Volume 19, June 2016, Maqephe 1-18
Hlahisa ho feta
Doi: 10.1016 / j.dcn.2015.12.009
Lintlha-khōlō Tsa
• Re fana ka maikutlo a moralo, pherekano ea bongoana ea ho hlaseloa ke bongoana maemong a boithabiso.
• Moralo ona o bua haholo ka liphapang tse ipapisitseng le likelello tsa motho ka mong boikutlong ba sechaba.
• Lits'ebetso tsa bongo tsa bongoana li ka lekanya phello ea maemo a bophelo kholisong.
• Mosebetsi o ntlafatsang molemong oa maemo a bophelo, kelello ea mocha, le sephetho li hlahlojoa.
• Re khothaletsa hore mehato ea boko e sebelisoe ho supa tšebeliso ea methapo ea kutlo.
inahaneloang
Nako ea bocha e tšoauoa e le nako ea maikutlo a tebileng ho maemo a boithabiso. Le ha ho le joalo, bacha ba fapana ka tsela eo maemo a bona a bophelo a ba amang ka teng. Ho latela mefuta ea ts'oaetso ea ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kutlo, maemo a tlhaho, a tlhaho a ferekanya batho ba bang, a amanang le ba bang, ka tšusumetso e kholo ea ts'usumetso ea tikoloho, eo ho eona batho ba kotsing ba ka tsamaeang hofeta kapa e mpe ho feta batho bohle, ho latela tikoloho eo ba kopaneng le eona (mohlala, phahameng le tlase). mofuthu oa motsoali). Ho fihlela haufinyane tjena, lipatlisiso tse tataisoang ke meralo ena ea theory ha lia ka tsa kenyelletsa mehato e tobileng ea sebopeho sa boko kapa ts'ebetso ho supa kutlo ena. Ha re sheba mehlala e atileng ea thuto ea methapo ea bongoana le palo e eketsehang ea lithuto tse amanang le litaba tsa kamano lipakeng tsa maemo a bophelo sechabeng, bokong, le liphetho tsa nts'etsopele, re hlahloba lipatlisiso tse tšehetsang mohopolo oa ho ts'oaroa ke lefutso la bongoana molemong oa kutloisiso ea hore na hobaneng bacha le bana ba fapana ka tsela e fapaneng. ntshetsopele le boiketlo. Re fana ka maikutlo a hore nts'etsopele ea bongoaneng e bonoa ke liphapang tse ipapisitseng le kelello tsa motho ka mong mabapi le maikutlo a batho - e be tse ntle kapa tse mpe - joalo ka tse bopetsoeng likamanong le batsoali le bahlokomeli le lithaka. Qetellong, re khothaletsa hore lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang li lekanye tšebetso ea boko le sebopeho sa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea lintho tse ka fokolisang tšusumetso ea maemo a sechaba litlamorao tsa nts'etsopele.
Keywords
- Bocha;
- Nts'etsopele ea boko;
- Tikoloho ea sechaba;
- Neuroimaging;
- Phapang ka bomong
1. Selelekela
Nts'etsopele e tsoela pele ka ho loha ka mokhoa o rarahaneng oa mekhoa ea tlholeho, e tataisoang ke bioloji le boiphihlelo ba motho, bo botle le bo bobe. Le ha lipatlisiso tse ngata tsa boits'oaro li bonts'a hore bocha ke nako ea kholo e khetholloang ke kutlo e matla ea boiphihlelo ba sechaba haholo-holo (mohlala, litšebelisano tsa lithaka), litlhahlobo tsa morao-rao tsa bopaki ba neuroimaging bo tiisa semelo sena sa bocha (Blakemore le Mills, 2014, Burnett et al., 2011, Crone le Dahl, 2012, Nelson le Guyer, 2011, Nelson et al., 2005, Pfeifer le Allen, 2012 'me Somerville, 2013). Har'a liphetoho tsa boits'oaro bo ikhethileng bocheng ho ea bongoaneng kapa ho ba motho e moholo ke ho itšepa ho eketsehileng, ho ba le maikutlo a batsi hole le batsoali le batho ba bang, ho ba le tsebo e batsi ea kamohelo ea sechaba, ho beha likotsi hangata boteng ba lithaka le ho hlaha ha bophelo bo botle ba kelello. mathata a sitisang ts'ebetso ea sechaba. Litšobotsi tsena li ka bonts'a liphetoho tsa tlholeho hore na bongoana li beha melaoana joang 'me li hlahisa likarabo joang tsebong ea sechaba (Nelson le Guyer, 2011 'me Steinberg, 2008). Ka hona, liphapang tse fapaneng le kholo ea khakanyo ea sebopeho le tšebetso e ntle ea potoloho ea neural e tšehetsang boikemisetso ba sechaba le tšebetso li ka amana le maikutlo a bocha a ho eketseha le ho khethollana ho tšusumetso ea sechaba (Davey et al., 2008 'me Nelson le Guyer, 2011). Ho joalo, maemo a bohlasoa a bophelo bo hloahloa bongoaneng, joalo ka ho kenella litšebelisanong tse mpe tsa motsoali le ngoana kapa ho thabiseng, ho amohela tikoloho ea lithaka, ho ka etsahala hore li sebetsane le liphapang tsa motho ka mong tse amanang le methapo ea kutlo ho fetoheng liphetho tse latelang.
Likhakanyo tsa theoretical tse mabapi le ho hlaseloa habonolo ke lefu la neurobiological (Ellis et al., 2011), eo hape e tsejoang e le kutloisiso ea likokoana-hloko tikolohong (Boyce le Ellis, 2005), pherekano e bakoang ke tšusumetso ea tikoloho (Belsky et al., 2007 'me Belsky le pluess, 2009), le kutloisiso ea kutlo ea kutlo (Aron le Aron, 1997), fana ka mohlala oa bohlokoa oa ho nahana ka hore na boemo ba bohlankana ba ho ba le kutlo ea methapo ea kutlo bo ka fokotsa tšusumetso ea maemo a sechaba ntlafatsong joang. Mefuta ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ka bomong ba fapana ka maikutlo a bona ho tikoloho ea bona, mme ba bang ba amehile haholo ho feta ba bang. Moelelo oa sena ke hore batho ba amehileng haholo-holo ka maemo a mabe a sechaba ke bona ba arabelang haholo maemong a ts'ehetso a sechaba. Ka nako e ts'oanang, mefuta e 'maloa ea kholo ea boko ba bocha e khothalelitse hore liphetoho tse amang maikutlo sechabeng nakong ea bocha li khothaletsa mekhoa ea kholo e tlohang phetohong e atlehileng ho ba motho e moholo ho isa sehlohlolong sa psychopathology kapa maladaptation. Re etsa tlhahiso ea hore ha ho nahanoa ka ts'oaetso ea bocha ba methapo ea kutlo ea methapo ea kutlo sechabeng (Feie. 1 'me Feie. 2), e nkiloeng mefuteng e atileng ea ho hlaseloa ha methapo ea kutlo le ts'ebetso ea bongoana, e tla hlahisa sebopeho se hlakileng sa ho hlaseloa ha tlhaho. Ka ho kenyelletsa tšebetso ea boko le likarolo tsa sebopeho tse ka bonts'ang khakanyo ea methapo ea kutlo, mosebetsi oa kamoso o ka supa eseng feela batho bao ba leng kotsing e kholo ea litlamorao tse mpe empa hape le ba ka fumanang molemo ho maemo a tšehetsang a sechaba.
Setšoantšo sa 1.
Moetso oa mohopolo o bonts'ang ts'oaetso ea rona ea bocha ea methapo ea kutlo ea methapo ea methapo ho maemo a kahisano, moo mokhoa le boholo ba maemo a kahisano a hlahisang litholoana tsa nts'etsopele li lekantsoeng ke ts'oaetso ea bacha maemong a sechaba joalo ka ha e bonts'itsoe ke litšobotsi tsa boko (mohlala, ts'ebetso, sebopeho). Metsu e pinki e emela sehokelo se lekantsoeng ho tloha maemong a sechaba ho isa liphethong tsa nts'etsopele. Metsu e putsoa e emela likhokahano tse eketsehileng tsa mahlakore a mabeli har'a likarolo tsa mofuta, eo, leha e le bohlokoa, e seng sepheo sa moralo o reriloeng. Amygdala = AMYG; mokokotlo oa anterior cingulate cortex = dACC; dorsolateral prefrontal cortex = dlPFC; hippocampus = HIPP; subgenual anterior cingulate cortex = subACC; ventral prefrontal cortex = vPFC; ventral striatum = VS.
Setšoantšo sa 2.
Pontšo e hlakileng ea phello e fetotsoeng ea maemo a sechaba mabapi le liphetho tsa nts'etsopele ho latela ts'ebetso ea bongoana ea bongoana. X-axis e emela phapang litabeng tsa maemo a bophelo ho tloha ho tse mpe ho isa ho tse ntle (mohlala, ho hlekefetsa vs. ts'ehetso ea botsoali; ho hlekefetsoa ha lithaka le ts'ehetso); y-axis e emela phapang liphellong tsa nts'etsopele ho tloha ho tse mpe ho ea ho tse ntle (mohlala, lipalo tse phahameng kapa tse tlase tsa maikutlo a nyahamisang); 'me mela e' meli e emetse lihlopha tse fapaneng le tsa bongoana tsa ho tsofala kelellong, holimo le tlase. Tekanyo ea ts'ebetso ea khatello ea methapo ea bongoana e bonts'oa ka hore kamano e lipakeng tsa pherekano le liphetho tsa nts'etsopele e bohlokoa maemong a bobeli a tšusumetso ea maemo a bophelo.
Thutong ena, re hlahloba bopaki bo tsoang libukeng tse fanang ka maikutlo tse tšehetsang maikutlo a hore bohlankana ke nako ea kutloisiso ea methapo ea kutlo ho maemo a bophelo le hore phapang e fapaneng le e 'ngoe ea likarolo tsa sebopeho sa boko le ts'ebetso e ka lekanya lits'usumetso tsa eona nts'etsopele. Ka liphapang tsa motho ka mong, re bua ka litšobotsi tse ipapisitseng le likhopolo tseo ho nang le phapang e kholo ho batho bohle. Ka maemo a boiketlo ba sechaba, re bua ka likamano tsa bohlokoa tsa sechaba tse hlalositsoeng ke likarolo tsa bona tse ntle le tse mpe ebe re tsepamisa maikutlo liphihlelong tsa batsoali le bahlokomeli le lithaka. Le ha lipampiri tse 'maloa tsa tlhahlobo li totobatsa sengoloa se matla se bonts'ang hore kamano ea motsoali le ngoana le lithaka e thusa ho holisa kholo ea bacha (Brown le Bakken, 2011, Brown le Larson, 2009 'me Steinberg le Morris, 2001), ke haufinyane feela mosebetsi o tsepamisitseng maikutlo liphihlelong tsena tse amanang le likarolo tsa boko ba bocha. Patlisiso ena e bonts'a hore bophelo ba bocha ba bophelo ba bocha bo lebisang bongoaneng le bo lilemong tsa bocha bo amana le maikutlo a kelello ha a lemoha, a sebetsa le ha a arabela tlhaiso-leseling ea sechaba (Blakemore le Mills, 2014). Ntle le moo, liphapang tse fapaneng pakeng tsa kutlo ena li ka haptjoa lilemong tsa bocha ke litšobotsi tsa sebopeho sa bokong / sebopeho se lekang tšusumetso ea maemo a sechaba, a nakong e fetileng le a hona joale, tsoelopeleng ea kamoso.
Tlhahlobo ea rona e tsoela pele likarolo tse latelang. Taba ea mantlha, re tšohla mefuta e amanang le ho hlaseloa habonolo ea ramatiki.Ellis et al., 2011). Le ha e le moetlo o sa tsepameng litekong tse tobileng tsa boko, ba tataisitse mosebetsi oa hore na lintho tsa tlhaho, tsa tlhaho, tse kang genotype, li fa batho ba bang ba amanang le ba bang hore ba arabele le ho ameha ka tikoloho ea bona. Taba ea bobeli, re bua ka mehlala ea bongoana ba bongoana bo sebetsanang le li-circuits tse khethehileng tsa neural tse ts'episang ba khethiloeng bakeng sa baokameli ba litšusumetso tsa maemo a bophelo nakong ena. Taba ea boraro, re lekola lintlha tse fumanoeng lipatlisisong tse natefisang maikutlo tse bonts'ang likamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea sebopeho sa bongoana le boiphihlelo le boiphihlelo le batsoali le bahlokomeli. Taba ea bone, le rona re tšohla liphetho tse bonts'ang likamano lipakeng tsa sebopeho sa boko ba bongoana le sebopeho sa hae le liphihlelo tsa lithaka. Kamora nako, re fana ka litataiso tsa bokamoso tse hlakileng le tse matla tsa lipatlisiso sebakeng sena. Re fana ka maikutlo a hore lefapha la nts'etsopele ea methapo ea kutlo ea bongoana le ho latela lipatlisiso mabapi le boko ba bongoana ka har'a moralo o reriloeng oa ho supa li-circuits tse thehiloeng kelellong (mohlala, boiketlo ba sechaba; taolo-taolo), thepa (mohlala, bophahamo, ts'ebetso), le mekhoa ( mohlala, ho faola, khokahano) eo maemo a bophelo a kopaneng ho ama nts'etsopele. Litlhahiso tsena li ka nts'etsapele ts'imo ka ho fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e tlatselletsang mabapi le maemo le mekhoa e tlatselletsang hore ho fapana ha methapo ea kutlo ho tsamaisana le sephetho sa bophelo bo botle.
Qetellong, sebopeho sa sebopeho sa ts'ebetso le ts'ebetso ea boko ba bongoana e ka ba bahlophisi ba matla ba ntlafatso ea tšusumetso ea maikutlo a sechaba hobane ba (a) hlahisa likarabo lipontšong tsa bophelo bo botle le tse amanang le tikoloho, (b) ba fetoloa le maemo a makatsang ka lebaka la botsofali le boroetsana , hape (c) e kanna ea bonts'a, e sebetsang hape, 'me ea susumetsoang ke litšusumetso tsa nakong e fetileng le tse teng nakong ena. Ka sebele, boko bo fetoha ka tsela ea bohlokoa liphetoho tse amanang le ho kena bonneng kapa bosaling (Giedd et al., 2006; Ladouceur et al., 2012; Lenroot le Giedd, 2010), e ka matlafatsang maikutlo a macha a methapo ea pelo a thibelang kapa a khahlisang mekhoa ea phetoho ho polasetiki ea methapo le polelo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ho arabela tikoloho ea motho. Bocha bo kenyelletsa karolo ea ho pongoa ha synaptic, myelination e pharaletseng, liphetoho tsa volumetric, le ho lekanyetsa bocha lisebelisoa tsa ho hlasimoloha le ho thibela lintho tse ka etsang hore boko ba bocha bo be bonolo haholo sechabeng (Monahan et al., 2015) ka se entsoeng e le "tloaelo ea bocha ea bocha"Nelson et al., 2005). Hobane tlhophiso le tšebetso ea li-neural system tse thehiloeng pele li ka baka methati ea morao ea nts'etsopele ea neural, maikutlo a neurobiological a ka bonts'a karolo e itseng ea ts'usumetso ea maemo a pele a bophelo, haholoholo nakong ea phetoho ea bocha.Andersen, 2003). Ho boetse ho na le bopaki bo supang hore polasetiki ea neural e amanang le kholo ea bongoana e etsa hore nako ea nchafatso le khalemelo (mohlala, Bredy et al., 2004) khona ho hlophisa litlamorao tsa bophelo ba pejana ka mekhoa e lumellanang le boiphihlelo ba hajoale. Kahoo, nako ena ea kholo ea kholo le phetoho mohopolong oa motho, ea bobeli ho latela e bonoang bongoaneng, e kanna ea ba le litlamorao tsa bohlokoa le tse tšoarellang khōlong e tlang (Andersen, 2003, Crone le Dahl, 2012, Giedd, 2008 'me Spear, 2000), pono e lumellanang le lipatlisiso mabapi le liphoofolo tse sa sebetseng tsa bana (mohlala, Delville et al., 1998, Ver Hoeve et al., 2013 'me Weintraub et al., 2010).
