Bothata ba Pulasetiki le Boits'oaro Bocha bo Tsoelang Pele (2011)

Methati ea kholo ea bokong

Lethathamo 1 e hlakisa mehato e akaretsang ea kholo ea kholo ea kholo ho liphoofolo tsohle tse anyesang. Lisele tse reretsoeng ho hlahisa tsamaiso ea methapo li qala ho ba teng kamora libeke tse tharo kamora ho ikatisa bathong. Lisele tsena li etsa bokahare ba neural, e leng motsoala oa boko 'me hamorao bo bitsoa sebaka sa subventricular. Lisele tse reretsoeng ho etsa mokokotlo li qala ho arohana ha a le libeke tse ts'eletseng le ka libeke tsa 14 motsoako o shebahala o le motho ka kotloloho, leha o sa qale ho bopa sulci le gyri ho fihlela likhoeli tse ka bang tse supileng. Boholo ba neurogeneis bo felletse ka likhoeli tse hlano, kamora 'ngoe ea bohlokoa e le lisele tsa hippocampus, tse ntseng li tsoela pele ho theha methapo ea kutlo bophelong bohle. Ho na le lisele tse ka bang limilione tse likete tse leshome ho etsa "cortex" ea motho ea motsoako karolong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea methapo. Lisele tsena li thehoa ka potlako 'me ho hakanngoa hore ka tlhōrō ea eona, ho na le li-neuron tsa 250,000 tse thehiloeng motsotso. Ho totobetse hore tšebeliso efe kapa efe ea boko ka nako ena e ka ba le litlamorao tse kholo.

 

Tafole 1.

Methati ea kholo ea bokong

Hang ha li-neuron li se li thehiloe, li qala ho tsamaea litseleng tse nang le likhoele tse qapiloeng ke lisele tsa radial glial, tse tlohang ho tloha sebakeng sa subventricular ho fihla bokaholimo ba "cortex"Setšoantšo sa 1). Karolo e ka tlas'a lefatše ea lefatše e bonahala e na le 'mapa oa khale oa cortex o rerang esale pele ka lisele tse thehiloeng sebakeng se itseng sa subricricular ho fallela sebakeng se itseng sa cortical. Ha lisele li falla li na le monyetla o sa lekanyetsoang oa tsoelo-pele ea sele empa ha li fihla moo li eang teng tšebelisano ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, ho feto-fetoha ha maemo le tikoloho le tikoloho ea tikoloho li ntse li li matlafaletsa ho khetholla ho mofuta o itseng oa sele. Hang ha lisele li fihla sebakeng sa tsona sa ho qetela li qala ho hola ka: (1) dendrites e ntseng e hola ho fa sebaka se ka holimo sa li-synapses tse nang le lisele tse ling; hape, (2) e holisa li-axons ho lipheo tse nepahetseng tsa ho qala sebopeho sa synapse.

 

Setšoantšo sa 1.

Lisele li tloha sebakeng se sa tloaelehang se haufi le moea oa "radial glia" ho ea sebakeng sa tsona sa batho ba baholo.Kolb le Whishaw, 2009).

Ho etsoa ha li-dendrites ho qala ka nako ea tlhaho ho batho empa ho tsoela pele nako e telele kamora ho hlaha. Lits'oaetso tsa masea tse sa tsoa tsoaloa li qala ha mekhoa e ikhethileng e tsoa 'meleng oa sele mme ka lilemo tse peli tse latelang lits'ebetso tsena lia hlakisoa' me ho na le methapo, e leng sebaka seo ho thoeng ke lisosa tsa thabo e kholo. Khōlo ea dendritic e lieha, ka tatellano ea li-micrometer ka letsatsi. Li-Axons li hola ka makhetlo a 1000 ka potlako, e leng hoo e ka bang limilimithara tse le 'ngoe ka letsatsi. Sekhahla sena sa kholo ea phapang se bohlokoa hobane li-axon tse ntseng li hola ka potlako li ka ikopanya le lisele tse qalang pele likarolo tse qalang tsa sele eo li thehoa ka botlalo. Ka lebaka leo, li-axons li ka susumetsa phapang ea dendritic le ho theha mekotla ea likhoerekhoere.

Sebopeho sa Synfall ka har'a cortex ea motho e baka bothata bo boholo, ka kakaretso e fetang ea 100,000 trillion (10¹⁴). Palo ena e kholo e ne e ke ke ea khethoa ke lenaneo la liphatsa tsa lefutso, empa ho na le lintlha tse akaretsang tsa khokahano ea neural bokong tse tla rera esale pele. Bongata bo boholo ba li-synapses bo tataisoa ke libaka le mekhoa e fapaneng ea tikoloho. Joalokaha re tla bona, ho qhekelloa ha mefuta e fapaneng le e meng ea matšoao ho ka hlahisa phapang e kholo literekeng tsa likhoerekhoere.

Ka lebaka la ho hloka botsitso palong ea li-neuron tse tla fihla sebakeng sa tsona se nepahetseng le khokahanyo e nepahetseng ea likhokelo tseo e li thehang, bokong bo fetisa li-neuron le khokahanyo nakong ea nts'etsopele, ka tlhōrō ea tlhahiso ea methapo ea kutlo e pakeng tsa selemo se le seng le tse peli, ho latela tikoloho ea cortex. Joalo ka motaki ea etsang seemahale se nang le lejoe la majoe le mokelikeli ho tlosa likotoana tse sa batleheng, boko bo na le tsamaiso e ts'oanang eo ho eona lisele tse sa sebetsoeng le likhokahanyo li tlosoang ke lefu la sele le prunicun. Matšoao a hlalosang kelello bokong e ka ba a mefuta e mengata, ho kenyelletsa le mofuta o mong oa lets'oao la epigenetic, boiphihlelo bo fapaneng, li-hormone tsa gonadal esita le khatello ea maikutlo.

