Ntlafatso ea Bacha ea Leano la Moputso (2010)

Front Hum Neurosci. 2010; 4: 6.

E phatlalalitsoe marang-rang 2010 ka February 12. E ngotsoe pele inthaneteng 2009 September 3. Doi:  10.3389 / neuro.09.006.2010
PMCID: PMC2826184
Sehlooho sena se bile teng e boletsoeng ke lihlooho tse ling ho PMC.

inahaneloang

Nako ea bocha ke nako ea nts'etsopele e bonts'itsoeng ke mokhoa o eketsehang oa ho batla moputso. IBafuputsi ba sebelisitse ts'ebetso ea matla a ts'ebetso ea matla a khoheli (fMRI) hammoho le lipehelo tsa moputso ho lekola likhopolo tse peli tse hanyetsanang mabapi le liphetoho tsa kholo ea bongoaneng ho striatum, e leng sebaka se kenyelelitsoeng ts'ebetsong ea moputso. Khopolo-taba e 'ngoe e tiisa hore striatum e nka karabelo e atileng ha e le lilemong tsa bocha, hoo ho hlokahalang hore boitšoaro bo phahamisitsoeng ba ho batla moputso ho fihlela ts'ebetso e ts'oanang le ea batho ba baholo. Maikutlo a mang a fana ka maikutlo a hore nakong ea bocha mokhoa oa ho putsa moputso oa motho ea lilemong tsa bocha o arabela ka mokhoa o matla, o hlahisang phello e kholo ea ho batla moputso. Le ha ho hlahisitsoe bopaki bakeng sa litlatsetso ka bobeli, tšimo ka kakaretso e fetohile mohopolo-taba ona oa ho qetela o thehiloeng bopaking bo qobellang. Thutong ena, ke hlalosa bopaki bo tšehetsang maikutlo ana, ke hakanya liphumantsong tsa fMRI mme ke phethela ka libaka tse tlang tsa ho botsa potso ena e khahlisang.

Keywords: bocha, kholo ea kholo ea bokong, striatum, moputso

Selelekela

Nako ea bocha ke nako ea nts'etsopele e bonts'itsoeng ke mokhoa o eketsehang oa ho batla moputso. Tlhahlobo ena e makatsang le e susumetsang e khothalelitse karolo ea nts'etsopele ea kelello ea bongoana ho khetholla likarolo tse ka tlase tsa neural tsa ketsahalo ena. Joalokaha ts'ebetso e pharalletseng ea liphoofolo le batho e bontšitse "dopamine-rich striatum" e le sebaka sa maikutlo a moputso bokong (mohlala, Schultz, 1998; Montague et al., 2004), sebaka sena e bile mohopolo oa ho ithuta ka matla ho lingoliloeng tsa moputso oa ba lilemong tsa bocha mme ke sona sepheo sa tlhahlobo ena. Liphumano tse fumanehang libakeng tse ling (mohlala, orbitofrontal cortex) le tsona li fuoang li-dopamine ho bolulo le tse amehang khahlisong ea meputso ha li buuoe mona. Leha lithuto ho fihlela joale li lumela hore striatum ke setereke sa neural se arabelang haholo ho nts'etsopele ntlafatso, ho tloha ho bana ho fihlela ho batho ba baholo, ho kenella ka mokhoa o lekanang ha tsamaiso ena ea neural nakong ea bocha ke sehlooho sa ngangisano. Thutong ena, ke qala ka ho shebisisa hakhutšoanyane lintlha tse tsoang libukeng tsa liphoofolo mabapi le nts'etsopele e amanang le moputso. Karolo e latelang e lekola lipatlisiso le nts'etsopele ea litlhaloso tse hlakileng le litlatsetso bakeng sa karohano ho lithuto tsohle. Qetellong, ke phethela ka mehala le tataiso ea nako e tlang ea sebaka sena se hohelang sa lipatlisiso.

Likhopolo tsa Reward-Driven Behavior in Adolescence

Ho tiisa hore phetoho e kholo ea boits'oaro e etsahala lilemong tsa bocha ke tlhekefetso (Dahl, 2004; Steinberg, 2005; Somerville et al., 2009). Lefapha ka kakaretso le nahana le ho lumellana ka maikutlo a hore liphetoho tsena tsa boits'oaro li tsamaisoa haholo ke meputso, ho kenyelletsa chelete, lipale le meputso ea sechaba, 'me ka ho atolosa, sistimi e shebileng moputso ea dopamine. Ho utloisisoa hanyane kamoo Sistimi ea moputso e fetoha holima nts'etsopele ho khothaletsa boits'oaro bo susumetsoang ke bacha ba bonts'ang hangata.

Ho na le likhopolo tse peli tsa mantlha mabapi le boits'ebetso ba moputso oa bohlankana bo pakeng tsa menyetla e 'meli e hanyetsanang: na tsamaiso ea bongoana kapa hyper-e arabela meputso nakong ea bocha? Litsebi tse ling tsa boithuto li hlahisitse tlhahiso ea hore ho batla moputso oa bongoana le ho nka kotsi ho ka hlaha ka lebaka la bofokoli bo itseng mosebetsing oa li-circry tse susumetsang (Blum et al., 1996, 2000; Bjork et al., 2004) joalo ka hore ho ba le mehopolo e matla haholo kapa e khahlisang haholoanyane ho hlokahala ho fihlela tšebetso e tšoanang le ea batho ba baholo. Maikutlo ana e kanna ea ba keketseho ea khopolo ea bongoana ea anthonia, e leng ho sitoa ho ikutloa monate (Larson le Asmussen, 1991). Ts'ehetso ea khopolo ena e tsoa ho datha e bonts'ang phapang lipakeng tsa bacha le lilemo tse ling ponong ea menyaka. Mohlala, bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba bonts'a keketseho ea khatello e mpe le maikutlo a sithabetsang a amanang le batho ba baholo le ba banyenyane (Rutter et al., 1976; Larson le Asmussen, 1991) hape o bonahala a le maemong a tšoanang a monate ha a khahlisang ho feta batho ba baholo (joalo ka ho ipapisa le litlaleho tsa boits'oaro) (Watson le Clark, 1984). Bacha ba boetse ba fumana monate (tsoekere) ba sa khahlise ho feta bana (DeGraff le Zandstra, 1999). Ho ipapisitsoe le lintlha tsena, ba bang ba hakanya hore bacha ba ka fumana maikutlo a fokolang ho tsoa ho meputso e ba khothatsang, e ba khannelang ho hlasimolla takatso e ncha ea takatso ea lijo ka keketseho ea ho batla moputso e eketsang ts'ebetso ho dopamine e amanang le potoloho (Spear, 2000). Khopolo e hanyetsanang e tiisa hore ts'ebetso e eketsang ts'ebetso ea potoloho ea dopamine ea karo-karolelano (ke hore, tokollo ea dopaminergic e arabang ka lebaka la liketsahalo tse monate nakong ea bocha) e tlasa boitšoaro bo amanang le moputso oa bohlankana. (Litho tsa sehlopha et al., 2003). Maikutlo ana a hlahisoa ke mosebetsi o mongata oa dopamine le karolo ea ona ea mantlha phetolelong ea lifofane tse susumetsang tse kentsoeng tšebetsong (Panksepp, 1998). Taba ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore boits'oaro ba bongoana bo tataisoa ke litabatabelo tsa bophelo tse amanang le moputso. Ho ipapisitsoe le boholo ba mosebetsi o hlahlojoang ka tlase, tšimo ka kakaretso e fetohile mohopolong ona oa morao-rao; ka mantsoe a mang, bacha ba susumetsoa ho etsa lintho tse ngata tse phahameng ka lebaka la liphetoho tse bang teng lithutong tse fanang ka monyetla oa ho fumana moputso. (mohlala, Ernst et al., 2009). Leha ho le joalo, datha e tšehetsang hypo-reactionful hypothesis le eona e hlahlojoa.

Ntšetso-pele ea Dopamine ea Striatal

Lipatlisiso ho batho li ka hlahloba feela Ka vivo Ntshetsopele ea striatal maemong a sistimi e sebelisang mekhoa ea neuroimaging. Tekanyetso ena ea mokhoa oa ts'ebetso e thibela tlhaiso e hlakileng ea hore na ts'ebetso ea dopamine e fetoha joang nts'etsopele maemong a neural. Ho fapana le moo, khokahano lipakeng tsa karabelo ea tharollo ea moputso ke pokello ea mesebetsi e nahanoang ea dopamine. Menahano ena e ipapisitse le leseli le fumanoang mefuteng ea liphoofolo ea potoloho ea lipopae le tsamaiso ea dopamine (mohlala, Berridge le Robinson, 1998). Kahoo, li hlahlojoa ka bokhutšoanyane mona.

Bopaki bo fumanehang bo fana ka maikutlo a hore ho na le liphetoho tse kholo tsamaisong ea dopamine ho pholletsa le nts'etsopele, haholoholo nakong ea bohlankana. Maemo a dopamine a eketseha ho striatum nakong ea bohlankana (Teicher et al., 1993; Andersen et al., 1997). Leha ho le joalo, litlaleho tse ling li bonts'itse hore likhoto tsa bongoana tsa bongoana le tsona li bonts'a litekanyetso tse tlase tsa dopamine synthesis ho li-nucleus accumbens (NAcc) tse amanang le liphoofolo tse holileng tsa lilemong tsa bocha le litekanyetso tsa phokotso ea phokotso ea NAcc dopamine tse amanang le batho ba baholo. Stamford1989) mosebetsi o bontsitse tharollo e hlakileng liphellong tsena tse fapaneng ka ho tlaleha tekanyo e fokotsitsoeng ea tokollo ea dopamine empa letamo le leholo la polokelo ea dopamine ho periadolescent, le amanang le motho e moholo, likhoto (Stamford, 1989). Ke'nete ke hore "dopaminergic neurons" ea lilemong tsa bocha, le ha e na le phokotso ea dopamine maemong a basal (Stamford, 1989; Andersen le Gazara, 1993), ba hlile ba khona ho lokolla dopamine e eketsehileng, haeba e hlohlelletsoa ke mathata a tikoloho le / kapa a meriana (Laviola et al., 2001). Bolanos et al. (1998) e bonts'itse hore likhechana tsa "striatal" tse tsoang ho likhoto tsa bocha li ne li ameha haholo ho dopamine uptake inhibitors cocaine le nomifensine ho feta batho ba baholo, e leng se fapaneng le karabelo e tlase ea boits'oaro ho li-agonists tsena tsa dopamine nakong ea bohlankana eo sehlopha se tšoanang se tlalehileng. Mmoho, lintlha tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore, nakong ea bocha, liketsahalo tse thabisang li ka baka ho lokolloa ha dopamine e ngata ha ho bapisoa le batho ba baholo (Laviola et al., 2003). Kahoo, haeba kannete ke taba ea hore liphoofolo tse lilemong tsa bocha li na le litheko tse tlase tsa tokollo ea dopamine, ebe mohlomong bacha ba qalong ba batla menyetla e eketsehileng (meputso) e tla eketsa ho lokolloa ha dopamine; hang ha e hlohlellelitsoe, mocha o tla bontša tokollo e kholo ea dopamine eo hamorao e tlatsetsang mokolokotoaneng oa ho fana ka maikutlo o hlohlelletsang boitšoaro bo eketsehileng ba ho batla moputso.

