Likhohlano mabapi le ts'oaetso e ntlafetseng ea boko ba lilemong tsa bocha ho hlahisa lithethefatsi (2013)

inahaneloang

SELELEKELA

Khopolo e tloaelehileng mabapi le mathata a bokhoba ba tahi e lumela hore litšobotsi tsa motho ka mong li ka ba bokhoba ba lithethefatsi; ho nena lithethefatsi tse ngata haholo ho ntse ho nkuoa ho susumetsa botho ba hau le ho khothaletsa tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi (Swendsen le Le Moal, 2011). Bongata ba batho ba sebelisang lithethefatsi ke bacha le batho ba baholo lilemong kapa ba qalile ho ja lilemong tsa bocha.O'Loughlin et al., 2009). Ka ho khetheha, tlaleho ea morao-rao ea Tlhahlobo ea Naha ea Ts'ebeliso ea Lithethefatsi le Bophelo bo botle e bontšitse hore 31.2% ea batho ba ka tlase ho lilemo tsa 25 ba sebelisitse lithethefatsi tse seng molaong khoeling e fetileng, athe ke 6.3% ea batho ba baholo feela e amohetseng ho etsa joalo (Ts'ebeliso e Mpe ea Ts'ebeliso e Mpe ea Ts'ebeliso e Mpe ea Ts'ebeliso ea Litšebeletso tsa Bophelo ba kelello, 2010). Bacha ba banyenyane ba qala ho sebelisa lithethefatsi, lipontšo tse matla le ho feta tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi ke tsena. Har'a batho ba USA ba lekileng matekoane pele ho lilemo tsa 14, 12.6% e hlahisitse matšoao a ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi kapa ts'ehetso, ha 2.1% feela ea ba neng ba le matekoane ka mor'a lilemo tsa 18 ba le matšoao a matla a ho its'epaha (Ts'ebeliso e Mpe ea Ts'ebeliso e Mpe ea Ts'ebeliso e Mpe ea Ts'ebeliso ea Litšebeletso tsa Bophelo ba kelello, 2010).

Ho beha bophelo ba bacha kotsing le ho se tsotelle ke taba e kholo ea bophelo bo botle e eketsang menyetla ea liphetho tse mpe tsa bophelo, ho kenyelletsa tahlehelo ea taolo ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Bopaki bo susumetsang bo thehiloeng ho theknoloji ea ho nahana bo bonts'itse hore li-circuits tsa boko tse kenyellelitsoeng lits'ebetsong tse amanang le ts'ebetso ea kelello li sebelisana ka matla ho ntlafatseng. Boemong ba cellular, liphetoho tsena li tsamaisana le tlhahiso e kholo ea li-axon le li-synaps nakong ea bokhachane, le ho itlhoea ka potlako bocheng ba morao le ho ba motho e moholo lilemong. Tumellano ea hajoale e nka hore likhakanyo tsa khokahano ea neural lipakeng tsa mekhoa ea maikutlo, ts'usumetso le lits'ebetso tsa kelello tse amanang le ho phehella lipheo tsa nako e telele li etsa tlhophiso ea tlhaho le kemiso ea ntlafatso ea bocha nakong ea bocha (Gogtay et al., 2004; Giedd, 2008). Ho fapana le liphetoho tse potlakileng le tse potlakileng tsa litsamaiso tse amehang tse amanang le ho fetofala, mofuta o mong oa boiphihlelo le bokhoni ba ho itaola ho bonahala o hola butle lilemong tsa bocha mme o tsoela pele ho hola kamora nako ea ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng.Dahl, 2008). Tlhahlobo ena ea mantlha e ka hlalosa lebaka leo bohlankana bo khetholloang ka ho se lekane pakeng tsa tšusumetso ea litsamaiso tse susumetsang le taolo ea boits'oaro (Somerville et al., 2011). Ka lebaka leo, boko ba bongoana ke kelello e lekiloeng ha feela nts'etsopele ea mesebetsi e metle e kenyelletsa ho etsa liqeto le ho rera, ho beha mabaka le ho thibela karabo ho ntse ho sa phetse (Dahl, 2008).

Ka maikutlo ana, ho sebelisa lithethefatsi nakong ea bohlankana ho ka kena-kenana le kholo e tloaelehileng ea boko, mme ho ka eketsa tlokotsi ea tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi hamorao nakong ea ho ba motho e moholo.Andersen, 2003; Crews et al., 2007). Leha ho na le palo e ntseng e eketseha ea matšolo a thibelo, tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho bacha e lula e tsitsitse lilemong tse fetileng. Ka mokhoa o makatsang, puisano e loketseng e hlahisitsoeng ho 1952 e se e amohetse hore "ho lemalla lithethefatsi lilemong tsa bocha hase ntho e ncha"(Zimmering et al., 1952), mme potso ea mantlha e ne e se e tsebahalitsoe ka nepo "Leha ho le joalo, ho ntse ho na le potso ea hore na hobaneng, maemong a tšoanang le a kantle a tšoanang, bashanyana ba bang ba tla leka lithethefatsi mme ba bang ba ke ke ba etsa joalo, hobaneng ba bang ba theohela tseleng ea bokhoba ha ba bang ba tlohela moriana? (…). ”Lilemo tse mashome a tšeletseng hamorao, potso ena e lula e sa arabeloe. Mefuta ea liphoofolo, haholo-holo litoeba, e kentse letsoho kutloisisong e ntle ea boemo ba bacha. Haholo-holo, bopaki bo fetolelang bo supile ho tlokotsi e ntlafalitsoeng ea tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi ho bacha, empa lipotso le likhang li lula li le mabapi le bohlokoa ba mefuta e fapaneng ea liphoofolo le tlhaloso ea data (Schramm-Sapyta et al., 2009). Ho khahlisang, bangoli bana ba fihlela qeto ea hore le haeba tšebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e atisa ho bonoa nakong ea bocha, bopaki bo amanang le ho ts'oara lithethefatsi le ho nka joala bo ntse bo fokola. Thutong ena, re leka ho akaretsa lintlha tsa tlhaho tse amanang le kotsi ea ho khanna ea lilemong tsa bocha mme re buisana ka litlhahlobo tsa bongaka ka lebaka la liphumano tse fumanehang tse amanang le tšusumetso le ts'ebeliso ea maikutlo ho qala ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le likotsi tsa tlhekefetso.

