyrus cinguli (boholo ba sebaka = 175.00 mm2, p = 10-4.55, BA 31), karolo ea "gyrus inferior frontalis-pars opercularis-" (boholo ba sebaka = 124.78 mm2, p = 10-4.25, BA 44) le libanka tsa "sulcus" tsa temporiki tse phahameng (boholo ba sebaka = 7.12 mm2, p = 10-3.61, BA 39) ba ne ba tšoauoa ka lilemo tse kholo3 le kamano ea lGI (Setšoantšo sa S2).

CT / SA: Ha ho na lilemo tsa bohlokoa2/ botsofe3 litlamorao tseo re li fumaneng bakeng sa CT le SA.

Puisano

Liphetho tsa boithuto ba rona li totobatsa liphetoho tse pharaletseng mokhoeng oa "cyrex" oa "cortex" nakong ea bongoaneng. Setopo sa kamora setopo [18] le lithuto tsa MRI [19]-[21] e bontsitse ho fokotseha hoa boleng ba lGI nakong ea kholo ea ho hola empa boholo ba phetoho, libaka tsa boko le karolo e amanang le ts'ebetso e tšoanang e ntse e sa hlaka. Libaka tsa cortical tse neng li tšoauoa ka ho fokotseha ho matla ho litekanyetso tsa lGI e ne e le libaka tsa pele, tsa nakoana le tsa pele. Libaka tsena tsa boko li harelane feela ka libaka tse khetholloang ka liphetoho ho GM le boholo ba litlamorao li ne li le kahare le kaholimo bakeng sa botenya ba cortical le GM, e fana ka maikutlo a hore liphetoho tse hlokometsoeng bothateng li bontša phetoho ea bohlokoa le ea bohlokoa ea cortex ea bongoaneng nakong ea bocha.

Cortical Regions tsa IGl-Liphetoho

Sebaka se seholo ka ho fetisisa sa cortical se khetholloang ke ho fokotsa khatello ea botšehali e ne e le sehlaha ka cortex ea pele e neng e kenyelletsa BA 3, 6 le 7. Ha ho bapisoa, liphetoho bothateng le bophahamo ba GM li ne li shebane haholo le li-cortices tsa BA 8 le 9), tse tsamaellanang le datha ho tsoa lithutong tse telele tsa khale [6] empa e koahetsoe feela ka litekanyetso tse fokolisitsoeng tsa lGI.

Leha sehloho sa pele-pele, se neng se atile ho ea pele ho - bohareng ba gyrus, gramus ea supramarginal hammoho le portetal cortex e phahameng, se bile le karolo e sa ts'oaneng ho ts'ebetso ea bongo ea bongoana, ho na le bopaki ba ho fana ka maikutlo a hore likarolo tsena tsa boko li ka amana le liphetoho tse tsoelang pele kelellong le boits'oarong. Phuputso ea morao-rao e entsoeng ke Ramsden et al. [44] e bontšitse hore ho feto-fetoha ha bohlale nakong ea bocha ho amana haufi-ufi le liphetoho tsa GM libakeng tsa puo tse setseng. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho na le ntlafatso e tsoelang pele ho motor cortex joalo ka ha e senotsoe ka lithuto tse nang le tšusumetso ea matla a khoheli a transcranial (TMS) [45] le EEG [46]. Kamora nako, BA 7 e bohlokoa bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea marang-rang a cortical a etsang ts'ebetso e phahameng ea kelello nakong ea bocha, joalo ka memori ea ho sebetsa (WM), hobane BON-ts'ebetso ho parietal cortex e phahameng e bonts'a kholo e kholo ea nts'etsopele nakong ea mananeo a WM-dintho [47].

