Ho Bonoa ke Maikutlo a Matšoao a ho Khutsisa Maikutlo a Bana ba Tloaelehileng ba Hōlisang le Bacha (2010)

J Am Acad Ngoana Litaba tsa kelello. Sengoloa se ngotsoeng; e fumaneha ho PMC Jun 27, 2010.
E hatisitsoe ka mokhoa o qetelle o hlophisitsoeng e le:
PMCID: PMC2892679
NIHMSID: NIHMS207307
 
Moetso oa khatiso oa ho qetela oa mohatisi o fumaneha ho J Am Acad Ngoana Litaba tsa kelello
Sheba lihlooho tse ling ho PMC hore Qotsa sehlooho se hatisitsoeng.

Mathata a mangata a kelello, ho kenyelletsa le a mang a ho qala ha batho ba baholo a kang schizophrenia, a ntseng a thatafalloa ho latela maikutlo a hore ke a tsoang mananeng a methapo ea methapo. Ho hlahloba methapo ea methapo ea bokuli, ho bohlokoa ho ba le datha e khethiloeng hantle mabapi le ho feto-fetoha le maemo ho tloaela ho sebetsa e le "sethala" seo ho ka hlahlobeloang liphapang tsa sona. Boithuto ba nts'etsopele e tloaelehileng, le tšusumetso holima nts'etsopele eo, le eona e ka senola nako le methati ea ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo ea bongo e tataisang tsela ea ho kenella lipuong.

Kakaretso ena, re tla shebana le litaba tsa mekhoa ea bohlokoa tse amanang le boithuto ba kelello ba (imagonon imaging imaging (MRI)), ka kakaretso ea lipatlisiso tsa MRI tsa liphetoho tsa neuroanatomic nakong ea bongoana le bohlankana, 'me re tšohla litšusumetso tse ka bang teng ho li-trajectories tsa kholo ea boko.

Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe lihloohong tse fetileng tsa letoto lena, e 'ngoe ea mehato ea pele ea ho lekanya litšobotsi tsa sebopeho sa morphometric ho MRI e tloaelehileng ea anatomic ke ho khetholla (kapa "karolo") voxels ka bomong (likarolo tse nyane haholo tsa matšoao a fapaneng a MRI - hangata e ka bang 1 ml) joalo ka ha ho lumellana le CSF, taba e tšoeu (WM), kapa taba e putsoa (GM). Hang ha e arotsoe ka mofuta oa lithane, lipapatso tse fapaneng li ka etsoa ho fumana li-level tsa lobes (mohlala, ka pele, temporali, parietal, occipital); libaka tse hlalosoang ke meeli ea gyral, sulcal, kapa GM, WM, le CSF (mohlala, caudate nucleus); kapa li-voxels ka bomong.

Ho aroloa le ho aroloa hoa li-MRIs ho ne ho etsoa feela ke batho ba koetlisitsoeng ba hlalosang libaka tse itseng tsa khahleho (tseo hangata li hlalosoang e le ROI) ka letsoho. Leha ho ba le motho ea koetlisitsoeng hantle ka bokong ho khetholla boko ho nkuoa e le ntho e atamelaneng haholo le "khauta e tloaelehileng" e teng, nako le boiphihlelo ba boithuto bo hlokahalang bakeng sa litekanyetso tsa koetliso le ho etsa mofuta ona oa tlhahlobo e ka ba bo thibang. Sena se khothalelitse li laboratori tse ngata ho nts'etsapele li-algorithms tsa khomphutha tse ka its'oarollang ka kotloloho libaka tsa litšoantšo tsa MRI e le tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea lithane le libaka tsa anatomic. Tsoelo-pele e potlakileng sebakeng sena e entse hore ho khonehe ho etsa mofuta oa lithuto tse kholo tse hlokahalang ho ts'oara liphetoho tse ngata tse amanang le ho holisoa hoa tlhaho ea bokong. Mekhoa e ikemetseng e boetse e butse monyako oa litsela tse ncha tsa ho sheba sebopeho sa boko, joalo ka ho sekaseka sebopeho le botenya ba leqephe la cortical.