Kameho ea tahlehelo ena ea sele le ho pongoa ha synaptic e ka bonoa ho liphetoho boteng ba cortical ka nako e telele. Ka mantsoe a mang, "cortex" e hlile e ba mosesaane ka mokhoa o hlakileng oa tlhaho ea "caudal-rostral" e qalang ho pota lilemo tse peli ebe e tsoela pele ho fihlela bonyane lilemo tsa 20. Hoa khoneha ho tsamaisa tšilafalo ea cortical ka boitšoaro bo ntlafalitsoeng. Mohlala, liphetho tsa lithuto tsa MRI tsa liphetoho boteng ba cortical li bonts'itse hore ho eketseha ha motor motor ho tsamaisana le ho fokotseha ha letheba la cortical sebakeng sa letsoho la motor cortex e ka letsohong le letšehali (O'Hare & Sowell, 2008). Phapang e le 'ngoe ho moferefere ke molao o betere o bonoa ntlafatsong ea tse ling, empa eseng kaofela, lits'ebetso tsa puo. Kahoo, lithuto tsa MRI li bonts'itse kholo ea karolo e ka tlase e ka tlase ea cortex e kaholimo (hoo e batlang e le sebaka sa Broca) e amahanngoa le ts'ebetso ea ntlafatso ea fono (ke hore, kutloisiso ea melumo ea puo). Kamano ena e ikhethang lipakeng tsa bokima ba cortical le boitšoaro ha e khetholle mesebetsi ea puo ka kakaretso. Mohlala, nts'etsopele ea mantsoe e tsamaellana le botebo bo fokotsehileng ba cortical libakeng tse fapaneng tsa cortical (O'Hare & Sowell, 2008).

Kamano pakeng tsa botenya ba cortical le boits'oaro bo botle e kanna ea ba moelelo bakeng sa phapano ea kholo ea boits'oaro baneng. Mohlala, kholo e liehang ea nts'etsopele ea puo ho bana ba nang le bohlale bo tloaelehileng le motor dexterity (hoo e ka bang 1% ea bana) e ka ba litholoana tsa butle butle ho feta liphetoho tse tloaelehileng ho boteng ba cortical. Lebaka leo e ka bang sena ha le tsejoe.

Karolo ea ho qetela ea kholo ea bokong ke nts'etsopele ea glial ho theha myelin. Tsoalo ea li-astrocyte le oligodendrocyte li qala kamora hore boholo ba neurogeneis bo felletse mme bo tsoele pele bophelo bohle. Le ha li-axon tsa CNS li ka sebetsa pele ho myelination, ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea batho ba baholo e fumanoa feela ka mor'a hore myelination e phethe, e leng lilemo tsa 18 tsa lilemo tse libakeng tse kang pele ho pele, parietal ea poster, le anterior temport cortex.

Ka hona, nts'etsopele ea boko e na le liketsahalo tse ngata tse qalang ka ho qala ha methapo le ho fela ka ho theoa hoa myelin. Matla a phallo ea kelello le liphihlelo li tla fapana ka methati e nepahetseng ea kholo ea kholo. Ha rea ​​lokela ho makala, ka mohlala, hore liphihlelo le / kapa lits'oants'o nakong ea mitosis li ka ba le litlamorao tse fapaneng ho feta liketsahalo tse tšoanang nakong ea synaptogenesis kapa hamorao nakong ea ho pongoa. Liphihlelo li sebetsa ka bohlale bo fapaneng haholo maemong a fapaneng a ntlafatso.

Likarolo tse ikhethang tsa nts'etsopele ea boko

Likarolo tse peli tsa nts'etsopele ea boko li bohlokoa haholo ho utloisisa hore na liphihlelo li ka fetola mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa cortical joang. Taba ea mantlha, lisele tse hokahaneng le karolo e tlase ea bophelo ke lisele tsa stem tse lulang li sebetsa bophelo bohle. Lisele tsena tsa stem li ka hlahisa lisele tsa neural kapa glial progenitor tse ka fetelang kahareng e tšoeu kapa e bohlooho, leha e se e le motho e moholo. Lisele tsena li ka lula li arotsoe libakeng tsena nako e telele empa li ka hlahisoa ho hlahisa li-neuron le / kapa glia. Karolo ea lisele tsena ha e utloisisoe hantle hajoale empa e ka ba motheo oa bonyane mofuta o le mong oa neurogeneis ea kamora ho kula, haholoholo kamora ho lemala (mohlala, Gregg, Shingo, & Weiss, 2001; Kolb et al., 2007). Ntle le moo, boko ba 'mele, ho kenyelletsa le bokong ba khale, bo ka hlahisa li-neurons ha li se li le batho ba baholo tse reretsoeng bulb ea olkidory, sebopeho sa hippocampal, mohlomong le libaka tse ling (mohlala, Eriksson et al., 1998; Gould, Tanapat, Hastings, & Shors, 1999; Kempermann & Gage, 1999). Karolo e sebetsang ea lisele tsena e ntse e le phehisano empa karolo ea bona e ka susumetsoa ke lintlha tse ngata ho kenyelletsa boiphihlelo, lithethefatsi, lihormone le ho lemala.