2. Mefuta ea ho itšireletsa mafung ea neurobiological
Boithuto ba nts'etsopele ea batho bo amohela haholo hore batho ka bomong ba fapana ka hore na, joang, le hore na ba ameha hakae ke tikoloho ea bona. Ho psychology le nts'etsopele ea kelello, ho na le nalane e ngata ea lipatlisiso e reretsoeng ho khetholla mefuta-futa ea karabelo e reriloeng esale pele ea karabelo e fapa-fapaneng ea litšusumetso tsa tikoloho (Cicchetti le Rogosch, 2002, Masten le Obradovic, 2006 'me Rutter et al., 2006). Boholo ba mosebetsi ona bo ile ba latela tsoelo-pele ea psychopathological le sephetho se seng sa mathata, ba tsepamisa likotsi tsa ho e mpe litlamorao tsa mpe boiphihlelo kapa tlhahiso. Mohlala, ho Caspi et al.'s (2002) thupelo ea semina ka tlatsetso e kopaneng ea liphatsa tsa lefutso le tikoloho ho tsoa molemong oa boits'oaro ba batho ba batona, ho hlekefetsoa joalo ka ngoana ho ne ho hokahane le mekhoa e mabifi ea pefo. Leha ho le joalo, phello ena e ne e le kholo ho batho ba tsamaisang mofuta oa tlhaho oa tlhaho o amanang le ts'ebetso e tlase ea neurotransmitter-metabolizing enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAOA) e amanang le boitšoaro bo mabifi. Mehlala ea likhathatso tse peli kapa tse peli tsa khatello ea maikutlo (Hankin le Abela, 2005; Zubin et al., 1991) tse hlahang mosebetsing ona mme tse ts'oanang li bonts'itse hore liphatsa tsa lefutso, lihormone, mmele, le likotsi tse ling tsa tlhaho kapa li-predispositions (diatheses) li sebelisana le lisosa tsa tikoloho (khatello ea maikutlo) ho khothaletsa lits'oants'o tse mpe tsa tlhaho.
Leha ho le joalo, tlhaiso-leseling ea bopaki hamorao e bontšitse hore batho ba tlokotsing ba khetholloang ka mefuta ea khatello ea maikutlo ba kanna ba nkuoa e le litšusumetso tse tebileng tsa tsoelopele, le tse mpe tsa tikoloho, ho sa tsotelehe maemo a bona a mabe. Maikutlo ana a fetisisang a lebisitse tlhokomelong ea tlhaho le moelelo oa sebopeho (Boyce le Ellis, 2005) le khopolo-taba ea ho khetholla (hypcase)Belsky le pluess, 2009), tseo ka bobeli li arolelanang likarolo ka mohopolo oa ts'ebetso ea kutlo ea sensory (Aron le Aron, 1997) Ho tsoa ho lingoliloeng tsa botho. Mefuta ena e ikemetseng empa e le e tlatselletsang ebile e le tšusumetso e kentsoe tlasa lebitso la sekhele ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kutlo ( Ellis et al., 2011;; bona hape Moore le Depue, ka khatiso, Phatlalatso (ka khatiso), 'me Literaka (2015) bakeng sa litlhahlobo tse amanang le mohopolo ona ka kakaretso). Taba ea mantlha ea mehlala ena ke hore batho ba fapana ka maikutlo le maikutlo le ts'ebetso ea lintho tsa tlhaho tseo e leng tsa kahare le / kapa tse filoeng ke boiphihlelo ba pele. Batho ba sa tsotelleng tikoloho ba tla tsamaea ka mokhoa o ts'oanang tikolohong tsohle, athe batho ba hlokolosi haholo ba ka ba kotsing ea ho ba maemong a leholimo le ho amohela maemo a monate. Mohlala, ho batho ba nang le maemo a tlase ha e bapisoa le ts'ebetso e phahameng ea MAOA, ha se feela maemo a phahameng a tlokotsi ea bongoana e amanang le boitšoaro bo feteletseng ba ho hloka toka (Caspi et al., 2002) empa maemo a tlase a mahlomola a amahantsoe le boits'oaro bo tlase kapa bo bile bo le sieoFoley et al., 2004).
Ho ipapisitsoe le sena le liphumano tse ts'oanang, ho fumanoe lintlha tse fapaneng tsa bioloji kapa methapo e kenyelletsang mefuta e kenyelelitsoeng (mohlala, MAOA; serotonin-transporter e amanang le polymorphic, 5-HTTLPR; dopamine D4 receptor gene, DRD4; dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Dopamine Deni gene ea receptor, DRD2); khatello e phahameng ea khatello ea kelello ka mokhoa oa ho arabela ka adrenocortical, immune, kapa 'mele (mohlala, ho phahama ha cortisol e phahameng; ho nona ho phahameng ho tlosoa ha bosali kapa ho phefumoloha hoa sinus arrhythmia reactivity; lentsoe le tlaase la vagal); le phenotypes ea boitšoaro e thehiloeng ho bioloji joalo ka ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo (mohlala, tšireletso ea boits'oaro; bohale bo thata) le botho (mohlala, neuroticism; sensory-process sensitivity). Lintlha tsena ho nahanoa hore li bopa tsela eo batho ka bomong ba bonang, ba kenang le ho arabela ka eona, le ho itshwara kahare ho tikoloho eo ba leng ho eona, le ho fihlela litlamorao tse itekanetseng tsa tikoloho ho boiphihlelo bo hlahang le psychopathologies (Boyce le Ellis, 2005). Tekanyo e lebelletsoe hobane lits'ebetso tse ka tlase tsa bioloji li nahanoa hore li lekola tikoloho ho fapana le litlhoko tsa eona. Mohlala, tšekamelo e thehiloeng ho bioloji ho ts'ebetso ea bonyatsi ho bongoana, e tsejoang ka boits'oaro bo nang le boits'oaro, e ka bonts'a ho phahama le ho tšoenyeha ha bongoaneng leha ho na le tšusumetso e matla ea ho sebelisana le lithaka (Coplan et al., 1994 'me Rubin et al., 2009). Khohlano lipakeng tsa thibelo e phahameng le tšusumetso e phahameng e ka lebisa batho ka bomong hore ba amehe haholo ka boiketlo ba sechaba ha ba ntse ba lekola mefuta e fapaneng ea sepheo, ka ho etsa joalo ba matlafatsa ka boiphihlelo (Caouette le Guyer, 2014). Ha nako e ntse e tsamaea, batho ba kenang habonolo ba kopaneng le tikoloho e tšehetsang ba ka ithuta ho sebelisa monyetla o motle oa tšehetso ea tikoloho ea bona, athe ba pepesehang likotsi le litsietsi ba kanna ba falimeha le ho nka mehato ea ts'okelo ea tikoloho le likotsi. Litlaleho tse tšoanang li ka hlahisoa bakeng sa mabaka a mang a ho hlaseloa habonolo, a atisang ho amahanngoa le maikutlo a mabe mme a fetolela ho ithuteng ka ho shebella ka hloko - a khefutsa pele a nka bohato pele a nka bohato pele. Ngoliso e latelang, e matla ea ho ngolisa boiphihlelo tsamaisong ea methapo e ka thusa haholo lits'ebetso tsa neural ho latela lits'oants'o tse amanang le pholoho (Belsky, 2005, Suomi, 1997 'me Wolf le al., 2008).
Tekanyo eo batho ka bomong ba "tloaelanang" le tikoloho ka eona e ka lekantsoeng ka liphatsa tsa lefutso, ho sebetsa hape ka khatello ea maikutlo, 'me, joalo ka ha re fana ka maikutlo, likarolo tsa tšebetso tsa mohopolo le tšebetso tse shebileng maemo le tse ikhethileng litakatsong tsa tikoloho, haholoholo nakong ea bocha nakong ea bocha (Meaney, 2001, Nelson le Guyer, 2011 'me Nelson et al., 2005). Boikutlo bona bo matlafatsang ba boiketlo ba sechaba bo etsa hore nako ea bocha e be nako ea bohlokoa le ea tsoelopele ea ho etsa lipatlisiso maemong a amanang le khatello ea methapo. Leha ho le joalo, leha ho le joalo ka tlhahiso ea hore tlhaho ea tlhaho e ka ba teng "papali e rarahaneng, e kopaneng le e bolokiloeng haholo ea" bohareng ba neural le likarabo tsa peripheral neuroendocrine ”( Boyce le Ellis, 2005, leq. 271; khatiso e eketsoang), mehato e tobileng ea sebopeho sa boko le ts'ebetso ha li sa botsoa haholo e le lintlha tsa kutlo (empa bona Yap et al., 2008 'me Whittle et al., 2011, bakeng sa mekhelo). Joalokaha tšebelisano lipakeng tsa baeloji le tikoloho ka linako tse ling li hlalosa phapang e kholo ho feta sephetho ho feta litlamorao tse kholo (Beauchaine et al., 2008), ho bala litaba ka mabaka ana a neano ho ka hlakisa hore na hobaneng bacha ba bang ba kanna ba khothalletsoa haholo bakeng sa sephetho se setle kapa se sebe ka lebaka la ho kopana ha bona le necectitiility le tlhaiso-leseling ea sechaba.
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ha ho makatse hore na kelello ha e so ka e fuputsoa e le mohloli oa mathata. Taba ea mantlha, lipatlisiso tse tataisoang ke mefuta ea ho hlaseloa ha methapo ea kutlo li batla ho hlophisa batho ka ho tšoaea liphoso, li beha libaka ka mokhoa o fapaneng le tse tlase (ka mokhoa o hloahloa), 'me li hlahlobe hore na li sebetsa joang sephethong sa nts'etsopele. Joale ho ka khethoa hore na kamano e pakeng tsa mookameli le sephetho e bohlokoa ka bobeli lipakeng tsa phapang ea tikoloho (Roisman et al., 2012). Li-indices tsa konkreite, tse tšepahalang tsa setho sa sehlopha sa motho li fumaneha habonolo ha sesosa sa ts'oaetso, mohlala, genotype kapa bohale. Leha ho le joalo, bafuputsi ba neuroimaging ha ba etse joalo (empa re pheha khang ka ho eketsehileng ho ka) khetholla batho ka mehlala ea bona ho latela maemo a phahameng / a tlase molemeng oa tšebetso ea boko, sebopeho, kapa thepa e amanang le eona, le / kapa ho lekola litlamorao tsa ts'ebelisano ea boko le sechaba- mabaka a moelelo oa liphetho tsa nts'etsopele (Feie. 2). Taba ea bobeli, mosebetsing oa ntlafatso ea tsebo ea methapo, mekhoa ea lipalo e sebelisoang hangata ho hlahlobisiseng tšebetso e fana ka maikutlo a sehlopha. Thutong ea fMRI, phapang lipakeng tsa liketsahalo tsa sehlopha kahare ho sehlopha se le seng kapa pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa batho ba fapaneng ka maemo a sechaba (mohlala, maltreated vs. e seng maltreated) kapa sephetho sa nts'etsopele (mohlala, khatello ea maikutlo le ba sa tepelletseng maikutlo) li hlahlojoa hangata. ho fapana le ho fetoha ka har'a intragroup e khethiloeng, ho bohlokoa ho hlahloba phapang ea motho ka mong. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, bafuputsi ha ba sebelise thepa ea kelello e hlalositsoeng ka bokhabane ho tsoa lipatlisisong tse thehiloeng ke sehlopha ho tataisa mosebetsi o mocha o ba sebelisang e le matšoao ho supa bofokoli ba batho mekhoeng ea bona ea sechaba. Leha mehato ena e ka nkuoa, sena se fana ka lipatlisiso tse ngata tse sa sebetseng mabapi le sebopeho sa boko / lits'ebetso tsa ts'ebetso joalo ka matšoao a ho hlaseloa habonolo. Qetellong, data ea neuroimaging e theko e boima ebile e nka nako ho bokella le ho sekaseka. Litšobotsi tsena li ka fokotsa ho kopanngoa ha tsona ka har'a meralo ea lipatlisiso tse telele tse hlokoang ho latela sephetho sa nts'etsopele.
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, hoa makatsa hore ebe boko ha boa batlisisoa e le mohloli oa ts'oaetso. E le 'ngoe, boko ke bona bo ka sehloohong bo khethollang boitšoaro. Leha liphetoho tsa boits'oaro li susumetsoa ke lintho tse ikhethileng ka tlhaho le sechabeng tse bakang mokokotlo oa tšusumetso ea boko, ka bobeli li tlameha ho sebetsa ka lipotoloho tsa boko ho ama boits'oaro. Ho ea ka khopolo-taba ea neurosensitivity (Pluess le Belsky, 2013), maikutlo a tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng, a ikemiselitseng ka kopanelo ke litlamorao tse tobileng le tse kopaneng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso le tikoloho, ke mochini o ka sehloohong o sebetsanang le maemo. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ha ho nahanoa hore boiphihlelo bo ikhethileng ba maemo a sechaba ke bohare ba ho fetisa ts'usumetso ea bona, ho ka se tsotelloe hore "ts'ebetso ea kelello, ho tseba le ho hloka tsebo (mme e kenyelletsa pono le conceptualization ea liphihlelo), e tlameha ho ba motheong oa tšebetso ea boko ”(Rutter, 2012, leq. 17149).
Haele hantle, leha tšusumetso ea boko boits'oarong e le karolo ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho lekola karolo ea eona ea ho theha sephetho sa nts'etsopele, lits'oants'o tsa boko li ka ba molemo haholo ho ts'oarngeng liphapang ho seo Plugins (2015) sens sensivivity, hore na mohopolo o kenyang litšusumetso tse tsoang kantle ho litšusumetso tsa kantle o li bona joang, le ho sebetsoa ka hare ho ona. Sensitivity e emela leoto la pele, le hlokehang la ho ikamahanya le maemo mme ha ho hlokahale hore e be le mangolo a motho a le mong le karabelo, kapa tšebeliso ea boitšoaro e ts'oereng tekanyo eo motho a arabelang tikolohong ka eona. Ho fihlela sena, ho tsepamisa maikutlo likarolo tsa neural tsa boits'oaro ho na le molemo hobane ho hlahloba mohopolo ho lumella kutloelo-bohloko ('me mohlomong karabelo e latelang) ho kenyelletsoa ka likarolo tse amanang le mesebetsi e fapaneng (mohlala, reactivity, process ea moputso, tlhokomeliso ea likhohlano) e kanna ea se sa bonahale ka boits'oaro ba ho itlaleha kapa boits'oaro. Monyetla o amanang le ona oa ho sebelisa li-indices tsa boko ka lebaka la lintlha tse ling tse qalang tsa ho ba le ts'oaetso ho lekola likhopolo tse mabapi le ts'oaetso ea methapo ea bongoana ho maemo a bophelo ke ho khona ho senola monehelo o ka khonehang ho tsoa mekhahlelong e fapaneng ea maikutlo, ho lemoha le ho susumetsa.
Boko bo boetse bo lokela ho lebelloa hore bo khethollehe habonolo hobane bo kopantsoe ka matla le ka mokhoa o kopaneng le genotypic ho ea litsong tsa phenotypic tse seng li bonts'itsoe ka matla ho bonts'a matla. Ts'ebetso ea anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), mohlala, e amana le phapang ea genotypic ho DRD2 (Pecina et al., 2013) le MAOA (Eisenberger et al., 2007), letlalo le phahameng la boitšoaroNagai et al., 2010), le maikutlo a mabe / neuroticism (Haas et al., 2007). Tsena tsohle ke matšoao a qobellohileng a ts'ebetso ea maemo a phelisang maemong a ts'ebetsong ea sechaba le ts'ebelisano. Ka kelello ke eona e khethollang boitšoaro, e tla beha mabaka hore e lumellana ebile e kopanya lipakeng tsa methati ena e fapaneng ea tlhahlobo, e ka bonts'ang ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso libakeng tse fapaneng tsa ts'ebetso le ho kopana ka mekhoa e kopaneng le / kapa e mengata. Ho holisa lintlha tse ngata tsa tlhahlobo ea methapo ea kutlo tse tla hlahlojoa qetellong ho ka ba molemo ho ho fumana lintlha tse ngata tse fapaneng mabapi le maemo ao bacha ba ka bang le liphihlelo tsa ona, molemong oa ho nepahala ha ponelopele le liteko tsa ho kenella.
Leha e le ka har'a tekolo e fanoeng, lintlha tse qalang tsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso li ka sebetsa maemong a fapaneng a methapo ea methapo, a fella ka mekhoa e fapaneng ea methapo eo ka eona pherekano e bonts'ang ho ama boitšoaro (Hariri, 2009 'me Moore le Depue, ka khatiso). Mohlala, mefuta ea DRD2 le DRD4 li kenyelletsa mefuta ea li-dopamine receptors tse ajoang ka mokhoa o enneng ho striatum le libakeng tse ling tsa boko le tse amanang le libaka tsena tse nang le phapang e le 'ngoe tlhokomelong le maikutlong a kutlo (Padmanabhan le Luna, 2014; Bohlale, 2004) le likarabo ho susumetso e khothalletsang maikutlo (Horvitz, 2000). Mohlala o mong, mofuta oa 158Met allele oa mofuta oa COMT o hokahane le ho eketseha ha mohopolo oa ho sebetsa le ts'ebetso ea tlhaiso-leseling e sebetsang pele.Tan et al., 2007). Hobane litsela tse ngata tse rarahaneng, tse sebetsang li kenya letsoho ts'ebetsong ea neural, mme ka bokong, bokong, boko bo ka fana ka mehato e akaretsang e akaretsang ea ho ts'oaroa. Ka mekhoa e tsoetseng pele e tsoetseng pele, joalo ka liphatsa tsa lefutso, sena se ka nkuoa mohato ka ho feta ka ho kopanya likhokahano ho tloha ho genotype ho ea bokong ho fihlela sephetho, mokhoa o mong le o mong oa ho khutlisetsa morao o ka akaretsa "mekhoa e mengata ea sephetho sa gene-tikoloho (kapa e khetholloe ka ho khetheha ha domain name) , moo batho ba fapaneng ba ka qhekelloang ka mabaka a fapaneng a ts'usumetso e fapaneng ea tikoloho bakeng sa liphetho tse fapaneng) "(Moore le Depue, ka khatiso, leq. 2).
