Kutloelo-bohloko ea moputso oa Dopaminergic e ka khothaletsa bophelo bo botle ba bocha: Pono e ncha mabapi le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ventral striatum activation (2016)

Eva H. Telzer ^a^,^b^,^c^,,

Neuroscience ea Ntlafatso

Volume 17, February 2016, Maqephe 57-67

inahaneloang

Pono e atileng lefapheng la nts'etsopele ea bongoana ea bongoana ke hore ts'ebetso e matlafatsang tsamaisong ea moputso oa mesolimbic dopaminergic e sebetsa e le mokoloto, e lebisa bacha ho boits'oaro bo kotsi, e eketsa maikutlo a bona ho tekolo le tahlehelo ea sechaba, mme e felle ka botsitso bo botle. Liphumano tse 'maloa tse sa lumellaneng le pono ena ea bofokoli li qholotsa maikutlo a hore moputso oa bongoana oa bocha o sebetsa e le mokoloto mme o totobatsa ts'ebetso e ka ntlafatsang e ka ntlafatsang ts'ebetso ea tumellano ea morao. Morero oa tlhahlobo ena ke ho ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea rona ea maikutlo a moputso oa dopaminergic lilemong tsa bocha. Ke lekola lithuto tse 'maloa tse bonts'ang hore ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea bohloka ba ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea bophelo ba bacha e sebetsa ka mokhoa o feto-fetohileng bakeng sa bophelo ba bacha le ho ba le kamano e amanang le ho fokotseha ha menyetla le ho tepella maikutlong le ho eketseha ha kelello le phehello.

Keywords

Bocha;
Meputso;
Ho nka kotsi
Bophelo bo botle;
Nts'etsopele ea boko

Bocha ke nako ea nts'etsopele ea boemo bo mahlonoko le e tlokotsing e bonts'ang ho eketseha ho matla ha boits'oaro bo nkang kotsi, ho ba le maikutlo a thata, le taolo e mpe ea boits'oaro (Steinberg, 2005). Liphetoho tse joalo li amana le maemo a eketsehang a khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho (ke hore, mathata a kahare) le bokuli ba boitšoaro le ho laola boitšoaro (ke hore, mathata a kantle) a bakang khatello ea bohlokoa ea bophelo bo botle ba sechaba, e susumetsoang ke ho ata ha bona, ho hloka botsitso le litlamorao tse mpe tsa ho sebetsa. Mohlala, ho qaleha ha mafu a mangata a kelello a hlaha lilemong tsa bocha, ka khatello ea maikutlo e ntse e eketseha 500% ho tloha bongoaneng ho ea bohlankaneng le 400% e eketsehileng ke lilemo tsa batho ba baholo (bona Thapar et al., 2012). Maemo a ho fokola le ho shoa hoa batho a eketseha 300% ho tloha bongoaneng ho ea bohlankaneng (CDC, 2014) ka lefu le fetang la 70% ea bacha ba selemo le selemo ka lebaka la lisosa tse ka qojoang ho kenyeletsa le likotsi tsa koloi, likotsi tse sa lebelloang, ho bolaea motho le ho ipolaea (CDC, 2013). Bopaki ba morao-rao bo tsoang mehlaleng ea liphoofolo le lithuto tsa nts'etsopele ea bongoana li bonts'itse hore ho sitisoa ha ts'ebetso ea moputso ho ka mpefatsa lipontšo tsa kahare le tsa kantle nakong ea bocha.Spear, 2011).

1. Bacha ba phahameng ka ho fetesisa molemong oa meputso

Boholo ba mefuta e mengata, ho kenyelletsa le litoeba, litloholoana tse seng tsa botho le batho, bacha ba bonts'a tlhōrō ea boits'oaro bo amanang le moputso, ba fana ka bopaki bo matla ba ho boloka ts'ebetso ea meputso holima thuto ea ho iphetola ha lintho (Spear, 2011). Likhoto tsa lilemong tsa bocha li tebile ho feta batho ba baholo ba bona ho matlotlo a meputso a khothatsang a fapaneng, ho kenyelletsa le ho batla bocha.Douglas et al., 2003), litlamorao tse khotsofatsang tsa likamano tsa sechaba (Douglas et al., 2004), boits'oaro bo kopaneng (Friemel et al., 2010 'me Spear, 2011), le liteko tse fumanehang habonolo (Vaidya et al., 2004, Wilmouth le Spear, 2009 'me Friemel et al., 2010). Khaleng ea batho, mekhoa e ntlafalitsoeng e nang le sebopeho sa U e hlokometsoe ha o batla boits'oaro. Mohlala, bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba bonts'a tlhōrō ea ho iphumanela meputso le boithati ba ho tlaleha (Steinberg et al., 2009 'me Romer et al., 2010), kutlwisiso e kholo ea karabelo e nepahetseng nakong ea mosebetsi oa papali ea boitšoaro bo bobe (Cauffman et al., 2010), le likhahla tse ntlafalitsoeng le ho nchafatsoa hoa lintho tse monate (Galván le McGlennen, 2013 'me Post le Kemper, 1993). Liphetoho tsena tsa boits'oaro ba ho batla boits'oaro le lintho tseo ba li ratang li tsamaisoa, ka karolo e tlisoang ke liphetoho tse tlisoang ke neural ho li-prestriatal circry.

2. Liphetoho tsa dopaminergic bokong ba bocha

Meketjana ea Frontostriatal e tšehetsang meputso e fetoloa ke neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) Potoloho ea moputso ea mantlha e kenyelletsa likhakanyo tsa dopaminergic tse tsoang sebakeng sa "ventral tegmental" (VTA) ho li-bokellase tsa nucleus, tse lokollang dopamine ho arabela sepheo se amanang le moputso (Russo le Nestler, 2013). The ventral striatum, le li-nucleus li bokellana ka ho khetheha, e amohetse e le sebaka sa mantlha sa boitšoaro bo khothalletsang, bo tsamaisang moputso (bona Padmanabhan le Luna, 2014 'me Galván, 2014). DA signaling e ts'ehetsa ho ithuta ho matlafatsang, le ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo a DA ha litloaelo le tšebetso tse tlang pele li susumetsa boits'oaro bo khahlisang le bo susumetsoang bo fetotsoeng bocheng (Padmanabhan le Luna, 2014). Karolo e kholo ea sistimi ea moputso e ntseng e fetoha haholo nakong ea bocha e kenyelletsa likhakanyo tse tsoang ho li-neuron tsa DA tse tebileng botebong ba boko (mohlala, VTA; substantia nigra) ho ea libakeng tse tlasa subroortical ho kenyelletsa striatum, hammoho le preortalal cortex (PFC) le libaka tse ling tsa cortical ho kenyelletsa amygdala le hippocampus. Ho boetse ho na le likhakanyo tsa GABAergic tse tsoang ho li-nucleus tse bokellanang ho VTA. Tsena li kenyelletsa projeke ka kotloloho e tsamaeang ka kotloloho, e kopantsoeng le methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo (D1), e kenang kahare ho VTA, le tatellano ka tsela e sa tsejoeng, e arotsoe ke D2-mofuta oa li-kati spiny neurons, tse kahare ho VTA ka methapo ea methapo ea kutlo ea Gabaergic. ka har'a podral pallidum (Russo le Nestler, 2013). Likaho tsena tsohle tsa moputso li hokahane ka mekhoa e rarahaneng (bona Feie. 1).

Feiga. 1. Dopaminergic pathways bokong.

Sistimi ea DA e theha tlhophiso ea bohlokoa lilemong tsa bocha, e leng bohlokoa ho pathophysiology ea likhathatso tse fapaneng tse hlahang nakong ea bocha.e (Bona Nelson et al., 2005, Spear, 2000 'me Wahlstrom et al., 2010a). Liropo tsa ka mehla, litloholo tsa batho bao e seng batho, le batho, li eketseha ka holim'a dopamine e supa tlhoro nakong ea bohlankana.sheba Wahlstrom et al., 2010b). Liphetoho tse ikhethileng tsa bocha li hlokometsoe boteng ba li-dopamine receptors D1 le D2 ho "ventral striatum" ka litoeba (Andersen et al., 1997, Tarazi et al., 1999, Teicher et al., 1995, Badanich et al., 2006 'me Philpot et al., 2009), leha lithuto tse 'maloa li sa fumane liphapang tse sebetsang ka har'a methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea bocha ha e bapisoa le batho ba baholo.Matthews le al., 2013 'me Sturman le Moghaddam, 2012). Ho feta moo, lintlafatso tsa DA le letsoalo la likhoele tsa DA tse eang ho PFC li eketseha ho ba bohlankana (Benes et al., 2000), hammoho le palo ea projeke ea PFC ho li-nucleus accumbens (Brenhouse et al., 2008). Libakeng tsa batho bao e seng batho, litlhoko tse kholo tsa kholo ea DA sebakeng se phahameng li fihla sehlohlolong (bona Wahlstrom et al., 2010b).