Karolo ea bobeli ea liphetoho tse boletsoeng ho boleng ba IGl e ne e le "cortex" ea pele e neng e hokahane ka linako tsohle le liphetoho phetohong ea boithuto le boits'oaro nakong ea bocha. Phuputsong e teng hona joale, litekanyetso tse fokotsehileng tsa lGI li fumanoe polasing ea pele (BA 10), orbitofrontal cortex (BA 11) le infrithe ea frontal gyrus (BA 47). Mosebetsi o moholo o bontšitse hore libaka tsena li kenella haholo lithutong tsa boits'oaro nakong ea bocha, joalo ka ntlafatso ea kelello. [48], ho beha likotsi [49] le kelello [50].

Kamora nako, liphokotso tse kholo ho tsekong e ile ea fumanoa sehlopheng se lekanang le BA 19, 20 le 37 e nang le libaka tsa pono tsa pele le libaka tsa cortical tse ikemiselitseng ho amoheloa ka ntho. Ntle le liphetoho tsa tšebetso e phahameng ea kelello, bocha bo boetse bo hokahana le ntlafatso lithutong tse ncha tsa tlhaho tse hlahisitsoeng ke susumetso e bonolo le e rarahaneng ea pono. [51], [52] hammoho le phetoho ea ntho e sebetsanang le molatsoana oa moea o kenang [53].

Litlamorao tse matla tsa "quadratic" tsa botsofali ho lGI li fumanoe ka lehlakoreng le phahameng la frontal (BA 8, 9 le 10) le li-group tsa Righthemispheric frontal (BA 8), tse tsamaellanang le thuto e fetileng ea (Hogstrom et al. [22]. Likamano tsa Cubic tsa lilemo tsa lGI li fumaneha sebakeng se ka ho le letšehali-pele (BA 8, 9, 10, 11, 45, 46 le 47) 1), libaka tse nepahetseng tsa caudal-middlefrontal (BA 2 le 3) le libaka tse mahareng (tempong ea methapo ea methapo (BA 4)).

Tlhahisoleseling ea hona joale e fana ka pono e ncha mabapi le libaka tse amehang ho nts'etsopele ea nako ea boloi nakong ea bocha tseo ka kakaretso li tšoauoang ke tšebeliso ea methapo ea mantlha le libaka tse ling tse bonts'ang litlamorao le lipolao. Lithuto tse fetileng le boholo bo bonyane ba sampole [20], [21] e lemohile liphetoho tse fetohileng ho boleng ba GI libakeng tsa nakoana, tsa parietal le tsa pele. Ntle le moo, Mutlu le basebetsi mmoho [20] o hlokometse ho fokotseha ho matla ha lilemo tsa banna ho feta basali libakeng tse tlang pele ho sena tse sa netefatsoang ke thuto ea hona joale.

Nts'etsopele ea Cortical Folding nakong ea bocha: Kamano le GM / WM-change

Ho hlahisitsoe mekhoa e mengata bakeng sa liphetoho tsa mofuta oa linaoa nakong ea kholo [54]. Van Essen [55] o khothalelitse hore mokhoa oa ho phutha oa "cortex" ea "cerebral" o ka hlalosoa ke tsitsipano ea mochini hammoho le axons. Ho ea ka mohopolo ona, ho theoa ha gyri ke litholoana tsa mechini e pakeng tsa libaka tse hokahaneng kaha likhohlano li hula libaka tse hokahaneng hanyane. Ntle le moo, litlaleho tse ling li hatisitse karolo ea kholo ea phapang pakeng tsa likarolo tse ka hare le tse ka ntle tsa cortical [17]. Kamora nako, ho na le bopaki ba hore ho pola ka kotloloho ho tlasa taolo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso [56] le hore liphapang tsa thobalano li teng ka cortex e holileng [57].