Leha ho le joalo, ho tšepahala ha mekhoa e ikemetseng ho itšetlehile ka ho hlaka ha meeli pakeng tsa meaho, eo ka nako eo e khetholloang ke motsoako oa anatomy ea sebopeho se itseng le boleng ba setšoantšo sa MRI. Mohlala, li-amygdala le hippocampus li thata bakeng sa mekhoa e ikemetseng ea ho arohana hantle hobane li emela mekhahlelo ea GM e haufi. Maemong a kang ana, litekanyo tsa letsoho li kanna tsa ba mokhoa o nepahetseng, leha e le hore likhakanyo tsa batho li ka hloka boiphihlelo bo boholo pele ba ka tseba meeli ea meaho e joalo ho MRI e tloaelehileng.

Lintlha tsa tlhahlobo-leseling ena li tsoa haholo ho lithuto tsa 387 tse tsoelang pele (li-scans tsa 829) tse nkang karolo thutong e tsoelang pele ea nako e telele ho Lekala la Psychiki ea Bana ba Setsi sa Naha sa Bophelo ba kelello. E qalile ka 1989 ke Markus Kruesi, MD, le Judith Rapoport, MD, moralo oa thuto ke oa barupeluoa ba lilemo li 3 ho isa ho 30 ba tlang ho li-National Institutes of Health nako le nako ea lilemo tse ka bang 2 bakeng sa ho nahana ka kelello, kelello le boits'oaro. pokello ea DNA. Khatiso ea mohloli ona o le mong ha se ho fana ka liphallelo tse ngata tse ntle tsa bafuputsi ba bang empa ke ho fana ka ak'haonte e kopaneng ho tsoa pokellong e kholo ea lefatše ea bana le bongoana MRI e nang le data e fumanoeng e sebelisa li-betri tsa boits'oaro / liteko tsa betri, sehatisi se le seng. mekhoa e tšoanang ea tlhahlobo ea litšoantšo. Re tlatselitse ka litšupiso lithutong tse entsoeng ke li laboratori tse ling, leha tlhahlobo e felletseng ea tšimo e feta moeli oa sengoloa sena.

CEREBRAL TSOHLE, CEREBELLAR LE BOTSOANG BA BOTSOANG

Ka Lekala la bana la Psychiatry cohort, kakaretso ea tlhalo ea khoele e akaretsang, ka karolelano, ka lilemo tsa 10.5 lithutong tsa basali le lilemo tsa 14.5 lithutong tsa banna.1 Ka lilemo tsa 6, boko bo ka bang 95% ea tlhoro ena (Feie. 1). Bophahamo ba "cerebellum" bo nyoloha lilemo tse ka bang 2 kamora lilemo tse ngata ho feta tsa mokokotlo.2 Bophahamo ba molumo oa morao-rao bo na le phapang e ngata lipakeng tsa batho3 'me ea eketseha ho hola ha ngoana le phepo e ntle. Keketseho ena e etsahalang hangata e lokela ho tsotelloa ha ho tluoa ntlafatso ea ventricular e tlalehiloeng ka bongata ho palo ea bakuli.

Feie. 1 

Bontša molumo ka lilemo ho lithuto tsa banna (n = 475 scans) le lithuto tsa basali (n = ScN XXUMX). Mehala e bohareng kahare ea mela e meraro e emela boleng ba bolele, 'me mela e kaholimo le e tlase e emetse likhakanyo tsa kholiseho tsa 354% tse holimo le tse tlase, ka ho latellana. ...