Liphuputso le batho li tlalehile litlhōrō tse tšoanang ho polelo ea DA nakong ea bocha. Mohlala, isamples ea post-mortem ea batho, maemo a DA ho striatum a eketseha ho fihlela lilemong tsa bocha ebe a fokotseha kapa a tsitsa (Haycock et al., 2003), ka bobeli ho ea ka bolelele ba axons hammoho le palo eohle ea likarolo tsa projeke (Lambe et al., 2000 'me Rosenberg le Lewis, 1994). Tmona hape ho na le tlhoro ea khokahano ea glutamatergic ho tloha ho PFC ho ea ho li-nucleus accumebens, ka ho khetheha ho li-neuron tse bontšang D1 (Brenhouse et al., 2008). Kamora nako, lithuto tsa fMRI, tse lumellang tlhahlobo ea liphetoho lits'ebetsong tsa neural tse tsamaisitsoeng ke DA, li bonts'itse hore ts'ebetso ea "ventral striatum" e sebetsa haholo ho bacha ho feta bana kapa batho ba baholo ha ba fumana meputso ea bobeli. (mohlala, chelete; Ernst et al., 2005, Galván et al., 2006 'me Van Leijenhorst et al., 2010), meputso ea mantlha (mohlala, mokelikeli o monate; Galván le McGlennen, 2013), kapa meputso ea sechaba (Chein et al., 2010 'me Guyer et al., 2009) hape le ha ho na le litakatso tsa boithabiso tse tsoang sechabeng (Somerville et al., 2011). Litlhōrō tse joalo ho ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ventral striatum li amahanngoa le taolo e hlokofatsang ea kelello (Somerville et al., 2011) le ho ipeha kotsing ea ho ipeha kotsing ea ho ipeha kotsing (Galván et al., 2007). Boithuto bo bong bo boetse bo fumane hore bacha ba bonts'a ts'ebetso ea litho tsa botona kapa tsa batho ba baholo e sa sebetseng ha ba lebelletse moputso (Bjork et al., 2004 'me Bjork et al., 2010), mme ts'ebetso e joalo e soabisang ea ts'ebetso e amahanngoa le boits'oaro bo boholo ba ho nka boits'oaro (Schneider et al., 2012). Hypoactivation of the ventral striatum ho phetoa ka ho fana ka maikutlo a hore bacha ba ka fumana maikutlo a fokolang a tsoang ho bohloeki bo nang le moputso, bo ba khannelang hore ba batle liphihlelo tse matlafatsang tse eketsang tšebetso mesebetsing e amanang le dopamine. (Spear, 2000).

Ho nahanoa hore tsamaiso ea DA e maemong a sebetsang nakong ea bocha (Litho tsa et al., 2014), joalo ka ha ho bonahatsoa ke tlhōrō ea ho thunngoa ha lisele tsa DA, maemo ohle a phahameng a tonic DA, bolulo bo boholo ba DA, le ho eketseha ha methapo ea DA receptor (bona Padmanabhan le Luna, 2014). Ka hona, ts'ebetso ea mesolimbic DA e nahanoa hore e boemong ba ho noella haholo lilemong tsa bocha, e nang le bohlokoa ba bohlokoa ba ts'ebetso bakeng sa liphetho tsa boitšoaro. Ho boetse ho nahanoa hore maemo a DA a tonic ho PFC a nyoloha kaholimo ho bophahamo ba bohlankana, e leng se hlahisang lebaka la "DA" le fetisang maikutlo ho tsoa libakeng tse maoto tse kang li-nucleus accumbens (mohlala, Wahlstrom et al., 2010a). Tphetoho ea hae ho tekatekano ea tšebetso ea DA e kanna ea ba le mats'oao tlholisanong lipakeng tsa PFC le likarolo tse thata bakeng sa taolo ea tlhahisoleseling, hoo maemo a ts'ebetso a maholo a tšebetso ea DA ka har'a nucleus e bokellang tlhahiso ea tlhahisoleseling e lebisang ho matla a maholo le tšusumetso e fokolang ea PFC ho li-bokellase tsa nucleus (Spear, 2011).

3. Maikutlo a haelloang ke ho tsoaloa hape ha dopaminergic bohlankaneng

Liphetoho tse ikhethang tse amanang le bonyatsi mesebetsing ea DA li nahanoa hore li ikarabela bakeng sa meputso e phahameng bakeng sa meputso tikolohong ho kenyeletsoa le ho rata bocha, ho eketsa thahasello maemong a kotsi, le ho qala ha mafu a mangata a kelello (Wahlstrom et al., 2010b). Pono e atileng lefapheng la nts'etsopele ea bongoana ea bongoana ke hore ts'ebetso e phahamisitsoeng tsamaisong ea mesolimbic DA e sebetsa e le mokoloto, e lebisa bacha ho boits'oaro bo kotsi, e eketsa maikutlo a bona ho tekolo le tahlehelo ea sechaba, mme e fella ka boiketlo bo botle. (mohlala, Casey et al., 2008 'me Litho tsa et al., 2014). Tka hona, le ha tlhoro ea bocha e etsa hore lintho li boele li kopane, mohlomong e bile teng ka sepheo sa ho feto-fetoha le maemo (mohlala, ho tataisa katleho ea ho ba le bana, ho falla, le ho fokotseha ho hlaha), ho etsa lintho ka bocha mekhatlong ea sejoale-joale e kanna ea ba moroalo esita le ho sokela bophelo (Spear, 2008). Ka 'nete, liphuputsong tse ngata tsa bocha ba batho ba lilemong tsa bocha, liphetoho tse mabapi le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso li kopantsoe le liphetho tse mpe ho kenyelletsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le joala (Jager et al., 2013), ho tepella maikutlong hona (Telzer et al., 2014 'me Silk et al., 2013), ho tšoenyeha (Bar-Haim et al., 2009 'me Guyer et al., 2006), stloaelo ea ho sebelisa tšusumetso ea lithaka (Chein et al., 2010), le boits'oaro le boits'oaro bo tlolang molao (Galván et al., 2007 'me Qu et al., 2015). TMonna, meputso e ka ba le tšusumetso e matla ea boits'oaro bo bohlokoa bo bakang likotsi tsa lefu le sa foleng le lefu le sa foleng.

4. Karolo e ka 'nang ea fetoha ea ho fetoha hape ha dopaminergic ho kena bohlankaneng

Maikutlo a phahameng ka ho fetisisa ketsahalong ea DA nakong ea bohlankana bo ka tlase a beha kotsing ea ho ba le likotsi tsa kelello le thuto ea kelello ea bocha e fana ka maikutlo a hore bacha ba tobelletsoa mathateng a bophelo bo botle ba kelello ka lebaka la litšitiso tse matla tsa nts'etsopele ea nts'etsopele ka ho fetoloa ha methapo ea kutlo. Maikutlo a joalo a bofokoli a susumetsoang ke ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea tlhaho e fana ka maikutlo a ho se lekane, a ho se khone ho nka kotsi ea bongoana le psychopathology e re sitisang ho kenella. Ntle le moo, maikutlo ana a totobatsa boitšoaro ba bothata ba bongoana ho feta kholisong le boits'oarong bo botle. Le ha maikutlo ana a sa fosahetse (ke hore, ts'ebetso e phahamisitsoeng ea ts'ebetso etsang amanang le liphetho tse mpe), pono ena e nolofalitsoe haholo ( Pfeifer le Allen, 2012) hape ha e nahane ka hore na ho bophahamo bo eketsehileng ba dopaminergic bo ka sebetsa joang nakong ena ea ntlafatso. Liphumano tse 'maloa tse sa lumellaneng le pono ena ea bofokoli li qholotsa maikutlo a hore moputso oa bongoana oa bocha o sebetsa e le mokoloto mme o totobatsa ts'ebetso e ka ntlafatsang e ka ntlafatsang ts'ebetso ea tumellano ea morao.