Karolo ea bobeli e ikhethang ke hore li-dendrites le li-spine li bonts'a polasetiki e tsotehang ho arabela boiphihlelo mme e ka theha li-synapses ka lihora le mohlomong esita le metsotso ka mor'a liphihlelo tse ling (mohlala, Greenough & Chang, 1989). Bokantle, sena se ka bonahala se sa lumellane le ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso e kholo ea li-synapses e lateloang ke ho faola ka mokhoa o hlalositsoeng pejana. Taba ea bohlokoa ke hore le ha pruning e le karolo ea bohlokoa ntlafatsong ea boko, boko bo tsoela pele ho theha li-synapses nakong eohle ea bophelo mme ha e le hantle li-synaps tsena lia hlokahala bakeng sa ho ithuta le ho hopola lintlha. Green, e ntšo le Wallace (1987) ba boletse hore ho na le phapang ea mantlha lipakeng tsa lits'ebetso tse laolang ho etsoa ha li-synapses kholisong ea bongoana ea pele le tse nakong ea nts'etsopele ea bongoana le ho ba motho e moholo. Ka ho khetheha, ba pheha khang ea hore mantsoe a khale a boqhetseke ke “liketsahalo” tse lebelletsoeng, tse sebetsang ho li khutlisa. Ba li bitsa li-synapses tsena e le "ba lebelletseng boiphihlelo" 'me ba hlokomela hore li fumanoa ka mokhoa o fapaneng nakong eohle ea kokoana-hloko. Ho fapana le hoo, sebopeho sa synapse sa morao se tsepamisitse maikutlo ho feta libakeng tse amehang ho sebetsanang le boiphihlelo bo ikhethang. Ba re mantsoe ana a hlalosoa e le "a ts'epahallang boiphihlelo." Karolo e 'ngoe e makatsang ea litlamorao tse tlisoang ke boiphihlelo mabapi le li-synapses ke hore ha se feela liphihlelo tse ikhethileng tse lebisang ho sebopeho se ikhethileng sa tatellano empa hape le tahlehelo ea tatellano ea synaptic. Kahoo, liphihlelo li fetola marang-rang a neural ka ho eketsa le ho faola maqhubu. Sena se re lebisa bothateng ba boteng ba polasetiki ea boko.

1. Liphihlelo tsa maikutlo le likoloi

Mokhoa o bonolo oa ho thetsa boiphihlelo ho theosa le lilemo ke ho bapisa sebopeho sa boko ho liphoofolo tse lulang sebakeng se tloaelehileng sa mesebetsi ea matsoho ho ea ho liphoofolo tse behiloeng libakeng tse futsanehileng haholo kapa tseo ho thoeng li entsoe tikoloho. Ho holisa liphoofolo libakeng tse hlokang thuso joalo ka lefifi, khutso, kapa ho itšehla thajana ho etsa hore boko bo hōle. Mohlala, malinyane a lintja a holisitsoeng a le mong a bonts'a mefuta e mengata ea boits'oaro bo bobebe, ho kenyelletsa le ho hloka kutloelo-bohloko boiphihlelo bo bohloko (Hebb, 1949). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho holisa liphoofolo tse fapaneng joalo ka litšoene, likatse le litoeba lefifing ho kena-kenana le nts'etsopele ea sebono. Mohlomong lithuto tsa tsieleho tse tsebahalang ka ho fetisisa ke tsa Weisel and Hubel (1963) ea fepileng leihlo le le leng la li-kittens tse koetsoeng mme hamorao a bontša hore ha leihlo le buloa ho na le tahlehelo e sa feleng ea pono ea sepakapaka (amblyopia) (mohlala, Giffin & Mitchell, 1978). Haufinyane tjena, haufinyane bafuputsi ba ile ba nahana ka ketsahalo e fapaneng le ena, e leng ho fa liphoofolo menyetla ea pono ho bona hore na pono e ka ntlafatsoa. Phuputsong e le 'ngoe e ntle, Prusky et al. (Prusky, Silevera, Tschetter, Alam, & Douglas, 2008) o sebelisitse mofuta o mong oa mokhoa oa ho hlasimolla oo likhoto li kentsoeng tsamaisong ea "optokinetic" moo mela e otlolohileng ea maemo a sa tšoaneng ea sepakapaka e fetisang phoofolo pele. Haeba mahlo a bulehile 'me a shebile molekong o sisinyehang, ho ke ke ha khoneha hore liphoofolo, ho kenyelletsa le batho, ba qobe ho latela mela e tsamaeang, haeba maqhubu a sebaka a le lipakeng tsa pono. Bangoli ba beha liphoofolo ka har'a lisebelisoa tse ka bang libeke tse peli kamora letsatsi la ho bula mahlo (letsatsi la kamora ho phomola la 15). Ha e lekoa bakeng sa acuity ea bonono ha e se e le motho e moholo, liphoofolo li ile tsa bontša hoo e ka bang ntlafatso ea 25% ho acuity ea pono e amanang le liphoofolo ntle le kalafo ea pele. Botle ba thuto ea Prusky ke hore ts'ebetso ea pono e ntlafalitsoeng e ne e sa ipapisa le koetliso e ikhethileng, joalo ka ho ithuta bothata, empa e bile teng ka tlhaho ho arabela ho tlatsetso ea pono e ntlafalitsoeng.

Re lekile ho ntlafatsa boiphihlelo bo bobe ka ho sebelisa mokhoa o qalang oa Schanberg le Tšimo (1987). Lithutong tsena litoeba tsa masea li ile tsa fuoa takatso e matla ea ho li khothatsa ka brashi e nyane bakeng sa metsotsoana ea 15 makhetlo a mararo ka letsatsi bakeng sa matsatsi a 10-15 ho qala ha a hlaha. Ha masea a ithuteloa bongoaneng a bonts'a ts'ebetso ea makoloi e ntlafalitsoeng le ho ithuta ka sepakapaka hammoho le liphetoho mokhatlong o hlophisitsoeng oa synaptic ka har'a cortex ea likhoerekhoere. Kolb le Gibb, 2010). Leha mokhoa o hlakileng oa ts'ebetso ea ts'usumetso ea tactile o sa tsejoe, re bonts'itse hore ho ts'oaroa ha tactile ho lebisa keketseho ea tlhahiso ea neurotrophic factor, ukuaji oa fibroblast factor-2 (FGF-2) ka bobeli letlalong le bokong (Gibb, 2004). FGF-2 e tsejoa e bapala karolo ho nts'etsopele e tloaelehileng ea bokong 'me e ka susumetsa ho hlaphoheloa ho tsoa likotsi tsa boko ba perinatal (mohlala, Tloha, Hastings, & Kolb, 2007). Polelo ea FGF-2 e boetse e eketseha ho arabela mekhoa e fapaneng ea kalafo e kenyelletsang matlo a ntlafalitsoeng le lithethefatsi tsa psychoactive, tseo ka bobeli li susumetsang liphetoho tsa polasetiki bokong (bona ka tlase).