Kamora nako, lits'ebetso tsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso le tšebetso li ka tsitsa ka ho lekana nakong ea nako ea ntlafatso (Caceres et al., 2009, Forbes et al., 2009, Hariri, 2009, Johnstone et al., 2005, Manuck et al., 2007, Miller et al., 2002, Miller et al., 2009, Wu et al., 2014 'me Zuo et al., 2010) ho fana ka tumello ea kalafo joalo ka mabaka a ho hlaseloa habonolo. Tšepo ea ho pheta-pheta liteko ea mehato ea fMRI e bohlokoa ho theha mosebetsi oa nts'etsopele ea nako e telele ho khona ho arola se tsitsitseng le ho fetoha ka karabelo ea methapo, joalo ka lebaka la nts'etsopele khahlanong le lerata. Ho batho ba baholo, ts'epo e phahameng ea tlhahlobo ea liteko (mohlala, li-coefficients tsa li-intraclass (ICCs)> .70) ea karabelo ea amygdala lifahlehong tsa maikutlo e fumanoe nakong ea liboka tse ngata tse entsoeng ka matsatsi a mangata (Gee et al., 2015) le likhoeli (Johnstone et al., 2005), ho fana ka maikutlo a hore phapang ea motho ka mong ka mefuta e itseng ea karabelo ea neural e tsitsitse ho batho ba baholo (empa bona Sauder et al., 2013, Mohlala oa ho ts'epahala ho futsanehileng ho amygdala reactivity e anngoeng ke mofuta oa ts'usumetso). Ntho ea bohlokoa le ho feta bakeng sa moralo oa rona ke ho tiisa ho ts'epahala ha mehato ea fMRI mehlala ea bocha. Teko ea ho pheta-pheta teko ea karabelo ea amygdala ho ts'usumetso e matla ho feta makhetlo a mararo ho feta likhoeli tse tšeletseng e bontšitse ho ts'epahala ho tlase (ICC <.40) ho mohlala oa bacha (N = 22; Lilemo tse 12-19 lilemo) (van den Bulk et al., 2013). Leha ho le joalo, Koolschijn et al. (2011) o hlokometse hore, ho fapana le bana (N = 10), bacha (N = 12) le batho ba baholo (N = 10) e bontšitse ho hloka leeme (ICCs = .41 – .59) ho isa botleng (ICCs = .60 – .74) ts'epahalo bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea libaka tse fapaneng tsa boko (mohlala, precuneus, ACC, insula, infortics le parietal cortices, angular gyrus) nakong ea mosebetsi oa switch switch o arotsoeng ke years3.5 lilemo. Litekanyetso tsena li ka bapisoa le botsitso ba mabaka a mang a ho hlaseloa habonolo (mohlala, mehato ea mmele; Cohen le Hamrick, 2003 'me Cohen et al., 2000), ho fana ka maikutlo a hore indices tsa boko li ka ts'epahala ka ho lekaneng ho ikopanya le pokello ea matšoao a qobelloang.
3. Mehlala ea Neurobiological ea bongoaneng ba bongoana
Mefuta e teng ea tsoelo-pele ea boko ba bongoana e fana ka motheo oa ho khetholla methapo ea kelello ea bokhachane e ka fokotsang tšusumetso ea maemo a fapaneng a ts'ebetso ho ts'ebetsong. Li-circuits tsena li na le likamano tse tiileng tsa ho pheta-pheta le maikutlo a sechaba a bonoang bongoaneng, li etsa hore ts'oaetso ea kelello ea maemo a bophelo e be matšoao a kotsi, ho tiisetsa le litholoana tse ntle. Ho hlopha likhopoloCasey et al., 2008, Crone le Dahl, 2012, Nelson le Guyer, 2011, Nelson et al., 2005, Pfeifer le Allen, 2012 'me Steinberg le Morris, 2001) etsa setšoantšo sa karohano ea sebopeho le tšebetso tse arohanyang boko ba bongoana ho tsoa ho ngoana kapa bokong ba motho e moholo.Casey et al., 2008, Giedd, 2008, Gogtay le Thompson, 2010 'me Guyer et al., 2008). Mefuta ena ka kakaretso e na le mohopolo oa hore lilemo tsa bocha ke nako ea karabelo e phahameng sechabeng ka lebaka la ho lekanya boima ba tlatsetso ho tsoa lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa li-neural tse arohaneng, e leng, lits'ebetso tse amanang le litaba tsa sechaba le taolo ea kelello. Likarohano tsena lia fokotsoa kapa li ka lekana le maemo le boiphihlelo. Taba e 'ngoe e atileng ke ea hore mefuta ena e hlahisitsoe haholo-holo bakeng sa "lehlakore le lefifi" la nts'etsopele ea bacha, joalo ka keketseho e tloaelehileng ea ho etsa liqeto tse fosahetseng, boits'oaro bo kotsi le mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello (empa bona Crone le Dahl, 2012, 'me Pfeifer le Allen, 2012, bakeng sa litlaleho tsa li-neurodevelopmental tsa bocha e le nako ea monyetla). Leha ho le joalo re fana ka maikutlo a hore mehlala ena e boetse e sa tlohelle sebaka sa ho lekola li-modulethara tsa neural tsa tsusumetso e ntle ea sechaba ka litholoana tse ntle tsa nts'etsopele. Ka tlase re hlalosa ka bokhutšoanyane mehlala e mene e hlahelletseng ea neurodevelopment ea lilemong tsa bocha.
Mefuta ea tsamaiso-e 'meli (Casey et al., 2008 'me Steinberg, 2008) ikarabella bakeng sa liphetoho tse ikhethang tse bonoang bocheng ka ho shebisisa ho se kopane hoa nakoana lipakeng tsa nts'etsopele ea tsamaiso e amanang le boiketlo ba sechaba - e nang le libaka tsa maoto le tsa parisano tse joalo ka amygdala, ventral striatum (VS), orbitof Pambal cortex (OFC) cortex (mPFC), le ya maemo a hloahloa ea nakoana (STS) - e amanang le lits'ebetso tsa taolo ea kelello, e holang ka lebelo le tlase mme e kenyelletsa li-cortices tsa morao-rao le tse ka hare tsa pele le tsa parietal le ho hokahana ha tsona le anterior cingrate cortex (ACC). Sephetho sa lekhalo lena la nakoana ke hore bongoana, ho feta bongoaneng, bo ka ba le maikutlo a tebileng ho lithahasello tse mpe tsa boithati maemong a phahametseng a sechaba a khothalletsang boitšoaro ho leba maemong a feteletseng, ho ipeha kotsing le ho ipeha kotsing ho fapana le ho ithata. taolo. Ha re nahana ka ho phahama ha maikutlo a boiketlo ba batho lilemong tsa bocha, tsela eo mekhatlo ea sechaba e tšehetsang bophelo ba eona e thehiloeng ke linako tsa nts'etsopele ea pele e ka boela ea bonahala ka lebaka la tšusumetso ea hona joale ea maemo. Ntle le moo, ha kholo ea lekhalo la nts'etsopele e holla kapa e le telele, e ba leholo le ho feta la ho ba tlokotsing kapa ho ba le ts'oaetso ea polasetiki ka tšusumetso ea tikoloho.
Ho kenyelletsa nuance ho li-system tsa system tse peli, Mohlala oa Triadic (Ernst le Fudge, 2009 'me Ernst et al., 2006) e khothalelitse boitšoaro bo susumetsang bongoaneng bo hlahisa litholoana tsa khokahano ea 'meli li-circuits tse amanang le litaba tsa kahisano ka li-circuits tsa kelello. Li-circuits tse amanang le boiketlo ba sechaba li kenyelletsa sistimi ea mokhoa e arolelanoang ke VS le sistimi ea thibelo e kopantsoeng ke amygdala. Poelano lipakeng tsa mekhoa ena ea ho qoba mekhoa ea ts'ireletso e fanoa tsamaisong ea taolo ea kelello e etelletsoeng pele ke PFC. Model ea Triadic e boetse e bua ka litlamorao tse khahlano le tlhaselo ea bongoana ea bongoana ha maemo a bophelo a amanang le maemo a bophelo a hlahang a khahlano le karolo ea litsamaiso ka bobeli tsa ho fana ka liphihlelo tse ntle le tse mpe tsa sechaba. Ehlile, VS ha e ananele maemo a ntlafalitsoeng feela empa e boetse e le tse fosahetseng (mohlala, kamohelo ea lithaka le ho khesoa; Gunther Moor et al., 2010; Guyer et al., 2015, Guyer et al., 2012a 'me Guyer et al., 2012b), mme amygdala ha e nke maemo a lits'oants'o tse mpe feela empa hape le tse ntle (mohlala, lifahleho tse tšosang le tse thabileng; Canli et al., 2002, kapa e fosahetseng / e tšosang le tlhaiso-leseling e ntle / e khahlisang; Hamann et al., 2002 'me Vasa et al., 2011). Kahoo, phapang e fapaneng ea VS le sensitivity ea amygdala e ka kenya letsoho ho rarollleng le khethollo e mpe.
Moralo oa Sechaba sa Boiketlo ba Sechaba (Nelson et al., 2005) e shebana le mekhoa ea bocha ea bocha e thehiloe holima nts'etsopele ea libaka tsa boko tse hokahantsoeng le marang-rang a ts'ebetso ea tlhahisoleseling. Sebaka sa ho iphumanela, se seng se thehiloe hantle bongoaneng, se ts'ehetsa pono le likarolo tsa mantlha tsa tikoloho ea batho ba susumetsang ka ho kenya likarolo tse joalo ka sebaka se phahameng sa "tempil sulcus (STS)", "intraparietal sulcus". libaka tsa tikoloho. Node e amehang e sebetsana le tlhahisoleseling ea sechaba ka ho e sebelisa ka mokhoa o nepahetseng kapa o monate kapa o sa thabiseng / oa ho otla ka ho kenyelletsa VS, amygdala, hypothalamus, mookotaba oa bethe ea stria terminalis, le OFC. Kamora nako, node e tataisang ea kelello e etsa ts'ebetso e rarahaneng ea ts'usumetso ea maemo a sechaba (mohlala, ho lemoha maemo a batho ba bang a kelello, ho thibela likarabo tsa pele, ho hlahisa boitšoaro bo tataisoang ke sepheo) ka ho kenya letsoho ho tsoa ho PFC ea methapo le ea dorsal (mPFC; dPFC) le libaka tsa ventral PFC (vPFC). Tloaelo e ananelang, leha e batla e tsitsitse hantle bongoaneng, e bona ho nyoloha hape hoa boteng le botaki nakong ea bohlankana ka ho phahama ha li-steroid tsa gonadal qalong ea bocha.Halpern et al., 1997, Halpern et al., 1998, McEwen, 2001 'me Romeo et al., 2002), athe mokhoa o tataisang kelello o latela tsela e ntlafalitsoeng ea ho ba motho ea holileng ea ho ba motho e moholo (Casey et al., 2000), e ts'ehetsa likarabo tse rarahaneng le tse laoloang ho likarabelo tse ikhethang tsa sechaba.
E hlakisoa ke node e laolang kelello Nelson le Guyer (2011) Katoloso ea mohlala oa SIPN e shebisisa ho fihlella hanyane ka hanyane taolong ea kelello empa ho fetoha le maemo hoa boitšoaro ba sechaba. Ho bontšitsoe lintlha tse tharo. E 'ngoe le e' ngoe e tšehetsoa ke libaka tse ka har'a vPFC. Phokotso ea boleng ba maikutlo e ts'ehetsoa ke karolo ea OFC, athe bobeli ho busa / ho fumana le taolo ea boitšoaro ba sechaba e tšehelitsoe ke libaka tsa morao-rao tsa gorus ea orbital le gyrus e ka tlase. Kaha boitšoaro bo fetoha sechabeng bo bohlokoa bakeng sa ho phelisana hantle le ba bang le ho ikamahanya le maemo a boiketlo ba sechaba, maikutlo a amanang le ts'ebetso ea vlPFC, haholo, a amana le psychopathology bongoaneng, joalo ka khatello ea matšoenyeho sechabeng (Guyer et al., 2008, Monk et al., 2006 'me Monk et al., 2008). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho fihlella maemo a fetoha sechabeng ho ka sireletsa bacha ba bang ho nts'etsopele ea psychopathology le ho ntlafatsa boiketlo ba bona. Phetoho e joalo e kanna ea ts'ehetsa ho hola ha bacha ba kenang habonolo, ba ratoang ho bonts'a liphetho ka mokhoa o feteletseng oa ho ts'oara ho latela ho pepesehela tikolohong e sa tšehetsang kapa e tšehetsang (mohlala, bona Belsky le Beaver, 2011 mabapi le phapang ea boits'oaro ba lilemong tsa bocha e le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea tlhaho ea tlhaho e hlalositsoeng ka nepo le boleng ba botsoali).
Ho pholletsa le mefuta ena ea ntlafatso ea methapo ea pelo, kholo ea PFC le khokahano ea eona le libaka tse tlase ho nahanoa hore e ka matlafatsa phihlello ea bokhoni ba taolo ea maikutlo le boits'oaro maemong a fapaneng a sechaba. Bacha ba tlameha ho tsamaea le ho ikamahanya le maemo a macha a sechaba (mohlala, ho laola kamohelo ea lithaka, ho fumana balekane ba ratanang, ba ikhethileng ho batsoali). Boitšoaro bona bo tataisoa ke kenyelletso e tsoang libakeng tsa mantlha tsa boko tse sebetsang maemong ana. Mekhoa e amanang le boemo ba sechaba, tšusumetso ea batho, boits'epo le tlhahlobo ea sechaba li tla eketsoa ka libaka tse chesang, tse matlafatsoang sechabeng, ka boikarabello ba libaka tse amehang tsa neural tse amanang le sephetho se fetelletseng maemong ana. Khang ea rona ke hore botsitso bo matlafalitsoeng ba maemo a bocha lilemong tsa bocha, haholo-holo bakeng sa bacha ba kotsing, bo tla tataisa ba potolohang sechabeng hore ba tloaelane haholo le se (kapa se nkoang se le) sa bohlokoa sechabeng - ekaba se sebe, se tšosang, le / kapa ho hloka boithabiso khahlanong le tse ntle, tse khothatsang, le / kapa tsa prosocial. Khokahano ena e kanna ea etsahala ka ho ngola likhoutu tsa kelello tsa maemo a sechaba (mohlala, Todd et al., 2012), ketso e sa buuoeng ka ho hlaka mehlaleng e teng ea ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kutlo. Ntle le moo, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ka botlalo ka tlase, tikoloho e tšehetsang e khothalletsang bokhoni ba taolo ka ho nts'etsapeletsopele ea methapo ea kutlo e ka thusa ho beha bacha ba maemong a holimo maemong a phahameng ho sireletsa liphetho tse ntle ho feta tsohle. Bacha ba joalo ba ke ke ba ameha haholo feela ka maemo a tikoloho a monate ka ts'ebetso ea methapo e amanang le litaba tsa sechaba, empa hape, ka ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kutlo, ba khona ho laola le ho phahamisa maikutlo a methapo ea phetoho. Mohlala, bacha ba shebileng maemo a matle ebile ba pepesehetse tikoloho e ntle haholo ba ka fumana bokhoni bo phahameng ba ho sebelisa mekhoa e poteletseng ea ho phehella ho phehella sepheo se nepahetseng le ho etsa mohlala, ho sebelisana le ba bang le ho utloela ba bang bohloko. Ba ka ithuta hape ho theola khatello ea maikutlo le ho kheloha liphetho tse bohloko (Feie. 1).