Sowell le basebetsi-mmoho4 litekanyetso tsa liphetoho tsa bophahamo ba boko sehlopheng sa bana ba 45 ba hlahlobiloeng habeli (lilemo tsa 2 ka thoko) pakeng tsa lilemo tsa 5 le 11 lilemo. Ba sebelisa mokhoa o fapaneng, oo sebaka se neng se lekantsoe lipakeng tsa lintlha bokong le bokong ba bokong, ba fumane le keketseho ea boholo ba boko nakong ena ea lilemo, haholoholo libakeng tsa pele le tsa occipital.

Caviness et al.,5 mohlaleng o aroloang oa bashanyana ba 15 le banana ba 15 ba lilemo li 7, o fumane hore cerebellum e ne e le ka tekanyo e kholo lithutong tsa basali empa eseng lithutong tsa banna lilemong tsena, ho fana ka maikutlo a ho ba teng ha nts'etsopele ea morao-rao le pono e tlase ea thobalano. .

MOLEBOHENG MOTSI

'Mala o mosoeu oa WM o hlahisoa ke myelin, mafura a masoeu a mafura a entsoeng ka oligodendrocyte a koahelang li-axon mme a eketsa lebelo haholo la matšoao a neuronal. Bophahamo ba WM ka kakaretso bo eketseha ho pholletsa le bongoana le bohlankana,1 e ka fokolisang khokahanyo e kholo le kopanyo ea likarohano tse fapaneng tsa neural. Ntho ea bohlokoa e sa tsoa ananeloa haufinyane ke hore myelin ha e ntlafatse lebelo feela la phetisetso empa e boetse e hlophisa nako le tatellano ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo e thehang marangrang a sebetsang bokong.6 Tumellanong le sena, phuputso e sebelisang tekanyo ea letsoalo la WM ho hlahisa 'mapa oa sebaka sa WM e ile ea eketseha ka potlako lipakeng tsa bongoana le bohlankana. Lipampitšana tsa Corticospinal li bontšitse keketseho e neng e lekana ka boholo ka mahlakoreng ka bobeli, athe lipampitšana tse hokahanyang likarolo tsa pele le tsa nakoana li bontšitse keketseho e eketsehileng libakeng tse amanang le puo tse ka letsohong le letšehali.7

TLHOKOMELANG MAHALA

Le ha WM e ntse e eketseha nakong ea bongoana le bohlankana, lits'oants'o tsa methapo ea GM li latela tšitiso e tsoetseng pele ea mofuta oa U. Liphetoho tse fapaneng tsa nts'etsopele ea WM le GM li lumela khokahano e haufi pakeng tsa li-neuron, lisele tsa glial le myelin, e leng likarolo tse amanang le tsona lipotolohong tsa neural mme li hokahantsoe ke likamano tsa bophelo bo sa feleng. Liphetoho tsa Cortical GM maemong a voxel ho tloha lilemong tsa 4 ho isa ho lilemo tsa 20 tse nkiloeng ho scans ea lithuto tsa 13 tseo e mong le e mong a ileng a hlahlojoa makhetlo a 4 ka linako tse ka bang 2-selemo li bonts'itsoe ho Setšoantšo sa 2 (animation e fumaneha ho http://www.nimh.nih.gov/videos/press/prbrainmaturing.mpeg).8 Lilemo tsa botenya bo phahameng ba GM li pele-pele libakeng tsa sensorimotor tsa mantlha le tsa morao-rao libakeng tse hloahloa tsa litumellano tse kang dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, parietal e tlase, le gyrus e phahameng ea nakoana. Potso e sa rarolloang ke hore na liphokotso tsa GM tsa cortical li tsamaisoa joang ka ho fetisoa ha li-synaptic le myelination haufi le moeli oa GM / WM.9 Bophahamo ba mookotaba oa caudate, sebopeho se ikhethileng sa GM, le sona se latela mokhoa o ntlafalitsoeng oa mofuta oa U, le litlhoro tse ts'oanang le li-lobes tsa pele moo li arolelanang khokahano e kholo.1