Mokhoa o mong oa ho ntlafatsa lits'oants'o tsa kutlo le makoloi ke ho beha liphoofolo libakeng tse rarahaneng tseo ho tsona ho nang le monyetla oa hore liphoofolo li ikopanye le maikutlo a feto-fetohang a maikutlo le sechaba le ho etsa ketso e fetang ea koloi hangata. Boithuto bo joalo bo thathamisitse liphetoho tse ngata tsa neural tse amanang le mofuta ona oa "ho ruisa." Tsena li kenyelletsa keketseho ea boholo ba bokong, botenya ba cortical, boholo ba neuron, lekala la dendritic, letsoalo la lesapo la mokokotlo, li-synapses ka neuron, lipalo tsa glial le ho rarahana le ho ruruha ha methapo ea methapo. (bap Greenough & Chang, 1989; Siervaag le Greenough, 1987). Boholo ba liphetoho tsena ha boa lokela ho nyahamisoa. Mohlala, lithutong tsa rona tsa litlamorao tsa makhulo a manyane a matlo bakeng sa matsatsi a 60 libakeng tse ntlafalitsoeng, ka boiketlo re bona liphetoho ka bongata ba boima ba boko ka tatellano ea 7-10% (mohlala, Kolb, 1995). Keketseho ena ea boima ba bokong e bonts'a ho eketseha hoa palo ea glia le methapo ea mali, boholo ba neuron soma, li-dendritic element, le li-synapses. Ho ka ba thata ho hakanya palo eohle ea li-synapses tse eketsehileng empa mohlomong e ka tatellano ea 20% ka cortex, e leng phetoho e sa tloaelehang. Habohlokoa, le ha lithuto tse joalo li bonts'a liphetoho tse itšetlehileng ka maemo nakong efe kapa efe, ho na le likhohlano tse sa lebelloang. Taba ea pele, likhoto tsa batho ba baholo lilemong life kapa life li bontša keketseho e kholo ea bolelele ba dendritic le letsoalo la lesapo la mokokotlo ho pholletsa le boholo ba kokoana-hloko ea likhoerekhoere empa likhoto tsa bana li bontša se tšoanang nyollelo ka bolelele ba dendritic empa a fokotseha boteng ba lesapo la mokokotlo. Ka mantsoe a mang, liphoofolo tse nyane li bonts'a phetoho e fapaneng molemong oa phepelo ea li-synapses ka li-neuron tsa pyramidal ha li bapisoa le liphoofolo tse tsofetseng (Kolb et al., 2003a). Taba ea bobeli, ha matamo a bakhachane a ne a beoa tikolohong e thata bakeng sa lihora tse robeli ka letsatsi pele ba ima mme ka nako eohle ea libeke tse tharo, tlhahlobo ea kelello ea bana ba bona ba baholo e bontšitse fokotseha ka bolelele ba dendritic le a nyollelo boteng ba lesapo la mokokotlo. Kahoo, ha ho na phello ea prenatal boiphihlelo empa phello e ne e fapana le boiphihlelo nakong ea bongoana kapa ho ba motho e moholo. Ho makatsang ke hore, liphetoho tsohle tse arabelang matlo a rarahaneng li lebisa tšebetsong ea kelello le tsa makoloi.

Ho na le melaetsa e meraro e hlakileng ho tsoa lithutong tsena. Taba ea pele, liphihlelo tse fapaneng tsa maikutlo le makoloi li ka hlahisa liphetoho tsa polasetiki tse telele bokong. Taba ea bobeli, boiphihlelo bo tšoanang bo ka fetola boko ka tsela e fapaneng ka lilemo tse fapaneng. Taba ea boraro, ha ho na kamano e bonolo pakeng tsa lintlha tsa polasetiki ea synaptic le boitšoaro nakong ea kholo. Taba ke eng, le ha ho le joalo, ke hore liphihlelo tsena tsa pele li na le phello e matla ho tlhophiso ea boko nakong ea kholo le botsofaling.

2. Lithethefatsi tse nang le kelello

Haesale ho tsejoa hore ho pepesetsoa joala kapele ho bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea kelello, empa haufinyane ho sa tsoa bontšoa hore lithethefatsi tse ling tsa psychoactive, ho kenyeletsa le meriana e fanoeng, li ka fetola kholo ea kelello. Robinson le Kolb (2004) e fumane hore ho pepesehela li-psychomotor tse susumetsang botsofaling ho hlahisitse liphetoho tse kholo sebopeho sa lisele ho PFC le nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Ka ho khetheha, ha lithethefatsi tsena (amphetamine, cocaine, nicotine) li hlahisa tlhahiso ea dendritic bolelele le letsoapo la lesapo mokokotlong oa "medial prefrontal cortex" (mPFC) le NAcc, ho bile le phokotso ea mehato ena ho orbital frontal cortex (OFC), kapa maemong a mang , ha ho na phetoho. Kamora moo ba bonts'itse hore hoo e batlang e le sehlopha se seng le se seng sa lithethefatsi tsa psychoactive le sona se hlahisa liphetoho ho PFC, le hore litlamorao li fapana ho ea ka litereke tse peli tse tlang pele. Ka lebaka la hore boko bo ntseng bo hola hangata bo pepesetsoa lithethefatsi tse fanang ka kelello, kapa li utero kapa nakong ea bokhachane kamora ho pepa, re ile ra botsa hore na lithethefatsi tse li ka ba le phello efe ntlafatsong ea bongaka.