Ka kakaretso, re etsa tlhahiso ea hore mefuta ea ntlafatso ea methapo ea kutlo ea bocha e sebetse e le motheo oa ho lekola li-moderator tsa methapo ea ts'usumetso ea sechaba ka feshene e ntlafetseng le e mpe e hlahisoang ke mefuta ea ts'oaetso ea methapo ea kutlo. Taba ea mantlha, ka khokahanyo ea litsamaiso tse fapaneng (mohlala, katamelo khahlanong le ho qoba) tse mamelang le tse arabelang mehopolo e fapaneng ea maemo (mohlala, likhothaletso khahlanong le litšokelo), lipotoloho tse amang sechaba li ka kopanya bokhoba ba bocha maemong a sechaba. Ho joalo, lipotoloho tse amang sechaba tse sebetsanang haholo le maemo a mabe a sechaba le tsona li bontša karabelo ho tse ntle, 'me ka lehlakoreng le leng, mohlomong li thusa ho kenyelletsa moelelo oa moelelo ka kakaretso. Taba ea bobeli, mofuta o mong le o mong oa tšebetso ea methapo ea kutlo o bua ka matla a ntseng a hola bocheng bakeng sa ho itaola le ho tenyetseha ha kelello - bokhoni ba ho tsamaisa sekepe se hlokolosi - phetohong ea boits'oaro bo ikemetseng le bo ikemetseng. Bokhoni ba ho laola mehopolo, maikutlo le boits'oaro ba motho ho arabela liphetoho maemong a kahare le kantle ho bohlokoa hore motho a atlehe. Re totobatsa hore ho tenyetseha ha lefapha lena la bohlankana ho fana ka mokhoa o mong oa ho hlalosa hore na bacha ba nang le kutloisiso e kholo ea maemo le ba pepeselitsoeng tikoloho e ts'ehetsang ba khona joang ho fumana litholoana tse ntle tsa nts'etsopele ho bapisoa le ba maemong a mabe ba bonts'ang litholoana tse kotsi.
Joale re khutlela ho litlhahlobo tsa mantlha tse fumanehang tse tsoang liphatlalatsong tse ncha tse hlalosang menyetla ea ho fapana ha sebopeho sa boko le ts'ebetso ea bongoaneng ho hokahana le maemo a mantlha a sechaba ho hlahisa sephetho. Pele, re hlahloba tšusumetso ea maemo a lelapa / tlhokomelo. Ebe re fetela tikolohong ea lithaka. Boholo ba mosebetsi ona bo ne bo sa etsetsoa ho lekanya maikutlo a neural e le mohloli oa phapang ea motho ka mong kapa ho hlahloba phetoho ea boits'oaro ha nako e ntse e tsamaea. Leha ho le joalo, e fana ka leseli bakeng sa litšobotsi tsa boko le tsa maemo a bophelo tse lokelang ho tsoela pele ho ithutoa, ho lumella ho nahanisisoa ka mofuta o mocha oa methapo ea bongoana.
4. Litaba tsa kahisano le kelello ea bongoana
4.1. Litaba tsa lelapa / tsa tlhokomelo
Boithuto bo bongata bo bontša hore maemo a sechaba a hlahisitsoeng ka boiphihlelo ba motho ba ho hlokomela, ho kenyelletsa setaele sa botsoali, boleng ba litšebelisano tsa motsoali le ngoana, boemo ba leholimo ba lelapa, le botsoalle ba litekanyetso tsa lelapa le setso, ke selelekela sa bohlokoa sa kholo ea bocha (Collins et al., 2000 'me Darling le Steinberg, 1993Steinberg le Morris, 2001). Litlamorao tsena li lokela ho bonahala haholo ho batho ba kotsing. Ho joalo, litšusumetso tsa botsoali li bontšitsoe hore li fetoloa ka phapang ea kutloisiso ea tlhaho, joalo ka liphatsa tsa lefutso (Bakermans-Kranenburg le van Ijzendoorn, 2011 'me Knafo et al., 2011) le khatello ea maikutlo (Hastings et al., 2014). Le ha ho le joalo, ts'oaetso ea methapo ea kutlo ho maemo a bophelo nakong eohle ea bophelo e ka ba sehlahisoa sa lintho tsena tsa tlhaho, liphihlelo tsa bongoaneng le ts'ebelisano ea bona (Boyce le Ellis, 2005), ke monyetla oa ho kena bohlankaneng nakong ea bocha o ka bang le bohlokoa bo ikhethang bakeng sa liphetho tsa morao-rao tse fanoang ke thuto e ikhethang e etsahalang nakong ena. Likarolong tse latelang, re hlahloba lipatlisiso tse fanang ka mehlala ea litšobotsi tsa boko tse ka fokotsang tšusumetso ea liphihlelo tsa botsoali / mohlokomeli liphellong tsa boits'oaro le tsa bocha lilemong tsa bocha. Re boetse re buisana ka liphumano tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore na ho ba le mathata a ho ba le mathata a mantlha joang ho latela hore na kelello e amana joang le boiphihlelo bo fapaneng ba boiphihlelo le boiqapelo ba motsoali / tlhokomelo.
Lintlha tse khothatsang ka ho fetisisa tsa neural susceptibility ho tsoa litlhahlobisong tsa rona tsa motsoali / mohlokomeli li susumetsa sebopeho sa boko. E amanang le ts'ebetso ea boko, sebopeho sa boko se na le lipalo tse matla mme ka hona se ka bonts'a liphapang tse tsitsitseng, tse nang le libaka tse sa fetoheng tsa tlhaho, joalo ka PFC, tse bonts'a ho eketseha ha bokhoni ba hae ho tloha bongoaneng ho fihlela bonyenyaneng (Jansen et al., 2015 'me Lenroot et al., 2009). Sena se lumellana le mohopolo oa hore tsoelopele ea neurobiological e etsahala ka tšusumetso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tse lipakeng tsa methapo ea kutlo e arabelang ho tlhokomelo (Bakermans-Kranenburg le van Ijzendoorn, 2011, Belsky le Beaver, 2011, Belsky le pluess, 2009 'me Pluess le Belsky, 2013). Ho fapana le sebopeho sa boko, ts'ebetso ea boko e sebeletsa ho latela, ho arabela le ho bonts'a liphapang tse lemohuoang tikolohong ea motho hanghang. Ts'ebetso ea boko ho 'nile ha boleloa hore ke index e loketseng ea kutlo, ka neural reactivity ho maemo a maemo a nkoang e le tšebetso e kopaneng ea (1) boholo ba tšobotsi ea motho ea methapo ea kutlo le (2) boholo le mofuta oa tšusumetso e susumetsang (Moore le Depue, ka khatiso). Hobane liphapang tse tsitsitseng tsa motho ka mong li bonts'a mokhoa o kopanetsweng oa menahano, maikutlo le boitšoaro ha o le maemong a hapang maikutlo (Fleeson, 2001), litloaelo tsena li hlahisoa ho hlaha khafetsa ts'ebetsong ea lits'ebetso tse nepahetseng tsa "boko" tse "hlophisitsoeng" ka ho ithuta le boiphihlelo maemong a fapaneng a bophelo ka nako. Kahoo, ka bobeli sebopeho sa boko le tšebetso, tse ka sebelisanang 'me nts'etsopele ea tsona e tsebisana (Hao et al., 2013, Mahe a linotsi et al., 2010, Paus, 2013, Matla et al., 2010 'me Zielinski et al., 2010), ka bobeli e ka sebetsa e le mokhoa oa ho hlaseloa habonolo.
4.1.1. Bopaki bo hlophisehileng ba ho hlaseloa ke methapo
Le ha litakatso tse ikhethileng tse lebisang bokong ka ho hlaka habonolo li ntse li haella ka har'a lingoliloeng, liphuputso tse fokolang tse fokolang li totobatsa sehlopha sa tšepiso sa ho fana ka tlhahlobo e le lintlha tsa morao-rao tsa bohlankana ba ho ba monyetleng oa bophelo ba bocha. Mosebetsi ona o ngotse litloaelano lipakeng tsa sebopeho sa boko ba bongoana le mehato ea laboratori ea tšebelisano ea motsoali le mocha e hlalosang likarolo tse kang boemo ba mofuthu oa motsoali le moferefere; bongoana positivity vs. mabifi kapa dysphoria; le likarabo tsa batsoali le tsa bacha lilemong tsa boits'oaro bona. Hobane matla a lelapa a lula a ntse a le mocha lilemong tsa bocha, mehato e hokahanyang sebopeho sa boko le liphihlelo tsa tšebelisano ea motsoali le mocha e fana ka mokhoa o nepileng oa ho phela oa ho lekola kutloisiso ea methapo ea kutlo le maemo a bophelo ho nahanang ka phello ea bona e kopaneng liphellong tsa kamoso. Mehato ena ea ho shebella e nkuoa e le sesebelisoa kapa lifeshene lits'ebetsong tsa malapa tseo ho ka etsahalang hore li bile le boiphihlelo bo sa foleng mme li hokahane le kholo ea bongoana ea lilemong tsa bocha. Leha tlhahlobo ea likamano tsa nako e tšoanang ho fapana le tsa nako e telele ho tse ling tsa lithuto tsena li beha meeli lipuisanong mabapi le ho etsa lintho ka boqhetseke kapa tatellano ea tsoelo-pele, mme leha patlisiso ena e sa laole tšusumetso e ka 'nang ea ferekanya ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ea ngoana ea fumanehang ka lelapeng, liphuputso li fana ka maikutlo a ts'ebetso e fapaneng ea ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kutlo kutloelo-bohloko.
Taba ea pele, ho se tšoane ho fapaneng le sebopeho sa boko ba bongoana ho hokahane le karabelo e amanang le boitšoaro le tšebelisano 'moho le batsoali ka mekhoa e tsamaisang litholoana tse ntle kapa tse mpe tsa nts'etsopele. Whittle et al. (2008) o fumane hore, maemong a ts'ebetso ea tharollo ea likhohlano pakeng tsa bacha (lilemo tsa 11-13) le batsoali ba bona, ho ba le lintlha tse kholo tsa amygdala ho ne ho amana le boits'oaro ba bocha ba ho boloka boits'oaro bo bobe ho bo-mme ba bona bakeng sa nako e telele. Ntle le moo, ho banna, ho fokotsa asymmetry ea letsoho le letšehali ho ne ho boetse ho amahanngoa le ho boloka mabifi ho bo-mme, le ho fokotsa asmmetry ea leftC ea bosholu e ne e amahanngoa le boiphetetso ba boi ba bo-'mè ba basali. Karolo ena ea liphumano e ka fana ka maikutlo a phello ea ho ts'oenyeha ha lehlakore la equation, e leng, khatello ea maikutlo, ka lebaka la hore (1) bophahamo ba amygdala, sebaka seo ka tloaelo se amanang le ho arabela ka ho sokela likotsi le ho baka tšusumetso e mpe. nalane ea ho nka karolo e kholo, le (2) li-asymmetries tsa sebopeho tse ratang PFC e nepahetseng le tsona li amanang le tšusumetso e mpe e 'ngoe e mpe (Canli, 2004; Davidson le Fox, 1989 'me Fox et al., 2001) le phokotso ea tsamaiso ea maikutlo (Jackson et al., 2003).
Mosebetsi o mong o supa ka ho hlaka phapang e pakeng tsa karabelo ea methapo ea kutlo methapong ea litho tsa lelapa ka tsela e betere e mpe e hlalositsoeng ke mehlala ea ts'oaetso ea methapo. Moo Whittle et al. (2008) e fumane hore litheko tse kholo tsa "amygdala" le li-asymmetry tse setseng ka morao li ne li amahanngoa le likarabo tse mpe tsa tlhekefetso ea ho ba mabifi ho batho ba batona ba lilemong tsa bocha. Yap et al. (2008) e fumane hore lintlha tsena tse tšoanang li boletse esale pele maemo a tlase a khatello ea maikutlo ho batona ba lilemong tsa bocha (lilemo tsa 11-13) le bo-'mè ba mabifi ba tlaase. Yap et al. e boetse e bonts'itse mokhoa oa ts'ebetso ea "neurocicticility" molemong oa basali moo boholo ba amygdala e neng e amahanngoa le khatello ea maikutlo lilemong tsa bocha nakong eo bo-mme ba neng ba le mabifi haholo empa ba na le khatello ea maikutlo e eketsehileng ha bo-'mè ba ne ba le mabifi haholo. Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, liphumano tsena li bonts'a liphetho tse hlakileng maemong a tlhekefetso e phahameng le e tlase joalo ka ha bo fetotsoe ke liphapang tsa sebopeho sa boko.
Ho lithuto tsena ka bobeli tse boletsoeng ka holimo, morphology ea boko le liphetho tse amanang le tsona li ile tsa lekanngoa ka nako e le ngoe. Empa, Whittle et al. (2011) ea batlang ho hlahlojoa molumo oa hippocampal e le mookameli oa phello ea khatello ea khatello ea bo-mme ho liphetoho mathateng a sithabetsang ho tloha bonyenyaneng (dilemong tsa 11-13) ho isa bohareng (lilemo tsa 13-15) tsa bohlankana. Ba fumane hore bakeng sa banana, hippocampus e kholo e boletse matšoao a maholo le a nyenyefatsang kamora nako ea khatello e matla le e tlase ea bo-mme ka ho latellana, nakong ea boikoetliso ba tharollo ea likhohlano tsa motsoali le ngoana. Kahoo, bonyane bakeng sa basali nakong ea bohlankana, bophahamo bo boholo ba hippocampal bo ka sebelisana le maemo a lelapa ka ho lekola hore na ho ba le monyetla oa ho tepella maikutlo ho hlahisoa kapa ho thibetsoe. Hoa thahasellisa ho nahana hore na bophahamo ba modumo oa hippocampal le bona bo lekana tšusumetso ea litšobotsi tsa lelapa tse tšehetsang kholisong. Boholo ba taba e phahameng ea bohlooho ho hippocampus (hammoho le orbitofrontal gyrus) e fumanoe ho bacha bao bo-'m'a bona ba neng ba e-na le kamano e akaretsang ea batho bohle (Schneider et al., 2012), liphumano tse lumellanang le tšebetso ea mehlala ea liphoofolo li bonts'a hore boits'oaro bo bonts'ang boiphihlelo bo monate (mohlala, mantsoe a monate ha a ntse a ts'oaroa) a ne a hokahantsoe le ho holofala le ho pholoha hoa selefouno (Wöhr et al., 2009 'me Yamamuro et al., 2010). Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a kutloisiso ea hippocampus maemong a matle a kenyelletsang ho ba motsoali ea tšehetsang.
Hore hoa utloahala hore amygdala le hippocampus e ka ba loci ea ts'oaetso ea methapo ea kutlo. Ka bobeli li-amygdala le hippocampus li tsejoa ho tsamaisa likarolo tsa maikutlo le ho ithuta tsa maikutlo (Baxter le Murray, 2002 'me Calder et al., 2001; Phelps, 2004; Phelps le LeDoux, 2005). Ho na le monyetla oa hore ba na le ts'ebetso e kholo ho feta e sebetsang ka boithaopo, joalo ka karolo ea setereke se pharaletseng le se fetang.Ernst le Fudge, 2009). Ho hlokahala mosebetsi o mongata ho lekola litlamorao tsa bong ba bophahamo ba modumo oa amygdala e le pontšo ea monyetla oa maemo, joalo ka Whittle et al. (2008) 'me Yap et al. (2008) ka kopanelo ba khothalelitse hore boholo ba li-amygdala ho bashanyana le hore boholo bo boholo kapa bo bonyenyane ho banana bo bonts'a ts'oaetso. Leha ho le joalo, litlamorao tsa amygdala liphellong tse tsoanang li tsamaellana le karolo ea eona e akaretsang ea ho sebetsana le litlhoko, lipheo le litekanyetso tsa motho ka mong (Cunningham le Brosch, 2012) le ho hoheleng ha eona ho ama botle le bobe ka ho ama litholoana tsa ho qoba kapa ho etsa mekhoa ea batho maemong a fapaneng (Bechara et al., 1999). Ntle le moo, kelello ea kelello ea sechaba (Dunbar, 2009) e fana ka maikutlo a hore libaka tse potolohileng mekhatlo ea sechaba e nang le bongata bo boholo li na le matla a ho sebetsa, tse lumellanang le bopaki ba hore molumo oa "amygdala" o hokahantsoe le maikutlo a sechaba ka kakaretso ho fapana le litšoso. Mohlala, bophahamo ba modumo bo boholo ba amygdala ha bo amanngoe feela le matšoenyeho a karohano (Redlich et al., 2015) empa hape le ka maemo a kelello a kelello (Rice et al., 2014) le boholo ba marang-rang a sechaba (social network)Bickart et al., 2011 'me Kanai et al., 2012), ho kenyelletsa le lilemong tsa bocha (Von der Heide et al., 2014). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, hippocampus, e tsejoang ka boikhabi ba eona (Fanselow, 2010; Hirsh, 1974, Rudy, 2009 'me Fanselow, 2010), e thusa ho encode tlhahisoleseling le maikutlo a hlahang nakong ea liketsahalo tse amehang tse susumetsang. Hippocampus ho nahanoa hore e etsa ts'ebetso ena hangata ntle le boikemelo; ka mantsoe a mang, e tšehetsa ho tiisa likarolo tsa liketsahalo, liketsahalo le maemo ho hlahisa maikutlo nako eohle, 'me qetellong li tataisa boits'oaro bo tsamaellanang le maeto ana.Schacter le Addis, 2007). Qetellong, bakeng sa li-amygdala le hippocampus, ho ananeloa ha tsona joalo ka libaka tse bohlokoa ho bohlokoa.