PUBERTY LE ADOLESCENCE

Kotsi e nkuoang nakong ea bocha ke sehlahisoa sa puisano pakeng tsa ho tsosa takatso e phahameng le mokhoa oa boitšoaro o sa fetoheng o sa khone ho fetolela litšusumetso tse batlang meputso (Steinberg le Morris, 2001; Steinberg, 2004, 2005). Tumellano e ka beha bacha kotsing ea ho ba le mathata a maikutlo le boits'oaro. Leha ho le joalo, ho eketseha ha likotsi le ho batla bocha ho ka ba molemo bakeng sa ho ithuta maano a lipale tsa ho pholoha (Kelley et al., 2004). Ho ea ka pono ea anthropologic, mefuta e meng ea ho ipeha kotsing e ka talingoa e le boikemisetso bo ikemiselitseng ba ho bontša sebete bakeng sa ho fumana maemo a betere a bophelo. Maemong a mangata, ho bonahala eka lilemong tsa bocha ha ba tšohe haholo ka mor'a ho kena bohlankaneng empa ho e-na le hoo ba ka ba le tšusumetso e matla ea ho sebetsa ka sebete le hoja ba tšaba, haholo ha ba hlokomela hore ho sebetsa ka tsela e sebete kapa e hlokang kelello ho ka etsa hore ba hlomphuoe ke lithaka (Dahl, 2008).

Nako ea bocha ke nako ea phetoho e kholo, hobane lihormeri tse ikhethileng tsa thobalano li tlisa liphetoho mokhoeng oa 'mele, litho tsa botona kapa tsa botšehali le litšoaneleho tse ling tsa thobalano. Liphetoho tsa Neuroendocrine nakong ea ho kena bohlankaneng li susumetsa kholo ea boitšoaro le maikutlo (Waylen le Wolke, 2004). Kaha testosterone e tšela tšitiso ea boko ba mali (Pardridge le Mietus, 1979), e kenya letsoho khokahanong ea cortical nakong ea bohlankana, haholoholo mabatooeng a ka pele le a nakoana (Witte et al., 2010; Nguyen et al., 2013). Pono ena ke e khahlisang ebile e ka 'na ea hlalosa ho hlaka ka thobalano litabeng tsa bohlooho le litlamorao tsa boitšoaro ba bona (Neufang et al., 2009; Paus et al., 2010; Bramen et al., 2012).

Leano la khale la ho lekola tšusumetso ena ke ho khetha bacha ba lilemo tse ts'oanang, empa ba phela maemong a fapaneng a boroetsana. Bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba ho fapana ba fapana le ba lilemong tsa bocha ba boroetsaneng ka taolo ea bona ea maikutlo le karabelo ea morao-rao ea maikutlo, mekhoa e 'meli ea boitšireletso ea boitšireletso le takatso ea lijo (Quevedo et al., 2009). Liphetho tse ts'oanang li tlalehiloe ha bacha ba le lilemong tsa bocha kapa ba morao ba bonts'a tlhabollo e matlafatsang ea bana ha ba araba mantsoe a maikutlo (Silk et al., 2009).

TLHOKOMELISO E NANG KOTSI EA BOTEGENIKI EA TLHALOSO EA METSOALLE KA TSOHLE:

Boitšoaro ba bongoaneng, bo tšoailoeng ke ho hlakahlahala ha maikutlo le likarabo tse sa potlakileng, bo ithutile nako e telele, empa theknoloji ea morao-rao ea ho nahana e kentse letsoho tsebong e ntle ea boko bo ntseng bo hola nakong ea bocha. Haholo-holo ho bontšitsoe hore karolo ea taba e putsoa e fokotseha ha taba e tšoeu e eketseha nakong ea phetoho ho tloha bongoaneng ho ea ho motho e moholo e moholo (Paus et al., 1999; Lenroot le Giedd, 2006). Le ha myelination e ntlafalitsoeng e latela mokelikeli o fapaneng hohle bokong, ka phapang e nyane ea sebaka ka seng, ho fokotseha hoa litaba tse bohlooho, hape ho bitsoang pruning, ho khetha hofeta. Ka hona, myelination ha e nkuoe feela e le setsi sa ho fehla motlakase se eketsang lebelo la phetisetso ea maqhubu a methapo, empa hape e le ts'ebetso ea mantlha e fetolang nako le tatellano ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo e fetisang moelelo bokong (Giedd, 2008). Liphetoho tsa mantlha tsa neurobiological tse ikarabellang bakeng sa boits'oaro bo kotsi bocheng li etsahala tsamaisong ea mesocorticolimbic, haholoholo mehahong ea pele (Litho tsa et al., 2003; Crews et al., 2007; Crews le Boettiger, 2009). Boithuto bo bapisa ts'ebetso ea cortical ea batho ba baholo le ba lilemong tsa bocha e bontša hore ts'ebetso ea bongoana e fana ka leseli ka tsela e fapaneng, hangata e ngola likarolo tse fapaneng tsa boko ho feta batho ba baholo. Ho thatafalloa ke tšebetso ea kelello ea ho laola lintho le ho laola boitšoaro, ho kenyelletsa mathata a ho rala, ho ela hloko, ho bona lintho esale pele, ho beha mabaka, ho ahlola, le ho itlhahloba ho tlalehiloe lilemong tsa bocha, le lithuto tse 'maloa tsa tšebetso ea matla a matla a kelello (fMRI) li hlahlobile neuroanatomy e sebetsang. ts'ebetso e kholo ea ts'ebetso ho bana, lilemong tsa bocha le ho batho ba baholo (Luna et al., 2010). Bopaki bona bo ntseng bo hola bo tšehetsa mohopolo oa hore lits'ebetso tsa pele-pele li ntlafatsoa haholo nakong ea bocha ho fihlela e ba motho e moholo. Haholo-holo, nts'etsopele e ntlafalitsoeng ea prefrontal cortex (PFC), ka konsareteng e nang le sepheo se ntlafalitsoeng se khothalelitsoeng ke striatum, ho nahanoa hore e bohlokoa ho eketseha ha boqapi ba ho batla le ho etsa liqeto tse sa lebelloang tse lebisang boits'oarong bo kotsi le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ea liteko. Ho nka hore orbitof Pambal cortex (OFC) e bohlokoa haholo ho etseng liqeto tsa boleng, ho se tšoane ho itseng ntlafatsong ea sebaka sena ho ka eketsa kapa ho fokotsa kutloelo-bohloko ea ho putsa ka ho bokellana ha boleng ba tšusumetso ho ipapisitse le boholo ba moputso bo ngotsoeng ke striatum. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho feto-fetoha ha molumo oa tsela e fokotsang lehlakore ho ka lebisa ho eketseheng hoa ho batlana le ho khetha ka boomo. Maemong ana ka bobeli, ho se leka-lekane ho hoholo ha methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea potoloho ena ho ka lebisa tahlehelong ea boitšoaro nakong e tlokotsing (Yurgelun-Todd, 2007).