Lithuto tsa rona tsa pele li ile tsa sheba litlamorao tsa amphetamine kapa methylphenidate e fanoeng nakong ea bongoana (mohlala, Diaz, Heijtz, Kolb, le Forssberg, 2003). Lithethefatsi ka bobeli li fetotse mokhatlo oa PFC. Liphetoho tse entsoeng ka mokhoa oa dendritic li ne li amahanngoa le boits'oaro bo sa tloaelehang ba litšoantšiso tse sebelisoang ke lithethefatsi, kaha li bonts'itse ts'ebetso e fokotsoang ea papali ha e bapisoa le ba bapalang ba tšoaroang ke letsoai hammoho le ts'ebetso e sa sebetseng hantle boitekong ba ho hopola. Li-stimulants tsa Psychomotor ka hona li bonahala li fetola nts'etsopele ea PFC mme sena se bonahala liketsong tse mpe tsa boitšoaro bo amanang le boits'oaro bo amanang le pele ho bophelo.

Bana le bona ba ka fuoa meriana e fanoeng ke ngaka ka utero kapa ka mora nako. Mefuta e meraro e tloahelehileng ea lithethefatsi ke li-antipsychotic, li-antidepressants le li-anxiolytics. Ka boraro ba tsona li na le litlamorao tse kholo kholisong ea cortical. Frost, Cerceo, Carroll, le Kolb (2009) sekaseka boqapi ba dendritic ho litoeba tsa batho ba baholo ba tšoaroang ke paradigmatic tloaelehileng- (haloperidol) kapa lithethefatsi tsa atpsicalotic atypical (olanzapine) maemong a nts'etsopele a tsamaellanang le nako ea bokhachane (matsatsi a ka morao ho lefu la 3-10) kapa mekhahlelo ea bokhachane le pelehi (matsatsi a ho qetela a 3-20) bathong. Lithethefatsi ka bobeli li hlahisitse phokotso ea bolelele ba dendritic, ho rarahana ha dendritic, le letsoalo la mokokotlo ka har'a cortex ea medial pele le orbital. Phuputsong e ileng ea latela ea ho sebelisa likhoto bangoli ba bontsitse ho senyeha hoa mesebetsi e amanang le neuropsychological e amanang le PFC joalo ka memori e sebetsang.

Karolong e ts'oanang ea lithuto re shebile phello ea ho pepesetsoa bokhachane ho diazepam kapa fluoxetine ho likhoto (Kolb, Gibb, Pearce, & Tanguay, 2008). Ka bobeli lithethefatsi li amme kelello le boits'oaro, empa ka tsela tse fapaneng. Prenatal diazepam e ile ea eketsa bolelele ba dendritic le letsoalo la lesapo la mokokotlo liseleng tsa pyramidal ho parietal cortex mme sena se ne se amana le mesebetsi e ntlafalitsoeng ea makoloi. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, fluoxetine e fokotse mehato ea ho ngola 'me sena se ne se tsamaellana le bofokoli ba thuto ea sepakapaka bo holileng tsebong.

Potso e 'ngoe ke hore na ho pepesehela lithethefatsi tse nang le kelello "ho sa le pele, ho ka fetola bokaholimo ba kelello hamorao bophelong." Pele re ne re bonts'a hore haeba likhoto tsa batho ba baholo li fuoa amphetamine, cocaine, kapa nicotine ebe hamorao e beoa libakeng tse rarahaneng, polasetiki ea neuronal e ile ea koaloa (Hamilton le Kolb, 2005; Kolb, Gorny, Samaha, & Robinson, 2003b). Phuputsong e ileng ea latela ea morao ra fana ka litoeba tsa bana ba banyenyane methylphenidate mme ka nako ea ho ba motho e moholo re beha liphoofolo tsena libakeng tse rarahaneng mme, hape, ra fumana hore ho pepeseha ha lithethefatsi tsa pele ho thibetse liphetoho tse lebelletsoeng ho latela cortex (Comeau & Kolb, 2011). Ntle le moo, thutong e ts'oanang re bonts'itse hore mocha oa methylphenidate o pepesa ts'ebetso ho mesebetsi e amanang le methapo e amanang le ts'ebetso ea pele ho ts'ebetso.

Ka kakaretso, ho pepesetsoa litlhare le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso ho na le tšusumetso e kholo ntlafatsong ea pele le boits'oarong bo amanang le pele. Litlamorao tsena li bonahala e le tsa nako e telele kapa li tšoarella 'me li ka susumetsa polasetiki ea boko ho ba motho e moholo. Litlamorao tse mpe tse sa lebelloang tsa litlhare tse fanoang ke ngaka ho bokeng le boits'oarong ntle ho pelaelo li bohlokoa ho ntlafatso ea bongoana ba motho. Ho hlakile hore ha se mohala o bonolo oa hore na bo-mme baimana ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo e tebileng, psychosis, kapa khatello ea maikutlo ba lokela ho fuoa meriana e fuoeng hore maemo ana a boitšoaro a ka ama tsoelo-pele ea boko leseeng mme haholoholo ho fihlela boiphihlelo ba 'm'a- litšebelisano tsa masea. Patlisiso e fana ka maikutlo a hore meriana e joalo e lokela ho sebelisoa ka tekanyetso e tlase e sebetsang joalo ka ho sebelisoa eseng feela bakeng sa litlamorao tsa bona tsa "ho khutsisa" bo-mme.