4.1.2. "Ho kotula" ka ts'ebetso ea boko
Ha re fuoa bopaki ba pele ba hore libopeho tsa boko - joalo ka sebopeho sa boko - li ka tšoaea bacha ba kotsing ea ho ts'oaroa, joale re nahana ka litsela kapa mekhoa eo bacha ba mahlonoko ba pepesehang maemong a bohlano a tlhokomelo ba fihlelang liphetho tse fapaneng. Maemo a nepahetseng a ho fapana le tlhokomelo a fosahetseng a ka etsa hore kelello e tšehetsaneng ea kelello le maemo a bona a tšohanyetso e be teng. Ts'ebetso ea Neural e fanang ka boleng ba tlhaiso-leseling e amanang le boiketlo ba sechaba e matlafatsoa ka mekhoa e lumellanang le likarolo tse sebetsang le lipheo tse khothalletsoang ke maemo a fapaneng a tlhokomelo. Ka hona, maikutlo a boithati a boiketlo ba sechaba a ka 'na a fetoha a ba le maikutlo a khethollo a sa ngoliseng hantle, a sebetsa,' me a arabele likarolo tse mpe tsa tšehetso ea tikoloho ea sechaba (Pula, 2015). Sena se lumellana le mohopolo oa hore "seo motho a nahanang hore se lokela ho tsotelloa lefats'eng le kotsi se fapane hole le se lokelang ho raloa lefatšeng la menyetla" (Cunningham le Brosch, 2012, leq. 56). Tsela eo ts'ebetso ena ea tšebetso ea boko e bang teng ka ho ithuta le boiphihlelo maemong a fapaneng e ka senoloa ke lipatlisiso tse lekanyang litlamorao tsa tšebetso ea boko ho sehokela pakeng tsa maemo a tlhokomelo le sephetho sa boits'oaro, ho kenyelletsa le nako eohle ea bophelo. Ho joalo, ho bohlokoa ho pheta-pheta hore le ha tlhaselo ea methapo ea kutlo e ka sebetsa pele ho nako ea bocha, seo mocha a kopaneng le sona, le se ka 'nang sa kenya letsoho liphihlelong tsa maemo a macha a sechaba, a tla bonahala nakong ena ea maikutlo a ntlafalitsoeng a sechaba.
Tumellanong le mohopolo oa ho ntlafala ka mokhoa o kopanetsoeng, lithuto li tlaleha phello ea khatello ea maikutlo bophelong ba bonyenyane le mathata a lelapa ts'ebetsong ea boko bongoaneng le hole le moo. Mohlala, bacha (lilemo tsa 9-18) ba nang le tlhoko ea tlhokomelo ea tlhokomelo le ho se tsotelle maikutlong bongoaneng ba bontšitse amygdala le hippocampus hyperactivation ha e sebetsa tlhahisoleseling e sokelang (Maheu et al., 2010). Phumano ena e lumellana le bopaki ba sebopeho bo bonts'ang hore lilemo tse ngata tsa ho holisa bana ba likhutsana bongoaneng li ne li amana le palo e kholo ea li-amygdala lilemo tse mashome hamorao le tsona li boletseng esale pele matšoao a ho tšoenyeha (Tottenham et al., 2010). Likamano pakeng tsa maemo a sa tsotelleng a tlhokomelo ea bana le boko li boetse li hlokometsoe ho potoloha ea meputso ea bacha. Har'a mehlala ea bacha (lilemo tsa 9-17), karabelo ea neural e ntseng e eketseha le e tsitsitseng ea ho nyatsuoa ha 'm'a ho lentiform nucleus e ne e amahanngoa le ho lemoha ho nyatsuoa ho feta (Lee le al., 2014). Casement et al. (2014) e fumanoe mehlala ea banana bao mofuthu oa bongoana o neng o le mofuthu lilemong tsa bocha (lilemo tsa 11-12) o ne o amana le lilemo tsa bocha (lilemo tsa 16) ka maikutlo a eketsehang a tefo ea meputso ea chelete ho amygdala, VS, le mPFC; sena se eketsehile sa VS le karabelo ea mPFC e hokahanya khokahano lipakeng tsa mofuthu oa batsoali le matšoao a nyahamisang. Bangoli ba boletse hore ts'ebetso e kholo ea libaka tsena, tseo ka kakaretso li amanang le ho fana ka moputso le ho fana ka tlhaiso-leseling mabapi le litaba tsa sechaba le batho ba bang (Amodio le Frith, 2006; Gallagher le Frith, 2003), e ka bonts'a boleng bo sa lokang le litebello bakeng sa ts'ebetso ho ipapisitse le boiphihlelo bo seng monate ba nakong e fetileng ba kahisano. Kahoo, ts'oaetso ea neurobiological e ka angoa ke maemo a sechaba e ka bonahala ha nako e ntse e feta ka ho matlafatsa butle-butle kh'outu ea boko le ho lekola liphihlelo tsa sechaba le tekolo. Ha ho kopantsoe hammoho, liphetho tsa lithuto tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore libaka tse ka har'a lipotoloho tse amang sechaba li na le ts'ebeliso e ntle liphihlelong tse mpe tsa tlhokomelo 'me li ka supa lets'oao la neural bakeng sa batho ba kotsing e kholo.
Liphihlelo tsa ho ba motsoali ea tšehetsang le tsona li amahantsoe le litšobotsi tsa boko le liphetho tsa nts'etsopele, bopaki bo bohlokoa bakeng sa sebopeho se ts'ehetsoeng holim'a tšusumetso ea liphihlelo tse ts'oanang ho batho ba sa ts'oaneng. Ka mohlala, Morgan et al., (2014) e fumane hore mofuthu o mofuthu oa bo-'mè o fumanoang ke bashanyana bongoaneng ba bongoaneng (18 le likhoeli tsa 24) o ne o amahanngoa le ts'ebetso e fokotsoang ea mPFC ho lebella le ho lahleheloa ke meputso ea chelete nakong ea bohlankana kapa botsofaling ba pele (lilemo tsa 20). Liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho ba motsoali ea nang le lerato le mofuthu ho ka fokotsa karabelo ea tlhaho ho liketsahalo tse mpe libakeng tsa boko tse amanang le ho kopanya lintlha tsa maikutlo le tsa setjhaba, ho kenyelletsa le ba bang le ba bang. Matla ana a ts'ireletso a mofuthu oa bo-mme a bile le matla ho bashanyana ba pepesetsoeng khatello ea maikutlo ea boimana nakong ea bongoana, e lumellanang le khopolo ea hore ho ts'oaroa hangata ho hlaha molemong oa ho khutla hape le ho fana ka maikutlo a ho kopana ha methapo ea kutlo ea MPFC hore e kopane. maemo a botsoali. Liphetho tsena li bonts'a hore libaka tse amehang ho ithuteng moputso (mohlala, striatum le mPFC) li tsotella menyetla e mengata ea boits'oaro ba bakhachane. Ka mantsoe a mang, ts'ebetso ea boko ba bacha lilemong eo bo-'mè ba bona ba tloaetseng ho ba le mekhoa e metle le e lerato e ka bonts'ang nalane ea ho ithuta e qalileng ho tloha bongoaneng ba tahlehelo ea moputso e sa le bohlokoa kapa ba bohlokoa. Kahoo, litlamorao tsa tikoloho ea sechaba mabapi le boits'oaro ba bacha ba kotsing li ka hlahisoa qetellong ka karabelo ea likarabo tsa neural ho li-elicitors tse ling ka nako libakeng libakeng tse amanang le kutloelo-bohloko ea sechaba.
Ho latela lintlha eseng feela ka maemo a lelapa la bacha empa hape le sepheo se khothalletsang maikutlo a bosebeletsi ba lilemong tsa bocha le hore na litlamorao tsa tsoelopele li ka thusa ho hlakisa kamoo kutloisiso ea likarolo tse ling tsa boko e sebetsang kapa e sa sebetseng hantle ho latela moelelo oa taba. VS, e sebetsanang le moputso oa melemo, ke e 'ngoe ea libaka tse joalo. Leha liphuputso tse ling li amana le ho sebetsa ka VS e eketsehileng le boits'oaro bo eketsehileng ba ho beha bocha lilemong tsa bocha (Bjork et al., 2010 'me Bjork le Pardini, 2015; Chein et al., 2011; Galvan et al., 2007, Gatzke-Kopp et al., 2009 'me Somerville et al., 2011), Karabelo ea VS e kanna ea ameha ho kholiseho ea boleng ba lelapa le setso mo khokahanong ea eona ho boits'oarano bo botle ba boitšoaro ba sechaba le ho fokotsa kotsi ea ho beha. Bacha ba Latino (ba lilemo tsa 14-16) ba tlalehileng litekanyetso tse kholo tsa tlamahano ea lelapa ba bontšitse karabelo e hlakileng ea VS ho litheko tsa tšusumetso ea chelete, karabelo e amanang le boits'oaro bo seng kotsi ba ho beha (Telzer et al., 2013a). Mosebetsi o mong o fumane hore bacha (ba lilemo tsa 15-17) bao pejana ba tlalehileng boitseko le tlatsetso ho thuseng ba malapa a bona ba phahamisitse karabelo ho VS ha ba etsa menehelo e theko e boima ho ba malapa a bona ho fapana le ho fumana moputso oa bona oa lichelete (Telzer et al., 2010). Mosebetsi o amanang le ona o fumane hore karabelo e ngata ea VS ho liketso tsena tse boletsoeng esale pele e fokotseha ho sekeng sa ho beha bacha kotsing selemo se tlang hamorao (Telzer et al., 2013b). Kahoo, "sebaka sona seo sa neural se hlahisitseng kotsi ea ho beha bacha kotsing ea ho ba bacha le sona se ka sirelletsa khahlanong le ho ipeha kotsing" (Telzer et al., 2013b, leq. 45). Ho feta moo, Telzer et al., 2014a o fumane hore VS reacaction to eudaimonic (mohlala, moelelo / sepheo, prosocial) vs. hedonic (mohlala, ho ipeha kotsing, boithati) meputso e boletsoeng esale pele ea fokotseha le ho sekamela, ka tatellano, matšoao a nyahamisang. Setho sena se fumaneng se hlahisa monyetla oa hore maikutlo a neural a ho fana ka moputso a amana le liphetho tse feto-fetohang kapa tse mpe ho latela sehlopha sa moputso (mohlala, hedonic, chelete, social, eudaimonic) moo kutlo eo e fetisoang e le ts'ebetso ea boiphihlelo ba lelapa / ba ho tsotella setsoalle. le ho ithuta.
4.1.3. Liphihlelo tse tsamaeang le tlhokomelo ea tlhokomelo le phapang ea PFC
Joalokaha ho tšohliloe ho fihlela joale, liphetho tse kopaneng li ka hlaha ho bacha ba ts'oenyehang hobane maemo a matle a khothaletsa boitšoaro bo susumetsoang menyetleng ea bohlokoa sechabeng athe maemo a mabe a khothaletsa boitšoaro bo hlalositsoeng ka ts'okelo le likotsi tsa bophelo bo botle. Leha ho le joalo, lits'oants'o tse fapaneng le tsona li ka fetoha hobane bokhoni ba ho sebelisa melaoana ea kelello ho fihlela sepheo se tla ntlafatsoa maemong a matle, eseng a fosahetseng. Ka hona, nts'etsopele ea phapang ea cortical le subcortical circry e ka hlaha ho bacha ba qhekellang ba pepesetsoeng maemo a fapaneng a malapa, ba kenya letsoho liphellong tse fapaneng. Patlisiso ea Boitšoaro e bonts'a hore liphapang tsa motho e mong le tse ling tsa tšebetso ea mantlha le bokhoni ba ho itaola li ntlafala ka tsela e hlophisehileng bongoaneng, e tiisa botsitso ba bongoanengDeater-Deckard le Wang, 2012). Liphumano tse tsoang liphuputsong tse telele le tse telele li supa bohlokoa ba ho ba mofuthu, ho tsotella, le ho ba motsoali / ho hlokomela bakeng sa ho matlafatsa likarolo tsena (mohlala, Bernier et al., 2012, Hammond et al., 2012 'me Hughes, 2011). Ka tšebelisano e rarahaneng ea biolo-tikoloho, bokhoni ba taolo (kapa ho senyeha ha bona) bo fetisoa ka likamano tsa motsoali / mohlokomeli-bacha ba fanang ka maemo a boiphihlelo a boiphihlelo bakeng sa ho ba monyebe le ho bo etsa (kapa che) (Deater-Deckard, 2014).
Lithuto tse ncha li tšehetsa setšoantšo sena. Maemo a fosahetseng a bontša litlamorao. Ho na le bofokoli bo pharalletseng ho boteng ba cortical ho bana ba sotlehileng kelellong le maikutlong bongoaneng ba ho holisoa ke setheo, bofokoli bo neng bo kopanya mathata ka hloko le ka ho qobelloa (McLaughlin et al., 2014). Bocheng ba lilemo tsa bocha (lilemo tsa 9-17), ho pepesetsoa khalemelo ea bo-mme ho ne ho amahanngoa le ts'ebetso e eketsehang ho li-circative tse amanang le boiketlo ba sechaba (mohlala, lentiform nucleus, posterior insula) le ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng taolong ea kelello (mohlala, dlPFC, ACC) le tlhalohanyo ea sechaba (mohlala, , TPJ, posterior cingulate cortex / precuneus) (Lee le al., 2014). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho holisoa ke khatello e thata ea botsoali le khatello ea malapa tse ling ho ne ho amana le khokahano e ntle, ho supa ts'ebetso e sa khetholloang, ea amygdala e nang le vlPFC e nepahetseng mabapi le tšusumetso ea maikutlo ho motho e moholo (lilemo tsa 18-36), ho fana ka maikutlo a hore vlPFC e ne e sa fane ka karolo ea thibelo Karabelo ea Amygdala (Taylor le al., 2006). Ho boetse ho na le bopaki ba hore litsietsi tsa pele (lilemo tsa 1) li amahanngoa le kholo e potlakileng ea ho kopanngoa ha amygdala-mPFC nakong ea bocha ho bonoa hangata ho batho ba baholo (Gee et al., 2013a 'me Gee et al., 2013b). Kholiso e potlakileng ea cortical e ka amahanngoa le sephetho se fokolang sa boitšoaro hamorao, mohlomong hobane nako e fokolang ea ho se tsitse ha mmele e fokotsa monyetla oa ho ithuta ho itaola maemong a fapaneng a bophelo ho fihlela katleho ea batho ba baholo (Lu et al., 2009 'me Nelson le Guyer, 2011). Ho nkuoa ka kakaretso, maemo a mabe a amanang le taolo ea kelello le boteng maemong a neural. Re fana ka maikutlo a hore, ha bacha bohle ba holileng maemong ana ba tobane le mathata, bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba kotsing ea ho tsofala ba sotleha haholo.
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, tikoloho e ntle e khothaletsa nts'etsopele ea tsamaiso ea kelello ea kelello e lokelang ho thusa bacha ho fihlela liphetho tse ntle tsa nts'etsopele. Thutong e tobileng ea ts'ebetso e arohaneng, bana ba hlalosoang ka liphatsa tsa lefutso, ba sa ts'oanelehang (lilemo tsa 8) ba ne ba le palo e phahameng ea PFC, e neng e amana le ts'ebetso e ntle ea kelello, ha ba ne ba holisoa tikolohong e ntle; maemong a bohlokoa, ba ne ba e-na le bonyane ba bonyane ba PFC ha ba holisoa libakeng tse mpe (Brett et al., 2014). Ha e le hantle, e lumellana le "maikutlo a bonohe"Pluess le Belsky, 2013), e shebaneng le ho ts'oaroa ke tšusumetso ea ts'usumetso ea tikoloho e ts'ehetsang, ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea kelello e ne e le hantle ho bana ba kotsing ba neng ba hola maemong a matle. Belsky le Beaver (2011) e fumanoe ho ba batona ba lilemong tsa bocha (empa eseng basali) (lilemo tsa 16-17) hore ha ba bua ka polasetiki e eketsehileng, ba ne ba le boitšoaro bo bobe haholoanyane le ho feta ba boits'oaro maemong a botsoali a tšehetsang mme ka ho latellana (bona hape Laucht et al., 2007). Re fana ka tlhahiso ea hore ntlafatso e ntlafalitsoeng ea potoloho ea PFC e tla ngolisoa bocheng ho sebeletsa lipheo tse monate. Telzer et al. (2011) O fumane hore boiketlo ba batho ka bongata bo amanang le malapa bo amanang le ho hira libaka tse laolang le ho hlokomela lintho tse amanang le kelello tse neng li hokahane le VS ha bacha ba pepesetsoa boemo ba ho fa ba malapa a bona. Kakaretso, liphumano li fana ka maikutlo a hore potoloho ea PFC e ts'ebetsanang kapa e sa sebetseng hantle tšebetsong, sebopeho, kapa khokahanong e bonts'oa bacha ba qalang ba pepesehetse tikoloho e mpe, athe bacha ba ts'oaroang ba pepesehetse tikoloho e ntlafatsang ba bonts'a likarolo tsa PFC tse amanang le ho boloka sephetho se setle (bona hape Moore le Depue, ka khatiso, bakeng sa ho tšohla mohopolo o amanang ka tsela e itseng, bothata ba neural, joalo ka ha bo amana le boiketsetso).