Maikutlo a mang a reriloeng ke hore maikutlo a dopaminergic a matlafatsang a eketsa boits'oaro bo nkang kotsi bo ka bang bonolo bakeng sa ho khothaletsa ho pholoha le ho fumana boiphihlelo. (Spear, 2000). Tloaelo ea ho atamela, ho hlahloba le ho beha likotsi nakong ea bocha e ka sebeletsa morero o ikhethileng o fang monyetla o ikhethang oa hore bacha ba be le liphihlelo tse ncha ka nako eo bacha ba khothalletsoang ho ithuta tikolohong ea bona le ho tlohela polokeho ea bahlokomeli ba bona. (Spear, 2000). Ka hona, likarabo tsa moea tse kenang ka hare li ka nolofalletsa ho fihlela sepheo le ho phela ha nako e telele, ho lumella mocha hore a fetohele boipusong bo itseng (Wahlstrom et al., 2010a). Ka bokhutšoane, conceptualization ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho ipeha kotsing ke mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho feto-fetoha le maemo. Ho phahamisoa ka mokhoa o hlakileng oa "ventral striatum" e ka ba karabelo e lumellanang ha feela sisteme e sa tsamaee ho feta tekano mme bacha ba kenella maemong a lekang a ho beha kotsing.; maemo a phahameng a ho ipeha kotsing a ka ba kotsi kapa a beha bophelo kotsing (Spear, 2008). Ho feta moo, litlamorao tsa ho nka kotsi e ka ba tse tlisoang ke maemo. Sechabeng sa rona sa sejoale-joale, tikoloho eo bacha ba kenang kotsing ea ho beha kotsing (mohlala, ho khanna makoloi) ho ka baka mathata a mantlha sebakeng sa liphetho tse hlakileng (Spear, 2008).

Ha ke fetela khopolong ea hore ho ipeha kotsing ke mokhoa o ikemetseng, ke etsa tlhahiso ea hore maikutlo a macha le karolo e phethoang ea maikutlo a moputso e le hore boiphetoho ba boiqapelo bo ka baka bacha. hang ho tsoa likotsi le psychopathologies. Ka mantsoe a mang, ho pheta-pheta hape ho ka etsa hore bacha ba furalle mokhoa o tšoanang o nahanoang ho hlaha ka lebaka la tlhoro ea letšoao la DA le neural. Sebakeng sa ho khothaletsa ho nka monyetla oa ho beha kotsing le ho ba le ts'oaetso ea kelello, bopaki ba morao-rao bo senola hore ho nka khato e matla ea morao-rao ho ka susumetsa bacha hore ba kopanele menahanong e ntle, boits'oaro bo botle, ho tsamaisa temohisiso e ntlafalitsoeng, 'me qetellong ho ba sireletse hore ba se ke ba ba le khatello ea maikutlo le ho etsa ts'ebetso e behang bophelo kotsing. Ka sebele likarabo tse phahamisitsoeng tsa "" ventri striatum likarabo ", hammoho le molao o sebetsang oa neural, li emela" phetolelo ea tšusumetso e ntle ea ketso e lumellanang " ( Wahlstrom et al., 2010a, maq. 3).

Ho supa lipontšo tsa DA ka bokhutšoanyane e ka ba sesupo sa neurobiological bakeng sa boits'oaro bo amanang le mekhoa, ho sa tsotelehe sephetho se lemohuoang (ke hore, adapta kapa hampe). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lets'oao la DA le kanna la fetoleloa mekhoeng e susumetsang e ikemiselitseng, joalo ka tloaelo e lebisang boits'oarong bo nang le tšusumetso e ntle (mohlala, ho loanela katleho ea thuto, ho etsa boitšoaro bo botle, ho sebeletsa sepheo.). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho supa ha DA ho ka lebisoa ho boits'oaro bo susumetsang bo ka bang bobe haholo ho latela maemo a fapaneng le a maemo (mohlala, boits'oaro bo kotsi ba ho khanna, boits'oaro bo kotsi ba ho etsa thobalano). Ventral striatum sensitivity ka hona e ka emela tlokotsi kapa monyetla ho latela maemo a sechaba le a susumetsang (bona Lethathamo 1). Thus, li-trajectories tsa nts'etsopele ea sensitivity ea ventral striatum li ka fapana ho ea ka maikutlo le maemo.

Tafole 1.

Reentwork ea Ventral striatum e ka ba sesosa sa kotsi le monyetla.

kotsing	Monyetla
*Ho itloaetsa ho fumana meputso e fosahetseng*	Ho itloaetsa ho fumana meputso e metle
• Teko ea lithethefatsi	• Khothatso ea thuto
• Boitšoaro bo kotsi ba thobalano	• Litabatabelo le boithabiso

*Boikutlo ba ho sokisa sechaba*	Kutloisiso khokahanong ea sechaba
• O ile a nyenyefatsa khatello ea maikutlo	• Kamano e ntle ea lithaka
• Tšusumetso e mpe ea lithaka	• Boitšoaro ba boitšoaro bo botle

Litlhahlobo tsa lipapali

Hobane litlhoro tsa dopaminergic sensitivity li bonahala li le teng hohle bongoaneng, joalo ka ha li bonoa ho mefuta eohle, maemo le litso, sepheo sa ka ke ho totobatsa mekhoa eo maikutlo a dopaminergic a ka fetisetsoang ho mekhoa e metle, e khothalletsang bophelo bo botle. Litlhahlobo tse 'maloa tse susumetsang li sa tsoa fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso ea methapo ea bongoana e rarahane (Crone le Dahl, 2012), mme "ventral striatum" ka linako tse ling e amahanngoa le liphetho tse sebetsang (Pfeifer le Allen, 2012). Thutong ena, ke fetela mohato mohopolong ona mme ke fana ka maikutlo a hore hyperactivation ea DA e ka phahamisa bophelo ba bocha. Ka tlase, ke hlahloba lithuto tse 'maloa tsa morao-rao tse phephetsang maikutlo a setso a fanang ka maikutlo a phello ea mekhoa e fosahetseng nakong ea bohlankana. Mehlala le mefuta e fapaneng ea ts'ebetso, ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso e sebetsa mosebetsi o ts'oanelehang bakeng sa bophelo bo botle ba bacha le ho phela hantle, ho amanang le ho fokotseha ha menyetla ea ho ipeha kotsing le khatello ea maikutlo le ho eketseha ha phepelo le phihlello ea kelello.

5. The ventral striatum le moputso: revers revers

Pele ke hlahloba lingoliloeng tsa hajoale, ke batla ho hlokomela lintlha tse 'maloa ka tlhaiso-leseling e hlahisoang ke tlhaiso-leseling. Mosebetsi oa fMRI oa motho o supile li-ventral striatum e le sebaka sa bohlokoa se kenyelletsoeng ts'ebetsong ea moputso (bona Delgado, 2007). Leha ho le joalo, tšitiso ea bohlokoa ea ho hlalosoa ha "ventral striatum" e le moputso oa kh'outo ke bothata ba ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo (ke hore, ho kenyelletsa likarolo tsa kutlo ho tsoa ts'ebetsong ea sebaka se itseng sa boko; Poldrack, 2011). Ka har'a buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho ea morao tjena, ke tla etsa litlatsetso tse 'maloa mabapi le boemo ba moea le moputso. Le ha ts'ebetso ea "ventral striatum activation" e sa tsamaellane le moputso, ka linako tse ling khokahano ena e bohlokoa ho etsoa ho hlalosa pale e kopanetsoeng. Le ha ho le joalo, ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore libaka tse ling tsa neural ka ntle ho "ventral striatum" (mohlala, VTA, vmPFC) le "neurochemistry" ntle le dopamine (mohlala, opioids) khoutu ea moputso, mme "ventral striatum" e kenella lenaneng la sensorimotor e fapaneng. le mesebetsi e susumetsang. Mohlala, striatum e kenyelletsa taolo ea makoloi (bona Groenewegen, 2003), ho ithuta ho kenyelletsa tloaelo ea tloaelo (Jog et al., 1999), ho ithuta ho ithuta (Poldrack et al., 1999), le thuto e amanang le moputso (O'Doherty, 2004), hammoho le kutloisiso ea ho nyonya / ho otla (Jensen et al., 2003). Striatum, ka hona, e kentsoe letsoho ho kopanya tlhahisoleseling mabapi le ts'ebetso ea kelello, taolo ea makoloi le tšusumetso (bona Delgado, 2007).