3. Li-hormone tsa Gonadal

Phello e totobetseng ea ho pepesetsoa li-hormone tsa gonadal nakong ea kholo ke phapang ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tse qalang pele ho nako. Maemong ana tlhahiso ea testosterone ke banna e lebisa kholong ea botona ba botšehali. Hamorao bophelong, estrogen le testosterone ka bobeli li ama li-receptor libakeng tse ngata tsa 'mele, ho kenyelletsa le bokong. Boithuto ba MRI ba nts'etsopele ea boko ba motho bo bonts'itse phapang e kholo ka tekanyo ea kholo ea kholo ea botona ho tsa botona le botšehali (O'Hare & Sowell, 2008). Ka ho khetheha, palo eohle ea boko e fihla ho asymptote ho basali ho pota lilemo tsa 11 le 15 ho ba batona le ba batšehali ka ho latellana. Empa ho na le taba e fetang ea botona ba botona le botšehali ho feta tekano ea kholo. Ka mohlala, Kolb le Stewart (1991) e bonts'itsoe likhoto hore li-neuron tsa MPFC li na le masimo a maholo a dendritic ho banna le hore li-neuron tsa OFC li ne li na le lisele tse kholo ho basali. Liphapang tsena li ile tsa fela ha liphoofolo li ne li gonadectomised ka nako ea tsoalo. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang Goldstein et al. (2001) e entse tlhahlobo e felletseng ea bophahamo ba 45 ea libaka tse fapaneng tsa boko ho tsoa ho li-MRI scans tsa batho ba baholo ba phetseng hantle. Ho bile le phapang ea thobalano ka bongata, e lekanang le kakaretso ea khoele, mme sena e ne e le 'nete haholo ho PFC: basali ba ne ba e-na le bophahamo bo boholo ba PFC ea banna empa banna ba ne ba e-na le bonyenyane ba boholo ba OFC. Lesorphism lena la thobalano le amana le maemo a phahameng a tikoloho ea li-steroid tsa thobalano nakong ea bophelo ba pele liphoofolong tsa liphoofolo. Kahoo e hlaha ho batho le ho liphoofolo tse sebetsang hore li-hormone tsa gonadal li fetola kholo ea "cortical". Sena se bohlokoa haholo ha re nahana hore litlamorao tsa liphihlelo tse ling tse kang ho pepesehela matlo a rarahaneng kapa li-psychomotor tse matlafatsang le tsona ke tlhekefetso ea thobalano. Ho bonahala monyetla oa hore liphihlelo tse ling tsa ntlafatso li ka fetoha ka mokhoa o fapaneng matsoalo a basali le a banna, leha lithuto tse fokolang li hlile li entse papiso ena.

4. Kamano ea motsoali le ngoana

Masea a Mamary a tsoaloang a sa le monyane a tobana le phephetso e kholo bophelong ba pele. Ba itshetlehile ho batswadi ba bona mme ba tlameha ho ithuta ho tseba, ho hopola le ho khetha bahlokomeli ba bona. Le ha joale re tseba hore liphoofolo tse nyane (esita le liphoofolo tse anyesang) li ka ithuta ho feta kamoo li neng li ananeloa ka teng (bona tlhahlobo ka Hofer le Sullivan, 2008), ha ho na pelaelo ea hore likamano tsa motsoali le ngoana li bohlokoa ebile li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa kholisong ea boko. Phapang tseleng ea litšebelisano tsa pelehi tsa masea le masea e ka hlahisa litlamorao tsa nako e telele tse tsoelang pele ho ba motho e moholo.Myers, Brunelli, Squire, Shindledecker, & Hofer, 1989). Mohlala, lipatlisiso tsa litoeba li bonts'itse hore nako e sebelisitsoeng ho ikopanya, palo ea ho nyeka ha bo-mme le nako eo bo-'mè ba e qetang ba le maemong a hloahloa a ho phomola a phahameng ka mokhoa o fapaneng ka mefuta e fapaneng ea boits'oaro le boits'oaro. Lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng Meaney le basebetsi mmoho le yena (mohlala Cameron et al., 2005) ba khonne ho bonts'a tšebelisano ena ea methapo ea bokhachane le masea ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng nts'etsopele ea karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo le maikutlo a fapaneng a boits'oaro le kelello. Liphetoho tsena li hokahane le liphetoho liphatseng tsa "corticosterone cell" tsa hippocampal cell membrane, tseo ka tsona li laoloang ke liphetoho lipuong tsa mofuta oa gene (Weaver et al., 2006).

Litlamorao tsa phapang e teng tlhokomelong ea bo-mme ha li fuoe hippocampus, leha ho le joalo, ebile e ka ba e atile. Ka mohlala, Fenoglio, Chen le Barum (2006) e bonts'itse hore tlhokomelo e ntlafalitsoeng ea bo-mme nakong ea beke ea pele ea bophelo e hlahisitse liphetoho tse tsitsitseng tseleng ea ho bua ka seleng ho hypothalamus le amgydala (bona hape tlhaiso ka Fenoglio, Bruson, & Barum, 2006).

Ha re tsebe lithuto tse tšoanang tse talimang boithuto ba pelehi, 'me bo pele-pele, e le polasetiki ho arabela karohanong ea litšebelisano tsa masea le masea, empa liphetoho tse joalo li bonahala li ka etsahala. Mohlala, re bontšitse, hore karohano ea ka mehla ea bo-mme, ke ts'ebetso e neng e sebelisoa ho eketsa tšebelisano ea masea le masea nakong ea bokhachane. Fenoglio et al. (2006) ho ithuta, ho eketsa bolelele ba dendritic le letsoalo la lesapo la mokokotlo ka bobeli mPFC le OFC litekong tsa batho ba baholo (Muhammad le Kolb, 2011).