Phetoho ea nts'etsopele ea li-dopamine receptors

Litlaleho tse 'maloa li hlokometse hore ho na le tlhahiso e ngata ea dopamine receptor e lateloang ke ho roka nakong ea bocha (Teicher et al., 1995). Striatal le NAcc dopamine receptor e tlamang ea D1 le D2 li-receptors tlhoro ea lilemong tsa bocha (P40) maemong a ka bang 30-45% e kholo ho feta tse bonoang ke motho e moholo (Teicher et al., 1995; Tarazi et al., 1998, 1999). U sebelisa li-autoradiography ho likhoto tsa banna le basali, Andersen et al. (1997) e bonts'itse pono ea botona le botšehali ea phello ena, hoo banna ba lilemong tsa bocha ba nang le ts'oaetso e ngata haholo (hoo e ka bang 4.6-fold) le ho felisoa ha striatal D1 le D2 li-striatal receptors ho feta basali ba lilemong tsa bocha. Ho khahlisang, litlamorao tsena ha li aroloe ke li-hormone tsa gonadal (Andersen et al., 2002) empa ho bonahala eka o na le litlamorao tse sebetsang (Andersen and Teicher, 1999) e ka tsamaellanang le boits'oaro. Mokhoa o ts'oanang o bonoa cortex ea pele, leha e le nako ea ho felisoa e sa khaotseng (Andersen le Teicher, 2000). Microscopy ea "confocal microscopy" e senoletse hore "neurons" ea "cortical" ea "cortical" ea "cortical" e hlahang ka kotloloho e bontša maemo a phahameng a D.1 li-receptors nakong ea bohlankana ho feta litoeba tsa khale kapa tse nyane (Brenhouse et al., 2008). Liphumano tsena tsa litoeba li tsamaisana le mosebetsi oa motho oa postmortem. Seman et al. (1987) ho tlalehiloe liphetoho tse hlakileng mananeong a dopamine receptor lithutong tsa batho nakong ea bongoana ho ea ho motho e moholo, ka karolo ea boraro ho isa halofo e le 'ngoe kapa ho feta ea dopamine D1-ka tšoana le D2-Sa receptors tse kang li teng literekeng tsa bacha ba lahlehetsoeng ke ho ba motho e moholo. Keketseho ea nts'etsopele ho D1 li-receptors ho tloha bongoaneng ho fihlela ho ba motho e moholo le tsona li tlalehiloe ke ba bang (Palacios et al., 1988; Montague et al., 1999). Ka kopanelo, liphumano tsena tsa liphoofolo le tsa postmortem li fana ka maikutlo a hore mokhoa oa dopamine bocheng o ka etsa hore batho ba mongoaheng ona ba be le moputso o moholo. Likarolong tse latelang, ke hlalosa datha tsa neuroimaging tse hahileng ho liphumano tsena ho bonts'a mekhoa e tšoanang ea nts'etsopele ea phetoho maemong a sistimi.

Lintlha tse tsoang Neuroimaging

Mekhoa ea Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) e hlahisitse sesebelisoa se secha sa lisebelisoa tse sa hlokeng ho hapa kholo ea boko ho batho. MRI e bohlokoa haholo thutong ea bana le lilemong tsa bocha kaha e fana ka litšoantšo tse hlakileng, tse nang le liqeto tse phahameng tsa maikutlo ntle le tšebeliso ea radiation (Kennedy et al., 2003). Leha boholo ba boholo ba boko bo batla bo lekana le 90% ea boholo ba eona ea batho ba baholo ka lilemo 6 (Casey et al., 2005), ba ikarabellang ba taba e putsoa le e tšoeu ba ntse ba tsoela pele ho fetoha nakong ea bocha (Giedd et al., 1999; Sowell et al., 2003; Gogtay et al., 2004). Ka ho khetheha, ho na le ho fokotseha ho hoholo hoa litaba tsa boea ba cortical ke lilemo tsa 12 (Giedd et al., 1999) aKe keketseho ea taba e tšoeu ea 'mele ho pholletsa le bongoana le ho ba motho e moholo lilemong (Caviness et al., 1996). Lintlha tsa morao-rao li bontša hore bophahamo ba litaba tsa bohlooho bo na le sebopeho se nang le sebopeho sa U, mme phapang e kholo ho feta taba e tšoeu (Sowell et al., 1999, 2003; Gogtay et al., 2004). Haholo-holo e amanang le tlhahlobo mabapi le nts'etsopele ea tsamaiso ea dopamine ke bopaki e bonts'a hore libaka tse nang le litheko tse kholo tsa litso tse dopamine li fetoha le liphetoho tse kholo lilemong tsa bocha (Giedd et al., 1996; Sowell et al., 1999), ka ho fokotseha ha volumetric libakeng tsa basal ganglia (Giedd et al., 1996, 1999). E ts'oanang le liphumano tsa litoeba, libaka tsa boko li bonts'a pono ea thobalano ho pholletsa le libaka. Maqhubu a Caudate a fokotseha lilemong tsa bocha 'me a batla a le maholo ho basali (Giedd, 2004). Ho fapana le li-lobes tsa parietal, tsa nakoana le tsa occipital, ho hlaha liphapang tse kholo tsa maikutlo pakeng tsa bacha le batho ba baholo sebakeng sa pele sa lobes le striatum (Sowell et al., 1999), ho fana ka maikutlo a hore libaka tsena tse peli ha li lilemong tsa bocha ha li bapisoa le ho ba motho e moholo. Ho feta moo, liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a ho tsoela pele a le maemong a mangata libakeng tsena tse ka buisanang le boitšoaro le ho ithuta tse amanang le dopamine.

MRI ea ts'ebetso (fMRI) e fana ka tekanyo ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko e bokellang liphetoho tsa oxygenation ea mali bokong tseo ho nahanoang hore li bonts'a liphetoho mosebetsing oa neural (Bandettini le Ungerleider, 2001; Logothetis et al., 2001). Ho ithuta nts'etsopele ea sisteme ea dopamine ho batho, bafuputsi ba hlahlobile ts'ebetso ea methapo ea methapo libakeng tsa neural tse tsejoang hore li na le 'mele oa dopamine cell le li-projeke, haholoholo mats'oafo a tlhaho, litereke tsa pele le tsa pele (Koob le Swerdlow, 1988). Joalo ka ha fMRI e mpa e le leseli le nahannoeng la tšebetso ea li-neuronal, lithuto tse sebelisang sesebelisoa sena li ke ke tsa phethela phetoho ea polelo ea dopamine le / kapa ketso. Leha ho le joalo, ka ho sebelisa mekhoa e fetolelang le lintlha tse tsoang mefuteng ea liphoofolo, mosebetsi ho batho o ka qala ho etsa projeke ea nts'etsopele ea li-circopper tse nang le dopamine. Ho etsa joalo, liphuputso tsa pele li sebelisitse lipapatso tsa moputso e le mokhoa oa ho ts'oara lipotoloho tsena, li fuoe litlaleho ho batho ba baholo ba bonts'a phello e matla ea moputso mosebetsing oa ho matlafatsa mesebetsi ea matsoho (mohlala, Knutson et al., 2001; Montague le Berns, 2002). Boithuto ba nts'etsopele bo bonts'itse hore, ehlile, bana le bacha ba hapile li-circular tse tšoanang tsa neural tseo baholo ba li etsang ha ba hlahisoa ka meputso ea chelete le e seng ea chelete (mohlala, Bjork et al., 2004; Ernst et al., 2005; Galván et al., 2006; van Leijenhorst et al., 2009). Empa, kamoo lilemong tsa bocha ho fapana le batho ba baholo tsebong ea ho hira ka neural e bile taba ea ngangisano ka lingoloeng tsa "psychos" tsa nts'etsopele ea kelello.

Arola liphetho tsa fMRI tsa bosholu ba moputso ho bacha

Lithuto tse tsoetseng pele tsa FMRI tsa moputso li hlahisitse liphetho tse peli tsa mantlha tse ikhethileng ka kotlolloho lithutong tse peli tse boletsoeng ka holimo. Ea pele e fana ka maikutlo a hore bacha, ba amanang le batho ba baholo, ba bonts'a ho ameha ka ho fetelletseng ha ho lebella moputso (Bjork et al., 2004). Bjork le basebetsi-mmoho ba bapisa bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha le tse mahareng le sehlopha sa batho ba baholo ka mosebetsi oa ho lieha oa tšusumetso ea chelete (MID), e neng e etselitsoe ebile e sebelisitsoe haholo mehlaleng ea batho ba baholo (mohlala, Knutson et al., 2001). Mosebetsing oa MID, barupeluoa ba ile ba qala ho hlahisoa ka e 'ngoe ea lintlha tse supileng. Kamora ho lieha, ba ile ba kopuoa ho tobetsa sepheo sa bona mme qetellong ho ile ha hlahisoa karabo ea ho tsebisa barupeluoa hore na ba hapile kapa ba lahlile chelete nakong ea nyeoe. Le ha ts'ebetso e ts'oanang ea boits'oaro, bangoli ba fumane liphapang tse kholo tsa neural lipakeng tsa lilemo, hoo bacha ba bonts'itseng ts'ebetso e fokolang ea ts'ebetso ka tebello ea moputso ha e bapisoa le batho ba baholo. Ha ho na liphapang tse ileng tsa arabeloa ke sehlopha mabapi le karabelo. Bjork le basebetsi mmoho le bona ba fetoletse lintlha tsena e le ts'ehetso ea maikutlo a hore bacha ba na le bofokoli ba ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso. Ka mantsoe a mang, bacha ba kenella mokhoeng o matla oa ho khothaletsa (mohlala, boits'oaro bo kotsi) 'e le mokhoa oa ho etsa puseletso bakeng sa ts'ebetso e tlase ea boits'oaro (Lerumo, 2000; Bjork et al., 2004) '.