6. Bopaki ba hore maikutlo a dopaminergic a ka phahamisa bophelo ba bongoana

6.1. Boikutlo ba maikutlo ba "" ventral striatum ho liqeto tsa prosocial bo ntse bo fokotseha ka boits'oaetso bo ka behang kotsing

Ho kenella mekhoeng ea boitšoaro bo botle ho hlohlelletsa matla a maholo, meputso e khotsofatsang e kenyang tšebetso ea moputso oa dopaminergic. Mohlala, ho batho ba baholo, ho fana ka tšehetso ea lichelete ho liphallelo ho kenyelletsa ventral striatum (Moll et al., 2006 'me Harbaugh et al., 2007). Hona ho nahanoa hore ho supa phello e "futhumetseng", ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ho monate ho ba morolo (Moll et al., 2006). Ho joalo, re bontšitse hore bacha ba tlalehang ba ikutloa ba thabile ka matsatsi a ha ba ts'ehetsa malapa a bona ba bontša ts'ebetso e kholo ea ts'ebetso ha ba fana ka tšehetso ea lichelete ho ba malapa a bona nakong ea tlhahlobo ea fMRI (Telzer et al., 2010 'me Telzer et al., 2011), e ts'ehetsang maikutlo a hore likhoutu tsa "ventral striatum" tsa maikutlo a thabo li hokahane le ho ba le prosocial. Ts'ebetso ea Ventral striatum ho fumana meputso ea prosocial ka hona e ka emela sesupo se lumellanang se ka thusang ho phela hantle. Ho hlahloba sena, re ile ra latela bacha lilemong tse fetang selemo ho hlahloba hore na ts'ebetso e ntle ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso nakong ea bophelo bo botle e ntle e ile ea bolela phetoho joang boits'ong bo kotsing ea bophelo bo botle. Bacha ba qetile mosebetsi oo ka ona ba ka fanang ka chelete e theko e boima ho ba malapa a bona. Re fumane hore bacha ba bonts'itseng ts'ebetso ea maemo a holimo ha ba etsa liqeto tsa bohlokoa (ke hore, menehelo e theko e boima ho ba malapa a bona) ba bonts'a ho theoha ha menyetla ea ho beha boits'oaro (mohlala, ho utsoa, ho noa joala, ho sebelisa lithethefatsi le ho tlola sekolo) sekolong ea selemo (Telzer et al., 2013). Ho feta moo, bacha ba bonts'itseng ts'ebetso e kholo ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso nakong ea liqeto tse amang malapa Nyane ts'ebetso ea "ventral striatum" nakong ea mosebetsi o nkang kotsi ( Telzer et al., 2015a), ho fana ka maikutlo a hore meputso ea prosocial e ka hlakisa mofuta o motle oa ho etsa boitšoaro bo kotsi. Liphumano tsena li totobatsa kamoo kutloelo-bohloko ea boemo ba moea e ka bang letlotlo ho bacha ho latela maemo a ts'ebetso eo. Leralral striatum, le khethiloeng e le sesosa sa kotsi ea ho beha bacha kotsing, le lona le itšireletsa khahlanong le boitšoaro bona ha ts'ebetso eo e etsahala maemong a nang le morero.

6.2. Kameho ea maikutlo ea Ventral striatum ho mefuta e fapaneng ea meputso e bolela esale pele ho eketseha le ho fokotseha ha khatello ea maikutlo ka nako e telele

Le ha ho phela hantle ho ka fumanoa ka boits'oaro bo nepahetseng le bo nepahetseng, bacha ba tloaetse ho etsa lintho tse mpe, tse nyonyehang (mohlala, ho ipeha kotsing), ka mokhoa o ka ba behang kotsing ea ho tšoaroa hampe. (Litho tsa et al., 2014 'me Steinberg, 2008). Re ile ra hlahloba hore na ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea "ventral striatum" ho fumana meputso ea eudaimonic (mohlala, liqeto tsa bohlokoa ho lelapa) le meputso ea hedonic (mohlala, liqeto tse kotsi) li bolela esale pele liphetoho tse telele matšoao a sithabetsang. Bacha ba phethile mosebetsi oa ho khetha chelete eo ba ka khethang ho fana ka eona ho malapa a bona kapa ho ipolokela chelete (Telzer et al., 2010 'me Telzer et al., 2011). Ba boetse ba phethile mosebetsi oa ho beha kotsing (BART; Lejuez et al., 2002), eo ka nako eo ba neng ba ka kenya balune e neng e ba fa meputso e eketsehileng ea chelete ka pompo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe empa e ka phatloha neng kapa neng ha e baka tahlehelo ea meputso eohle e fumanoeng bakeng sa balune eo. Liphetho li bonts'itse hore bacha ba bonts'itseng ts'ebetso ea "cyral striatum activ" nakong ea liqeto tsa bophelo bo botle ho malapa a bona ba fokotsehile ka matšoao a sithabetsang nakong ea selemo se latelang. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, bacha ba bonts'itseng ts'ebetso ea "ventral striatum" e phahameng ha ba ipolokela chelete mesebetsing ea boithati (ke hore, liqeto tsa boithati) kapa ba bonts'itseng ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso nakong ea kotsi e nkileng liphihlelo tse telele tsa matšoao a sithabetsang (Telzer et al., 2014). Kahoo, ts'ebetso e matlafalitsoeng ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea prosocial ke karabelo e khahlisang ea neural, e ka sebetsang joalo ka leseli la methapo le bonts'ang sepheo sa ho fumana meputso e metle (mohlala, ho ikutloa le moelelo le sepheo; ho ikutloa o le botsoalle sechabeng) le ho lebisang ho fokotseheng hoa matšoao a nyahamisang . Ho arabela ka mokhoa o hlakileng nakong ea liqeto tsa boithati (ke hore, ho ipolokela chelete) kapa ha ho le kotsi ke karabelo e mpe ea neural, e ka 'nang ea e-ba lets'oao le fanang ka maikutlo a ho fumana meputso e mebe (mohlala, monyaka oa ho ba kotsi; tshoso) mme e baka ho eketseha ha matšoao a nyahamisang. Liphumano tsena li bonts'a bohlokoa ba ho nahana ka moelelo oo ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea "ventral striatum" e sebetsang teng.