Likamano tse sa tsitsang lipakeng tsa PFC, li-nucleus accumbens (Nacc) le amygdala li hlahisitsoe ka sepheo sa ho susumetsa boitšoaro bo lebisitsoeng ho sepheo ho batjha (Galvan et al., 2006; Ernst et al., 2009). Ka ho khetheha, ho bontšitsoe hore bacha ba kenella orbitofrontal cortex ka tekanyo e tlase haholo ha ba bapisoa le batho ba baholo ha ba tobane le likhetho tse kotsi. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, bacha le bona ba bontšitsoe ho bonts'a ts'ebetso ea neuronal e fokotsehileng ebile e sa sebetsanoe ka har'a OFC nakong ea boits'oaro bo bonolo bo amanang le moputso (Sturman le Moghaddam, 2011). Mefuta ena ea ho shebella e ka hlalosa karolo e itseng ea boits'oaro bo hlokang leeme nakong ea bocha (Eshel et al., 2007). Qetellong, molemong oa ho totobatsa ho se tsitse ha boko ba bongoana holim’a litebello tsa moputso, bopaki bo phehellang bo sa tsoa supa phokotso ea melaetsa ea ts'ebetso ea bohlasoa le botsofaling, bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e phahameng le bacha ba morao ba bonts'a lets'oao le fokotsehileng haholo nakong ea papali ea chelete (Van Leijenhorst et al., 2010).

Lipatlisiso tse 'maloa tsa mafu a seoa li tšehetsa mohopolo oa hore lilemo tsa bocha ke nako ea bophelo ka tekanyo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea boitšoaro bo sa susumetseng (Steinberg et al., 2008; Romer et al., 2009). Steinberg le basebetsi-'moho ba hlalositse ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha maikutlo ho tloha lilemong tsa 10-30: ho sebelisa lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa lilemo, ho lieha ho theola litheolelo le ho se sebetse ka matla ho mosebetsi oa papali ea IOWA (IGT) ho tlalehiloe lilemong tsa bocha, ha ho bapisoa le batho ba baholo (Steinberg et al., 2009; Cauffman et al., 2010). Phuputso e telele e sebelisang IGT ho bacha ba lilemo tsa 11 ho isa 18 e netefalitse sephetho sena ka ho bonts'a hore ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoe nako le nako ka lilemo (Overman et al., 2004). Maikutlo ana a nahaneloa ho bonts'a ntlafatso ea PFC, e lumellang phetoho ho tloha ho sa qobelloang ho ea likhethong tse laoloang haholoanyane. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho tlalehiloe setšoantšo se katiloeng sa U-bakeng sa maikutlo a ho batla, le tlhōrō ea lilemo tsa 14 (Steinberg et al., 2008). Hape, karohano lipakeng tsa nts'etsopele e tsoetseng pele ea taolo ea litšusumetso le nts'etsopele ea tsamaiso e sa sebetseng e ka baka tšenyo e mpe e ntlafatsang likhetho tse sa utloahaleng tsa moputso (Ernst et al., 2009).

Ho fetolela lithuto tsa fMRI tse lekolang mesebetsi ea ho etsa liqeto ho bonts'a hore bacha le batho ba baholo ba arolelana lintho tse ngata ka ts'ebetso ea methapo, empa hape ba bontša phapang e makatsang. Karabelo e kholo ka ho le letšehali Nacc e tlalehiloe ho bacha ha batho ba baholo ba bontša ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ho amygdala ea leqele (Ernst et al., 2005). Galvan et al. (2006) e boetse e tlaleha karabelo e ntlafalitsoeng ea Nacc ea moputso ho bongoaneng ha e bapisoa le batho ba baholo, hammoho le ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng libakeng tsa cortex ea pele. Haufinyane tjena, lipatlisisong tse neng li nka kotsi ea ho nka liqeto litabeng tsa lichelete, ho bontšitsoe hore bacha ba bontšitse ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng libakeng tsa OFC ha li bapisoa le batho ba baholo, mme ts'ebetso e fokolisitsoeng libakeng tsena tsa bokaholimo ba kelello e ne e tsamaisana le litšekamelo tse kholo tsa ho beha likotsi lilemong tsa bocha (Eshel et al., 2007). Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore bacha ba kenya tšebetsong melaoana ea taolo pele ho batho ba baholo ha ba etsa liqeto. Ka lebaka leo, bacha ba ka ipeha kotsing ea ho ipeha maemong a itseng. Ka mantsoe a mang, taolo e fokotsitsoeng ea pele ea ts'ebeliso ea kelello e ka fana ka tumello ea ts'usumetso e kholo ea litsamaiso tse lumellanang le ho nka liqeto le boitšoaro, tse eketsang tlokotsi ea bohlankana litabeng tsa maemo a bophelo le tsa lithaka tse etsang hore motho a be le maikutlo a matla (Dahl, 2008).

Phuputsong e sa tsoa etsoa e shebileng boitšoaro ba bacha le ba baholo papaling ea ho khanna livideo, ho bontšitsoe hore barupeluoa ba lilemong tsa bocha ba nkile likotsi tse ngata, ba tsepamisitse maikutlo holim'a melemo ho feta litšenyehelo tsa boitšoaro bo kotsi, mme ba nkile liqeto tsa riskier ha ba pota-potiloe ke lithaka ha ba bapisoa le baholo (Gardner le Steinberg, 2005). Liphumano tsena li tiisa hore bacha ba ka ba le tšekamelo ea ho susumetsoa ke lithaka ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi, le hore tšusumetso ea lithaka (le lintho tse ling tse amanang le maemo a bophelo) li ka bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho hlaloseng boits'oaro bo bobe nakong ea bocha. Ho khahlisang, ho fumanoe hore bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha, ba arotsoeng ka mokhoa o loantšang tšusumetso ea lithaka, ba bonts'itse khokahano ea boko e ntlafalitsoeng, haholo holo ea pele ea bokhoni, ha e bapisoa le bacha ba khethiloeng ba susumetsoa haholo ke lithaka (Grosbras et al., 2007). Ho hanela tšusumetso ea lithaka ho boetse ho hokahane hantle le ts'ebetso ea "ventral striatum activation", empa e amana hantle le ts'ebetso ho amygdala (Pfeifer et al., 2011). Mokhoa o ikhethileng oa ts'ebetso ea cortical ho bacha o tlalehiloe ka ho sebelisa kelello, botumo ba sefahleho le mohopolo oa mesebetsi ea kelello. Mohlala, bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba lilemo tsa 10 ho isa 14 ba sebelisitse PFC ea bona ho feta batho ba baholo ho sekaseka sepheo sa ho taka (ho its'epaha kapa ho tsitsa), leha ho e-na le ts'ebetso e tšoanang mosebetsing ona (Wang et al., 2006). Sena se ka bonts'a boikitlaetso bo matla ho bana ho bona maemo a bophelo ao ba sa a tloaelang, athe batho ba baholo ba sekaseka maemo ana ka katleho, ba ipapisitse le boiphihlelo bo fetileng.