Feie. 2 

Maikutlo a morao-rao le a kaholimo a tatellano e matla ea bohlooho ba lintho tse putsoa holim'a bokhabane ba cortical. Bara e lehlakoreng e bonts'a setšoantšo sa mmala ka likarolo tsa bophahamo ba litaba tsa bohlooho. (Ho tsoa ho Gogtay et al.8)

LITLHAKISO TSA LITLHAKISO TSA PUSO EA TSOHLE MAHALA

Gene le Tikoloho

Ka ho bapisa kamoo mafahla a tšoanang le a monozygotic a bapileng le mafahla a dizygotic, re ka hakanya menehelo e lekantsoeng ea liphatsa tsa lefutso (ke hore, "heritability") le litlamorao tsa tikoloho ho likhopolong tsa monahano oa kelello.10 Habohlokoa hape, re ka lekola tšebelisano ea tikoloho le tikoloho le litlamorao tsa botsofe le botona le botšehali ho yena. Boholo ba sampole ea morao-rao ho tsoa thutong ea rona e telele e tsoelang pele e batla e le scans ea 600 e tsoang ho 90 monozygotic le 60 li-twiz dizygotic twin. Heritability ea li-protein tsa "cerebrum" le li-lobar tse akaretsang (ho kenyeletsa le likarolo tse tlase tsa GM le WM) e ne e le 0.77 ho isa 0.88.11 Mehato ea "morphometric" e ntle haholo ea tlhaho e fana ka matšoao a tlhaho bakeng sa litšobotsi tse futsitsoeng, 'me e ka ba lipheo tsa ho hokahana liphatseng tsa lefutso le lithuto tsa botsoalle.12,13 Litlhatlhobo tsa Multivariate, tse lumellang tlhahlobo ea tekanyo eo liphatsa tsa lefutso tse tšoanang kapa tikoloho e kenyang likarolo tsa li-neuroanatomic tse ngata, li bonts'a hore ts'ebetso e le 'ngoe e arolelanoeng ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e etsa 60% ea phapang ea boteng ba cortical.14

Liphetoho tse amanang le lilemo ho heritability li ka amana le nako ea polelo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso le amanang le lilemo tsa ho qala ha mathata. Ka kakaretso, heritability e eketseha ka lilemo tsa WM mme e fokotseha ka lipalo tsa GM,11 athe heritability e eketseha bakeng sa botenya ba cortical libakeng tse ka hare ho li-frontal, parietal, le lobes tsa nakoana (Feie. 3).15 Tsebo ea ha methapo e meng ea boko e amehile haholo ka ts'usumetso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso kapa tikoloho nakong ea ntlafatso e ka ba le litlamorao tsa bohlokoa tsa thuto le / kapa tsa kalafo.

Feie. 3 

Liphetoho tse amanang le lilemo tsa heritability bakeng sa bana ba banyenyane le ba baholo. Likhakanyo tsa karolo ea phapang li baloa ho sebelisoa mofuta oa AE, hobane karolo e arolelanoang ea tikoloho ha ea ka ea ama sephetho haholo. Likhakanyo tsa likarolo tsa phapang li ile tsa kopitsoa ...

E motona / Female

Ka lebaka la hore hoo e ka bang mathata 'ohle a amanang le ho nyekeloa ha litho tsa' mele a na le ho ata ho hoholo, lilemo tsa ho qala, le matšoao pakeng tsa monna le mosali lithuto, ho fapana ha thobalano ho li-trajectories tsa bongoana tsa nts'etsopele ea bongoana ho bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa kelello ea bana. E lumellana le lingoliloeng tsa batho ba baholo tse natefeloang,16 bolela boholo ba cerese ea khoele e ne e ka ba 10% e kholo ho lithuto tsa banna. Hape, litlhokoa tsa bophahamo ba GM ka kakaretso li etsahetse 1 ho isa lilemong tsa 3 pejana bakeng sa lithuto tsa basali.1