5. Likamano tsa lithaka

Kamano ea lithaka e 'nile ea tsejoa ho susumetsa boitšoaro ba batho ba baholo ho tloha ka lithuto tsa Harlow (mohlala, Harlow & Harlow, ka 1965). E 'ngoe ea likamano tse matla tsa lithaka ke ho bapala, e bontšitsoeng e le bohlokoa bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea bokhoni ba batho ba baholo ba sechaba (mohlala, Pellis le Pellis, 2010). Bokapele bo ka pele bo phetha karolo ea bohlokoa boits'oarong ba sebapali. Ho lemala ha lesea ho MPFC le OFC beha melao ea boitšoaro papaling, leha e le ka mekhoa e fapaneng (mohlala, Pellis et al., 2006). Ka lebaka la liphetho tse joalo, re ile ra nahana hore nts'etsopele, le ts'ebetso e ileng ea latela ea litereke tse peli tse tlang pele li ka fetoloa ka mokhoa o fapaneng haeba boitšoaro ba papali bo ne bo laoloa nts'etsopele. Likhoto tsa bana joale li fuoe monyetla oa ho bapala ka likhoto tsa batho ba baholo tsa 1 kapa 3 kapa ka 1 kapa 3 liphoofolo tse ling tsa bacha. Ha ho na mokhoa oa ho bapala le liphoofolo tsa batho ba baholo empa boits'oaro ba ho bapala bo ne bo eketseha le liphoofolo tse nyane tse neng li le teng. Tlhahlobo ea lisele ho PFC e bonts'itse hore li-neurons tsa OFC li arabile ho palo ea lithaka tse teng, eseng hore na ho bapala ho etsahetse kapa che, ha li-neurons tsa MPFC li arabile tekanyo ea papali empa eseng palo ea Conspecifics (Bell, Pellis, le Kolb, 2010). Kamora moo re bonts'itse letotong la lithuto tsa hore maiphihlelo a fapaneng a pele a fetola sebapali sa papali, ho kenyelletsa khatello ea bokhachane, ho tsosa takatso ea bongoana, le ho pepesetsoa ha bacha ka methylphenidate (mohlala, Muhammad, Hossain, Pellis, & Kolb, 2011) hape, maemong 'ohle, ho na le lits'oants'o tsa tlhabollo ea pele. Ho ka ba le thuto ea bohlokoa mona ha re nahana ka maemo ao ho bapala karolo ea motho ho sa tloaelehang, joalo ka autism kapa tlhokomeliso ea khatello ea kelello (ADHD). Litšitiso tsa boitšoaro ba papali li ka ama kholo ea pele le boits'oaro ba batho ba baholo ha morao.

6. Khatello ea maikutlo

Ho na le lingoliloeng tse ngata tse bokelitsoeng lilemong tse fetileng tsa 60 tse bonts'ang litlamorao tsa khatello ea kelello le boits'elo ho batho ba baholo empa ke haufinyane tjena moo ho ananeloang karolo ea khatello ea maikutlo ho masea. Hajoale hoa tsebahala hore khatello ea maikutlo le ea bokhachane e rera motho e mong bakeng sa boitšoaro bo fapaneng ba maladaptive le psychopathologies. Mohlala, khatello ea maikutlo makhopho a bokhachane ke sesosa sa kotsi ea kholo ea kholo ea maikutlo, ADHD, khatello ea maikutlo le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi (Anda et al., 2006; van den Bergh le Marcoen, 2004). Boithuto ba liteko mabapi le liphoofolo tsa lab bo netefalitse liphumano tsena ka sephetho se akaretsang ke hore khatello ea kelello, lithutong le linthong tse seng tsa batho, e hlahisitse lits'oants'o tsa boits'oaro tse joalo ka karabelo e phahameng le e telele ea khatello ea maikutlo, ho sitisoa ho ithuta le ho hopola, ho haella tlhokomelong, ho fetotsoe tlhahlobo boits'oaro, mekhoa e fetotsoeng sechabeng le papaling, le keketseho e atileng ea joala (mohlala, tlhahlobo ea Weinstock, 2008).

Liphetoho tsa polasetiki mokhatlong oa synaptic oa boloi ba liphoofolo tse sithabetseng maikutlo ha li ithutoe hantle, leha ho le joalo, litlamorao li bonahala li amana le lintlha tsa boiphihlelo bo sithabetsang. Ka mohlala, Murmu et al. (2006) ea tlaleha hore khatello ea maikutlo ea bokhachane bo lekaneng bekeng ea boraro ea boimana e bakile ho fokotseha ha letsoalo la mokokotlo le bolelele ba dendritic ho mPFC le OFC ea lifus ea batho ba baholo. Ka papiso, Muhammad & Kolb (2011) e fumane hore khatello ea maikutlo a bokhachane nakong ea beke ea bobeli ea boimana e fokotse khatello ea lesapo la mokokotlo ho mPFC empa ha e na phello ho OFC le ho eketsa letsoalo la mokokotlo ho NAcc ea likhoto tsa batho ba baholo. Tlhahlobo ea bolelele ba dendritic e bontšitse sebopeho se fapaneng kaha ho bile le keketseho ea bolelele ba dendritic ho mPFC le NAcc empa ho fokotseha ha OFC. Ka mokhoa o makatsang, Mychasiuk, Gibb le Kolb (2011) o fumane hore khatello ea maikutlo nakong ea beke ea bobeli ea boikoetliso e ile ea eketsa letsoalo la mokokotlo ho mPFC le OFC ha ho hlahlojoa methapo ea bongoana ho fapana le likhoto tsa batho ba baholo. Ho etsoa liphuputso tsena ho bonts'a hore liphapang tse bang teng nakong ea khatello ea bokhachane le nako eo boko bo hlahlojoang ka eona e fella ka liphetoho tse fapaneng lipolasetiking makaleng a neuronal. Ntho e 'ngoe e hlakileng, leha ho le joalo, ke hore litlamorao tsa khatello ea maikutlo ea boimana li bonahala li fapane le tsa khatello ea kelello ea batho ba baholo. Ka mohlala, Liston et al. (2006) Pele ho bonts'oa hore khatello ea batho ba baholo e lebisitse ho fokotseheng ha makala a dendritic le letsoai la mokokotlo ho mPFC empa keketseho ea OFC.