6.3. Ho ba teng ha bo-mme ho etsa hore maikutlo a bongoana a ho ferekana a be hole le boits'oaro bo kotsi

Batsoali ba bapala karolo ea bohlokoa e makatsang, ba thusa bana ba bona ho etsa liqeto tse sa fetoheng le ho qoba likotsi. Ha batsoali ba ka fokotsa kotsi ea ho kena bohlankaneng ka ho sebeletsa e le balebeledi ba liheke le ho fokotsa menyetla ea bacha ea ho etsa liqeto tse fosahetseng, rona e lekole hore na boteng ba 'm'ae bo fetola mekhoa eo bacha ba sebetsanang le boemo ba bona ba kotsi. Nakong ea tlhahlobo ea fMRI, bacha ba ile ba qeta ho etsa mosebetsi oa ho khanna oo ba ka khethang ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi kapa tse bolokehileng. Ba ne ba bapala mosebetsi ba le bang le pela 'm'a bona. Re fumane hore bacha ba etsa liqeto tse kotsi haholo ha ba le bang (55% ea liqeto) ho feta ha 'm'a bona a le teng (45% ea liqeto). Boemong ba neural, stralatum ea "ventral" e ne e sa sebetse hantle haholo nakong ea liqeto tse kotsi ebile e le mafolofolo nakong ea liqeto tse sireletsehileng ha bo-'mè ba lilemong tsa bocha ba le teng. (Telzer et al., 2015b). Habohlokoa, re fumane hore ha bacha ba etsa liqeto tse bolokehileng, ba bonts'a tšebetso ea bohlokoa (ho bolela, puisano pakeng tsa libaka tsa neural) lipakeng tsa ventral striatum le ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) ha bo-'m'a bona ba ne ba le teng empa ba ne ba sena ha ba le bang . Imantsoe a mang, ho etsa liqeto tse bolokehileng ka pel'a bo-'m'a bona ho ka etsa hore karabelo ea boleng ba moputso (ke hore, liqeto tse bolokehileng tse amanang le tšireletso), mme karabelo ena ea moputso e khothaletsa ts'ebetso ea "preortalal cortex", karolo ea bohlokoa ea boko e amehang. taolong ea kelello, ho ts'oaroa ha likarabo tsa koloi (Gray et al., 2002 'me Wessel et al., 2013), hammoho le kemiso ea molao le khetho ea likarabo (Souza et al., 2009 'me Snyder et al., 2011). Ka hona likarabo tsa striatal li ka tsamaisa taolo ea kelello le ho nahanisisa ka likhetho tsa karabo, 'me qetellong li baka likhetho tse bolokehileng. Likhopolo tsa ho nka kotsi ea bongoana li fana ka maikutlo a hore bophahamo ba maikutlo ba moea oa bongoaneng bo beha haholo kotsing ea ho ba lilemong tsa bocha, 'me mosebetsi o fetileng o tsepamisitse maikutlo molemong oa boits'oaro bo botle bo isang boits'oarong bo kotsi. Habohlokoa, li-ventral striatum, tse kopantsoeng le ho nka likotsi tse kholo, mohlala ha lithaka li le teng (Chein et al., 2011), li ka fetisetsoa hole le liqeto tse kotsi (ke hore, ts'ebetso e fokolang nakong ea ho nka kotsi) le ho tse ling tse ngata liqeto tse entsoeng ka boomo le tse sireletsehileng ha bo-mme ba le teng.

6.4. Meputso ea extrinsic le intrinsic e ka khothaletsa ho phehella ha kelello ho matlafatsang ka ts'ebetso e phahameng ea ventral striatum

Leha bacha ba tloaetse ho bonts'a ts'ebetso ea kelello, haholoholo maemong a hlasimollang kapa a maikutlo (mohlala, Hare et al., 2008 'me Somerville et al., 2011), bacha ba hlile ba bonts'a tšebetso e ntlafalitsoeng (ke hore, likarabo tsa pelehi ha ba putsoa ka ho etsa joalo (Geier le Luna, 2009, Geier le Luna, 2012, Geier et al., 2010 'me Padmanabhan et al., 2011). Letotong la liteko tse bohlale, Geier le basebetsi-mmoho ba ile ba kenya letsoho mosebetsing o bonolo oa ho lemoha (mosebetsi oa antisaccade), 'me, litekong tse ling, taolo e ntle ea taolo e ile ea hlahisa moputso oa chelete. Bacha ba ile ba etsa liphoso tse fokolang ho liteko tse putsoa le tsa ho se nke lehlakore ha li bapisoa le batho ba baholo (Padmanabhan et al., 2011), ho fana ka maikutlo a hore bacha ba amehile haholo ka moputso, le hore tšusumetso (ho fumana chelete) e ka ntlafatsa taolo ea bona ea kelello. Habohlokoa, maemong a neural, bacha ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e eketsehang ha e bapisoa le bana le batho ba baholo mokhatlong o potlakileng oa liteko tse lefuoeng (Padmanabhan et al., 2011), ho fana ka maikutlo a hore meputso e tsoang ho bana le ts'ebetso ea "ventri striatum activation" e ka sebetsa ho ntlafatsa melao ea boitšoaro ho bacha.

In Ntle le ho hlahloba sepheo sa extrinsic (ke hore, ho amohela chelete), bafuputsi ba batlile ho hlahloba hore na tšusumetso ea maikutlo a kenelletseng e ka amahanngoa le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso le ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea melao ea boitšoaro. Satterthwaite le basebetsi-'moho (2012) e hlahlobe hore na ventral striatum e ile ea kenngoa joang nakong ea mosebetsi oa ho hopola o nang le maemo a fapaneng a boima har'a barupeluoa ho tloha ka nako ea lilemo ho tloha 8 ho isa lilemong tsa 22. Bangoli ba hlalositse tšusumetso e matla e le karabelo e phahamisoang ea moea ha ba phethela mosebetsi hantle. Satterthwaite le basebetsi-'moho (2012) fumana ts'ebetso e matla ea "ventral striatum" e sebetsang ka thata. Ka mantsoe a mang, ha barupeluoa ba etsa likarabo tse nepahetseng ho fapana le karabo e fosahetseng, ba bonts'a ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea "striatum" e phahameng ho feta liteko tse boima. Ts'ebetso ena ea ts'ebetso ea "striatal" e tsamaisana le ts'ebetso ea mesebetsi, e fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso nakong ea mesebetsi e phephetsang e matlafatsa mohopolo o sebetsang haholoanyane. Ntle le moo, bocha bo bontšitse ts'ebetso e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea "ventral striatum" meputsong ena ea bohlokoa. Habohlokoa, likarabo tsena tse matla li ne li le teng le ha ho na karabo e hlakileng kapa meputso, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore likarabo tsa boemo bo phahameng moelelong ona li ka bonts'a matšoao a matla a ho tiisa. Tsena ke tse ling tsa liphetho tsa pele ho bonts'a tlhoro ea lilemong tsa bocha kahar'a tse ling ho e-na le likarabo tse hlakileng tsa matlafatso.

Ho latela mosebetsi oa Satterthwaite le basebetsi-'moho (2012), re batlile ho hlahloba hore na ho ka ba le phapang ea setso litumellanong tsa neural tsa tšusumetso ea boteng. Ho fihlela sena, re fumane mehlala e 'meli ea bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha bao ka moetlo ba fapaneng ho ea ka tšusumetso ea bona ea sekolo e ipolelang. Bacha ba Asia Bochabela ba tloaetse ho susumetsoa haholo ke barutehi ho feta balekane ba bona ba Amerika (Pomerantz et al., 2008) mme ba fumane lintlha tse phahameng haholo taolong ea kelello, tšebetsong ea botsamaisi le tšitiso ea boitšoaro ha e bapisoa le bo-mphato ba bona ba Amerika (Sabbagh et al., 2006 'me Lan et al., 2011). Ho lekola hore na ts'ebetso ea "ventral striatum activation" e ka tšehetsa ts'usumetso ea baithuti ba Asia Bochabela, re ile ra sheba liithuti tsa Amerika le tsa China ha li ntse li etsa mosebetsi oa mantlha oa taolo ea kelello (mosebetsi oa Go-Nogo) o hlokang ho phehella ha nako. Seo re se fumaneng se boetse se supa karolo e ikamahanyang ea "ventral striatum". Re fumane phapang e kholo ts'ebetsong ea boitšoaro ho pholletsa le taolo ea taolo ea kelello, hoo liithuti tsa China le Amerika li sa kang tsa fapana ts'ebetsong qalong ea mosebetsi, ho fana ka maikutlo a maemo a tšoanang a taolo ea kelello. Leha ho le joalo, ka nako eohle, liithuti tsa China li bontšitse ntlafatso e kholo ts'ebetsong ha liithuti tsa Amerika li bontšitse ho fokotseha ho matla ts'ebetsong (Telzer le Qu, 2015). Boemong ba neural, Ma-China a nkileng karolo a bonts'a ts'ebetso e ntseng e eketseha ea tšebetso nakong eo mosebetsi o ntse o sebetsa, athe ts'ebetso ea litho tsa Amerika tse kenang tšebetsong li lula li le tlase mosebetsing. Ntle le moo, liithuti tsa China li ile tsa bonts'a khokahano e sebetsang pakeng tsa "ventral striatum" le "cortex" ea nako pele ho nako, khokahano e neng e le sieo ho baithuti ba Amerika. Haholo, khokahano ena e sebetsang e ne e amahanngoa le ts'ebetso ea boits'oaro mosebetsing, e bonts'a khokahanyo e kholo ea VS-PFC e nolofalelitseng lintlafatso mo tirisisong ea kelello. Ka hona, ts'ebetso ea "ventral striatum" e ka emela matšoao a matlafatsang a matla a khothalletsang PFC ho nka taolo e sebetsang haholoanyane ea kelello. Taba ea hore ts'ebetso ea "ventral striatum" e ne e kopantsoe hantle le PFC e bonts'a hore lintlafatso tsa ts'ebelisano ea kelello ho baithuti ba China li ka hlaha ka karabelo e matlafatsang e matlafatsang sisteme ea bona ea taolo, e tšoanang le seo re se fumaneng kaholimo ho kotsi ea bocha ho ba teng ha bo-mme. Kahoo, ho fetoha hape ha boithuto e kanna ea eba sesupo sa "neurobiological" se emelang ts'usumetso e matla e sebeletsang ts'ebetso e tsitsitseng, ho eketsa tšusumetso ea baithuti ba China ho etsa taolo ea kelello. Hammoho le mosebetsi oa Satterthwaite et al. (2012), liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore katleho ea thuto e ka ntlafala ha batho ka bomong ba fumana mosebetsi oa bona o putsa le ho feta.