Ho hlokomelehang, lilemo tsa bocha li boetse li emela nako e itseng ea pono le taolo ea maikutlo. Mekhoa ea ho lemoha le ho etsa liqeto lilemong tsa bocha e susumetsoa haholo ke maemo a bona a maikutlo, ketsahalo e bitsoang cognition e chesang (e khahlanong le temoso e ntle, eo ho etsa liqeto ho etsahalang tlasa maemo a tlase a maikutlo). Bacha le bona ba bonahala ba tsotella lintho tse ba sithabetsang haholo. Tekanyo ea ho lokolloa ha cortisol kamora mosebetsi o sithabetsang e bonts'itse keketseho ea nako le lilemo, ho bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba 9 ho isa lilemong tsa 15 (Gunnar et al., 2009; Stroud et al., 2009). Ho hlahisa lifahleho tse nang le tšabo, ho bakile ho pheta-pheta ho hoholo hoa li-amygdala ho bacha ho bapisoa le bana le batho ba baholo (Hare et al., 2008). Ho khahlisang, bolulo ba tšebetso ea amygdala lifahlehong tsena tse tšosang li ne li le tlase lithutong tse hlahlojoang bakeng sa ho tšoenyeha ka tšobotsi e kholo. Sena se matlafalitse kutloisiso ea maikutlo e hatelletsang maikutlo, hammoho le karolo e phahameng ea kelello e chesang, e fana ka tšehetso e 'ngoe bakeng sa boits'oaro bo bobe ba bacha ha ba sebetsana le maemo a tšoenyang.

NA BATSOALI BA BATLE HO PHETHA BATHO BA LITLHAKISO TSE KHOLO?

Ho ts'oaroa ka matla ho nkoa ho khothaletsa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi pele, 'me qetellong ho ka lebisa tlokotsing ea ho nts'etsapele lithethefatsi, ho hlalosoa e le tahlehelo ea taolo holim'a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le mokhoa o qobelloang oa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (Belin et al., 2008). Ho susumetsa ha ho hlalosohe habonolo (Evenden, 1999; Chamberlain le Sahakian, 2007), empa tlhaloso e pharaletseng e ka kenyelletsa ho se tsotelle, bothata ba ho hatella kapa ho laola karabelo ea boits'oaro, boits'oaro bo batlang bo sa tloaelehang, ho se khone ho lebella litlamorao, bothata ba ho rera liketso kapa ho fokotsa maano a ho rarolla mathata e le likarolo tsa bohlokoa. Hobane bacha ba bontša boits'oaro bo hohelang, khokahano lipakeng tsa ho se ts'oenyehe le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi e ithutile haholo.

Ho fetolela lithuto tse sebelisang lipotso tsa boits'oaro ho bacha ho bontšitse hore ho potlaka nakong ea bongoana ho ne ho bolela esale pele tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le ho becha (Romer et al., 2009), ts'ebetso ea ho tsuba (O'Loughlin et al., 2009) le ho sebelisa joala hampe hamorao (Ernst et al., 2006; von Diemen et al., 2008). Ntle le moo, khatello e ile ea bonahala e eketseha ho bacha ba nang le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea joala ha a bapisoa le taolo e ntle (Soloff et al., 2000). Ho feta moo, phuputso e hlahlobang polymorphism ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e boetse e bontšitse hore mofuta o itseng oa allele (A1) oa mofuta oa Taq1a polymorphism ea dopamine D2 genept receptor o ne o amana hantle le tšebeliso ea joala le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (Esposito-Smythers et al., 2009). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, bats'oari ba alamo ba sa tsilatsile ba tlaleha mathata a amanang le joala haholo le lithethefatsi ho feta batho ba sa tsamaiseng thepa. Liphumano tsena li bonts'a tšebelisano lipakeng tsa maemo a tlokotsing a tekano ea ho theha mathata a kelello.

Boiphetetso ba kelello, bo hlalosoang e le ho sitoa ho nahana ka liphetho tsa kamoso, ke karohano ea maikutlo e nkang mohopolo o ikhethileng oa maikutlo oa sephetho se liehang. Mohopolo ona o tsejoa e le boleng ba theolelo ba moputso (Rachlin, 1992). Ts'ebeliso ea theolelo ea ho lieha, e fanang ka khetho pakeng tsa meputso e tlase e potlakileng le meputso e phahameng ea nako e tlang, e tlatselitse ho utloisiseng boteng ba taolo ea ts'ebetso ea moruo le ho nka liqeto. Barekisi ba tsubang ba lilemong tsa bocha ba fumanoe ba le khatello e matla ho feta bo-couterparts ba bona ba sa tsubeng mosebetsing oa ho theola mosebetsi, 'me ba tloaetse ho batla lintho tse ncha (Peters et al., 2011). Ho khahlisang, sehlopha sona seo sa bacha ba tsubang se bontšitse ho fokotseha ho matla ha ts'ebetso nakong ea tebello ea tebello ea moputso, e neng e tsamaellana hantle le khafetsa ea ho tsuba. Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore ho hobeha ho eketsehileng ho tlalehiloeng ho batho ba tsubang ba lilemong tsa bocha e kanna ea ba litholoana, mme eseng ponelo-pele ea boits'oaro bo lemaletseng. Boithuto bo bapisa batho ba tsubang hona joale le ba neng ba tsuba ba khothalelitse hore ho ntlafatsoe nako ea litheko tsa ho theola litheko ke mosi oa hona joale (Bickel et al., 1999, 2008). Leha ho le joalo, liphuputso tse ling li senotse hore ho ba le tšusumetso ea kelello ho ka etsa hore ho be le tšebeliso ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi hamorao. Bacha ba Naíve, ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea pele ea ho tsuba koae, ba ne ba kenella haholoanyane mosebetsing oa ho fokotsa ho tsuba (Reynolds le Masimong, 2012). Botaoa ba Nikotine hangata ha bo na boikarabello bakeng sa liphetho tse joalo; e kanna ea bonahatsa tšobotsi eo batho ba bangata ba tsubang ba bang le eona. Boemo bo phahameng ba likhetho tse sa qobelloang le bona bo fumanoe bo lekants'etsa ts'ebeliso ea pele ea nyakallo ho basali.Schilt et al., 2009), hape e ne e amahanngoa le ho itlopa joalaXiao et al., 2009).

Ho 'nile ha fanoa ka maikutlo a hore ho qhekella ho emela index e ntle ea ho bolela sephetho sa lenaneo la ho tlohela ho tsuba: bacha ba hlahlobiloeng bakeng sa tšusumetso e phahameng haholo ba ile ba sitoa ho boloka boitšoaro ba bona ha bo bapisoa le balekane ba bona ba sa qobelloang (Krishnan-Sarin et al., 2007). Mekhoa ea phekolo ea kelello e lebisang ho se ts'oenyehe, joalo ka ha e hlahlojoa libakeng tse ling (Moeller et al., 2001), e ka theha menyetla e sa buleheng ea ho theha mokhoa o mocha oa ho holisa boits'oaro bo sebetsang ho bacha. Sena se ka kenya letsoho ho thibela boits'oaro bo bobe bo etsahalang nakong ena ea boits'oaro ba bohlokoa.