Le ha thuto ea hajoale e sa lumelle lintlha tse kenelletseng molemong oa ho theoleloa nakong ea bongoana, ho bapisoa le liphetoho ho li- GM- le ​​WM-parameter ho ka ba bohlokoa bakeng sa potso ea hore na liphetoho tse bonoang phetolelong ea cortical li susumetsoa ke liphetoho tse sa feleng tsa anatomical. Phuputso ea bohlokoa ea boithuto ba hona joale ke hore phokotso ea boleng ba lGI e etsahala libakeng tsa cortical tse fapaneng haholo le phokotso ea molumo le botenya ba GM. Litlamorao lipakeng tsa boleng ba lGI libakeng tse neng li tšoauoa ka ho fokotseha hoa maemo a lilemo le li-GM / WM-parameter li fana ka maikutlo a hore tekanyo ea ho ts'oaroa ha cortical ha e amane le bophahamo ba GM le bokaholimo ba sebaka. Ka ho khetheha, re bone kamano e ntle lipakeng tsa boleng bo eketsehileng ba lGI ka tikoloho le bophahamo ba GM. Ho khahlisang, sena se ne se se joalo bakeng sa botenya ba GM. Kamora nako, WM-volume e boetse e kentse letsoho ho boleng bo phahameng ba lGI ho 5 ho tsoa libakeng tsa cortical tsa 7.

Bongoli, Boitšoaro le Psychopathology

Le ha ho na le phokotso e pharaletseng ea ho thatafala ha cortical lilemong tsa bocha le boholo ba litlamorao tse amanang le boleng bo fokotsehileng ba lGI, litlamorao tsa liphetoho mokhoeng oa boitsoaro le boits'oaro nakong ea bocha li ntse li tlameha ho theoa. Patlisiso e fetileng e bonts'itse hore liphapang tsa motho ka mong ho pollong ea cortical libakeng tsa pele li susumetsa lits'ebetso tse kholo ho batho ba baholo [58] le liphetoho tsa boitšoaro, tse kang ho thuisa [59], tšusumetso ho ts'ebetso ea botšehali, ho fana ka maikutlo a karolo ea ho phutha molumo oa kelello le boits'oaro bo itšetlehileng ka boiphihlelo.

Ntle le moo, ho na le bopaki bo bongata ba hore mekhoa ea boloi e amahanngoa le psychopathology e hatisang bohlokoa ba ho utloisisa liphetoho tsa ntlafatso ho khatello ea maikutlo le kamano le kutloisiso le boitšoaro. Mathata a 'maloa a methapo ea methapo ea kutlo, a kang Williams Syndrome (WS) le Autism Spectrum Disways (ASDs), a amana le mekhoa e sa tloaelehang ea ho kotula ka kotloloho. Haholo-holo, barupeluoa ba nang le WS ba tšoauoa ka ho fokotseha botebong ba sofci libakeng tsa parieto-occipital tse amehang ka ho tebileng khaosong e ntle ea visuo [60]. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mekhoa ea ho hanyetsa ho li-ASD e tšoauoa ka ho peta ha lelapa ho tloaelo ho bana ba tloaetseng ho hola [61].

Schizophrenia ke bokuli bo matla ba kelello bo nang le phetoho e tloaelehileng nakong ea phetoho ea ho ba motho e moholo ea ho ba motho e moholo eo hape e kenyelletsang ho hlekefetsoa ha motho a le motenya. Post-mortem [62] le lithuto tsa MRI [63], [64] o hlokometse keketseho ea mekhotlo ea "cortical folding", haholo pele ho cortex e tlang pele ho nako, e bolelang esale pele hore tsoelo-pele ea lefu la kelello le lithuto tsa batho ba kotsing e ka ba teng. [65]. Haufinyane tjena, liphokotso tsa ho phutha le tsona li bontšitsoe hore li ka bolela karabelo e fosahetseng kalafong ea psychology ea pele [66].