Le ha Bjork le basebetsi mmoho ba sa tsoa hatisa liphumano tsena ka sampole e imenne habeli mme ba sebelisa li-headcoil tse ntlafalitsoeng (Bjork et al., Litokisetsong, puisanong ea motho ka mong), lipampiri tse ngata li tlalehiloe litholoana tse fapaneng (May le al., 2004; Ernst et al., 2005; Galván et al., 2006; van Leijenhorst et al., 2009). Lithuto tsena li bonts'itse hore, ho latela lilemo tse ling, bacha ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e kholo ts'ebetsong ea "ventral striatum" mabapi le moputso. Mohlala, mosebetsing oa rona, bana, bacha le batho ba baholo ba ile ba kopuoa ho etsa mosebetsi o bonolo, o khahlisang bacha ka har'a scan nineteamo moo ho ileng ha hlahisoa litekanyetso tse fapaneng tsa moputso ka mor'a likarabo tse nepahetseng (Galván et al., 2006). E amanang le bana le batho ba baholo, sehlopha sa bocha se bontšitse ts'ebetso e kholo ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ka ho lebella moputso. Mohlaleng o mong, Ernst et al. (2005) o sebelisitse moputso oa chelete o fokolisang moputso ho bontša hore bacha ba hapile mosebetsi oa NACC o moholo haholo ho feta batho ba baholo nakong ea liteko. Liphumano tsena li khetholla ka kotloloho pampiri ea Bjork le tšehetso bakeng sa tšusumetso e kholo e hlahisang ts'ebetso ea potoloho ea sepheo sa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso e bonts'ang ts'ebetso ea bongoana le boits'oaro (Litho tsa sehlopha et al., 2003). Pampiri ea morao-rao ke van Leijenhorst et al. (2009) e tšehetsa pono e arabelang ka hloko. Ho fapana le boholo ba mosebetsi o tšoanang, ba ne ba sebelisa mokhoa oa fMRI o neng o sa itšetleha ka boitšoaro. Ka mantsoe a mang, barupeluoa ba ile ba shebella feela tšusumetso eo ka kotloloho e ka bang moputso o sa reroang kapa o sa nepahalang. Mokhoa ona o bohlokoa haholo hobane lithuto tsa pejana li kanna tsa sitisoa ke karolo ea boitšoaro ea mesebetsi eo. Seo ba se fumaneng ke hore bacha ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e kholo ho feta bana kapa batho ba baholo ka lebaka la ho amohela moputso (van Leijenhorst et al., 2009), ho fana ka maikutlo a hore leha moputso o sa itšetleha ka boits'oaro 'me ka hona ho se na liphapang tsa tšusumetso, bacha ba bontša karabelo e matla e mabapi le moputso.

Liphumano tsena tse hanyetsanang li boetse li matlafatsa ngangisano mabapi le hore na sisteme ea dopamine e fetoloa joang nakong ea bohlankana 'me e shebella lintho tse fumanoeng tse fapaneng le tse ling tse fumanoeng ha li bapisoa le dopamine. Kaha ho na le bopaki bo bongata bo tšehetsang pono ea morao-rao, litlhahlobo tsa morao-rao ka sehlooho sena li fana ka maikutlo a hore lefapha le fetohile mohopolo oa hore, nakong ea bocha, tsamaiso ea litheko e sebetsana le meputso le lits'usumetso haholo. (Ernst et al., 2009; Somerville et al., 2009). Leha ho le joalo, ho bohlokoa ho hlahloba litlhaloso tse hlakileng bakeng sa liphetho tse fapaneng.

Litlhaloso tse ka bang bakeng sa ho se lumellane

Ho na le litlhaloso tse 'maloa ka phapang e makatsang lipakeng tsa lithuto. Tafole Lethathamo11 e akaretsa likarolo tse kholo tsa phapang lipapaling tse atileng ho bua ka sehlooho sena. Tafole ena ha e reretsoe ho ba e khathatsang mme e kenyeletsa feela mosebetsi o etsoang ho bacha ba ntseng ba hola ka tloaelo; data ho tsoa lipakeng tsa kliniki ha e tšohloa. Taba ea pele, lithuto li fapana haholo maemong a barupeluoa le nts'etsopele ea lilemo tsa sehlopha. Taba ea bobeli, lithuto li fapana ka lihlopha tsa papiso. Ho qetela, ho se tšoane ka moralo oa mesebetsi, ho sekaseka le maemo a motheo ho ka lebisa ho phapang e kholo lithutong. Moo ho loketseng, ho fanoa ka litlhahiso le litlhahiso le maano a ho fokotsa phapang ea mekhoa mosebetsing nakong e tlang.

Lethathamo 1    

Lithuto tse ntlafatsang tsa moputso oa fMRI.

Bocha ke eng?

Taba ea bohlokoa e sa ananeloeng le lipakeng tsa lithuto ke bothata ba ho hlalosa bocha ho batho. Nako ea bocha e ka hlalosoa ka mekhoa e mengata e makatsang, ho kenyelletsa lilemo, botona kapa botšehali, ho kena bohlankaneng, thuto ea molao, molao le / kapa boipuso, ka bongata ba litsebi tse kenyeletsang matichere, bo-rasaense, baetsi ba melao le batsoali. Ha ho fanoa ka litlhaloso tse bonahalang li sa feleng, bafuputsi ba lilemong tsa bocha ba tobana le mosebetsi o boima oa ho etsa qeto ea hore na ke batho bafe bao ba tla kenyelletsa sampole ea bona ea "lilemong tsa bocha. Bo-rasaense ba bang ba thathamisitse lilemo tsa bocha e le 'nako e fetohang butle ea ho tloha bongoaneng ho ea ho motho e moholo (Spear, 2000; Dahl, 2004) '. Le ha tlhaloso ena e pharaletseng e bohlokoa ha ho hlalosoa mefuta e mengata ea mosebetsi, joalo ka tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng, ha se eona tsela e nepahetseng ho hlalosetsa hore na ho na le mehlala efe e nkang karolo ea lithuto tsa ntlafatso. Lebaka lena ha le lokela mosebetsi o matlafatsang ke hobane ho na le heterogeneity e ngata e bonts'ang bosebeletsi ba tlhaho ea bophelo le ea kahisano.

Ha lihlopha tse ling li ne li thibela feela ho kenyeletsa sampole ea bongoaneng ho baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng (Galván et al., 2006; Geier et al., 2009) 'me sehlopha se le seng se ne se kenyelletsa sehlopha sa bacha ba thibelang lilemo tsa bocha se neng se hapa bocha ka boomo (van Leijenhorst et al., 2009), lilemo tsa sehlopha sa bocha lithutong tse setseng tse thathamisitsoeng ho Lethathamo Lethathamo11 e fapana haholo. Mohlala, Bjork et al. (2004), Mots'eanong le al. (2004) le Ernst et al. (2005) lithuto li kenyelelitse bana ba lilemo li 12 (lithuto tsa morao li kenyeletsa le bana ba banyenyane, ka lilemo tsa 9) mohlaleng oa bona oa "lilemong tsa bocha. Le ha ngoana ea lilemo li 12 a ka nkuoa e le mocha ea lilemong tsa mathomo tsa thuto, ho ka ba thata ho etsa tleleime e ts'oanang le ea lilemo li 9. Ntle le moo, le haeba ngoana ea lilemo li 12 a ka nkoa e le moroetsana kapa ngoana ea lilemong tsa bocha, motho eo ke moroetsana ea fapaneng haholo ho feta kamoo a reng, ngoana ea lilemo li 17, eo mohlomong a nang le boipuso bo eketsehileng, o na le monyetla o moholo oa ho ba le kamano ka mokhoa o kotsi le o batlang moputso, mme o na le kananelo e fapaneng ea chelete (moputso o sebelisoang haholo lithutong tsena). Kahoo, ke nako ea hore masimo a behe melaoana ea hore na bacha ba khetholloa joang; hona ho bohlokoa ka ho khethehileng hona joale kaha re na le bopaki ba hore liphetoho tsa nts'etsopele li latela mohlala o sa bonahaleng libakeng tse ngata tsa boko bo phahameng bohareng ba bocha (Shaw et al., 2008). Bonyane, bafuputsi ba lokela ho etsa boiteko bo kopanetsoeng ba ho tlaleha hore na lihlopha li hlalositsoe joang. Litlhaloso tsena li ka kenyelletsa lilemo tse itseng, ho kena bohlankaneng kapa selemo sekolong (mohlala, ke baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng feela). Leha ho fumana lilemo tse pharaletseng ke mokhoa o nepahetseng oa tlhaiso eo o lokelang ho e hlahloba phetoho, mokhoa ona o bohlokoa ha feela ha ho sekasekoa lithuto ho etsoa ka mokhoa oa ho ananela lilemo le tsoelo-pele ea nts'etsopele. Ka mantsoe a mang, lilemo tse ngata tse akaretsang, li kenyelletsa lilemong tsa bocha, bohareng le bokhutšoanyane li bohlokoa molemong oa tsoelo-pele haeba lilemo li kenyellelitsoe joalo ka molemong oa ho lekola phapang ea motho ka mong kholisong ea kholo. Sebakeng seo, lithuto tsohle tse hlalositseng ka holimo sehlopha sa "bacha" ba li bapise le sehlopha sa papiso, ntle le ho sebelisa monyetla oa kabo ea nts'etsopele. Nakong ea ha thuto e hlakotsoa e akaretsa kakaretso, molaetsa ka kakaretso o iphapanya ho totobatsa phapang e kholo ea lilemo.