HO FIHLELA PUSELETSO EA ADOLESCENT HO TOBELLA LITLHAKISO

Nts'etsopele ea boko methapong ea bana e tlalehiloe e bonts'a mekhoa e ts'oanang le ea batho, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore mofuta oa pente e ka ba oa bohlokoa ho ithuta ts'ebetso ea methapo ea bongoana ea bongoaneng (Spear, 2000). Nako ea bongoana ka litoeba e lula ho tloha ka 28 ho isa matsatsing a 42 kamora ho tsoaloa, empa meeli ena, e nang le lithibelo tse fokolang, hangata e atolosoa ho kenyelletsa nako e kholo ho tloha ka letsatsi 25 ho fihlela kajeno 55 (Tylli et al., 2003). Lithuto tsa Neuroanatomical li hlalositse ho roka ho hoholo ha synaptic ea li-receptor tsa dopamine nakong ea bocha ho litoeba (Andersen et al., 2000): Letsoalo la li-receptor tsa D1 le D2 le eketsehile ho Nacc, striatum le PFC ho fihlela lilemo tsa 40 matsatsi, 'me joale li ile tsa fokotseha hanyane ka hanyane nakong ea ho ba motho e moholo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, li-receptor tsa D3 li eketsehile ho fihlela matsatsi a 60 (Stanwood et al., 1997). Phuputso e 'ngoe e senotse keketseho ea likhoele tsa dopamine ho tsa marang-rang tsa PFC kapele kamora ho khoesoa (Benes et al., 2000), e neng e le karolo e laoloang ke serotoninergic system: lesononal leionatus ea leseli e hlahisitse keketseho ea likhoele tsa dopamine (DA) tse tsoang sebakeng sa ventral tegmental (VTA) le substantia nigra. Ho kenyelletsa moo, ho kenella ka hare ho glutamatergic ho tloha ho PFC ho ea Nacc (Brenhouse et al., 2008) le ho amygdala (Cunningham et al., 2002) e bontšitsoe hore e latela mela ea lehola ho tloha lilemong tsa ho khoesoa ho fihlela motho e moholo. Dopaminergic modulation nakong ea bocha e ne e bonahala e sa sebetse ka botlalo: litlamorao tsa D1 le D2 agonist ho li-interneuron tsa GABAergic ho PFC li ne li fokola lilemong tsa bocha, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore phetoho e sa phethoang ea sistimi ena ea modulatory (Tseng le O'Donnell, 2007).

Liphuputso tse mabapi le boitšoaro li bapisa bacha le litoeba tsa batho ba baholo li bontšitse hore litoeba li bontša ho rata tikoloho e ncha haholo (Adriani et al., 1998), le likarabo tse ntlafatsang tse potlakisang ho bapisoa le batho ba baholo mosebetsing oa ho fokotsa litšenyehelo (Adriani le Laviola, 2003). Litlhapi tsa bana le tsona li bontšitse boemo bo phahameng ba tšebelisano ea sechaba hobane litšebelisano tsa sechaba li fumanoe li le molemo ho bacha ho feta litlamong tsa batho ba baholo ka mokhoa o ikhethileng (CPP) paradigm (Douglas et al., 2004). Tumellanong le tlhokomeliso ena, patlisiso e tlalehile hore litoeba tsa bana li na le ts'ebetso e nyane haholo ea ho ts'oaetso ea dopamine ho Nacc ha e tobana le maikutlo a sa tsitsang sechabeng, empa karabelo e phehellang ho susumetso ea sechaba ha e bapisoa le batho ba baholo (Robinson et al., 2011). Sena se ka bonts'a bohlokoa ba ts'ebelisano 'moho le liphoofolo ho bacha.

Litlamong tse phahameng le tse phahameng, likhoto tsa bocha li ile tsa qeta nako ea hae li le matsohong a bulehileng, ho bontša ho tšoenyeha ho hoholo (Doremus et al., 2003; Estanislau le Morato, 2006; Lynn le brown, 2010) leha e le hore litoeba li bontšitse boemo bo fetohileng (Macrì et al., 2002). Ho hlokometsoe lintlha tse tšoanang ho sebelisoa maemo a tšabo: Mekete ea bocha e tsofala haholo ho feta batho ba baholo.Anagnostaras et al., 1999; Brasser le Spear, 2004; Esmoris-Arranz et al., 2008), empa hape litoeba tsa bocha li theoha ka tlase ho baholoPattwell et al., 2011).

Mabapi le litla-morao tse matla tsa lithethefatsi, ho bontšitsoe hore nicotine, ethanol, THC, amphetamine le cocaine li kentse tšusumetso e mpe ho batjha ho feta ho liphoofolo tse kholo. Ntle le moo, ho rata tatso e nang le boemo bo entsoeng ka ntho e sa lemalloang (lithium chloride e utloisang bohloko ba ka mpeng ka mor'a liente) e fokotseha ho litheko tsa bocha tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore ho se ananele litlamorao ho tlisoang ke phetoho e ka ba tšobotsi e akaretsang ea bohlankana.Philpot et al., 2003; Wilmouth le Spear, 2004; Schramm-Sapyta et al., 2006, 2007; Quinn et al., 2008; Drescher et al., 2011).

Ho sa le joalo, liphuputso tse 'maloa li tlalehile tebello e eketsehileng ea meputso ho liphoofolo tse ncha. Nikotine le joala li fumanoe li ruisa molemo ho litoeba tse nyane ha li bapisoa le batho ba baholo (Philpot et al., 2003; Brielmaier et al., 2007; Kota et al., 2007; Torres et al., 2008; Spear le Varlinskaya, 2010). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho eketsoa ha lebese le ntlafalitsoeng ka letsoai (ho lekana le boima ba 'mele) ho ile ha bonoa litekong tsa bocha ha li bapisoa le ba baholo. Pono ena ea boits'oaro e ne e kopantsoe le polelo ea c-fos e ntseng e eketseha mokokotlong oa Nacc le dorsal striatum (Friemel et al., 2010). Patlisiso e hlahlobang phello ea li-psychostimulants litekong tsa bongoana e sebelisang mosebetsi oa CPP e lula e le phehisano, empa ho na le tebello e kholo ea meputso ho likhoto tsa bocha, haholoholo ka tekanyetso e tlase, e boletsoeng maemong a itseng (Badanich et al., 2006; Brenhouse et al., 2008; Zakharova et al., 2009).