4.2. Boemong ba lithaka
Har'a liphetoho tse makatsang bocheng ba hae ke phetoho khokahanong ea kahisano ho tloha ho ba lelapa le ho ikamahanya le lithaka (Rubin et al., 1998 'me Steinberg le Morris, 2001). Ha ba kena lilemong tsa bocha, bacha ba qeta nako e ngata le lithaka (Csikszentmihalyi le Larson, 1984), batla le ho natefeloa maikutlo a lithaka (E sootho, 1990), mme hangata ba amehile haholo ka kamohelo ea lithaka (Parkhurst le Hopmeyer, 1998), haholo ha kotsi ea ho khesoa ke lithaka e eketseha nakong ena (Coie et al., 1990). Leha liphetoho tsena tsa kahisano li amana le litlamorao ho bophelo bo botle ba maikutlo ba bacha le bophelo ba kelello, ha ho tsejoe hore na phapang pakeng tsa kutloisiso ea methapo le kutloano ea lithaka e ka hokahana joang le liphetho tsa bocha le mathata a morao a batho ba baholo. Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso li se li qalile ho hlakisa botebo ba maikutlo a bohlankana a ho ba le maikutlo a bocha mabapi le maemo a boteng ba lithaka, tlhahlobo ea lithaka, le ho khesoa sechabeng, ho kenyelletsoa le hore na bacha ba fapana joang kutloanong ena. Mona, re shebana ka phapang ea motho e mong le e mong tšebetsong ea boko ba bongoana nakong ea maemo a phahamisang karabelo a ho kenyelletsa lithaka le likamano tsa tse kaholimo ka psychopathology kapa boiphihlelo bo hlahang. Ho tsebo ea rona, ha hona joale ha ho na lipatlisiso tse fumanoeng tse amanang le lintlha tsa sebopeho sa boko ba bongoana ka maemo a lithaka le liphetho tsa nts'etsopele (leha ho le joalo, joalo ka ha ho bontšitsoe kaholimo, ho na le bopaki ba kamano pakeng tsa bophahamo ba modumo oa li-amygdala le maemo a thata a marang-rang a bophelo bocheng le ho ba motho e moholo; Von der Heide et al., 2014).
4.2.1. Boteng ba lithaka
Taba e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa ea lithaka e khahlano le maikutlo a ntlafalitsoeng a bacha a ho amohela bacha ke hore lithaka li teng' meleng kapa che. Sena se qhekelloa ka mokhoa oa teko. Mohlala, ha u bapala papali e khannoang ea ho khanna, Stoplight, le lithaka li shebile vs. feela, bacha (lilemo tsa 14-18) bapisoa le batho ba baholo ba lilemong (lilemo tsa 18-22) ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e kholo ho VS le OFC e amanang le kotsi e kholo- ho nka boitshwaro (Chein et al., 2011). Mohlaleng oa mocha, Chein et al. (2011) e fumane hore karabelo ea VS ho boteng ba lithaka maemong ana a behang bophelo kotsing e ne e sa tsamaisane hantle le ho itšireletsa ha tšusumetso ea lithaka, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso ea sebaka sena e tšehetsa ts'ebetso ea bacha ho susumetsoa ke lithaka. Mosebetsing o amanang le oa electroencephalography, phello ea boteng ba lithaka e ne e eketseha ho batona ba lilemong tsa bocha (lilemo tsa 15-16) tse phahameng maemong a boits'oaro (mofuta oa mekhoa ea boits'oaro, maikutlo a ho batla, le maikutlo a amang) mohlomong hobane ntlafatso ea bohloka ba lithaka ho batho bana e ka fokotsa ts'ebetso ea neural ea libaka (mohlala, mPFC) e laolang likarabo tse tsamaisoang ke moputso le boitlhahlobo (Segalowitz et al., 2012). Kahoo, boteng ba lithaka li ka eketsa ho nka kotsi ea bongoana le ho fokotsa tlhokomelo ea likarolo tse mpe tsa kotsi le ho se sebetse hantle mesebetsing ho batho ba nang le tlhalohanyo e phahameng ea methapo ho lithaka.
4.2.2. Tlhahlobo ea lithaka
Bocheng, maemo a hlahlobang sechabeng a fuoa maemo a phahameng a ho phomola, ho thaba le ho inkeha e le motho oa bohlokoa. Bacha ba khetholloang ke maemo a phahametseng a tlhaho ea ho hlaseloa ha maemo a bophelo ba sechaba ba ka ameha haholoanyane maemong ao ba lumelang hore ba hlahlojoa ke ba bang. Sehlopha sa mosebetsi sa Guyer le basebetsi mmoho se bonts'itse mekhoa ea ts'ebetso ea neural ho bacha ha ba lebelletse tlhahlobo e tsoang ho lithaka eo ba ka sebelisanang le eona le balekane ba tlang ba "Chatroom" inthaneteng. Ha bacha (lilemo tsa 9-17) ba bile le lipapatso mabapi le hore na lithaka li ka rata ho sebelisana le bona, ts'ebetso libakeng tse amanang le ts'ebetso e amanang le boiketlo ba sechaba, mohlala, li-nucleus, li-hypothalamus, hippocampus le insula, tse amanang le ho khanna moputso, puisano e anngoeng, ho hopola le ho kopanya, le libaka tsa visceral, e ne e phahamisoa ho banana ba lilemong tsa bocha (empa eseng bashanyana), haholo banana ba baholo (Guyer et al., 2009). Sena se fana ka maikutlo a ho thella ha maikutlo a lithaka tse ntseng li eketseha ka lilemo tsa banana ba lilemong tsa bocha, bao maikutlo a bona a tlhaho a mofuta ona oa tlhahlobo ea bophelo a ka ba behang kotsing ea ho kenella ka hare ho mefuta ea psychopathology empa hape ba na le monyetla oa ho kenella mekhoeng ea prosocial le mefuta e meng e amanang. boits'oaro bo tataisoang ke tlhokomeliso ea sechaba.
Mosebetsi o mong o tsepamisitse maikutlo holim'a maikutlo a lithaka, a lumellana le mohopolo oa hore lithaka li ntse li eketseha ho latela mokoallo oa boitšoaro le boits'oaro bocheng. Mohlala, bacha (lilemo tsa 18) ba arotsoe ka bongoana le bongoaneng joalo ka boits'oaro bo sa thibeloeng, tšekamelo ea maikutlo e eketsang kotsi ea ho holisa maemo a kliniki a matšoenyeho a sechaba mme a thehileng e le sesosa sa ts'ebetso (Aron et al., 2012), e bonts'itse boemo bo matla ba ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ha e lebella ho hlahlojoa ke lithaka tsa thahasello, leha e se ho bonahatsa psychopathology (Guyer et al., 2014). Boitšoaro ba maikutlo bo botle lithutong tsa sechaba ka hona bo ka hlahella ho bacha ba qalang bophelo ba ho tsotella tikoloho ea bona ka boitšoaro bo thibelang. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, Powers et al. (2013) e bontšitse hore, bonyane ka ho ba motho e moholo lilemong (18-24), ho se tšoane ka maikutlo a ho lahloa, mohopolo o mong o amanang le ho tsotella tlhahlobo ea sechaba, o ne o amana le ts'ebetso e kholo ea VS le dmPFC ha ho lebelletsoe karabelo e ntle khahlanong le maikutlo a mabe a sechaba. Boikutlo bona ba "striatality" bo ka "fetolela" liphelong tse ntle kapa tse mpe tse tšehetsoang ke mosebetsi ke Gunther Moor et al. (2010) e bonts'a ts'ebetso ea striatum, haholoholo, putamen, le vmPFC e eketseha ka mokhoa o hlakileng ho pholletsa le lilemo tsa 10-21 ho bobeli bo lebelletseng ho amoheloa ke lithaka le ho amohela ho khesoa ha lithaka. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a ho eketseha ha bokhoni ba bokhoni ba ho laola likarabo maemong a tlhatlhobo ea sechaba. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ts'ebetso e fetelletseng ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso e ka fana ka tekolo ea sechaba ka mokhoa oa bohloka, e koala bacha lilemong hore ba arabele ka mokhoa o sa fetoheng haeba ba thehiloe tikolohong eo ho sa sebelisoeng lisebelisoa tsa boitšoaro bo botle sechabeng. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, maemong a tšehetsang, maikutlo a joalo a sechaba a ka fella ka leano le sebetsang le "le arabelang haholoanyane [leo] le tsejoang ka ho ba le tšekamelo ea ho 'khefutsa ho hlahloba' ketsahalong e ncha, ho ela hloko tse susumetsang tse poteletseng. le ho sebelisa mekhoa e tebileng kapa e rarahaneng ea ho rala bakeng sa ho rala mehato e sebetsang mme hamorao ho ntlafatsa 'mapa o tsebahalang, kaofela ha ona o susumetsoang ke maikutlo a matla, a nepahetseng le a seng monate ”(Aron et al., 2012, leq. 263).
Amygdala ke letšoao le leng la maikutlong a bongoana a kutloisiso ea maikutlo a lithaka tse tsoang mosebetsing mabapi le karabelo le kamohelo ea lithaka. E amanang le bacha ba sa tšoenyeheng, bacha ba nang le mathata a bophelo, bao ka kakaretso ba lumelang hore ba bang ba ke ke ba thabela ho sebelisana le bona, ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso ea amygdala ha ba lebelletse tlhahlobo ea lithaka (Guyer et al., 2008; Lau et al., 2012) hammoho le karabelo e tsitsitseng ea amygdala kamora ho lahloa ke lithaka (Lau et al., 2012). Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe kaholimo, amygdala e fumanoe e sa arabele feela hampe - empa hape e susumetse maikutlo a khothatsang. Mohlala, e sebetsa hape eseng feela sefahlehong se tšabehang empa le ho ba thabileng (Canli et al., 2002, Guyer et al., 2008 'me Pérez-Edgar et al., 2007). Ho hlile ho khothaletsoe amygdala hore e be setsi sa mekhatlo ea sechaba e tšehetsang marang-rang a khethollang marang-rang a ts'ehetsang ts'ebeliso ea pono ea sechaba, kamano le bohloeki sechabeng (Bickart et al., 2014). Kahoo, likarolo tse ngata tsa liphetho tsa nts'etsopele li ka hlaha khahlanong le karolo ea sebopeho sena ho arabela liphihlelong tse ntle le tse mpe. Qetellong, ho tla ba bohlokoa mosebetsing oa nako e tlang ho hlahloba hore na phapang e teng ho amygdala, vlPFC, dmPFC, le ho ts'oaroa ke boithuto ho litloaelano tse lekanang tsa lithaka lipakeng tsa maemo a bophelo le nts'etsopele ea psychopathology kapa bokhoni ba sechaba.
4.2.3. Khethollo ea sechaba
Patlisiso e ngoe e khahlisang e shebile ka kotloloho karabelo ea boko ba bongoaneng ho khethollano ea sechaba, mofuta o atileng le o sithabetsang oa khatello ea maikutlo nakong ea mohato ona oa nts'etsopele o seng o thetsitsoe o bile o lekantsoe kantle ho laboratori. Ho sebelisa papali e thellisang bolo ea maoto e entsoeng ka boqhetsekeWilliams le Jarvis, 2006), Masten et al. (2009) e fumanoe lilemong tsa bocha (lilemo tsa 12-14) hore liphapang tse fapaneng le batho ka bomong ha ba le mahlomoleng ho ba qheleloa ka thoko ho papali, letšoao la kutloelo-bohloko moelelong ona oa sechaba, li ne li amana hantle le ts'ebetso ea libaka tse amanang le boiketlo ba sechaba (mohlala, ACC e tlisoang, kapa subACC, le insula) hape hampe ka ts'ebetso ea libaka tse ts'ehetsang tsamaiso (mohlala, vlPFC, dmPFC, le VS); libaka tsena li bontšitse khokahano e mpe ho e mong. Mosebetsi o latelang o fumane hore ts'ebetso ea subACC ho khethollotsoeng sechabeng e lebelletse ho eketseha ha nako ea bolelele ho matšoao a sithabetsang ho tloha qalong ho isa bohareng ba bocha (Masten et al., 2011).
SubACC e tla ba karolo e 'ngoe ea boko e bohlokoa ho e latela ho sebetsana le maemo a mabe le a fosahetseng a lithaka. Le ha ho bonahala ts'ehetso ea subACC e le mahareng le boiphihlelo bo bobe bo amanang le eona, ts'ebetso ea eona ts'ebetsong ea maikutlo e netefalitsoeng e boetse e tlalehiloe. Laxton et al. (2013) e fumanoe ho batho ba baholo ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo hore, ea li-neurons tse ho subACC tse arabelang lipapisong tsa maikutlo, karolo ea bobeli e arabile ka litaba tse bohloko kapa tse sithabetsang empa karolo ea boraro e ile ea amohela litaba tse sa jeleng paate, tse monate kapa tse khahlisang. Phuputsong e nang le likarolo tse fapaneng le bana ba pele ho selemo (8-10), bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha (12-14 lilemo), bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha (16-17 lilemo,) le batho ba baholo ba banyenyane (19-25), Gunther Moor et al. (2010) e fumane hore, ho batho ba baholo, subACC e kentse letsoho hore e amoheloe ha e lebelletse ho amoheloa ke lithaka le ho lahloa ha e lebelletse ho khesoa ke lithaka. Ho shebana le karabelo ea subACC ho khethollo e sa foleng ea tebello ea bocha, Spielberg et al. (2015) e fumane hore ts'ebetso ea subACC ho lekola liteko tsa lithaka e eketsehile ho pholletsa le lilemo tsa 8-17 bakeng sa bacha ba phetseng hantle le ba nang le matšoenyeho ba lebelletseng karabelo ho lithaka tse khethiloeng le tse lahliloeng, ka ho latellana. Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, liphetho li bonts'a ho lumellana ho lumellanang le seo subacC e se latelang, tumellanong le maikutlo a rona mabapi le tokiso e ntle.
Hape e lumellana le maikutlo a ho tepella maikutlong, Masten et al. (2009) e fumane hore ts'ebetso e kholo ea dorsal ACC (dACC) e ne e amana le liphapang tsa batho ka bomong ka mokhoa o le mong o phehellang hampe, maikutlo a ho hana, le ntho e le 'ngoe e sa fetoheng, matla a ho ikopanya, ao subACC le eona e amanang le ona. Setho sena sa liphumano se totobatsa dacC le subACC ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang libaka tsa kutlo tsa kutlo tsa kutlo tse amanang le maemo a ntlafalitsoeng le ho feta. DACC e kentse letsoho mesebetsing ea tlhokomeliso ea taolo e joaloka ho lekola lintoa, tlolo ea molao ea ho lebella, le liphoso tsa ho etsa liqeto (Carter le Van Veen, 2007 'me Somerville et al., 2006). Se ileng sa khetholla mekhoa ea ts'ebetso ea DACC e amanang le litšobotsi tse neng li bonahala li arohane tsa ho hana kutlo le bokhoni ba batho ke hore boiphihlelo bo ne bo amana le ho hiroa ha libaka tsa taolo (mohlala, vlPFC, dmPFC, VS) athe kutloelo-bohloko ea ho hana e ne e se joalo. Kahoo, litlamorao tse fapaneng tsa ts'oaetso ea methapo ea pelo ho liketsahalo tsa tikoloho ea lithaka li ka fanoa ke kutloisiso e phahameng ho batho bohle ba nang le ts'oaetso. Leha ho le joalo, ho batho ba angoa habonolo ba bolokang litholoana tse ntle, sena se kanna sa fetela ka bokhoni ba ho fetisetsa kutloisiso ho fihlella liphetho tse feto-fetohang, joalo ka ka boitšoaro bo laoloang habonolo ho latela maemo a bohlokoa sechabeng. Ka mantsoe a mang, tšebetso ea methapo ea boko e sebetsanang le bohloko ba kelello e ka lebisa liphellong tse ntle le tse mpe ka ho thusa motho ho lekola ka hloko, ka sistimi ena ea alamo ea sechaba, khokahano ea motho le sehlopha, ho khothaletsa thuto le boits'oaro tse bolokang motho a lumellana le eona (Eisenberger le Lieberman, 2004 'me MacDonald le Leary, 2005).