Lihlopheng tsa papiso

Ho khetholla sehlopha se loketseng sa papiso bakeng sa bacha ho batla ho le thata joalo ka ho hlalosoa lilemong tsa bocha. Ho tsebahala hona ho thata hobane meeli lipakeng tsa ngoana le mocha le ea lilemong tsa bocha le batho ba baholo hangata lia fokola. Ha bafuputsi ba bang ba ne ba khetha sehlopha sa 12 ea lilemo li le ngoana (van Leijenhorst et al., 2009), ba bang ba ka kenyelletsa ngoana a le mong sehlopheng sa bacha (Bjork et al., 2004; E se eka et al., 2004; Ernst et al., 2005). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, lithuto tse ngata tsa neuroimaging, ho kenyelletsa lithuto tsa nts'etsopele le tsa batho ba baholo, li kenyelletsa bana ba lilemo tse 18- le 19 e le sehlopha sa batho ba baholo. Tloaelo ena e kanna ea hlaha ka mabaka a mabeli a mantlha: (1) United States, bana ba lilemo li 18 ba hlalosoa ke molao e le batho ba baholo mme (2) baithuti ba koleche ke mokhoa o bonolo oa ho ithuta. Ho kenyelletsoa hona ho phehella leha ho le joalo ka hore liphuputso tse ngata li tlalehile tsoelo-pele ea boko ho ea bohareng ba bo mashome a mabeli (Giedd, 2004) le mokhoa o makatsang oa batho ba lilemong tsena tsa bocha ba lilemong tsa bocha. Kahoo, ho ka etsahala hore batho ba nang le likhoeli tse 'maloa feela ba arohane ka mohlala (mohlala, 17 ea lilemo li le 18 ea lilemo li) ba khethoa e le mocha le motho e moholo, ka ho latellana (Geier et al., 2009) e botsang potso ea hore na sehlopha sa batho ba baholo ba bapisoang e hlile ke sehlopha se nepahetseng sa papiso.

Moralo oa mosebetsi

Leha ho botsoa potso e tšoanang (mokhoa oa nts'etsopele oa "dopamine-rich stryatal circry" mabapi le moputso ke ofe?), Ha ho lintlha tse peli tsa liteko tse hlalositsoeng mona tse tšoanang.. Ha ba bang ba tsepamisitse maikutlo hodima moputso o moholo (Bjork et al., 2004; Galván et al., 2006), tse ling tsa menyetla ea moputso o fetotsoeng (May et al., 2004; van Leijenhorst et al., 2009) kapa ka bobeli (Ernst et al., 2005; Eshel et al., 2007). Ho feta moo, ho ithutoeng ho hong feela (van Leijenhorst et al., 2009), meputso e ne e its'etleha ho karabelo ea barupeluoa ho kenyeletsa le nako ea karabelo (mohlala, Bjork et al., 2004) le ho nepahala ha karabelo (Ernst et al., 2005; Galván et al., 2006; Eshel et al., 2007). Ha ho fanoa ka liphapang tse tsebahalang tsa nts'etsopele ea lebelo la nako ea karabelo le bokhoni ba ho nepahala, bothata ba mosebetsi bo ka be bo bile le tšusumetso e kholo litsong tsa ts'ebetso ea neural.

Phapang e ngoe e hlakileng lipakeng tsa lithuto tse thathamisitsoeng ho Lethathamo Lethathamo11 ke mefuta e mengata ea mesebetsi e sebelisitsoeng le hore na li ne li tsoetse pele hantle hakae. Khetho ea mosebetsi ha se taba e sa reng letho, hobane ho se tšoane ha mosebetsi le kutloisiso ho ka ba le litlamorao tse matla tšebetsong ea neural. Ha lithuto tse ling li qapile mesebetsi e le ho eketsa menyetla eo batho ba ntlafatso ba ka ba fumanang ba e etsa (Galván et al., 2006; van Leijenhorst et al., 2009), joalo ka tšebeliso ea papali e kang katuni le ka ho hlalosa mosebetsi ona e le papali ea video (mohlala, "sepheo sa hau ke ho thusa moitlami papaling ena ea video ho fumana chelete e ngata kamoo ho ka khonehang"), ba bang ba ne ba etsa mesebetsi e etselitsoeng batho ba baholo (mohlala, Bjork et al., 2004; E se eka et al., 2004). Mokhoa ona oa morao o na le mathata ka mabaka a 'maloa. Taba ea mantlha, ts'ebeliso ea mesebetsi ea fMRI e etselitsoeng batho ba baholo e etsoa tlasa monahano oa hore mocha o tla fumana mesebetsi e loketseng batho ba baholo joalo ka ha a etsa joaloka batho ba baholo. Taba ea bobeli, sena se boetse se nka hore bana le bacha ba tla utloisisa mesebetsi le batho ba baholo. Taba ea boraro, mokhoa ona e kanna ea ba papiso e seng monate ea ho se tsotelle ho pharalletseng ho etsa lintho tse ikhethang ha ho ithutoa bana le bacha. Mohlala, haeba bafuputsi ba phutholohile ho sebelisa mesebetsi e tla ba e sa khahliseng ho bana le lilemong tsa bocha, motho a ka ipotsa hore na lipatlisiso li sa tsotelloe ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho kenya ts'ebetsong mekhoa e ikhethang ea tlhahlobo ea bana (mohlala, ho netefatsa hore ngoana o phutholohile le hore boiphihlelo bo joalo. ho fokotsa ho tšoenyeha ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang). Ho etsa bonnete ba hore mesebetsi e khahla bacha ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang, litlhahiso tse ling li kenyelletsa ho sebelisa katuni kapa tse susumetsang tse ling, ho netefatsa nako ea karabelo e nepahetseng bakeng sa bana (joalo ka lithuto tse ngata li bontšitse hore bana ba na le nako e telele ho feta ea batho ba baholo), le ho etsa mosebetsi bonolo ka moo ho ka khonehang ntle le maemo le melaoana e mengata eo ngoana a hlokang ho e boloka inthaneteng. Mohlala, leha mekhoa e supileng e boletsoeng esale pele e ka ba molemong oa hore motho ea moholo a tsebe ho hopola mosebetsi oa MID (Knutson et al., 2001), bacha ba ka fumana mosebetsi ona o batla ho le thata le ho feta (Bjork et al., 2004) 'me ka mor'a moo ba be le karolo e fokolang mosebetsing. Sena se ka qetella se lebisitse ho ts'ebetsong e tlase ea neural, ha e bapisoa le batho ba baholo ba ikemiselitseng ho feta.

Mosebetsi oa hlahlobisisa

Tabatabelo e 'ngoe e batlang e bakile karohano liphelong ke sethala sa tlhahlobo ea moputso se ileng sa hlahlojoa. Ts'ebetso tsena tsohle tsa FMRI li kenyelletsa mekhahlelo e meraro ea mantlha: tlhahiso ea cue, tebello ea moputso ka mor'a karabelo ea boitšoaro, le karabo. Ho lithuto tse hlahlojoang mona, lithuto tse tharo li ile tsa hlahloba tebello ea moputso (Bjork et al., 2004; Galván et al., 2006; Eshel et al., 2007), lithuto tse tharo li ile tsa sekaseka likarabo mabapi le maikutlo (Bjork et al., 2004; Ernst et al., 2005; van Leijenhorst et al., 2009) le phuputso e le 'ngoe ha ea ka ea khetholla lipakeng mme ho e-na le hoo e ile ea hlahlobisisa teko eohle (Mots'eanong le al., 2004). Bothata ba ho sekaseka methati ena e fapaneng ea ts'ebetso ea moputso ke hore liketsahalo tsa nakoana (mohlala, karolo ea cue le ea tebello) li thata ho tsebahatsa tlhahlobo ea fMRI. Ts'ebetsong, sena se bolela hore leha karolo e le 'ngoe feela e ne e khahla, lets'oao la MR ho tsoa mehatong e meng e kanna ea ba ts'ebetso. Ka mantsoe a mang, leha bafuputsi ba kanna ba rera ho hlahloba karolo e 'ngoe ea mosebetsi, ba kanna ba lekanya (le ho tlaleha) karolo e' ngoe ea mosebetsi. Ntle le data e tala, ho ka se khonehe ho khoahlapisa lipampiring haeba ho ne ho le joalo. Monyetla ona o ka hlalosa litholoana tse fapaneng tse tlalehiloeng leha mohopolo oa ho sekaseka o ne o le joalo. Mohlala, ha Bjork et al. (2004) le Galván et al. (2006) ka bobeli ba hlahloba karolo ea tebello, data ea bona e fapane ka ho felletseng. Hape, ha Ernst et al. (2005) le van Leijenhorst et al. (2009) ho tlaleha ts'ebetso e kholo ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ho bacha ho bapisoa le batho ba baholo nakong ea ho fana ka maikutlo, Bjork et al. (2004) e hlotsoe ho fumana phapang lipakeng tsa lihlopha ts'ebetsong efe kapa efe ea karabelo.

Phuputso ea morao-rao e entsoeng ke Geier et al. (2009) e bontša kamoo bacha ba ka bang le liphihlelo tse fapaneng tsa ts'ebetso nakong ea mekhahlelo e fapaneng ea mosebetsi. Bangoli bana ba qapetse mosebetsi ka nepo hore ba tsebe ho khetholla methati e ikhethileng ea mosebetsi. Nakong ea motsoako oa cue, bacha ba bonts'itse karabelo e ikhethileng maemong a phahameng a moea ha a bapisoa le batho ba baholo. Leha ho le joalo, nakong ea tebello ea moputso, bacha ba tšoanang ba bontšitse tšebetso e matla seterekeng se le seng, ha ba bapisoa le batho ba baholo. Ka kopanelo, lintlha tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore likarolo tse fapaneng tsa mesebetsi ea moputso li ka hlahisa litholoana tse fapaneng haholo 'me li lokela ho nahanoa ka hloko ha li etsa kakaretso ka boits'oaro ba bohlankana le menyetla ea meputso.