LITLHAKU TSA HO FIHLELA LITLHAKU TSE KHOLO HO DITLHAKISO TSE KHOLO

Ho ts'oaroa ke makoloi ho bolela ho lahla boits'oaro le tahlehelo ea taolo ntle le tšusumetso e ntle ea ts'ebetso ea maikutlo (Brunner le Hen, 1997). Ho liphoofolo, liteko tse ngata tsa boits'oaro li entsoe ho lekola mofuta ona oa ho qobelloa, joalo ka khetho ea nako e mehlano ea khetho ea (serial reaction) task (5-CSRTT) le phapanyetsano e pharalletseng ea boemo bo tlase (DRL). Ho tsebo ea rona, phuputso e le 'ngoe feela e bapisang ho ts'oaroa ha litšoelesa tsa batho ba baholo ba sa tšoaroang le ba lilemong tsa bocha li bontšitse hore tse ling li ne li susumetsoa haholo kemisong ea DRL (Andrzejewski et al., 2011). Ho pepesetsoa bokhachane ho nicotine ho bontšitsoe ho eketsa khatello ea maikutlo ho 5-CSRTT nakong ea bohlankana (Schneider et al., 2012), le ho pepesetsoa nako e telele ea nicotine litotong tsa bocha ho hlahisitse keketseho ea nako e telele ea ho khanna koloi nakong ea ho ba motho e moholo.Counotte et al., 2009, 2011). Thutong ena, kalafo ea nicotine e sa foleng e ile ea khona ho kenya mekhoa e sa tsitsang ho 5-CSRTT ha e etsahetse lilemong tsa bocha ho feta nakong ea ho ba motho e moholo. Phetoho ena e ikhethileng, e sa kang ea ama khatello ea kelello mosebetsing oa theolelo ea ho lieha, e kopantsoe le tokollo ea dopamine e matla ea nicotine e matla ho PFC litlelong tsa bocha. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, bacha ba qobelloang ho ithuta, ba ntlafalitsoeng ka mokhoa oa ho sebelisa ntho e ncha, ba bonts'a karabelo e ntlafalitsoeng ea DA phephetsong ea koae ha e bapisoa le bacha ba sa tsubeng kapa bacha ba baholo ba sa tsubelletseng (Stansfield le Kirstein, 2005).

Leha ho le joalo, kalafo ea bokhachane le nicotine, e bonts'itsoeng ho fetola sepheo sa likoloi, e ile ea sitoa ho fetola likarabo tsa boits'oaro mosebetsing oa ho theola litheko (Schneider et al., 2012). Le ha tšusumetso lipakeng tsa boiphetetso ba boiketsetso le boits'oaro ba ho batla lithethefatsi e se e thehiloe hantle bathong, tlhahlobo e tlatselletsang e tla hlokahala ho utloisisa hore na e sebetsa joang ka litoeba. Diergaarde et al. (2008) e hlahisitse hore, bonyane litekong tsa batho ba baholo, ho susumetsoa ke makoloi ho ka amana le ho qaleha ha ho tsoma lithethefatsi, athe ho susumetsoa ke kelello ho ka amahanngoa le bokhoni bo fokotsehang ba ho hatella ts'ebetso e batloang ea ho tsuba le ho hloka ts'ebetso hape. Qetellong, ho hloka bohlasoa ka koloi, empa ho se ts'usumetso ea kelello ho ka ba molemo ho feta ho lekola kotsi ea ho batla lithethefatsi ho litheko tsa bana.

Phapang e itseng ea motheo ea molao oa maqhubu oa Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) e ka tlatsetsa ho matlafatsong e matla ea ho susumetsoa ke khatello kelellong lithutong tsa bocha. Kamora khatello ea maikutlo e matla, likhoto tsa bocha li bontšitse hormone e phahameng ea adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) le tokollo ea corticosterone ha e bapisoa le batho ba baholo (Romeo et al., 2006a,b). Kamora khatello ea thibelo e sa feleng ea 30-min letsatsi le leng le le leng nakong ea matsatsi a 7, litoeba tsa bana li bontšitse maemo a phahameng a corticosterone hang hang ka mor'a khatello, empa litekanyetso tsa corticosterone li khutlela morao litekanyetsong tsa motheo tsa bocha ka potlako ho feta litlelong tsa batho ba baholo.Romeo et al., 2006a). Likhoto tsa banna ho fumanoe li tebile ho feta tsa basali ho litlamorao tse mpe tsa karohano ea bo-mme ho boteng ba PFC (Spivey et al., 2009). Fuoa likamano lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le boits'oaro ba ho batla lithethefatsi (Shaham le al., 2000; Koob le Le Moal, 2001), maikutlo ana a eketsehileng a tsamaiso ea khatello ea maikutlo a ka hlalosa lebaka leo bacha ba bang ba phehellang tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi. Phekolo ea koae e sa foleng lilemong tsa bocha e ile ea eketsa likhathatso tse 'maloa tsa ho tšoenyeha ha liphoofolo li se li tsofetse (Stansfield le Kirstein, 2005), e ka 'nang ea hlalosa ho phehella hona.

Ha ho bapisoa le taolo, likhoto li hatelletse matsatsi a 7 a latellanang nakong ea bocha li ile tsa bontša ntlafatso e phahameng ea tšebeliso ea nicotine mosebetsing oa locomotor; phello ena e ne e sa tlaleheloe ha khatello ea maikutlo e etsahala nakong ea ho ba motho e moholo.Cruz et al., 2008). Likhoto tsa lilemong tsa bocha li pepesitsoe khatello ea maikutlo ea ho thibela pelehi kapa protocol e ngata ea khatello ea maikutlo e bontšitse karabelo e phahameng ea phetoho phepheng ea koae, le boemo bo phahameng ba basal corticosterone hape (Lepsch et al., 2005). Matšoenyeho a sechaba nakong ea bocha a ile a eketsa boitšoaro bo botle ba ho hlasimolla (amphetamine)Mathews et al., 2008), empa litlamorao tse fapaneng le tsona li tlalehiloe (Kabbaj et al., 2002). Ho arohana ha basali ho bontšitsoe ho eketsa boitšoaro bo bobe le boits'oaro ba ho batla moputso (Colado et al., 2006). Lihora tse tharo tsa karohano ea bo-'mè lipakeng tsa PND 0 le PND 14 li matlafalitse maikutlo a locomotor ho cocaine, e neng e tsamaisana le keketseho ea D3R mRNA khetla ea Nacc (Brake et al., 2004). Leha ho le joalo, phuputso e 'ngoe ha ea ka ea fumana tšebeliso ea ho itšehla thajana ho karabelo ea maikutlo mabapi le li-psychostimulants ekaba litekong tsa bocha kapa tsa batho ba baholo (McCormick et al., 2005).