6.5. Keketseho e akaretsang ea liketsahalo nakong ea taolo ea kelello e hakanyetsa litlamorao tse ntle tsa lithaka

Ka thetso e bohlale, Falk le basebetsi mmoho (Cascio et al., 2014) sebelisa ts'ebetso ea sebopeho sa boko ho hlahloba hore na mekhoa ea neural e bolela joang boits'oarong bocha ho bacha. Nakong ea tlhahlobo ea fMRI, bacha ba ile ba phethela mosebetsi oa mantlha oa taolo ea kelello (mosebetsi oa Go-Nogo). Bekeng e le 'ngoe ka mor'a ho hlahlojoa ha litšoantšo, bacha ba ile ba khutlela lab ho ea ikoetlisetsa ho khanna ka mokhoa o tenang moo ba neng ba ka etsa liqeto tsa ho etsa boits'oaro bo bolokehileng le bo kotsi. Bacha ba qetile ho etsa papiso moo ho nang le motho ea tlaase kapa ea kotsing e tlase. Ka boitsoaro, bacha ba ile ba khetha likhetho tse fokolang tse kotsi haholo (ke hore, ba khanna litšebelisanong le mabone a mafubelu) ka pel'a lithaka tse kotsing e tlase ha li bapisoa le lithaka tse kotsing e kholo. Boemong ba neural, bacha ba bonts'itseng ts'ebetso e kholo ho feta ea letho ha ba etsa taolo ea kelello ba ile ba susumetsoa haholo ke lithaka tsa bona tse hlokolosi, hore ts'ebetso e kholo ea "ventral striatum activation" e ne e amana le ho kenya likotsi tse fokolang boteng ba lithaka tse hlokolosi. Ts'ebetso ea Ventral striatum e ne e sa amane le ho susumetsoa ke lithaka tse kotsi kapa boitšoaro ba ho khanna ha bo le bang. Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore liphapang tsa batho ba lilemong tsa bocha tsa ho hira mocha oa boemo ba moea nakong ea taolo ea kelello li amahanngoa le ho bebofatsa litlamorao tsa ho nka likotsi boteng ba lithaka tse hlokolosi. Habohlokoa, ts'ebetso e phahameng ea "ventral striatum" e ne e amana le Nyane kotsing ea ho nka boits'oaro boteng ba lithaka tsa prosocial empa eseng tse kotsi, ho fana ka bopaki bo eketsehileng ba karolo e khahlisang ea ho ts'oaroa ke matla. Litlamorao tsena li tsamaisana le liphumano tsa rona tse kaholimo tse fumaneng ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea "cyri striatum" nakong ea taolo ea kelello hara baithuti ba China ( Telzer le Qu, 2015). Thutong ea rona, ts'ebetso ea "ventral striatum activation" nakong ea taolo ea kelello e sebelisitse ho eketsa ts'ebetso ea kelello, mme Cascio et al. (2014) fumane likarabo tse ntlafalitsoeng tsa VS li sebeletsa ho eketsa tšusumetso e ntle ea lithaka. Le ha ho hlakile hore na boemo ba moea mona bo fana ka karabelo, litlamorao le ha ho le joalo li bonts'a karolo e lumellanang ea "ventral striatum". Ka bobeli, liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba amohelang boemo ba moea ba boits'oaro ha ba etsa taolo ea kelello ba boetse ba etsa boits'oaro bo nepahetseng maphelong a bona a letsatsi le letsatsi, e leng ho bakang taolo e sebetsang haholoanyane ea kelello le boitšoaro bo fokolang ba ho ipeha kotsing. Liphumano tse joalo li hatella hape ho utloisisa maemo ao ho ona ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso e kenang.

6.6. Ho eketsa tloaelo ea "striatal" ho ka sebeletsa karolo ea taolo

Mosebetsi o mong o bonts'itse hore ventral striatum e kanna ea kenya letsoho taolong ea maikutlo. Thutong e telele, Pfeifer le bo-mphato ba hae (2011) e ile ea hlahloba bacha nakong ea phetoho ea ho tloha bongoaneng ho ea bohlankaneng. Barupeluoa ba ile ba hlahlojoa habeli ho hlahloba hore na joang Karabelo ea neural ho ea sefahleho sa maikutlo e ile ea fetoha ha nako e ntse e tsamaea. Keketseho ea nako e telele ea ho kenella hape ka mpeng ea "cyri striatum" e ne e amahanngoa le ho fokotseha ha nako e telele boits'ebetsong bo kotsi le ho fokotseha ha monyetla oa tšusumetso ea lithaka. Pfeifer et al. (2011) e boetse e fumane hore "ventral striatum" e ne e sebetsa hantle ntle le amygdala ha e sebetsa lifahleho tsa maikutlo, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ventral striatum e ka sebeletsa ho laola le ho fifatsa karabelo ea amygdala ho maikutlo a tsosang maikutlo. Ba bang ba boetse ba tlalehile ts'ebetso ea "ventral striatum activation" nakong ea kelello ha a hlahlobeloa maikutlo a mabe ka mehlala ea bacha (McRae et al., 2012), ho hlakisa karolo ea bohlokoa ea tšebetso ho melao ea maikutlo. Ha ho etsoa mosebetsi oa taolo ea boemo ba moea, Masten le basebetsi-'moho (2009) e fumane seo ho phahamisa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea "ventral striatum activation" nakong ea ho ikarola sechabeng ho ne ho amana le khatello ea maikutlo e senotsoeng le ts'ebetso e fokolang libakeng tsa boko tse kenyellelitsoeng ts'ebetsong ea "bohloko ba sechaba", a fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso ea "ventral striatum" e ka ba ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho laola tšusumetso e mpe nakong ea bohlankana. Ka lebaka la karolo ea eona ts'ebetsong ea moputso, semmuso sa moea se ka sebetsa ho thusa ho lekola boiphihlelo ba liphihlelo tse mpe ho fetolela litlhaloso tse ntle (Masten et al., 2009 'me Wager et al., 2009). Hape, khahlano le litlhaloso tse tloaelehileng tse ileng tsa eketsa ho fetoha ha bocha nakong ea bocha li bontša kotsi, liphetho tsena li totobatsa karolo e phetoho ea striatum mme e e kenya ka kotloloho taolong ea maikutlo.