Tsoelo-pele e potlakileng ea boko lilemong tse 'maloa tsa pele tsa bophelo le ho amoheloa ha bohlokoa ba liketsahalo tsa pele ho mathata a methapo ea methapo ea methapo e kang autism ho lebisitse ho thahasello e eketsehileng ea ho hlahloba bana le bana ba banyenyane. Phuputso e entsoeng ke bafuputsi Univesithing ea North Carolina ea 74 neonates ba neng ba nahana ka har'a libeke tsa pele tsa bophelo ba ile ba fumana kholo e potlakileng ea lipalo; maikutlo a botona le botšehali a litaba tsa boko a ne a se a ntse a le teng, ka bophahamo ba modumo e ne e le kholo haholo lithutong tsa banna, le kamora ho khalemeloa liphapang tsa boima ba pelehi.17

Liphapang tse ngata tsa boholo ba boko pakeng tsa monna le mosali li lokela ho hlalosoa e le monyetla oa tšebetsong kapa hampe. Mehato e felletseng ea sebopeho e kanna ea se ke ea bonts'a phapang ea botona le botšehali linthong tse sebetsang tse kang ho hokahana ha methapo ea kutlo le letsoalo la receptor. Hore na, kapa joang, ho fetola phapang ena ea boholo ba boko ho hlahloba likarolo tse ling tsa boko (ke hore, likarolo tse ling tsa "bongoana" tse kholo lithutong tsa basali) li ama ka matla se boleloang e le dimorphic tsa thobalano ka har'a lingoliloeng.

Mokhoa o khahlisang oa ho sebetsana le bothata bona ba scaling o tlalehiloe ke Sowell et al.18 ea fumaneng hore ho na le liphapang tse ikhethang tsa botona le botšehali tse fumanoeng sampole ea batho ba 176 pakeng tsa lilemo tsa 7 le 87 (ke hore, parietal e nepahetseng le ea posterior temport cortex thicker lithutong tsa basali) li ne li phetoa ka mokokotlo oa likhakanyo tsa basali tsa 18 le 18 tse sa kang tsa etsa joalo. li fapana ka boholo ba boko.

TŠOHLOA

Mokhoa o akaretsang oa ntlafatso e tloaelehileng ea boko lilemong tsa pele tsa 25 tsa bophelo ke keketseho e batlang e lekana ea lipalo tsa WM le li-trajectories tse ikhethang tsa mofuta oa U - sebopeho sa likarolo tsa GM, ka lipalo tse phahameng tse hlahang bongoaneng kapa bonyenyaneng. Sehlooho se hlahelletseng ke hore, ho ea nuro, ho ea ka bophelo, hangata ho mabapi le leeto ho feta moo o eang teng. Sehlooho sena se bohlokoa lithutong tsa nts'etsopele e tloaelehileng moo ho nang le litšebelisano tse matla tsa lilemo tsa boithuto lithutong tsa mafahla, pono ea botona le botšehali e kholo bakeng sa litsela tsa nts'etsopele ho feta boholo ba ho qetela, 'me botsitso ba nts'etsopele ea lilemo tsa pele-pele ho fapana le botenya ba cortical ka lilemo tsa 20.19 Sehlooho sa "leeto eseng feela moo u eang" se boetse se bohlokoa haholo lithutong tsa psychopathology moo e leng litekanyetso tsa nts'etsopele tse khethollang taolo ho ba nang le tlhokomelo ea bofokoli / khatello ea kelello kapa lefu la bongoana.