MOSEBETSI OA JUVENILE RODENT: LITLHAKISO LE LITLHAKISO

Boithuto bo bongata bo supa ts'ebetsong e ntseng e eketseha ea ho batla lithethefatsi litjaneng tsa bana, ho fana ka maikutlo a mahlale a ho hlalosa hore na ke hobaneng ha bacha ba le kotsing ea ho lahleheloa ke tahi ea lithethefatsi. Taba ea pele, kutloisiso e ntlafalitsoeng ea moputso oa lithethefatsi le litlamorao tse peli tse fokotsoang ke lithethefatsi li fana ka lebaka le letle la ho ithuta ho ba kotsing ea lithethefatsi tsa bacha. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho na phuputso ea liphoofolo e bonts'itseng ka kotloloho menyetla ea ho ts'oaroa ha lithethefatsi nakong ea bohlankana. Litaba tse ling tsa mokhoa li ka boela tsa phahamisa litlhaloso tse fosahetseng, joalo ka ho haella ha taolo ea batho ba baholo ba loketseng. Joalokaha ho se ho boletsoe ka holimo, likhoto le litoeba li bonahala li hlahisa mofuta o fapaneng oa ho tšoenyeha, litoeba tsa bana li tšoenyehile haholo ebile litoeba tsa bana ha li na ho tšoenyeha ho feta batho ba baholo.Macrì et al., 2002; Lynn le brown, 2010). Habohlokoa, liphuputso tse 'maloa li bonts'itse phapang ea boitšoaro lipakeng tsa bohlankana kapa boroetsaneng ba pele (Tylli et al., 2003; Wilkin et al., 2012), empa lithuto tse ngata li hlile li sebelisa likhoto tsa bana ba lilemo tse fapaneng tse fapaneng le lab e 'ngoe. Ho feta moo, ho se tsotelle ho nang le tšusumetso sechabeng tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le boits'oaro bo amanang le eona e ka ba sesosa se seng se makatsang. Kannete, litšebelisano tsa sechaba li bontšitsoe li susumetsa haholo boits'oaro bo bobe le tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi. Ka ho khetheha, ho tlalehiloe hore tšebelisano ea sechaba e hokahaneng le tekanyetso ea cocaine e ka tlase e ka hlahisa CPP (Thiel et al., 2008). Ho sa le joalo, boteng ba baphatlalatsi bo fokolitse phello ea maikutlo a ethanol maemong a monate a khelohileng paradigm ho likhoto tsa banna ba lilemong tsa bocha, empa eseng ho batho ba baholo (Vetter-O'Hagen et al., 2009).

Ventral tegmental sebakeng sa dopaminergic neurons ho thoeng e chesa litekanyetso tse phahameng ho litheko tsa bongoana, e leng se lumellanang le khopolo ea ho ba kotsing ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi lilemong tsa bocha.McCutcheon et al., 2012). Tumellanong le tlhokomeliso ena, ho tlalehiloe litheko tse phahameng tsa lithethefatsi tsa dopamine litenteng tsa bocha (Laviola et al., 2001; Walker le Kuhn, 2008). Leha ho le joalo, karabelo ea boits'oaro lithethefatsi ha e lumellane le sephetho sena. Haholo-holo, kalafo ea subchronic ka li-psychostimulants e hlotsoe ho tsosa maikutlo a eketsehang a locomotor litšoantšong tsa bongoana (Frantz et al., 2007). Habohlokoa haholo, Frantz et al. (2007) e tlaleha tokollo e tšoanang ea dopamine ho Nacc pakeng tsa bacha le likhoto tse kholo tse tšoaroang ka psychostimulants. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, phuputso e 'ngoe e tlalehile sensitization ea locomotor ho cocaine ho litoeba tsa bana eseng ho batho ba baholo (Camarini et al., 2008); leha ho le joalo, phephetso ea koae e sebelisitse matsatsi a 10 kamora tlhahlobo ena e bonts'itseng tokollo e tlase ea dopamine ho Nacc ea litoeba tsa bana, leha ho bile le tlhoro e potlakileng ea ho qala. Lithupelo tse ling li tla hlokahala ho tseba kamano pakeng tsa ho lokolloa ha DA le sensomization ea locomotor ho li-psychostimulants lithutong tsa bocha.

Le ha khatello ea maikutlo le ts'usumetso e bonts'itsoe ka thoko ho khothaletsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, lithuto tse 'maloa li ile tsa theha melaoana lipakeng tsa bobeli. Li-entracerebroventricular injection tsa corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) ha lia ka tsa eketsa ho kenella ho 5-CSRTT, empa ho arabela ka nepo ho eketsehileng (Ohmura et al., 2009). Phekolo e sa foleng le corticosterone nakong ea bocha e ile ea sitoa ho ama likarabo tsa pele ho mosebetsi ona, mme ea fokotsa le palo ea boits'oaro bo sa ts'oaneleheng mosebetsing oa ho emisa (Torregrossa et al., 2012). Ho hlokahala lithuto tse ling tse ngata ho utloisisa tšebelisano ena ka botlalo, e nkoang e le karolo ea bohlokoa e eketsang ho hlaha hoa mathata a kelello ho motho (Fox et al., 2010; Somer et al., 2012; Hamilton et al., 2013).

Mohloli o mong oa phehisano ke taba ea hore na litoeba tsa bana li tla bonts'a boitšoaro bo fokotsehileng le ho hohela ho hohela hoa li-cu tse boletsoeng esale pele ka moputso (Ernst et al., 2009; Burton et al., 2011). Khahlanong le polelo ena, likhoto tsa bana li bonts'itsoe ho bonts'a ho khutlisoa ka mokhoa o tlase oa cueine o tsoang kahareAnker le Carroll, 2010). Ho fapana ho fapaneng le khakanyo e boletsoeng ka holimo, litoeba tsa bana (matsatsi a 26-27) li bonts'itsoe ho bonts'a phetoho e ntlafalitsoeng ha e bapisoa le batho ba baholo ka ts'ebetso e thehiloeng ka monko-cue (Johnson le Wilbrecht, 2011). Ka lebaka la ho hloka botsitso ha PFC litlelabaneng tsa bana, hammoho le karolo ea bohlokoa ea sebopeho sena ho feto-fetoha le maemo hoa kelello (Baxter et al., 2000; Schoenbaum et al., 2006; Gruber et al., 2010" Le ha ho le joalo, ho feto-fetoha ha maemo hoa bacha ho ka thusa ho khothaletsa phetoho lipakeng tsa likhetho tse ngata, joalo ka ho khaotsa ho sebelisa lithethefatsi bakeng sa boitšoaro bo seng bobe. Kahoo e batla e fokotsa phokotso ea likarolo tsa tlokotsi litsong tsa bana, kaha ho tlameha ho fetoha le maemo hore motho a be le boitšoaro bo hlokahalang bakeng sa ho pholoha le boipuso.

Ho bohlokoa ho amohela hore ke batho ba fokolang feela ba banyenyane ba nang le lithethefatsi tsa boithabiso ba kamorao ho moo ba tla ba le matšoao a bongaka a ho lemalla lithethefatsi le ho its'etleha, leha tlatsetso ea lipatlisiso tsa mantlha e sebelisa mehlala ea liphoofolo e lula e lekantsoe ho ts'ehetsa polelo ena. Tumellano ea hona joale e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho fapana ka bonngoe boikutlong bo fapaneng le bo bong ho ka hlakisa tlhahiso ea boitšoaro bo feteletseng. Ho khahlisang le ho feta, bopaki ba morao-rao bo bonts'itse hore pele, batho ba nang le mekhoa e boletsoeng e sa susumetseng ba bonts'itse mokoloto o mosesaane (Shaw le al., 2011) ea bobeli ke ts'ebetso ea mesolimbic neurocircuitry ea bacha ba koetliselitsoeng ho bapala papali ea chelete mosebetsing o kopantseng hantle le mathata a bona a kelello le boits'oaro (Bjork et al., 2011). Bangoli ba thuto ena ba lumela ka mokhoa o hlakileng hore ho ikamahanya le maemo ha ho bolele hore ke ho natefeloa, empa leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho nka karolo ha boits'oaro bo nang le mathata ho ka hlaha ka lebaka la kutloelo-bohloko ea mesolimbic ho ea ho meputso e boletsoeng esale pele. Mme ba fihlela qeto ea hore ho eketseha ha mesolimbic sensitivity ho ka emisa tšobotsi eo, tumellanong le ho se tsitse ha kelello ea bongoana, ka karolo e 'ngoe e ka hlalosang likotsi tse amanang le boits'oaro kapa lefu ho batjha "ba kotsing"Bjork et al., 2011).