Re tseba ka phuputso e le 'ngoe feela e shebileng litlamorao tsa khatello ea pelehi ea pelehi (karohano ea bo-mme) holima mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng ka methapo e meholo ea batho ba baholo. Kahoo, Muhammad & Kolb (2011) o fumane hore karohano ea bo-mme ea basali e eketsa letsoalo la lesapo ho mPFC, OFC, le NAcc litekong tsa batho ba baholo. Ho sa ntseng ho ikemiselitse ho latela kameho ea khatello ea bokhachane kapa ea masea ke hore liphapang tsena tsa phetoho ea synaptic li amana joang le boits'oaro bo morao kapa hore na li-neurons tsa polasetiki li tla sebetsana joang le liphihlelo tse ling tse kang matlo a rarahaneng, papali kapa likamano tsa motsoali oa masea. Lithuto tse joalo li netefalitsoe hore e tla ba mohloli oa lithuto tsa kamoso.

7. Limela tsa kahare

Hang ka mor'a ho hlaha, liphoofolo tse anyesang li lula ka potlako ho mefuta e mengata ea likokoana-hloko tsa tlhaho. Likokoana-hloko tsena li susumetsa nts'etsopele ea mesebetsi e mengata ea 'mele. Mohlala, "gut micobiota" e na le litla-morao tsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea sebete (mohlala, Björkholm et al., 2009). Hobane ho na le kamano e tsebahalang lipakeng tsa maloetse a methapo ea methapo ea methapo e kang Autism le schizophrenia le tšoaetso ea pathogen ea microbioal nakong ea nako ea pherekano (mohlala, Finegold et al., 2002; Mittal, Ellman, & Cannon, 2008), Diaz Heijtz et al. (ka khatiso) o ile a ipotsa hore na tšoaetso e joalo e ka fetola kholo ea kelello le boits'oaro. Ba joalo. Bangoli ba ile ba bapisa litekanyetso tsa boits'oaro ba motor le bokong ho litoeba tse tsoetseng pele le ka ntle ho 'mele "gut mircrobiota". Bangoli ba fumane hore libaktheria tsa gut li susumetsa ho ts'oara litsela, neurotransmitter turnover, le tlhahiso ea liprotheine tse amanang le synaptic ho cortex le striatum ho nts'etsapele litoeba 'me liphetoho tsena li ne li amana le liphetoho mesebetsing ea makoloi. Ena ke phello e thabisang hobane e fana ka leseli la tsela eo ts'oaetso e ka fetolang kholo ea kelello le boits'oaro bo latelang ba batho ba baholo.

8. Lijo

Ho na le lingoliloeng tse ngata ka litlamorao tsa liprotheine le / kapa lijo tse thibetsoeng tsa caloric bokong le boits'oarong (mohlala, Lewis, 1990) Empa ha ho tsejoe haholo ka litlamorao tsa lijo tse matlafatsoang kholisong ea boko. Ka kakaretso ho nahanoa hore mmele o fola hantle ha o fuoa phepo e nepahetseng kahoo hoa utloahala ho bolela esale pele hore nts'etsopele ea boko e ka tsamaisoa ke li-vithamine le / kapa litlatsetso tsa liminerale. Tlatsetso ea phepo ea lijo ka lijo nakong ea bongoana e hlahisa mefuta e fapaneng ea phetoho le boits'oaro (Meck & Williams, 2003). Mohlala, tlatsetso ea perineatal choline e lebisa tlhokomelong e ntlafalitsoeng ea sebaka litekong tse fapaneng tsa ho sesa ka sepakapaka (mohlala, Meck & Williams, 2003; Tee, & Mohammadi, 1999) mme e eketsa maemo a kholo ea kholo ea methapo (NGF) ho hippocampus le neocortex (mohlala, Sandstrom, Loy, & Williams, 2002). Halliwell, Tee and Kolb (2011) o ile a etsa lithuto tse tšoanang mme a fumana hore tlatsetso ea choline e eketsa bolelele ba dendritic ho pholletsa le cortex ea mokokotlo le ho hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons.

Halliwell (2011) hape o ithutile ka litlamorao tsa ho eketsoa ha tlatsetso ea vithamine / mineral ho lijo tsa likhoto tse lactating. O ile a khetha ho sebelisa tlatsetso ea lijo tse tlalehiloeng ho ntlafatsa mohopolo le mabifi ho batho ba baholo le ba lilemong tsa bocha ba nang le mathata a fapaneng (Leung, Wiens le Kaplan, 2011) le ho fokotsa khalefo, maemo a ts'ebetso le ho tlosoa hoa sechaba ho autism ka keketseho ea boits'oaro (Mehl-Madrona, Leung, Kennedy, Paul, & Kaplan, 2010). Tlhahlobo ea bana ba baholo ba likhoto tse lactating tse fepelitsoeng tlatsetso e tšoanang e fumane keketseho ea bolelele ba dendritic ho li-neuron ho MPFC le parietal cortex empa eseng ho OFC. Ntle le moo, lijo li bile le phepo e ntle ea ho khutlisa litlamorao tsa khatello ea maikutlo ea bokhachane phokotsong ea bolelele ba dendritic ho OFC.

Ho sa ntse ho hlokahala hore re ithute ka litlamorao tsa thibelo ea lijo le tlatsetso ho ntlafatso ea marang-rang a boitšoaro le boitšoaro. Ts'ebetso tsena ka bobeli li fetola kholo ea boko empa joalo ka lintho tse ling tse ngata tse tšohliloeng mona, ha re na setšoantšo se hlakileng sa hore na liphihlelo tsa pele li tla sebetsana joang le liphihlelo tsa morao-rao, joalo ka lithethefatsi tsa kelello, ho fetola kelello le boitšoaro.

Re lakatsa ho leboha ka bobeli NSERC le CIHR ka tšehetso ea bona ea nako e telele bakeng sa lithuto tse amanang le mosebetsi oa rona tse boletsoeng tlhahlobisong ena. Re boetse re leboha Cathy Carroll, Wendy Comeau, Dawn Danka, Grazyna Gorny, Celeste Halliwell, Richelle Mychasiuk, Arif Muhammad, le Kehe Xie ka menehelo ea bona e mengata lithutong.

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