Litaba tsa motheo

Tlhaloso ea lithuto tsa ho nahana ka tšebetso ea nts'etsopele e ipapisitse le kutloisiso le ho nepahala ha mekhoa ea ho nahana e sebelisitsoeng ho bona liphetoho tsena (Kotsoni et al., 2006). Ha lets'oao la moea (oxygen) le itšetlehileng ka "oxygen" le sebelisoa joalo ka karolo ea tšebetso ea boko lithutong tse ngata tsa fMRI, lintho tse fapaneng tse kenyelletsang sekhahla sa pelo, phallo ea pelo le phallo li ka susumetsa karabelo ea hemodynamic. Mohlala, sekhahla sa pelo le sekhahla sa ho hema ho bana se batla se le habeli ho ba baholo (Kotsoni et al., 2006). Liphapang tsena tsa 'mele ho pholletsa le nts'etsopele ke ngongoreho e kholo lithutong tse ntlafalitsoeng tsa neuroimaging hobane li ka tlisa lerata le leholo ho ecar planar le ho nahana ka moea ka lebaka la ho sisinyeha ha mapheo le diaphragm (van de Moortele et al., 2002). Kahoo, liphapang tsena tsa nts'etsopele li lokela ho tsotelloa ha ho utluoa motheo oa motheo. Thomason et al. (2005) o ile a hlahloba hore na phapang ea kholo ea phefumoloho e amme lets'oao la fMRI ha bankakarolo ba hema ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng ho skena ntle le ho etsa mosebetsi. Ba fumane hore ntle le lerata le leholo litabeng tsa bana, lerata lena le kentse letsoho ts'ebetsong ea "motheo" ho bana ha ho bapisoa le phetoho ea lipontšo tsa batho ba baholo. Ha phomolo e sa sebetseng ho skena (e ts'oanang le litaelo tseo barupeluoa ba Thomason ba li fumaneng) e sebelisoa hangata e le boemo ba mantlha boo maemo ohle a ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso a bapisoang, liphapang tsena li ka ba le tšusumetso e kholo le e mpe liphellong le litlhalosong tsa fMRI. Puisano ena e pharalletseng ea litaba tsa mantlha ha e ncha, joalo ka Schlaggar et al. (2002) ba hlahisitse bothata ba mesebetsi e nepahetseng ea papiso pele. Hore na bana (le bacha) ba bonts'a litekanyetso tsa motheo tsa phomolo tse eketsehang kapa tse fokotsehileng li tla susumetsa sephetho sa ho qetela le litlhaloso tsa diphetho ha datha tsa bona li bapisoa le tsa batho ba baholo haeba bothata ba mantlha bo sa nkuoe le ho laoloa nakong ea moralo oa mosebetsi le tlhaiso ea data.

Bonyane mefuta e meraro ea metheo ea mantlha e sebelisitsoe lithutong tse hlalositsoeng mona. Bjork et al. (2004) e hlalositse motheo oa mantlha e le boleng ba pontšo ea bolelele ba nako eohle. Ho Ernst et al. (2005) pampiri, liteko tsa 18 (tsa 129) e ne e le liteko tsa tokiso tse sebelelitseng e le motheo. Ka mantsoe a mang, lipapiso tsohle tsa phaello li ne li bapisoa le liteko tseo ho tsona motho ea nkang karolo a neng a sa sebetse letho haese ho sheba sefapanong (sheba Thomason et al., 2005 holimo ho hlokomela hore na sena se ka ba thata joang). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, Galván et al. (2006) o sebelisitse nako ea ho emisa, joalo ka ha morupeluoa a fuoa setšoantšo sa sefapano. Qetellong, van Leijenhorst et al. (2009) le Geier et al. (2009) ha ea ka ea hlalosa motheo oa nnete mme ka hona ea hlahisa litšoantšo tse fapaneng lipakeng tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea teko (mohlala, mefuta e fapaneng ea tefo ea moputso). Bangoli bohle ka nepo ba ne ba e-na le lebaka le letle la ho khetha moralo oa mantlha oo ba o entseng mme ha ho na motheo oa mantlha ka lebaleng empa, ka ho hlakileng, liphapang tse fokolang tsa motheo li ka ba le litlamorao tse kholo litlamorao tsa ho qetela. Mohlala, haeba bacha ba na le motheo oa ho phomola o phahameng (kapa o tlase) ho feta batho ba baholo, mokhoa oa ho nka (mohlala, ho bapisa lipapiso tsa litšoantšo) o sebelisitsoeng ho sekaseka fMRI o ka lebisa litlhalosong tse fosahetseng.

Le ha ho lumellana hodima motheo oa motheo ha ho khonehe ebile ha ho na mokhoa o lekaneng, hobane lintlha lipakeng tsa lipotso le mesebetsi ea liteko li netefatsa litlhoko tsa mantlha tsa motho ka mong, ho na le mekhoa ea ho netefatsa hore motheo o khethiloeng lithutong ka bonngoe o ka bapisoa le lihlopha tsohle. Mokhoa o mong oa ho qoba phapang ena ea tlhaho ea ho phomola ha FMRI ke ho theha metheo ea sehlopha ka seng ebe o bapisa maemo a mosebetsi ka har'a sehlopha. Liphutheloana tse 'maloa tsa software tsa neuroimaging, joalo ka FSL, li lumella mofuta ona oa tlhahlobo ntle le ho beha lipapiso tsa sehlopha sa lipalo. Mokhoa oa bobeli ke oa pele oa ho netefatsa hore phapang ea ts'ebetso ea maemo ha e fapana haholo lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa lilemo pele ho papiso e latelang ea mosebetsi. Kamora nako, mokhoa o fapaneng e tla ba ho bapisa bacha le batho ba baholo ba bontšang mekhoa e tšoanang ea ts'ebetsong. Mokhoa ona o ka tšoana le post hoc ts'ebeliso e tšoanang e hlalositsoeng pejana mabapi le boits'oaro ba boits'oaro (Schlaggar et al., 2002).

Phapang e fapaneng le e ngoe ho moputso oa kutloisiso

Leha mosebetsi o hlahisitsoeng ho fihlela joale o fana ka maikutlo a hore lilemo tsa bocha ke nako e phahameng ea maikutlo a meputso, ha se bacha bohle ba batlang meputso. Bohlokoa ba ho hlahloba phapang ea motho ka mong boits'ebetsong le liketsong tsa neural li ananeloa ho mehlala ea batho ba baholo (mohlala, Tom et al., 2007) empa ho entsoe mosebetsi o fokolang ho ntlafatso ea baahi. Litloaelo tse batlang moputso le tse nkang kotsi (mohlala, papali ea chelete le tšebeliso e seng molaong ea lithethefatsi) li etsahala khafetsa ho batho ba nang le mokhoa o itseng oa boits'oaro, o joalo ka boits'oaro bo phahameng le ho batla maikutlo (Willis et al., 1994). Ho sebetsana le maikutlo ana ke hore ts'ebetso e lebelletsoeng ea "ventral striatum" e bolela esale pele ka likotsi tse amanang le moputso boemong ba ho se tšoane ka bong (Montague le Berns, 2002; Matthews et al., 2004; Kuhnen le Knutson, 2005). Mohlala, batho ba bonts'ang ts'ebetso e kholo ho "ventral striatum" pele ho khetho ea papali ea chelete, ba ka beha kotsi, ho e-na le ho ba khetho e bolokehileng (Kuhnen and Knutson, 2005). Ka kakaretso lithuto tse fetileng li tlaleha ho se tšoane ho hoholo hoa taolo ea kelello (Fan et al., 2002), e hlokahalang bakeng sa boitaolo maemong a putsa. Ebile, bokhoni ba ho lebisa tlhokomelo hole le ts'usumetso e khotsofatsang nakong ea ho lieha ha mosebetsi oa ho khotsofatsa ho bana ba bonyatsi bo bolela taolo ea kelello hamorao bophelong (Eigsti et al., 2006). Ka bobeli, lithuto tsena li hatisa bohlokoa ba ho nahana ka liphapang tsa motho ka mong boiphihlelo, boits'oaro le ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kutlo ha ho hlahlojoa ts'ebetso e rarahaneng ea boits'oaro ba boko joalo ka ts'ebetso ea meputso ho palo ea batho ba hola. Phuputsong e sa tsoa etsoa (Galván et al., 2007), Re ile ra lekola liphapang tsa batho ka bomong ho thusa ho rarolla mathata a teng a eketsang ts'oaetso ho batho ba bang ho itšoara ka sepheo sa moputso le litholoana tse mpe, joalo ka bokhoba ba tahi. Mokhoa oa rona e ne e le ho lekola botsoalle lipakeng tsa tšebetso ea lipotoloho tse amanang le moputso ka tebello ea moputso o moholo oa chelete o nang le mekhoa ea boits'oaro ea ho ipeha kotsing le ho ba le khatello bocheng. Litekanyetso tsa fMRI le litekanyo tse sa tsejoeng tsa boits'oaro ba boits'oaro ba boits'oaro bo kotsi, temoho ea kotsi le ho hloka takatso li fumanoe ho batho ba pakeng tsa lilemo tse 7 le 29. Sephetho sa mantlha e bile hore ho ne ho na le kamano e ntle lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea NAcc le monyetla oa ho etsa boits'oaro bo kotsi ho pholletsa le nts'etsopele; ke hore, batho ka bomong ba nang le monyetla oa ho tlaleha maqhubu a phahameng a boitšoaro bo kotsi "bophelong ba 'nete" ba thaothile striatum ea ventral ka ho fetisisa laborateng. Liphuputso tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore nakong ea bocha, batho ba bang ba ka ba le tšekamelo e kholo ea ho etsa boits'oaro bo kotsi ka lebaka la liphetoho tsa nts'etsopele ea libaka tse ruileng tsa dopamine tumellanong le phapano ea maemo a motho ea fuoeng boits'oaro bo kotsi. Lithuto tsena ke sebaka se setle sa ho qala ho batlisisa karolo ea liphapang tsa batho ka bomong ho utloeng moputso. Leha ho le joalo, mosebetsi oa nako e tlang o boetse o hloka ho lekola likamano tse amanang le moputso tse kenyelletsang thobalano, lilemo, sethaleng le phapang ea morabe.

Ho na le moputso ofe ho mocha ea lilemong tsa bocha?