Kamora nako, mosebetsi o kopantseng o hlahlobe motheo oa neural oa hore ho khetholoha sechabeng ho amana joang le boitšoaro bo nkang kotsi e le ts'ebetso ea ho hlaseloa ke tšusumetso ea lithaka. Peake et al. (2013) o fumane hore ho behelloa ka thoko ho cyberball ho ne ho amana le ho beha likotsi tse eketsehileng ho Stoplight ho bacha (lilemo tsa 14-17) ba neng ba sa khone ho hanela tšusumetso ea lithaka. Phello ena e kopantsoe ke ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea rostral TPJ (rTPJ) ha bacha ba etsa liqeto tse kotsi tsa ho khanna ha ho ntse ho thoe ho shebiloe ke lithaka tse lahlang. Bacha ba "susumetsoang ke lithaka" le bona ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e fokolang ea dlPFC ha e ba le litlamorao tsa likotsi tse boletsoeng. Kahoo, khaello ea bacha lilemong tsa bosholu ba tšusumetso ea lithaka liphellong tse nkang kotsi e ka tsamaisoa ke tlhokomelo le / kapa ho tsepamisa mohopolo lits'ebetsong tse khethiloeng ka mokhoa o fapaneng le tšusumetso ea lithaka tse fuoeng karolo ea rTPJ ho tsepamiseng kelello (Gweon et al., 2012 'me van den Bos et al., 2011) le dlPFC ho itaola le ho laola maikutlo (Aron et al., 2004 'me Cohen et al., 2012). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho banna ba nang le lilemo tse 16-17, maemo a lithaka (ho ba teng ha lithaka le ho ba sieo) le karabelo ea neural ho khethollo ea kahisano marang-rang a amanang le boiketlo ba sechaba (mohlala, bohloko ba sechaba: AI, DACC, subACC, le kelello: dmPFC, TPJ, PCC) e bile le tšusumetso e kopanetsoeng boits'oarong bo latelang ba ho beha bophelo ba hao kotsing (Falk et al., 2014). Ena ke thuto e 'ngoe e sebetsang e le "bopaki ba mohopolo" kaha phapang e pakeng tsa maikutlo a neural ho khethollotsoe sechabeng boits'oarong boits'oarong ba bohlankana ho latela maemo a lithaka (ke hore, boteng ba lithaka).
4.3. Nako le ho hokahana ha motsoali / mohlokomeli le tšusumetso ea lithaka
Ho beha maemo a mabeli a ho ba motsoali / ho hlokomela le ho hanana le ho ba lilemong tsa bocha e le ntlha ea anchor, ho ka etsahala hore karohano e fapaneng le maemo a maemo a bophelo e senolohe ka kutloisiso ea nako ea litlhaloso le ka mokhoa o hloahloa joalo ka boiphihlelo ba batsoali le bahlokomeli, mokhoa oa ho qala le ho ba le tšusumetso lilemong tsa bocha, theha methati ea maikutlo a neural a kenang kapa a hola bongoaneng. Ka mantsoe a mang, maemo a lelapa a ka thusa ho “ruta” boko bo itlhommeng pele hore bo lokela ho etsa eng, ho bo araba le ho bo utloisisa. Kamora nako, ha batjha ba ntse ba sekamela haholo ho tikolohong ea bona ea bohloka, menyetla ea boiphihlelo le lithaka e ka qala ho eketsa boima ho tse hlahisang liphetho. Qetellong, kholiseho ea lits'usumetso ka bobeli nakong ena e mahlonoko e ka tšoarella ho ba motho e moholo ea bile e le morao.
Patlisiso e 'ngoe e fanang ka maikutlo a marang-rang e bontša hore liphihlelo le batsoali / bahlokomeli li rala motheo oa liphapang tse fapaneng le maikutlo a neural a susumetsang tsela eo bacha ba kopanang le lithaka ka eona. Ho tšehetsa sena, Tan et al. (2014) o fumane hore tšusumetso e mpe ea bo-mme nakong ea ts'ebelisano e thata ea 'm'a le lilemong tsa bocha e neng e batla tšehetso ea' m'ae e ne e amahanngoa le lilemo tsa bocha (lilemo tsa 11-17) e fokolitse karabelo ea neural ho taba e ntle ea kamohelo ea lithaka ho amygdala, e tlohile ka tlung e tlatsetsang ntle, subACC, le li-nucleus accumbens (NAcc), libaka tsohle ka har'a potoloho e amanang le boiketlo ba sechaba. Likamano lipakeng tsa karabelo ea botsoali le neural ho lithaka li boetse li bonoe ka har'a lipotoloho tse laolang kelello tse latelang tsela e tsoetseng pele e hola. Bacha ba nang le phapang e se nang tšireletso ea boitšoaro ba bongoana, maemo a phahameng a ho ba motsoali ea matla lilemong tsa bohareng ba lilemo tsa 7 li ne li amahanngoa le karabelo e fokolang ea vlPFC mabapi le ho khesoa ha lithaka lilemong tsa bocha tsa bocha (lilemo tsa 17-18), ho fana ka maikutlo a tlase kapa a fetohang habonolo taolo ea likarabo ho lahloa ke lithaka, e le ts'ebetso ea ho hanyetsa batsoali, sehlopheng se thibetsoeng (Guyer et al., 2015). Liphetho tsena li tlatselitsoe ke ho fumana hore bacha ba nang le maemo a phahameng a ho ba motsoali ea mofuthu bongoaneng ba bontšitse karabelo e fokotsehileng ea karohano ho hana ho lithaka lilemong tsa bocha (Guyer et al., 2015). Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho ba motsoali ho amana le karabelo ea bongoana ea lithaka ka mekhoa eo (1) e qaqileng ka ho khetheha ebile e bonts'a (2) matla a susumetsang a botsoali ka liphapang tsa motho ka mong kapa (3) e le mohloli oa motho ka mong phapang e sebetsang bocheng.
Ha re nahana ka hore na liphetho tsa nts'etsopele li ka hlaha joang ho tloha bohlong ba bohlankana ba bongoana ho maemo a mabeli a bophelo, ho ka etsahala hore liphihlelo tsa motsoali li na le tšusumetso ho feta liphihlelo tsa lithaka qalong le liphetho tse ling. Casement et al. (2014) o fumane hore ho hlekefetsoa ke lithaka le mofuthu o tlase oa botsoali mathateng a bocha (lilemo tsa 11-12) ka bobeli li ne li amahanngoa le karabelo ea neural ea ho amohela meputso e ka bang bohareng ba lilemo tsa bocha (lilemo tsa 16), empa karabelo ea neural e amanang le mofuthu oa batsoali e ne e amana le khatello ea maikutlo ea batsoali. . Le ha ho le joalo, liphihlelo tsa lithaka nakong ea bohlankana li ka ba le tšusumetso ho feta liphihlelo tsa motsoali kholisong ea kamoso, haholoholo ha maikutlo a sechaba a eketseha nakong ea bohlankana le botsitso kaha maikutlo ana a sechaba a boetse a shebane le lithaka. Masten et al. (2012) o fumane hore nako e sebelisitsoeng le metsoalle matsatsing a bohlano a bocha (lilemo tsa 18) e boletse esale pele e sa fane ka karabelo ea neural ho khetholloang sechabeng lilemong tsa bocha tsa botsofaling (lilemo tsa 20) libakeng tse peli, insula ea ka ntle le dacC, e amanang khafetsa le ho ba le khatello ea maikutlo maemong ana (Eisenberger et al., 2003; Masten et al., 2009). Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore maemo a nakong e fetileng a lithaka a lilemong tsa bocha a ama litholoana tsa batho ba baholo le hore liphapang tsa motho ka mong tse tsoang ho bongoaneng li ka fokotsa matla a litlamorao tsena. Ka hona, liphihlelo ka lelapeng li ka hlakisa ho kopana ha li-neurobiological ho tšosa le ho putsa likotsi tsa lithaka, 'me hamorao, ho ba kotsing ea maemo a lithaka ho ka tataisa nts'etsopele, ka litšusumetso tse tšoarellang ho ba motho ea sa le monyane lilemong le ho feta.
Ho tla ba bohlokoa mosebetsing oa nako e tlang ho tsepamisa lipotso mabapi le ho ts'oaroa ke lefu la bongoana ho ho nahana ka nako, joalo ka ho fuputsa hore na bocha bo emela nako e telele hakae le ho isa boholeng bofe tokiso ea libaka tse fapaneng tse fapaneng ka linako tse fapaneng le liphapang tsa motho ka mong maemong ana a ho fetoha; litlamorao tsa nako ea liphatlalatso tse fapaneng tsa maemo a bophelo sechabeng (mohlala, motsoali / mohlokomeli le maemo a lithaka pele ho nako, pele ho nako, bohareng ba bo-, morao, le kamora ho ba mocha), le litlamorao tse tlisoang ke ho hlalosoa ha maemo ana sechabeng (mohlala, hore litšila kapa melemo ea pejana e ka ama nts'etsopele e tlang).
5. Lits'oants'o tsa nako e tlang
Ho nka mehlala e atileng ea thuto ea bongoana ea bongoana le lingoliloeng tse ntseng li eketseha tsa puisano lipakeng tsa maemo a bophelo, tšebetso le sebopeho sa bokong, le liphetho tsa nts'etsopele, re hlahisitse maikutlo ho tsoa tlhahlobisong ena ea lingoliloeng hore ke moralo oa kutloisiso ea methapo ea kutlo ea bongoana ho maemo a bophelo ba sechaba (Feie. 1 'me Feie. 2). Mefuta e amanang le ho itšunya-tšunya ea lefutso (Ellis et al., 2011) shebisisa tsela eo tlhaho, lintho tsa tlhaho li fepang batho ba bang ka tsona, li amanang le ba bang, ka ho ba le tšusumetso e kholo ea ts'usumetso ea tikoloho. Leha ho le joalo, boholo ba mosebetsi o matlahali o tataisoang ke meralo ena ea theoretical ha o kenyelle mehato e tobileng ea boko e le mohloli oa lintlha tsa taolo ea methapo. Hape lingoliloeng ha li na tšebeliso ea tšebeliso ea methapo ea kelello ea sebopeho bakeng sa ho fetolela tšebetso ea bokong / sebopeho e le baokameli ba tšusumetso ea maemo a amanang le litaba tsa bophelo (empa bona Yap et al., 2008, 'me Whittle et al., 2011, bakeng sa mekhelo).
Re fumane lipapiso tse ka bang teng bongoaneng ba litšoaneleho tsa tlhaho tse khahlisang lelapa kapa litšusumetso tsa lithaka ka tsela e ntle kapa e mpe. Bakeng sa sebopeho sa boko, sena se ne se kenyelletsa boholo ba li-amygdala tse nang le phapang e teng pakeng tsa bong ka tatellano ea litlamorao (Whittle et al., 2008 'me Yap et al., 2008), e fokotse bonyane ba bophahamo ba asymmetric ACC ho banna (Whittle et al., 2008 'me Yap et al., 2008), le hippocampi tse kholo ho basali (Whittle et al., 2011). Bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea boko, subACC le dACC (Masten et al., 2009), VS (Guyer et al., 2006a 'me Guyer et al., 2006b; Guyer et al., 2012a 'me Guyer et al., 2012b; Guyer et al., 2015; Telzer et al., 2013a 'me Telzer et al., 2013b; Telzer et al., 2014b), TPJ (Falk et al., 2014; Peake et al., 2013), le vlPFC (Guyer et al., 2015) o bonts'itse kutloisiso ea lithaka le maemo a botsoali le / kapa a hokahantsoe le boiphihlelo kapa bofokoli bo tsamaisanang le sephetho se kopaneng se lebelletsoeng ke mefuta ea khatello ea methapo. Likarolo tsena kaofela li oela tlasa ts'ebetso ea litsamaiso tsa boiketlo ba sechaba le tsa kelello tse hlalositsoeng mehlaleng ea bongoana bo bonoang ka holimo.
Ho bohlokoa ho theha sebaka se boletsoeng esale pele sa lipatlisiso tsa lithahasello ka tlhalohanyo ea hore libaka tsena ha li sebetse ka thoko, le ho utloisisa hore litšobotsi tsa khokahano e sebetsang le sebopeho le mekhoa ea marang-rang li tla ba bohlokoa bakeng sa ho utloisisa pherekano ea neurobiological le bakeng sa ho khetholla batho ba kotsing. Mohlala, ho ka etsahala hore litlamorao tse fetisisang tsa maikutlo a bophelo ba neurobiological bo boletsoeng esale pele ke mehlala ea ts'oaetso ea ts'oaetso ha li hlahisoe feela ke maikutlo a phahameng sechabeng ho bacha bohle ba kotsing empa hape le ka menehelo e tsoang liphatlalatsong tsa taolo ea kelello. Ho joalo, ke ka nts'etsopele ea taolo ea kelello e lumellanang le maikutlo a phahameng sechabeng ao bacha ba nang le tsebo ba ka ikemiselitseng ho fumana liphetho tse ntle ka ho fetisisa har'a bacha bohle. Re ipapisitse le lingoliloeng le mehopolo e hlalositsoeng kaholimo Karolong e latelang, re etsa litlhahiso tse robeli tsa ho sebelisa sebopeho sa rona sa bocha sa ho hlaseloa ke bongoana maemong a bophelo mosebetsing oa nakong e tlang.
5.1. Litataiso tsa nako e tlang
Taba ea mantlha, ha re nahana ka botebo ba liphapang tse fapaneng le batho ka bomong, re fana ka maikutlo a hore mosebetsi oa morao-rao oa ho bala o tla hlahloba le ho phahamisa liphapang tsena. Mohato oa pele, mocha a ka tsebahala ka ho ba holimo kapa tlase linthong tsa bongo tse thathamisitsoeng ka methati e kang bophahamo ba bokong kapa bokaholimo ba sebaka (ke hore, ho peta) kapa ho sebetsa ka tsela e ikhethileng kapa ho hokahana ha motho a araba mekhoa e meng ea boithabiso kapa phomolong. Kamora nako, li-phenotypes tsena tsa neural tse ka nkuoang li ka nkuoa e le liphatlalatso tsa sephetho sa tlhahlobo ea tšusumetso ea kelello ho likamano lipakeng tsa maemo a bophelo le ntlafatso (Feie. 2). Litšobotsi tse joalo li bonts'itsoeng lipatlisisong tse fetileng hore li na le moelelo. Ka mohlala, Gee et al. (2014) o fumane hore sehlopha sa bana (ba lilemo tsa 4-10) le bacha (lilemo tsa 11-17) ka lebaka la khokahano e ntle ea bapisoa le amygdala-mPFC mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea maikutlo a bakhachane le a basele ba boletseng esale pele ka maemo a bona a karohano ea matšoenyeho ka boholo bo boholo, η2 = .21. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ba sebelisa mekhoa ea ho kopanya le mekhoa e meng e shebaneng le batho, bacha ba ka hlophisoa ka mokhoa oa ho ba bonolo ho khahlano le ba sa angoeng ke maemo a sechaba ho latela litholoana tsa bona tsa boitšoaro (mohlala, bacha ba bonts'ang maemo a holimo le a tlase haholo a ho sebetsa har'a ba ba nang le boiphihlelo ba ho ts'ehetsa le maemo a sechaba a sa tšeheng, ka ho latellana) Tse amehileng hampe le tse mpe li ka beoa sehlopheng se le seng, tse batlang li sa ameha motsotsoana, le litšoaneleho tsa boko tse khethollang tse peli, tse batloang le ho netefatsoa, li sebelisa mekhoa e joalo ka tlhophiso ea ho ithuta ka mochini (mohlala, Dosenbach et al., 2010). Ho joalo, menyetla e le 'ngoe bakeng sa moralo oa rona ke ts'ebeliso ea ona ea nako e tlang polelong e le' ngoe ea sephetho sa nts'etsopele le ho hlophisa lipheo. Le ha ho sa sebetsoe mekhoa ea ho hlapolla e sa sebelisoeng ho ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea litlolo tsa potoloho tse khethollang bacha ba kotsing e le sehlopha, mekhoa ea ho ithuta e ka u thusang ho khetholla maemo a amanang le khatello ea methapo maemong a motho a le mong ntle le tlhoko ea ho beha bacha lilemong tsa maemo. sampole e pharalletseng (mokhoa o hlalositsoeng kaholimo) ba filoe ts'epahalo ea bona ho li-algorithms, kapa li-classifiers, tse tsoang mehlala e fetileng. Ntle le moo, ho ithuta ka mochini ho ka thusa molemong oa ho hlakisa lintlha ka mokhoa o hlakileng oa lintho tse amehang habonolo, hobane mekhoa ena e tsotella litlamorao tse potelletseng, tse kentsoeng kahare bokong tse ka bang thata ho li fumana ho sebelisa mekhoa e tloahelehileng e ikemetseng e shebaneng le phapang ea maemo a sehlopha.Orrù et al., 2012).