Ho bonahatsa li-trajectories tse ntlafalitsoeng ka mokhoa o hlakileng ho hloka hore ho be le mehlala e meholo ea likarolo kapa lithuto tse telele, tseo ka bobeli li hlahisang liphephetso tsa ts'ebetso. Phapang litekanyetsong tsa khetho ea taolo le taolo, ho nkuoa hoa litšoantšo, le mekhoa ea tlhaiso ea litšoantšo li kenya letsoho tekanyong e kholo ea lingoloang tsa lingoliloeng tsa bana le ho etsa hore lithuto tse sebetsang tsa meta-anal li be thata. Boithuto ba marang-rang a marang-rang ba lithuto tse laoloang ke bana ba sebelisang mekhoa e lekanang litsing tsohle tsa marang-rang bo ntse bo tsoela pele mme bo lokela ho hlakisa haholo menyetla ea nts'etsopele ea boko.20

Leha phapang e akaretsang ea lihlopha tsa bokaholimo ba bongaka e tlalehiloe bakeng sa hoo e batlang e le mafu ohle a amanang le ramatiki, ho ata ha litekanyetso lipakeng tsa bongaka le taolo hona joale ho thibela ts'ebeliso ea tlhatlhobo (ntle le ho fana ka litlatsetso tse ka hare tsa methapo ea methapo tse kang tumello, ho tsoa mali ka bongata, kapa ho se sebetse hantle ka tlhaho). li-etiologies tsa matšoao). Ha ho na "lesion" e tsebahalang ho bohle, kapa esita le ho fetisisa, bana ba nang le mathata a ho ithuta ka ho fetesisa a khatello ea kelello, ho lemala / ho ferekana kelellong, lefu la bongoana la ho qala ha bongoana, dyslexia, ho fokola ha X, ho sithabela ha bongoana. ho hloka taolo, Sydenham chorea, kapa lefu la Tourette. Neuroimaging hajoale e bohlokoa haholo ho hlahloba mofuta oa mantlha oa maloetse le ho fana ka li-endophenotypes, matšoao a tlhaho a arohaneng lipakeng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso le boits'oaro. Endophenotypes e ka boela ea thusa ho supa li-subtypes tsa maloetse a nang le pathophysiology e fapaneng, karabelo ea kalafo kapa karabelo ea kalafo.

Bokamoso ba neuroimaging ea bana ho ka etsahala ho bona palo e eketsehang ea lithuto tse kopanyang mekhoa e mengata ea ho nahana ka batho ba tšoanang (mohlala, MRI ea sebopeho, MRI e sebetsang, ho nahana ka tšebeliso ea matla a khoheli, ho fetisa mohopolo oa matla a khoheli, electroencephalography, le magnetoencephalography). Sena se fana ka tumellano “e kholo ho feta palo ea likarolo tsa eona” hobane tlhaiso-leseling e hlophisitsoeng e fana ka tlhaloso ea tse ling. Hape, ho kopanya monahano le lipatlisiso tsa postmortem tsa liphoofolo ho tla thusa haholo ho hlakiseng mekhoa e tataisang liphumano tse nahanang joalo ka ho lemoha hore na liphetoho tse fetotsoeng tsa GM joalo ka ha li sibollotsoe ka MRI li amana le arborization / pruning ea neuron kapa ho kenella ka hare ho WM kahare moeli oa cortical. Tataiso e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa bakeng sa lithuto tsa morao-rao tsa nakong ea morao-rao e tla ba keketseho ea kopanyo le saense ea thuto le sechaba, e' nileng ea lula e arohane le leha e le sepheo se arolelanoang sa ho tataisa batho ka katleho bongoaneng le lilemong tsa bocha ba ho itokisetsa lefatše la batho ba baholo.

lumela hore baa fokola

Mosebetsi ona o ile oa tšehetsoa ke Lenaneo la Lipatlisiso la Intramural la Institutes tsa Bophelo.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

Ho senola: Bangoli ba tlaleha ha ho likhohlano tsa phaello.

Lipalo tse sengoloeng sena li entsoe e le karolo ea mosebetsi oa bangoli le mmuso oa koporasi ka hona li sebakeng sa sechaba.

LITLHAHISO

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