6.7. Summary

Ka bobeli, lithuto tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso e matla ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso e ka ntlafala ka ho eketsa ho phehella ha kelello le taolo ea maikutlo, le ho fokotsa kotsi ea ho nka boits'oaro le khatello ea maikutlo. Ha a ntse a moputso nahanela ka ba lesupa ya dipoelo mpe ka conceptualizations jwale hatisa, ea ho etsa lipatlisiso hlahlojoa mona e bontša hore ventral striatum Tshebediso ya ka boela ba sebeletsa bo nepahetseng, etsehang mosebetsi bacha. Leha lithuto tse ngata li tlalehile bofokoli bo amanang le ts'ebetso ea bongoana ea ho holisa bohlankana (mohlala, tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le joala, khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho, le boitšoaro le boits'oaro bo khahlisang; Jager et al., 2013, Telzer et al., 2014, Silk et al., 2013, Galván et al., 2007, Bar-Haim et al., 2009, Guyer et al., 2006 'me Qu et al., 2015), mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng o pharaletseng oa lingoliloeng tse hlahlojoang mona o fana ka maikutlo a karolo e rarahaneng ea karolo ea bohlophisi ba moea. Ka linako tse fapaneng, boemo ba moea bo amana le liphetho tse ntle tsa boitšoaro. Haholo-holo, ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea moea oa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso e ka sebeletsa karolo e fetolehang maemong a khothalletsang ho nka liqeto tsa prosocial (Telzer et al., 2013 'me Telzer et al., 2014), taolo ea kelello (Telzer le Qu, 2015, Cascio et al., 2014 'me Padmanabhan et al., 2011), ho sebetsa mohopolo (Satterthwaite et al., 2012), molawana wa maikutlo (Pfeifer et al., 2011 'me Masten et al., 2009), kapa eo inyatsa ntle le litloaelo tse mpe tse mpe sechabeng (Telzer le Qu, 2015 'me Cascio et al., 2014). Ho ipapisitsoe le litekanyetso tse ikhethileng lithutong tse lekotsooeng, ha ho bonahale ka ho hlaka hore na ts'ebetso e kholo ea ts'ebetso e tlalehiloeng e emela karabelo kapa moputso o mong oa kelello. Hobane, striatum e kanna ea ameha litloaelong tse fetang tekong ea moputso, joalo ka ho ithuta, liphapang tse ling tsa karabelo ea nako e telele lithutong tse kotsi le tse ka bonts'ang karohano ea motho ka mong ho ithuteng le ho fetoheng maemo. Ka sebele, karolo ea bohlokoa ea bocha ke hore ke nako eo boitšoaro le maemo a macha a mangata li fumanehang 'me mekhoa e mecha ea boitšoaro e fumaneha.Dahl, 2008). Kahoo, lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho hlakisa bohlokoa ba kelello ba boemo ba maikutlo bo pakeng tsa maemo ana a fapaneng.

7. Na re ka nka monyetla oa kutloelo-bohloko ea bongoana ea ho kena bohlolong ka mekhoa e khothalletsang ho etsa liqeto tse tsitsitseng?

Reentization ea bongoana nakong ea bocha e bonahala e le hohle, joalo ka ha ho bonahala ho mefuta, maemo le litso. Litlhōrō tse joalo tsa ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic bohlankaneng li ka fetoloa mekhoeng e mengata ea boits'oaro. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, haeba e lebisoa mesebetsing e nang le mathata, e kang teko ea lithethefatsi, boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate le ho tloaelana le lithaka tse khelohileng, ts'ebetso ena e phahameng ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ke ts'enyeho. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, haeba li lebisoa mesebetsing e nang le morero, e kang boits'oaro bo botle ba boithabiso kapa lintho tseo u ithabisang ka tsona, likamano tse ntle tsa batho sechabeng, kapa ho kenya letsoho ka matla sekolong, ho phahamisoa hape hoa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso e ka ba mohloli oa ts'ireletso le ho fokotsa monyetla oa ho phela bophelo bo litšila. Ka hona, mekhoa eo bacha ba kenang ho eona le ho arabela meputsong e ka ba le bohlokoa bo boholo molemong oa bona oa bophelo. Habohlokoa le ho feta, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea lithuto tse hlahlojoang mona e hlahlobe liphapang tsa motho ka mong. Ka mantsoe a mang, ha se bacha bohle ba bonts'itseng ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng, mme ha se ts'ebetso eohle ea ts'ebetso ea maemo a mantlha e neng e sebetsa ka matla. Bacha ba bonts'itseng ts'ebetso e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea "ventral striatum activation" ha e ntse e tsoela pele e bonts'a ho fokotseha ho hoholo hoa ho nka kotsi le khatello ea maikutlo (Telzer et al., 2013 'me Telzer et al., 2014); bacha ba bonts'itseng ts'ebetso e kholo ka ho fetesisa ea ts'ebetso nakong ea taolo ea kelello e bonts'a ntlafatso e kholo ho phehella kelellong (Telzer le Qu, 2015) mme ke tsona tse ileng tsa susumetsoa haholo ke lithaka tsa bona tsa boithuto bo bobe hore ba nke monyetla o fokolang oa ho beha kotsing (Cascio et al., 2014); Bacha ba bonts'itseng ts'ebetso e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea ts'ebetso ea "ventral striatum" nakong ea mosebetsi o boima oa ho hopola o bile le ts'ebetso e phahameng ka ho fetisisa (Satterthwaite et al., 2012); le bacha ba bonts'itseng keketseho e kholo ho ts'ebetsong ea "cyral striatum activation" ha ho sebetsanoa le maikutlo ho bontšitse ho fokotseha ho hoholo hoa ts'ebetso ea ho ipeha kotsing (Pfeifer et al., 2011). Liphapang tsena ka bomong li totobatsa tlhoko ea ho khetholla makhabane a bacha ba bonts'ang likarabo tsena tse khahlisang. Ho phehella bacha ho etsa boitšoaro bo botle ho ke ke ha sebetsa ntle le ha bacha ba nka bohlokoa ba ho etsa sena. Ka hona ho khetholla boits'oaro bo itseng le litabatabelo tseo bacha ba li nkang e le tsa bohlokoa le ho ba thusa ho li tsamaisa mesebetsing e ka ba le litholoana tse ntle haholo le tse tšoarellang.

Maikutlo ana a maikutlo a ho fetoha ha maikutlo a bosholu joaloka ho ikamahanya le ho lebisa bacha ho se be le boitšoaro bo behang bophelo kotsing ho na le litlamorao tse kholo mabapi le nts'etsopele ea kalafo e sebetsang le boiteko ba ho kenella ho thibela maemo a phahametseng a khatello ea maikutlo, boits'oaro bo behang kotsing, le litekanyetso tsa morao tsa lefu le ho shoa ha bana lilemong tsa bocha. baahi. Leha bacha ba ka rata ho itloaetsa mekhoa e mebe haholoanyane (Steinberg, 2005), ho bonts'a mekhoa ea ho nka monyetla oa boiphihlelo ba boluoa ba banyane ka mekhoa e khothaletsang bophelo bo botle e lokela ho ba sepheo sa mantlha sa liteko tse sa feleng tsa lipatlisiso. Matichere, batsoali le baoki ba tlameha ho e bona e le sepheo sa mantlha sa ho leka ho ntlafatsa tekano molemong oa bacha - ke hore, ho lebisa maikutlo a bona a phahameng a sebaka sa kotsi le monyetla oa ho fumana monyetla. Haeba re ka fumana mekhoa e mengata ea ho lebisa bacha lilemong tse phahameng tsa tšebetso ea bona e tsoetseng pele ea ts'ebetso, ho matlafatsa tsela eo sistimi ena e sebetsang ka eona e le monyetla, le ho fokotsa ho fumaneha kapa takatso ea likarolo tse mpe tsa ts'ebetso e phahameng ea ventral striatum. fokotsa lenane la mafu le boits'oaro bo botle lilemong tsa bocha.

8. Ho rarahana ha ho kenella hape ka hare ho boemo ba bocha lilemong tsa bocha

8.1. Ts'ebetso ea heterogeneity e tšehetsang ts'ebetso e fapaneng ea kelello

Leha pono e atileng e fana ka maikutlo a hore tlhōrō ea ho batla meputso ka boits'oaro bo sebetsa e le tlokotsi, e hohelang bocha ho boits'oarong bo bobe, boleng ba kelello ba ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea litho tsa 'mele bo fapana ka maemo. Kahoo, ho hlokahala kutloisiso e pharalletseng haholoanyane ea boemo ba moea ba moea. Ha a ntse a le maemong a mang, ho khutlisetsoa morao ha mohopolo ho ka 'na ha supa ho batla moputso o fosahetseng, maemong a mang striatum e ka ba lets'oao la neurobiological bakeng sa boits'oaro bo amanang le tsela bo amanang haholo le bo sa amaneng le ho nka kotsi, joalo ka tloaelo e lebisang boits'oarong bo botle ba boitšoaro ( mohlala, ho loanela katleho ea thuto, ho sebeletsa ho fihlela sepheo). Ka hona, moelelo le bohlokoa ba kelello ba ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea moea oa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso li itšetleha ka moelelo le maemo ao a etsahalang ho ona mme mohlomong a fapana ho batho ka bomong.