Hobane datha tsa rona li khothaletsa ka matla hore ho phutha ha cortical ho tlisoa liphetoho tse kholo nakong ea bohlankana, menyetla e le 'ngoe ke hore ho tlatselletsa ts'usumetso ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo, nts'etsopele e sa tloaelehang ea bongoana nakong ea bocha e kenya letsoho ho arohaneng ha kelello ea neocortex le pontšo ea mathata a kelello.

fihlela qeto e

Liphumano li tšehetsa pono ea hore mocha o kenyelletsa liphetoho tsa mantlha mohahong oa mokokotlo oa "cortex". Ka ho khetheha, re ka bonts'a hore mekhoa ea "cortical folding" e fetoha phetolelong e kenyelletsang phokotso ea taolo ho libaka tse kholo tsa "cortex" ea likhoerekhoere, haholoholo libakeng tsa pele, tsa pele le tsa nakoana. Boithuto ba nako e tlang bo hloka ho theha tšebetso e sebetsang ea liphetoho tsena bakeng sa liphetoho tse tšoanang boits'oarong, cognition le physiology ka ho hokahana ka data ea neuropsychological le mekhoa ea ts'ebetso ea ho nahana ka bokong, joalo ka fMRI le MEG.

Ho tšehetsa Boitsebiso

Setšoantšo sa S1

Litlamorao tsa lilemo tse sa amaneng le "index" ea sebaka sa sebakeng sa heno ho bokong bohle, tlhahlobo ea vertex-ka-vertex e hlahelle ho bokong bo boholo ba template. Tsela e Phahameng: Age2 litlamorao li bontšoa bakeng sa hemisphere e ka letsohong le letšehali (leqeleng) le hemisphere e nepahetseng (ka ho le letona) ho tsoa lipontšong tsa morao-rao le tsa maikutlo. Bottom Row: Lits'ebetso pakeng tsa lilemo3 mme lGI e bonts'oa karolo ea letsoho le letšehali (le letšehali) le hemisphere (ka ho le letona) ho tsoa lipontšong tsa morao-rao le tsa maikutlo. Mebala e putsoa e bontša ho fokotseha ha boleng ba boleng ba lGI ka lilemo tse ntseng li eketseha, athe mebala e futhumetseng e koaheloa ka keketseho ea lGI. Bohlahlobisisi bohle bo entsoe ka ho laola litlamorao tsa bong, eTIV le lilemo (linear). Tlhokomeliso: Ha ho na khokahano ea bohlokoa pakeng tsa lilemo3 mme lGI e fumanoe ka taolo bakeng sa litlamorao tsa bong, eTIV, lilemo (linear) le lilemo2.

(TIFF)

Setšoantšo sa S2

Litlamorao tsa lilemo tse sa amaneng le GMV bokong bohle, li sekaseka vertex-by-vertex tse hlahang bokong bo bohareng ba template. Ka ho le letšehali: Leqheku2 litlamorao ho GMV bakeng sa hemisphere e tsoang ka morao ho pono ea morusu. Ka ho le letona: Liphello tsa botsofali3 li bontšoa bakeng sa hemisphere e ka lehlakoreng le letšehali ho tloha ponong ea morao-rao le ea maikutlo. Mebala e putsoa e bontša ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha GMV ka lilemo tse ntseng li eketseha, athe mebala e futhumetseng e entsoe bakeng sa keketseho ea GMV. Bohlahlobisisi bohle bo entsoe ka ho laola litlamorao tsa bong, eTIV le lilemo (linear). Tlhokomeliso: Ha ho na khokahano ea bohlokoa pakeng tsa lilemo3 mme GMV e fumanoe ka taolo bakeng sa litlamorao tsa bong, eTIV, lilemo (linear) le lilemo2.

(TIFF)

lumela hore baa fokola

Re rata ho leboha Sandra Anti bakeng sa thuso ka phihlello ya data ya MRI.

Tlhaloso ea lithuso

Mosebetsi ona o tšehelitsoe ke Max Planck Society (PJ Uhlhaas) le National Research Foundation ea Korea e tšehelitsoeng ke Lefapha la Thuto, Saense le Theknoloji (R32-10142, CE Han). Bafani ba lichelete ba ne ba sena karolo morerong oa ho ithuta, ho bokella data le ho hlahlobisisa, qeto ea ho phatlalatsa, kapa ho hlophisa sengoloa.

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