Boholo ba lithuto tse hlahlojoang ka holimo li sebelisitse chelete e le phuputso ea moputso, kaha ke moputso o bonolo oa ho qhekella, o etsa hore ho bokelloe mosebetsi oa potoloho ea dopamine, hape o sebelisitsoe haholo mefuteng ea batho ba baholo ea moputso. Le ha ho le joalo, bacha ba susumetsoa ke ho feta feela moputso oa chelete le lithuto tse sebelisang monyetla oa meputso ea sechaba, e sa tloaelehang le e matlafatsang eo hape e susumetsang bacha ba ka fana ka leseli le lecha ka sistimi ea moputso. Ho na le liphetoho life tse ntle ka nts'etsopele, ka hona seo bacha ba se nkang e le moputso o ikhethileng, o amanang le bana le batho ba baholo, ba ka tsebisang lefapha ka sistimi ea dopamine e ka tlase. Mohlala, le ha bana ba putsoa haholo ke ba khothatsang ba mantlha, joalo ka tsoekere, bacha ba fumana ho sebelisana le lithaka ho le monate ho feta bana le batho ba baholo (Csikszentmihalyi et al., 1977). Phuputso e 'ngoe e bontšitse ho eketsa ho bokelloa ha litho tsa moea ka hare ho ho shebella litšoantšo tsa lithaka tse lakatsehang sechabeng, empa eseng tse sa rateheng (Guyer et al., 2009). Ntle le boqhekanyetsi bo nepahetseng ba lithaka tse lakatsehang sechabeng e le tšusumetso e ntle, ho ka se khonehe ho tseba hore na ehlile bacha ba fumana metsoalle e ratehang sechabeng e le molemo ho feta batho ba bang empa thuto ena e kenya letsoho litšebelisanong tsa botona le botšehali litšebelisanong tsa sechaba. Hakalo, eng e ea putsa ebile moelelo oo meputso e hlahisoang ho ona ke lintlha tsa bohlokoa tseo o lokelang ho nahana ka tsona ha o bapisa tšusumetso, boits'oaro le meputso e tlase ho bacha lilemong tse amanang le lihlopha tse ling. Sena se bohlokoa ka ho khetheha boits'ebetsong bo nkang likotsi tsa ho beha bacha kotsing lilemong tsa bocha (Steinberg, 2004). Se amanang le batho ba baholo kapa bana, bacha ba ka khona ho beha likarolo tse behiloeng kotsing ka ho "natefeloa" kapa ho ruisa (Maggs et al., 1995); hona ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ho arabela monyetla o nang le kotsi, bacha ba ka ba le monyetla oa ho kenella ts'ebetsong ea dopamine ho feta batho ba bang ba lilemo, e leng se ka tlatsetsang mohatong oa bona o eketsehileng oa ho beha likotsi. Ketsahalo ena e hlahlobiloe haholo libakeng tse ling (mohlala, Steinberg, 2004; Ernst le Mueller, 2008; Somerville et al., 2009).

Likarolo tsa Nako ea Lipotso

Tlhahlobo ena ha e kenyeletse lingoliloeng tse pharalletseng mabapi le kholo ea li-hormonal kaha li amana le liphetoho tsa boits'oaro nakong ea bocha kaha li hlahliloe hangata libakeng tse ling (Spear, 2000). Leha ho le joalo, likhohlano tse rarahaneng pakeng tsa sistimi ea dopamine le liphetoho tsa lihormone nakong ea bocha li ka kenya letsoho boits'ebetsong bo bonts'itsoeng bo amanang le moputso. Mosebetsing oa nako e tlang, ho rala liteko tse ka lekolang hore na tšebetso ea potoloho e nang le dopamine e kopantsoe le liphetoho tsa lihormone e ka fana ka leseli le sebetsang mokhatlong ona o rarahaneng.

Hape, tlhahlobo e tsoelang pele ea hore na liphetoho mokhoeng oa ho robala li susumetsa ts'ebetso ea neural nakong ea bocha e tla ba sebaka sa bohlokoa sa ho botsa. Bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha bo bontša hore boroko bo bohlokoa bakeng sa tšebetso ea boko le nts'etsopele (Benca, 2004; Hagenauer et al., 2009). Tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea potso ena ea bohlokoa e fana ka leseli la bohlokoa la hore na liphetoho tse tloaelehileng tsa mekhoa ea ho robala li ka mpefatsa boitšoaro bo tloaelehileng ba bocha joang (Dahl le Lewin, 2002; Holm et al., 2009). Holm et al. (2009) bontša hore boleng ba ho robala hampe le ho robala metsotso e fokolang ho ne ho hokahanngoa le ho tsitsipanya ka nako ea litebello nakong ea tebello ea moputso le sephetho (Holm et al., 2009). Lintlha tsena li totobatsa bohlokoa ba ho nahana ka litlamorao tse mabapi le maikutlo a amanang le neural a amanang le moputso holima nts'etsopele.

Litlaleho tse fapaneng li hlokometse dimorphism ea thobalano ho nts'etsopele ea tsamaiso ea dopamine mehlaleng ea liphoofolo (Andersen et al., 1997) le mosebetsi oa MRI oa sebopeho (Giedd et al., 2004). Leha ho le joalo, sebaka sena sa lipatlisiso se sa ithutoa haholo lithutong tse sebetsang tsa MRI, mohlomong ka lebaka la likhatello tse sebetsang tse hlahisitsoeng ke boholo bo sa lekanyetsoang ba mehlala lithutong tsena. Phello ena ke tikoloho e tebileng ea ho ithuta kaha ho na le liphapang tse totobetseng tsa thobalano qalong le tokiso ea likotsi tse 'maloa tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello tse ka amanang le ts'ebetso ea derramine (Paus et al., 2008).

Nahanisisa

Tlhahlobo ena e qalile ka potso e latelang: na tsamaiso ea dopamine e hypo- kapa hyper-e arabela meputso nakong ea bocha? Patlisiso e hlalositsoeng tlhahlobisong ena e fana ka bopaki bo sa hlakang ba hore tsamaiso ea moputso e ba le liphetoho tse kholo nakong ea bohlankana. Ho feta moo, ba bonts'a tšehetso e matla bakeng sa khopolo-taba ea hore sisteme ea dopamine e arabela ka mokhoa o matla, kapa o ts'oarahe haholo, ho arabela meputsong nakong ea bohlankana. Ha a ntse a neuroimaging mosebetsi oa pele (Bjork et al., 2004) e bonahala e fana ka ts'ehetso bakeng sa hypo-reactionful system system hypothesis, lithuto tse ngata ho tloha joale li hlahisitse lintlha tse fanang ka ts'ehetso bakeng sa sistimi ea moputso e fetelletseng nakong ea bohlankana. Kahoo, tšimo e bonahala e fetoha pheletsong ena ea morao-rao (Casey et al., 2008; Steinberg, 2008; Ernst et al., 2009; Somerville et al., 2009). Leha ho le joalo, lintlha tse potelletseng tsa ho qhekella, toloko le maemo a tikoloho li na le litlamorao tse akaretsang. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe hantle mosebetsing o sa tsoa etsoa ke Geier et al. (2009), likarolo tse fapaneng tsa moputso li tšoantšoa le maikutlo a ikhethang a neural bohlankana, joalo ka ha tlhahiso ea pele ea tebello ea moputso ha e lebise ho hyperactivity e ts'oanang le tebello ea moputso o tlang. Mosebetsing oa rona, bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e eketsehang, e amanang le bana le batho ba baholo, NAP e nang le dopamine e arabelang moputsong o moholo empa e bonts'itse fokotsehile ts'ebetso sebakeng sena se le seng ho arabela moputso o tlase (Galván et al., 2006). Kahoo, eng E ea tsoela ngoana molemo lilemong tsa bocha e tla ba le tšusumetso ea ho potoloha ka mokhoa oa moputso le ho beha bophelo ba hae kotsing, mohlomong, le boitšoaro bo latelang. Boleng ba moputso ha bo felletse 'me meputso e ananeloa molemong oa meputso e meng e teng. Bacha ba ka ameha haholo ka maemo ana a fetohang.

Ka kakaretso, ha ho na lipelaelo hore tsamaiso ea moputso e ba le liphetoho tse kholo tsa kholo nakong ea bocha, to bona lintlha tse hlakileng tsa liketsahalo tsena tsa maemo a holimo li ke ke tsa hlalosoa habonolo mme o tla hloka tlhahlobo e tsoelang pele libukeng tsa batho le tsa batho. Ka ho etsa lipatlisiso tse tebileng ka sisteme ea dopamine liphumantsong tsa liphoofolo, re ka qala ho qobella litlhaloso tsa datha tse tsoang mosebetsing oa motho, ho utloisisa hantle hore na ke eng e fetohileng hantle tsamaisong ea dopamine e rerang bacha ho etsa boits'oaro bo phahameng.

Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso

Sengoli se phatlalatsa hore lipatlisiso li entsoe kamora ho se be le kamano efe kapa efe ea khoebo kapa ea lichelete e ka nkuoang e le khohlano e ka bang teng ea phaello.

lumela hore baa fokola

Sengoli se amohela litlatsetso tse thusang tsa litho tsa Galván Lab, babuelli ba babeli ba sa tsejoeng le lipuisano tse fetileng le Brad Schlaggar mabapi le litaba tsa motheo.