Taba ea bobeli, lintlha tsa mokhethoa oa bokhachane ba tlhaho ea bongoana li ka amana kapa tsa bapisoa le lintlha tsa ho ts'oaroa tse joalo ka genotypes (mohlala, ts'ebetso e fokolang ea MAOA genotype), phapang ea mmele (mohlala, phapang e tlase ea pelo), le ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo (mohlala, tšitiso ea boitšoaro). Mokhoa ona o kopantseng o ka hlakisa hantle hore na mehato ea neural e supa eng ka motho le ho fana ka kutlwisiso e kopaneng ea phapang ea tikoloho le motho ka mong kholisong. Boithuto ba nako e tlang boa hlokahala ho bona hore na boits'oaro, boikoetliso, le liphatsa tsa lefutso tse bonts'ang lintlha tsa maemo li kenyelletsa taba e ts'oanang e hlalositsoeng maemong a fapaneng a tlhahlobo kapa e emela mefuta e fapaneng kapa profiles ea ho ts'oaroa e ka bang le litlamorao kapa tlatsetso ntlafatsong (Feie. 3). Mohlala, na ngoana ea lilemong tsa bocha a ka ba boemong bo phahameng ba karabelo ea dACC ho khethollotsoeng sechabeng le eena a ka lebelloa ho bonts'a maemo a phahameng a boikoetliso 'meleng le khatello ea maikutlo maikutlong a sithabetsang sechabeng? Mofuta ona oa mekhahlelo e mengata, o thehiloeng ke motho o tla re lumella ho tseba hore na ke eng e khethollang lintlha tsa kutlo tsa kelello tse tsoang ho indices tse netefatsoang maemong a mang a lits'ebetso tsa bohlahlobo kapa lits'ebetso tsa likokoana-hloko. Ntle le moo, e fana ka monyetla oa ho hlahisa profiles ea maikutlo a methapo ea kutlo e amanang le methapo eohle.
Setšoantšo sa 3.
Pontšo ea setšoantšo sa bokong hammoho le lintho tsa tlhaho tse seng li ntse li thehiloe ka har'a lingoliloeng e le lintlha tsa ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kutlo. Re fana ka maikutlo a hore boko, boo lintlha tsena tse ling li kopanelang ho tsona le tseo ba tsoang ho tsona, ke mohloli oa mantlha oa ts'oaetso ea methapo, ho kenyeletsoa le ho tsitsipana hoa methapo ea bongoana. Khabareng, ho nahanisisa ka kopanelo ea liteko tsa mathata a amanang le ho hlaseloa ha methapo ea kutlo mahlakoreng a mangata a tlhahlobo ho ka ba molemo ho aheng le ho tlotleng liphatlalatso tse fapaneng tsa maemo a mangata mabapi le tseo bacha ba ka bang le tsona tse hlahisang litholoana tsa ona, molemong oa ho nepahala ha ponelo-pele le boiteko bo matlafatsang ba thibelo le kenella.
Taba ea boraro, ho supa lintho tse ka fokolisang boemo ba bokong ho ka tsamaisoa ka ho sebelisa mekhoa e amanang le lefutso, joalo ka liphatsa tsa lefutso (Hyde et al., 2011, Meyer-Lindenberg le Weinberger, 2006 'me Scharinger et al., 2010) le lits'oants'o tsa mofuta oa tikoloho xBogdan et al., 2013 'me Hyde et al., 2011) e hlahlobang lisosa tsa methapo ea kutlo eo ka eona mefuta e fapaneng ea liphatsa tsa lefutso le maemo a bophelo li hlahisang liphetho tsa maikutlo le boits'oaro, mohlomong ka mekhoa e tsamaellanang le pherekano ea methapo ea kutlo. Mohlala, bafuputsi ba ka hlahloba likamano lipakeng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse tsitsitseng tsa ho se sebetse hantle le sebopeho sa boko, tšebetso, le kgokahano, mme ba li hokahanya le phapang ea motho e mong le e mong mekhoeng ea ho lemoha le ea ho etsa lintho tse amanang le mohlala (mohlala, reacaction ea maikutlo, mekhoa ea moputso, taolo ea thibelo), litšobotsi tsa botho (mohlala, neuroticism), le diphetho tsa ntshetsopele (mohlala, psychopathology, boiphihlelo). Ho joalo, ho ts'oenyeha ho ka lula holima tsoelo-pele, ka litheko tse kopaneng tsa polasetiki li khona ho hlahisoa ho ipapisitse le hore na ho na le li-plastiki tse ngata hakae (mohlala, Belsky le Beaver, 2011). Le batho ka bomong ba fapaneng ka palo ea bona ea li-plastiki tsa semmuso le li-allels tsena tse sebetsang libakeng tse fapaneng tsa neural / circuits, mekhoa e kang ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e ka sebelisoa ho etsa lipatlisiso eseng feela hore bacha ba ts'oenyehile kapa ha ba maemong a sechaba, empa, ho bao, hore na ba tloaetse ho kenyelletsa mefuta e fapaneng ea kenyelletso e fapaneng, le ka mekhoa e fapaneng (mohlala, ka moputso drive vs. maikutlo a maikutlo kapa ka bobeli).
La bone, joalokaha ho bontšitsoe Feie. 1 'me Feie. 2Mosebetsi oa ka moso o lokela ho lekanya maemo a amanang le sechaba, a hlalosoang e le sehlopha sa linaleli tse susumetsang le liketsahalo tse kantle ho motho (mohlala, tlhokomelo ea bo-mme, lekeno la lelapa, mathata a mathoasong) kamohelo khahlanong le ho lahloa), le libakeng tse 'maloa tsa ts'ebetso ea sechaba (mohlala, ba lelapa, lithaka, maikutlo a lerato). Mokhoa ona o tla thusa ho tseba litekanyo tse ikhethileng tsa maemo a kahisano ao boko bo arabelang ka ho fetisisa le hore na tšusumetso ea boko e ka khona ho lekanyetsa mabapi le sephetho sa bocha le ho feta. Litekanyo tsa maemo a kahisano li ka kenyelletsa valence e ntle kapa e mpe, mofuta oa likamano tsa sechaba tse emeloang ke moelelo oo, le boholo ba boiphihlelo ba mocha maemong ao. Ka sebele, hase kamehla litšusumetso tsa lithaka li leng mpe. Boemo ba kahisano bo hlalosoang ke lithaka tse tšehetsang kapa tse ntle, joalo ka ho ba le metsoalle e ratang sechabeng kapa e ratang ho etsa lintho tse ling, e ka hlahisa litholoana tse kang ho loanela / ho atleha lithutong le ho fokotsa kotsi ea khatello ea maikutlo ho bacha bao ba khetholloang ke kutlo e phahameng ea methapo ea kutlo. Ntle le moo, nako ea ponaletso ea maemo a bophelo e lokela ho tsotelloa. Liphihlelo tsa ho ba motsoali bongoaneng li ka ama maikutlo a bocha ba neurobiological maemong a sechaba ka tsela e fapaneng ho fapana le lipuisano lipakeng tsa batsoali le bana ba bona nakong ea bocha.
Ea bohlano, bakeng sa ts'ebetso e sebetsang ea ho hlasimolla, bafuputsi ba hloka ho qaqisa lintlha tse ntle le tse kholo ho kenyelletsa mesebetsing e sebelisoang ho supa tšekamelo ea kelello ea ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kutlo ea kelello ho tikoloho ea sechaba. Mohlala, leha mocha a ka hlalosoa ke hypersensitivity ho fana ka moputso, mofuta oa moputso o bohlokoa bakeng sa ho utloisisa thuto ea hae ea bocha. Hopola seo Telzer et al. (2010) e bonts'itse karabelo e kholo ea ho ts'oara ketso ea prosocial ea ho etsa menehelo e turang ho ba lelapa la hau e boletse esale pele hore e tla nka likotsi tse ngata hamorao. Ntle le moo, ka lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa litlhahlobo tse hlahlobiloeng, tlhahlobo e hlokolosi ea mekhoa ea ho arabela bokong ka taba e ka senola hore ke mekhoa e fokolang haholo ea batho ka bomong e shebahalang joalo ka karolelano. Mohlala, bacha ba bang ba kanna ba bontša mokhoa oa karabelo e kholo ho litšusumetso tse mpe le tse ntle ho fapana le tse sa nke lehlakore, tse ling, likarabo tse matlafalitsoeng feela ke litšitiso tse mpe, 'me tse ling, karabelo e fapaneng, ka ts'ebetso e kholo ea tšusumetso e ntle. Lintlha tse joalo li ka thusa ho arola karabelo ea motho ka mong maemong a kahisano le ho thusa ho utloisisa hore na karabelo ena e tataisa litholoana joang.
Oa botšelela, ho utloisisa phetoho ea nts'etsopele ha e ntse e etsahala ka nako, bonyane lintlha tse peli tsa nako ea datha ea sephetho li tlameha ho fumanoa. Khatiso ena e hatisa bohlokoa ba ho etsa li-hypotheses mabapi le nako ea tšusumetso empa hape le tlhoko ea ho ela hloko nako ea litekanyo. Lintlha li ka bokelloa eseng feela kahare empa ka mor'a nako ea tsoelo-pele ea phaello. Mohlala, e kanna ea ba ea tlhaho le ea sebopeho se bopehileng sebopeho bongoaneng bongoaneng e fa batho ba nang le mathata a ho tepella maikutlong a hore lilemong tsa bocha, e ba lebisa ho tsotellana le litlhaloso tsa maemo a bophelo sechabeng (Paus, 2013). Ka kakaretso, ho na le tlhoko ea lithuto tse telele tse amanang le nako e telele tse amanang le nako ea ntšetso-pele le tse rarollang potso ea ntlafatso ea motho ka hare. Ho fihlela sena, mokhoa o matla oa ho senola likamano tsa boits'oaro ba boko bo fetohang nts'etsopele ke ho sebelisa mekhoa e ikhethileng ea motho e lekanyang liphetoho mekhoeng ea tšebetso, e sebetsang kapa e hokahaneng pakeng tsa boitšoaro bo pakeng tsa mahlale kapa ea letsatsi le letsatsi. Hangata sena se tsamaisana le mohopolo oa ho sebelisa kutloisiso ea rona ea leseli ka ts'ebetso ea bongoana joalokaha ho senotsoe ka lipatlisiso tsa neuroimerate ho bolela esale pele boitšoaro (Berkman le Falk, 2013). Ke ka hona re ka hlakisang hore na lits'ebetso tsa ho lekanya le / kapa bohokahanyi ke eng, tatellano ea bona, le boqhetseke.
Taba ea bosupa, mosebetsi oa nako e tlang o kanna oa rua molemo puong e ntseng e eketseha pakeng tsa bafuputsi ba shebileng haholo mehlala ea batho le ba sebelisang mehlala ea liphoofolo (Stevens le Vaccarino, 2015). Hoa utloahala hore lipatlisisong tse entsoeng ke batho, ho kanna tsa ba thata ho kenyeletsa lintlha tsohle tse hlokahalang ho leka litšusumetso tse boletsoeng esale pele molemong oa morero (ke hore, ho sebelisa meralo ea khale, ho khetha mabaka a hlakileng, ho netefatsa tšireletso ea maemo a sechaba ho pholletsa le maemo a makatsang, le likarabo tsa lipotso tse botsitsoeng. ho mefuta-futa ea maikutlo. Mefuta ea liphoofolo e ka ntlafatsa likhopolo tsa rona mabapi le tlhaselo ea methapo ho batho ka menyetla ea ho qaqisa litlhaloso tse hlakileng tsa maemo a bophelo, ho nka litekanyo maemong a fapaneng le a fapaneng a nts'etsopele, 'me e khetholle lintlha tse ikhethang tsa ts'ebeliso ea methapo ea methapo ka methapo e meholo haholo. Ha ho ts'oana ho tšoana ho pakeng tsa bocha ho liphoofolo tsa batho le tseo e seng batho (mohlala, keketseho ea boits'oaro, ho nka karolo hape, papali ea sechaba, ho hapa maikutlo le ho nka kotsi. Callaghan le Tottenham, 2015, Doremus-Fitzwater et al., 2009, Lee le al., 2015, Muñoz-Cuevas et al., 2013, Schneider et al., 2014, Simone le Moghaddam, 2015, Siviy et al., 2011, Spear, 2011 'me Yu et al., 2014), ho ithuta nako ea bongoana ka mefuta ea liphoofolo ho ka fana ka leseli mabapi le ts'ebetso ea khatello ea methapo kaha e amana le lilemo tsa bocha. Ho fihlela sena, ts'ebetso ea mehlala ea liphoofolo e bile ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho tšoaea ho hlaha le tšusumetso ea linako tse mahlonoko, ha liphihlelo tsa tikoloho li na le tšusumetso e kholo ho potoloha ha boko, le litlamorao tsa nts'etsopele ea morao-rao (Hensch le Bilimoria, 2012).
Qetellong, hobane ho bohlokoa ho theha ho ts'epahala hoa indices ea boko pele u ba ts'oara joalo ka methapo ea khatello ea methapo ea bongoana, ho bohlokoa joalo ka lipatlisiso tsohle ho utloisisa se ka ts'episang ho ts'epahala le ho fokotsa mehloli ea phoso e e sitisang. Ka mohlala, Johnstone et al. (2005) fumana ts'ebetso e phahameng ea ho hlahloba bocha bakeng sa amygdala makhetlo a mararo ho feta likhoeli tse peli leha ho le joalo e fumane hore ho ts'epahala ho anngoe ke litšobotsi tse kang ts'ebeliso ea lipontšo tsa liperesente ho fapana le. z lintlha, li-ROIs tse neng li hlalosoa ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng, hammoho le phapang e fapaneng ea molumo (mohlala, phapano ea ho sheba lifahleho tse nang le tšabo vs. sefapano sa fixation se hlahisitse li-ICC tse phahameng ho feta tsa ho shebella sefahleho se tšosang le sefahleho). Ho joalo, ho ka nkuoa mehato e mengata ho netefatsa boleng ba pontšo, ea bohlahlobisisi, 'me, qetellong, liphetho, joalo ka ho eketsa palo ea lithuto, ho eketsa palo ea matha, ho fa litaelo tse lumellanang tsa mosebetsi ho pholletsa le barupeluoa bohle ha e bapisoa le meralo e amanang le ketsahalo, 'me u hopole hore na ho tla sebelisoa lipapatso life (bona Bennett le Miller, 2010, bakeng sa likeletso tse 'maloa tse thusang). Joalo Bennett le Miller (2010) Hlokomela, neuroimaging ka boeona e "fihlile ntlheng ea bocha, moo tsebo le mekhoa e hatetseng pele haholo empa ho sa na le nts'etsopele e ngata e sa lokelang ho etsoa" (leq. 150). Leha ho le joalo, neuroimaging ke mokhoa o matla, le tebello ea se ka ithutoang mabapi le ho ts'oaroa ke botsibi ba bongoana ka ts'ebeliso ea eona, tataiso e khahlisang.
5.2. Liphello
Ka kakaretso, sebopeho sa rona se reriloeng se reretsoe ho hleka likhopolo tse ncha le liteko tse matlafatsang tse hahang mehlaleng e atileng ea ts'ebetso ea methapo le kutloisiso ea bongoana ea bongoana. Hore mosebetsi oa mofuta ona o tsoele pele, tšebelisano-'moho pakeng tsa litsebi tsa kelello le bo-ramahlale ba tsoetseng pele e tlameha ho eketseha. Bo-ramahlale ba nts'etsopele ba nang le sampole e telele e ka nkuoa hore e hlahlojoe, athe litsebi tsa tsebo ea methapo ea kutlo li ka fumaneha ho bo-ramahlale ba nts'etsopele. Morero oa patlisiso ena o bileng o sebelisitsoeng ka bohona ke ho khothaletsa monyetla oa ho kenella. Ho sebelisa sebopeho sa methapo ea kutlo le ho kenyelletsa meralo ea methapo ea kutlo ho kenelletseng ho khothaletsa tšebetso e tsitsitseng kapa ho lokisa maemo a fetotsoeng a tlatselletsang molemong ho ka tlatsetsa bokhoni ba ho rala mananeo a ikhethileng a thehiloeng tsebong e fumanoeng ho tsoa maemong a mangata a bioloji le a kelello a tlhahlobo. Kenyelletso ea litlhahlobo tsa methapo ea kutlo ho moralo le ho lekola liphumano tse reretsoeng ho khothaletsa boits'epo ho etsa hore bo-rasaense ba tsebe hore na likarolo life tse fapaneng tsa ts'ebetso e kopantsoeng li fana ka phapang e kholo mekhoeng e arohaneng ea boko le liphetho tse latelang. Ka kakaretso, mokhoa ona o ka lumella ho kenella le likarolo tse ikhethileng tsa tikoloho le ho tšoaea lipapatso tse ka thusang molemo o moholo kapa ba ka tobanang le kotsi e kholo ka ho khaola liphapang tsa motsamaisi oa neural oa liphetho tsa nts'etsopele bongoaneng ho khothaletsa tšebetso e sebetsang, le ea batho ba baholo.
Khohlano ea thahasello
Bangoli ha ba phatlalatse hore ha ho na khohlano ea lithahasello mabapi le sengoloa sena.
lumela hore baa fokola
Mosebetsi ona o tšehelitsoe ke William T. Grant Foundation Mentoring Award (AEG; RAS), William T. Grant Foundation Scholars Award (AEG), mme NIH e fa R01MH098370 (AEG).
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