Mabaka a mang a kantle, joalo ka maemo a sechaba kapa a tikoloho ea lelapa, le ona a nkuoe a nka karolo ho phapusing ena. Liketsahalo tse mpe bongoaneng li ile tsa bontšoa e le ponelo-pele ea ho itšepa joala hamorao (Pilowsky et al., 2009). Bopaki bo fetolang bo thehile tšusumetso e mpe ea boitšoaro bo bobe ba botsoali (ho kenyeletsa le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi) ho bana ba nts'etsopele ea ho holisa mafu a tšoanang (Verdejo-Garcia et al., 2008). Li-polymorphisms tsa Gene har'a bacha ba nang le mathata a amanang le joala ba 'nile ba khothaletsoa ho hlalosa liphapang tse fapaneng pakeng tsa leeme ka hloko ho joala (Pieters et al., 2011), kapa karabelo ea khatello ea litlhare (Kreek et al., 2005). Le hoja lintlha tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso li 'nile tsa nahanoa hore li hlalosa pakeng tsa 30 le 60% ea mafu a ho lematsa (Kreek et al., 2005), tšusumetso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e itšetlehile haholo ka ho sebelisana le tikoloho. Haholo-holo, polymorphism ea gene e ile ea bontšoa e amana haholo le bokhoba ba joala ho batho ba baholo, hape le ho tlatsana le hocha ha bacha ba ileng ba pepesetsoa khatello e phahameng ea kelello nakong ea bongoana (Clarke et al., 2011). Ho na le khokahano e tšoanang le mofuta o itseng oa genotonin transporter (Kaufman et al., 2007). Bacha ba fumanoeng ba tšoeroe ke mathata a ho tšoenyeha, khatello ea maikutlo, kapa taolo e phetseng hantle, mokhoa oa ts'ebetso oa ts'ebetso ho arabela sefahlehong sa maikutlo o ne o itšetlehile ka lefu la tsoekere le fumanoang (Beesdo et al., 2009).

QETELLO

Ho batla kotsi le ho ts'oara maikutlo haesale ho nkoa e le matšoao a boitšoaro bo tloaelehileng ba bohlankana, 'me ho sa le joalo, ho nahanoa hore e emela mabaka a tlokotsi a ho ba le mathata a tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi. Ho makatsang ke hore, leha ho bile le lipatlisiso tse ngata tse ntlafatsang 'mele oa tšebetso ea kelello tse ntseng li matlafatsa ho thella le ho eketseha hoa maikutlo ho amanang le boits'oaro bo tsoetseng pele ba boithuto, lithuto tse fokolang haholo li ts'ehetsa ts'oaetso e khethehileng ea litoeba tsa bacha ho sitoa ho laola lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso. Polelo e tsosang takatso e ka pheha khang ea hore mahlale a lokela ho bona lefatše la batho ba baholo ka mahlo a bocha, ho fapana le ho bona lefatše la bocha le sebelisa mocha oa batho ba baholo. Ho joalo, boits'oaro ba bongoana bo fana ka melemo e tsitsitseng ea ho ba le tsebo e nepahetseng ea ho pholoha ntle le tšireletso ea motsoali. Ho sa le joalo, ke 'nete hore mekhoa ena e kantle e etsa hore bacha, kapa bonyane e be bacha, ba kotsing ea ho tsamaisoa ka mokhoa o sa hlonepheng le likotsi tse ka bang teng. Ka nepahalo, boko ba bongoana bo reretsoe ho batla maikutlo le ho ipeha kotsing, bo tsamaisanang le tšusumetso e phahameng ea moputso, hangata bo lebisang boits'oarong bo sa tsotelleng. Nts'etsopele ea bokhoni ba ho itaola ke ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng (e itšetlehileng ka ho ntlafatsoa ha boko le liphihlelo tsa sechaba) qetellong eo batho ba baholo ba nang le bokhoni ba ho laola maikutlo a bona le ho ba qobella ho etsa joalo.

Morero o moholo oa ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang ke ho fumana li-endophenotypes le matšoao a tlokotsing ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi. Haufinyane ho bontšitsoe hore batho ba nang le mathata a tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi ba arolelanoang le bana ba bona bao eseng litekanyetso tsa bona tsa boitšoaro bo ts'oanang, ho kenyelletsoa ho susumetsoa ka matla le ho batla maikutlo (Ersche et al., 2010). Boithuto bona bo boetse bo senoletse hore ho hokahana ho sa tloaelehang pele le ka litheko ho ka eketsa likotsi tsa ho lemalla lithethefatsi (Ersche et al., 2012). Ho tlatsana, bopaki bo fetolang bo senotse hore liphapang tse fapaneng li hlaha ho tsoa ho heterogeneity mosebetsing oa PFC (George le Koob, 2010). Ka hona, lipatlisiso tse tebileng tse lekanyang likamano tse lumellanang tsa PFC nakong ea bocha li hlokahala ho utloisisa hore na ke li-trajectories tse ikhethang feela tsa tsoelo-pele tse ka lebisang ho lemeng ha lithethefatsi. Haholo-holo, ho utloisisa hore na (mme haeba ho le 'nete, joang) lits'oaetso tse holofetseng tsa boko li ka ikarabella bakeng sa ho ts'oara moputso le ho etsa liqeto tse fosahetseng (ho bolela ho phehella ho nka kotsi le ha ho na le litlamorao tse mpe) ho bohlokoa haholo ho sireletsa "kotsing e kaalo" ”Bacha ba baholo. Tumellano ea hona joale e se e lumela hore boko ba bongoana bo ntseng bo hola bo bokoa ebile bo kotsing ea ho rohakana ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, haholoholo tse amanang le botaoa ba joala (Crews et al., 2004). Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tsa boithuto ba pelehi le tsa bongaka tse lebisang ho ts'oaetso ea bongoana li hlokoa ho utloisiseha hantle hore na liphatsa tsa lefutso, tikoloho, khatello ea maikutlo le moea o ikemetseng li sebelisana joang ho theha methapo ea methapo e amanang le ts'oaetso ea ho se laole taolo ea ho batla moputso, le ho sebelisa lithethefatsi tse ngata ho feta tekano, nakong ea phetoho e tlohang lefatšeng la bocha e ea sebakeng sa batho ba baholo.

Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso

Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.

LITLHAHISO