References

  1. Andersen SL, Dumont NL, Teicher MH (1997). Phapang pakeng tsa nts'etsopele ea dopamine synthesis inhibition ke 7-OH-DPAT. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 356, 173-181.10.1007 / PL00005038 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  2. Andersen SL, Gazzara RA (1993). Thegengeny ea liphetoho tsa apomorphine tse kentsoeng phepelo ea neostriatal dopamine: litlamorao tsa ho tsoa habonolo. J. Neurochem. 61, 2247-2255.10.1111 / j.1471-4159.1993.tb07466.x [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  3. Andersen S. L, Teicher MH (1999). Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) e fetoha haholo ho periadolescence le sebaka. Poster e hlahisitsoeng kopanong ea Mokhatlo oa Seboka sa Neuroscience, Miami Beach, Florida.
  4. Andersen S. L, Teicher MH (2000). Ho faola li-receptor tsa dopamine ka pele ho cortex nakong ea periadolescent ho likhoto. Synapse 37, 167-169.10.1002 / 1098-2396 (200008) 37: 2 <167 :: AID-SYN11> 3.0.CO; 2-B [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  5. Andersen SL, Thompson AP, Krenzel E., Teicher MH (2002). Liphetoho tsa Pubertal ka har'a lihormone tsa gonadal ha li tlatse tlhahiso e kholo ea dopamine receptor. Psychoneuroendocrinology 27, 683-691.10.1016 / S0306-4530 (01) 00069-5 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  6. Bandettini PA, Ungerleider LG (2001). Ho tloha ho neuron ho ea BOLD: likhokahano tse ncha. Nat. Neurosci. 412, 864-866.10.1038 / nn0901-864 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  7. Benca RM (2004). Taolo ea boroko le ho tsosa: Kenyelletso ea karolo ea VII. Ann. NY Acad. Saense 1021, 260-261.10.1196 / annals.1308.030 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  8. Berridge KC, Robinson TE (1998). Karolo ea dopamine moputsong ke efe: tšusumetso ea hedonic, ho ithuta ka moputso, kapa ho hlohlona? Brain Res. Brain Res. Moruti 28, 309-369.10.1016 / S0165-0173 (98) 00019-8 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  9. Bjork JM, Knutson B., Fong GW, Caggiano DM, Bennett SM, Hommer DW (2004). Ts'usumetso e matlafatsang ea kelello ho bacha lilemong tsa bocha: ho tšoana le liphapang tse tsoang ho batho ba baholo. J. Neursoci. 24, 1793-1802. [E fetotsoe]
  10. Blum K., Braverman E., Holder J., Lubar J., Monastra V., Miller D., Lubar J., Chen T., Comings D. (2000). Sesupo sa khaello ea moputso: mohlala oa biogenetic bakeng sa tlhahlobo le kalafo ea boits'oaro bo sa susumetseng, bo tlatsetsang le bo qobellang. J. Psychoactive Lithethefatsi 2, 1-112. [E fetotsoe]
  11. Blum K., Cull JG, Braverman ER, Comings DE (1996). Mofuta oa khaello ea moputso. Am. Saense 84, 132-145.
  12. Bolanos CA, Glatt SJ, Jackson D. (1998). Subsensitivity ho lithethefatsi tsa dopaminergic ho litoeba tsa periadolescent: tlhahlobo ea boitšoaro le ts'ebetso ea methapo. Dev. Brain Res. 111, 25-33.10.1016 / S0165-3806 (98) 00116-3 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  13. Brenhouse HC, Sonntag KC, Andersen SL (2008). Polelo ea nakoana ea D1 ea dopamine receptor ho li-neuron tsa preortal cortex: kamano e matlafatsang molemong oa litšusumetso tsa litakatso tsa lithethefatsi bongoaneng. J. Neurosci. 28, 2375-2382.10.1523 / JNEUROSCI.5064-07.2008 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  14. Casey BJ, Galván A., Hare TA (2005). Liphetoho mokhatlong o sebetsang oa likerese nakong ea kholo ea kelello. Borr. Opin. Neurobiol. 15, 239-244.10.1016 / j.conb.2005.03.012 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  15. Casey BJ, Getz S., Galván A. (2008). Boko ba bongoana. Dev. Moruti 28, 62-77. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  16. Caviness V., Kennedy D., Richelme C., Rademacher J., Filipek P. (1996). Nako ea boko ba motho 7-11 lilemo: tlhahlobo ea volumetric e thehiloeng ho litšoantšo tsa matla a boloi. Cereb. Cortex 6, 726-736.10.1093 / cercor / 6.5.726 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  17. Chambers RA, Taylor JR, Potenza MN (2003). Litla-morao tsa nts'etsopele ea kholo ea bongoana: nako e thata ea ho lemalla tlhekefetso. Am. J. Psychiatry 160, 1041-1052.10.1176 / appi.ajp.160.6.1041 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  18. Csikszentmihalyi M., Larson R., Prescott S. (1977). Ikonomi ea tšebetso ea bocha le boiphihlelo. J. Bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha. 6, 281-294.10.1007 / BF02138940 [Ref Ref Cross]
  19. Dahl RE (2004). Kholiso ea boko ba bongoana: nako ea likotsi le menyetla. Ann. NY Acad. Saense 1021, 1-22.10.1196 / annals.1308.001 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  20. Dahl RE, Lewin DS (2002). Litsela tse mabapi le melao ea ho robala ea bocha le bocha tsa boitšoaro. J. Adolesc. Health 31, 175-184.10.1016 / S1054-139X (02) 00506-2 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  21. DeGraff C., Zandstra E. (1999). Monko o monate le monate ho bana, bacha le batho ba baholo. Physiol. Behav. 67, 513-520.10.1016 / S0031-9384 (99) 00090-6 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  22. Eigsti IM, Zayas V., Mischel W., Shoda Y., Ayduk O., Dadlani MB, Davidson MC, Lawrence Aber J., Casey BJ (2006). Ho bolela esale pele taolo ea kelello ho tloha sekolong sa pele ho ea bohlankaneng le ho ba motho e moholo ea lilemong. Psychol. Saense 17, 478-484.10.1111 / j.1467-9280.2006.01732.x [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  23. Ernst M., Mueller SC (2008). Boko ba bongoaneng: lintlha tse tsoang lipatlisisong tse sebetsang. Dev Neurobiol 68, 729-743.10.1002 / dneu.20615 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  24. Ernst M., Nelson EE, Jazbec SP, McClure EB, Monk CS, Leibenluft E., Blair J., Pine DS (2005). Amygdala le li-nucleus li bokellana ka likarabelo tsa ho fumana le ho siea melemo ho batho ba baholo le ba lilemong tsa bocha. Neuroimage 25, 1279-1291.10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2004.12.038 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  25. Ernst M., Romeo RD, Andersen SL (2009). Neurobiology ea nts'etsopele ea boits'oaro bo susumetsang bocheng: fensetere ho ea mehlala ea mekhoa ea neural. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 93, 199-211.10.1016 / j.pbb.2008.12.013 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  26. Eshel N., Nelson EE, Blair RJ, Pine DS, Ernst M. (2007). Likarolo tse tlase tsa Neural tsa khetho ea khetho ho batho ba baholo le ba lilemong tsa bocha: nts'etsopele ea li-ventrolateral pele le li-cortices tsa ka pele. Neuropsychologia 45, 1270-1279.10.1016 / j.neuropsychologia.2006.10.004 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  27. Fan J., McCandliss B. D, Sommer T., Raz A., Posner MI (2002). Ho leka ts'ebetso le boikemelo ba marang-rang a tlhokomelo. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 14, 340-347.10.1162 / 089892902317361886 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  28. Galván A., Hare TA, Parra CE, Penn J., Voss H., Glover G., Casey BJ (2006). Pejana nts'etsopele ea maqhubu a amanang le orbitofrontal cortex e ka beha boitšoaro bo ka behang kotsing ho batjha. J. Neurosci. 26, 6885-6892.10.1523 / JNEUROSCI.1062-06.2006 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  29. Galván A., Hare TA, Voss H., Glover G., Casey BJ (2007). Ho nka likotsi le boko ba bongoana: ke mang ea kotsing? Dev. Saense 10, 1-7. [E fetotsoe]
  30. Geier CF, Terwilliger R., Teslovich T., Velanova K., Luna B. (2009). Ho se sebetse hantle ts'ebetsong ea moputso le tšusumetso ea taolo ea thibelo bocheng. Cereb. Cortex [Epub pele ho khatiso]. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  31. Giedd JN (2004). MRI ea sebopeho ea Boko ba lilemong tsa bocha. Ann. NY Acad. Saense 1021: 77.10.1196 / annals.1308.009 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  32. Giedd JN, Blumenthal J., Jeffries NO, Castellanos FX, Liu H, Zijdenbos A., Paus T., Evans AC, Rapoport JL (1999). Kholiso ea boko nakong ea bongoana le ea bocha: thuto ea MRI e telele. Nat. Neurosci. 2, 861-863.10.1038 / 13158 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  33. Giedd JN, Snell J., Lange N., Rajapakse J., Casey B., Kozuch P., Vaituzis A., Vauss Y., Hamburger S., Kaysen D., Rapoport JL (1996). Khopolo ea maqhubu a matla a kelello a kholo ea kholo ea kholo ea motho: lilemo tsa 4-18. Cereb. Cortex 6 551-560.10.1093 / cercor / 6.4.551 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  34. Gogtay N., Giedd JN, Lusk L., Hayashi KM, Greenstein D., Vaituzis AC, Nugent TF, III, Herman D. H, Clasen LS, Toga AW, Rapoport JL, Thompson PM (2004). 'Mapa o matla oa ntlafatso ea motho nakong ea bongoana ho fihlela e le motho e moholo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Saense USA 101, 8174-8179.10.1073 / pnas.0402680101 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  35. Guyer AE, McClure-Tone EB, Shiffrin ND, Pine DS, Nelson EE (2009). Ho batla li-amanang tsa neural tse amanang le tlhahlobo e lebelletsoeng ea lithaka lilemong tsa bocha. Ngoana oa bana. 80, 1000-1015.10.1111 / j.1467-8624.2009.01313.x [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  36. Hagenauer M. H, Perryman JI, Lee TM, Carskadon MA (2009). Liphetoho tsa bocha mahareng a tsamaiso ea homeostatic le ea circadian ea boroko. Dev. Neurosci. 31, 276-284.10.1159 / 000216538 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  37. Holm SM, Forbes EE, Ryan ND, Phillips ML, Tarr JA, Rahl RE (2009). Mosebetsi o amanang le moputso o amanang le moputso le boroko matsatsing a pele a bocha le bohareng ba bocha le bocha. J. Adolesc. Health 45, 319-320.10.1016 / j.jadohealth.2009.04.001 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  38. Kennedy DN, Haselgrove C., McInerney S. (2003). MRI-based morphometric ea tsoelo-pele ea tlhaho le bokhopo ba boko. Melisa. Hlakola Dev. Tsietsi. Res. Moruti 9, 155-160.10.1002 / mrdd.10075 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  39. Knutson B., Fong GW, Adams CM, Varner JL, Hommer D. (2001). Ho arohana ha tebello ea moputso le sephetho ka fMRI e amanang le ketsahalo. Neuroreport 12, 3683-3687.10.1097 / 00001756-200112040-00016 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  40. Koob GF, Swerdlow NR (1988). Sesebelisoa se sebetsang sa mesolimbic dopamine system. Ann. NY Acad. Saense 537, 216-227.10.1111 / j.1749-6632.1988.tb42108.x [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  41. Kotsoni E., Byrd D., Casey BJ (2006). Mehopolo e ikhethileng ea ts'ebetso ea matla a matla a tlhaho a lipono tsa bana. J. Magn. Reson. Ho etsisa 23,877-886.10.1002 / jmri.20578 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  42. Kuhnen CM, Knutson B. (2005). Motheo oa neural oa ho beha kotsi ea lichelete. Neuron 47, 763-770.10.1016 / j.neuron.2005.08.008 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  43. Larson R., Asmussen L. (1991). Ho Halefela, Ho Tšoenyeha le ho Utloisa Bohloko ho Qaleng: Lefatše le Hlahisang Boitšoaro bo Ntle. New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
  44. Laviola G., Macri S., Morley-Fletcher S., Adriani W. (2003). Boitšoaro bo nkang kotsi mokhoeng oa bocha: litekanyetso tsa psychobiological le tšusumetso ea pele ea epigenetic. Neurosci. Biobehav. Moruti 27, 19-31.10.1016 / S0149-7634 (03) 00006-X [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  45. Laviola G., Pascucci T., Pieretti S. (2001). Striatal dopamine sensitization ho D-amphetamine ho periadolescent empa eseng litekong tsa batho ba baholo. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 68, 115-124.10.1016 / S0091-3057 (00) 00430-5 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  46. Logothetis N., Pauls J., Augath M., Trinath T., Oeltermann A. (2001). Patlisiso ea Neurophysiological ea motheo oa pontšo ea fMRI. Tlhaho 412,150-157.10.1038 / 35084005 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  47. Maggs J. L, Almeida D. M, Galambos NL (1995). Khoebo e kotsi: Moelelo oa boitšoaro bo makatsang bakeng sa bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha. J. Pele Adolesc. 15, 344-362.10.1177 / 0272431695015003004 [Ref Ref Cross]
  48. Matthews SC, Simmons AN, Lane SD, Paulus MP (2004). Ts'ebetso e ikhethileng ea li-nucleus tsa li-nucleus nakong ea ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi. Neuroreport 15, 2123-2127.10.1097 / 00001756-200409150-00025 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  49. May JC, Delgado MR, Dahl RE, Stenger VA, Ryan ND, Fiez JA, Carter CS (2004). Ketsahalo e amanang le ketsahalo ea matla a amanang le bokhabane ea ketsahalo ea ho potoloha ha boko ho amanang le moputso ho bana le lilemong tsa bocha. Biol. Psychiatry 55, 359-366.10.1016 / j.biopsych.2003.11.008 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  50. Montague DM, Lawler CP, Mailman RB, Gilmore JH (1999). Tekanyetso ea nts'etsopele ea dopamine D1 receptor ho caudate ea motho le putamen. Neuropsychopharmacology 21, 641-649.10.1016 / S0893-133X (99) 00062-7 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  51. Montague PR, Berns GS (2002). Moruo oa Neural le likarolo tsa tlhaho tsa boleng. Neuron 36, 265-284.10.1016 / S0896-6273 (02) 00974-1 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  52. Montague PR, Hyman SE, Cohen JD (2004). Likarolo tsa computational tsa dopamine taolong ea boits'oaro. Tlhaho 431,379-387.10.1038 / nature03015 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  53. Palacios JM, Camps M., Corte R., Probst A. (1988). Li-receptor tsa 'mopamine dopamine bokong ba motho. J. Neural. Transm. Suppl. 27, 227-235. [E fetotsoe]
  54. Panksepp J. (1998). Neuroscience e amehang. New York, Oxford University Press.
  55. Paus T., Keshavan M, Giedd JN (2008). Hobaneng ha mafu a mangata a kelello a hlaha nakong ea bohlankana? Nat. Moruti Neurosci. 9, 947-957. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  56. Rutter M., Graham P., Chadwick O., Yule W. (1976). Moferefere oa nakong ea bocha: 'nete kapa ke tšōmo? J. Ngaka Psychol. Psychiatry 17, 35-56.10.1111 / j.1469-7610.1976.tb00372.x [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  57. Schlaggar BL, brown TT, Lugar HM, Visscher KM, Miezin FM, Petersen SE (2002). Phapang e sebetsang ea neuroanatomical lipakeng tsa batho ba baholo le bana ba lilemo tse kenang sekolo ts'ebetsong ea mantsoe a le mong. Mahlale 296, 1476-1479.10.1126 / science.1069464 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  58. Schultz W. (1998). Pontšo ea moputso oa pele oa dopamine neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 80, 1-27. [E fetotsoe]
  59. Seeman P., Bzowej NH, Guan H.-C., Bergeron C., Becker LE, Reynolds GP, Nonyana ED, Riederer P., Jellinger K., Watanabe S., Tourtellotte WW (1987). Boko ba dopamine ba boko ho bana le ho batho ba baholo. Synfall 1, 399-404.10.1002 / syn.890010503 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  60. Shaw P., Kabani NJ, Lerch JP, Eckstrand K., Lenroot R., Gogtay N., Greenstein D., Clasen L., Evans A., Rapoport JL, Giedd JN, Wise SP (2008). Li-trajectories tsa Neurodevelopmental tsa cortex ea motho ea likhomo. J. Neurosci. 28, 3586-3594.10.1523 / JNEUROSCI.5309-07.2008 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  61. Somerville LH, Jones RM, Casey BJ (2009). Nako ea phetoho: Litloaelo tsa boits'oaro le botle tsa bocha tsa bongoana ke ho ba le takatso e matla le e nyarosang ea tikoloho. Brain Cogn. [Epub pele ho khatiso]. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  62. Sowell ER, Peterson BS, Thompson PM, Welcome SE, Henkenius AL, Toga AW (2003). 'Mapa oa phetoho ea kotloloho ho pholletsa le nako ea bophelo ba motho. Nat. Neurosci. 6, 309-315.10.1038 / nn1008 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  63. Sowell ER, Thompson PM, Holmes CJ, Jernigan TL, Toga AW (1999). Bophelong ba vivo bakeng sa ho holofala ha bongoana ba bongoaneng libakeng tsa pele le tsa bootsoa. Nat. Neurosci. 2, 859-861.10.1038 / 13154 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  64. Spear LP (2000). Boko ba bongoana le liponahatso tse amanang le lilemo tsa bocha. Neurosci. Biobehav. Moruti 24, 417-463.10.1016 / S0149-7634 (00) 00014-2 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  65. Stamford JA (1989). Nts'etsopele le botsofali ba "ratop" ea nigrostriatal dopamine e ithutoang ka "cyclic voltammetry" e potlakileng. J. Neurochem. 52, 1582-1589.10.1111 / j.1471-4159.1989.tb09212.x [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  66. Steinberg L. (2004). Kotsi ea ho kena bohlankaneng ba bocha: ke liphetoho life, mme hobane'ng? Ann. NY Acad. Saense 1021, 51-58.10.1196 / annals.1308.005 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  67. Steinberg L. (2005). Maikutlo a amanang le litaba tsa bophelo bo botle ba 'mele mabapi le ho beha bacha kotsing. Dev. Moruti 28, 78-106.10.1016 / j.dr.2007.08.002 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  68. Steinberg L. (2008). Maikutlo a bophelo bo botle ba 'mele mabapi le ho beha bacha kotsing. Dev. Rev 28, 78-106.10.1016 / j.dr.2007.08.002 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  69. Tarazi FI, Tomasini EC, Bal)arini RJ (1998). Nts'etsopele ea kamora kotlo ea li-receptor tsa dopamine D4-like libakeng tsa forebrain: bapisoa le li-receptors tse kang D2. Dev. Brain Res. 110, 227-233.10.1016 / S0165-3806 (98) 00111-4 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  70. Tarazi FI, Tomasini EC, Bal)arini RJ (1999). Nts'etsopele ea kamora kotlo ea li-receptor tsa dopamine D1-like in rat cortical and striatolimbic libakeng tsa boko: thuto ea autoradiographic. Dev. Neurosci. 21, 43-49.10.1159 / 000017365 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  71. Teicher MH, Andersen SL, Hostetter JC, Jr. (1995). Bopaki ba ho roka ha dopamine pakeng tsa bocha le ho ba motho e moholo ho striatum empa eseng li-nucleus. Dev. Brain Res. 89, 167-172.10.1016 / 0165-3806 (95) 00109-Q [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  72. Teicher MH, Barber NI, Gelbard HA, Gallitano AL, Campbell A, Marsh E, Balanticarini RJ (1993). Phapang ea nts'etsopele ea karabelo ea methapo ea methapo le mesocorticolimbic ho haloperidol. Neuropsychopharmacology 9, 147-156. [E fetotsoe]
  73. Thomason ME, Burrows BE, Gabrieli JDE, Glover GH (2005). Ho phefumoloha ho senola phapang lipontšong tsa fMRI BOLD BOLD ho bana le batho ba baholo. Neuroimage 25, 824-837.10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2004.12.026 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  74. Tom SM, Fox CR, Trepel C., Poldrack RA (2007). Motheo oa neural oa ho haelloa ke tahlehelo ha motho a etsa liqeto tlasa kotsi. Mahlale 315, 515-518.10.1126 / science.1134239 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  75. van de Moortele PF, Pfeuffer J., Glover GH, Ugurbil K., Hu X. (2002). Ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo hoa B0 ho susumetsang le ho tsamaisoa ha bona ka sepakapakeng bokong ba motho ho 7 Tesla. Magn. Reson. Moedi 47, 888-895.10.1002 / mrm.10145 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  76. van Leijenhorst L., Zanolie K., van Meel CS, Westenberg P. M, Rombouts S. A, Crone EA (2009). Ke eng e susumetsang mocha? Libaka tsa methapo e hohelang kutloelo-bohloko ea moputso nakong ea bocha. Cereb. Cortex [Epub pele ho khatiso]. [E fetotsoe]
  77. Watson D., Clark L. (1984). Boitsoaro bo bobe: tloaelo ea ho ba le maikutlo a sithabetsang a maikutlo. Psychol. Bull. 96, 465-490.10.1037 / 0033-2909.96.3.465 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  78. Willis TA, Vacarro D., McNamara G. (1994). Ho batla ho tsebahala, ho ipeha kotsing, le ho aha lintho tse amanang le tsona e le tse boletsoeng esale pele tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi bocha: ts'ebeliso ea mohopolo oa Cloniger. J. Subst. Tlhekefetso 6, 1-20.10.1016 / S0899-3289 (94) 90039-6 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]