In kenyelletsa, activation ea ventral striatum e kanna ea ba le bohlokoa bo fapaneng ba kelello ho latela hore na e kopantsoe le libaka life. Ka mantsoe a mang, nakong ea boiphihlelo bo fapaneng ba kelello, striatum ea ventral e ka sebelisana 'moho le libaka tse fapaneng. Kahoo, mohlomong seo bokong ba VS bo buang le sona se ka nyenyefatsa ts'ebetso ea kelello e hlahang. Le ha ho ntse ho etsoa lipatlisiso tse ngata pele, taba ea hore na "ventral striatum" e sebetsa kapa che, kapa hore na "ventral striatum" e lumellana le liphapang tsa batho ka bomong, ho bohlokoa hore o hlakolle hore na li-ventral striatum li kopantsoe le libaka tsa bokong e le ts'ebetso ea maemo. Ho joalo, boits'oaro bo ikhethileng bo hlaha ka ho kopantsoe ha "ventral striatum" le "pre" ea cortex (PFC) ka ho feta, empa litseleng tse arohaneng (Alexander et al., 1986, Di Martino et al., 2008 'me Postuma le Dagher, 2006). Mohlala, lipaterone tse rarahaneng tsa ho hasana le karohano li teng lipakeng tsa balekane ho tsoa mehloling e fapaneng ea cortical le subcortical. The ventral striatum e amohela lipeeletso ho tsoa libakeng tsa neural ka tloaelo tse kenelletseng lits'ebetsong tse amehang, ho kenyelletsa orbitof Pambal cortex (OFC), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, ventromedial PFC, amygdala, le hippocampus (mohlala, Haber le Knutson, 2010 'me Pennartz et al., 2011;; bona Delgado, 2007). Ka hona, ho utloisisa hore na "ventral striatum" e buisana joang le libaka tse ling tsa neural ho ka re thusa ho utloisisa hore na li-ventral striatum li ka sebetsa joang hape joalo ka monyetla. Liphumano tse ling tse tlalehiloeng tlhahlobisong ea hajoale li tšehetsa mohopolo ona. Mohlala, ha u etsa liqeto tse kotsi u le mong (Telzer et al., 2015b) kapa boteng ba lithaka (Chein et al., 2010), ventral striatum e sebetsa haholo. Leha ho le joalo, ha o etsa likhetho tse bolokehileng ka pel'a 'm'a, ho bonahala eka tšebetso ea tšebetso e sebetsa ka puisano le VLPFC, khokahano e seng teng ha ho etsoa likhetho tse bolokehileng u le mong (Telzer et al., 2015b). Ka hona, ho hlahloba libaka tse kenang inthaneteng le li-ventral striatum ka har'a maemo a fapaneng ho ka re thusa ho utloisisa ts'ebetso le ho ikhethang ha ts'ebetso ea ventral striatum. Mohlomong "ventral striatum reactivity" e fetoha ka linako tsohle ha e etsahala tumellanong le ts'ebetso ea VLPFC empa e ka ba le tšoaetso ha e etsahala ka tandem ka ts'ebetso ea litho tsa maoto joalo ka amygdala. Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e lokela ho shebisisa ho lekola ho hokahanya ha tšebetso.

8.2. Stteroural heterogeneity e tšehetsang ts'ebetso e fapaneng ea kelello

The heterogeneity ea mefuta ea lisele ka har'a moputso o fanoeng ke tlhaloso e 'ngoe bakeng sa litlamorao tse fapaneng tse bonoang ho ventral striatum. Ehlile, "ventral striatum" e ka aroloa ka mekhahlelo eo e mong le e mong a kenang lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa kelello (sebopeho sa heterogeneity). E ipapisitse le lithuto tsa anatomical, 'mele, immunohistochemical le pharmacological ka litoeba, li-primates le batho (mohlala, Cardinal le al., 2002, Koya et al., 2009, Pennartz et al., 1994 'me Voorn et al., 1989), VS ha e sebetse e le sebopeho sa monolithic mme ka hona e ka ba le li-ensembles tse ikhethileng tsa li-neuron tse nang le likarolo tse itseng tse sebetsang (Kalenscher et al., 2010). Ho joalo, striatum e kenyelletsa likarolo tse ling tsa lisele tse nang le lipina le likamano tse ikhethileng, 'me "ventral striatum" e na le phapang e kholo le ho rarahana ha lits'ebetso tsa methapo ho fapana le libaka tse ling tse kang dorsal striatum (Holt et al., 1997). Ka har'a terral striatum, li-nucleus bokellos li arotsoe ka likarolo tse tharo ho kenyeletsa libaka tsa polasetiki, konokono le li -ostost pole (Zaborszky et al., 1985 'me Meredith et al., 1993). Phapang e eketsehileng ka har'a likotlo tsena tse tharo e teng, ho kenyelletsa le mats'oao a matšoao a lik'hemik'hale le kabo ea khokahanyo (Holt et al., 1997). Ho feta moo, subregion ea striatum e amanang haufi-ufi le tsamaiso ea methapo e lula sebakeng se atolohang ho feta meeli ea seo ka tloaelo se nkoang e le li-nucleus accumbens (Eblen le Graybiel, 1996).

Hobane "ventral striatum" e kenella mekhoeng e mengata e fapaneng ea kelello, kelello le makoloi, bafuputsi ba khothalelitse hore "ventral striatum" e entsoe ka li-neuron tse ikhethang tsa "neurons" (Pennartz et al., 1994). Ensemble e hlalosoa e le sehlopha sa li-neurons tse tšoauoang ke likamano tse ts'oanang tsa kamano e haufi le mesebetsi e amanang haufi-ufi le boits'oaro bo fetisisang, melaoana ea neuroendocrine, le sensorimotor fating (Pennartz et al., 1994). Pennartz le basebetsi mmoho ba khothaletsa hore "maqhubu a bokellana, ka botlalo, ha a romelle tlhahiso ea monolithic ho likarolo tsa eona tse reriloeng, tse ka hlahisang phetoho e sa lebelloang ho paramente e itseng ea boits'oaro. "Sebakeng sena" kopano e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ikhethang e khona ho hlahisa tlhahiso e tla fetisetsoa ho likarolo tse itseng tsa sepheo sa sebopeho sena, ka hona e ka baka litlamorao tsa boits'oaro tse amanang ka kotloloho le mohlala ona "(Pennartz et al., 1994, maq. 726).

Bopaki ba phapang ea sebopeho sa "ventral striatum" bo tsoa lipatlisisong tsa psychopharmacological. Mohlala, microinjection ea GABA_A agonist muscimol mokokotlong oa rostral medial o bokella litakatsong tse etsa hore motho a be le takatso ea takatso ea lijo, athe micinjection e khetla ea Caudal e etsa hore motho a be le boitšoaro bo tšosang. Sekhahla se bohareng sa GABAergic se kenya letsoho se hlahisang litlamorao tse ntle le tse mpe tse susumetsang (Reynolds le Berridge, 2002). Liphetho tsena li bonts'a hore GABAergic neurotransication ho li-microcircuits tsa lehae tsa nucleus e bokellanang e ama boits'oaro bo susumetsang le bo ananeloang bo hlophiselitsoeng ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng hammoho le li-grostant tsa rostrocaudal Karolelano ena e khahlisang e thusa ho hlakisa hore na moea o kenang ka hare ho naha o ka nka karolo joang litapatsong tse khahlisang le tse matlafatsang. Ntle le moo, TRKB, e leng tyrosine kinase receptor, e fumanoe e etsa phapang e fapaneng le boits'oaro bo amanang le moputso. Mohlala, ts'usumetso ea optogenetic ea li-neurons tsa mofuta oa lipakeng tsa D1 tsa mofuta oa methapo e ntlafatsa boits'oaro bo tsamaeang le moputso, athe mats'oafo a li-neurons tsa D2-mofuta oa li-kati spiny a fella ka boits'oaro bo bobe ba ho chesa (Lobo et al., 2010).

Leha ho le joalo, phapang mefuteng ea lisele ha se eona feela tlhaloso ea bong bo fapaneng bo bonoang mokhoeng oa boitšoaro. Liphetoho tsa limolek'hule ka har'a mefuta e itseng ea lisele tsa libaka tsa moputso oa boko li theha mekhoa eo bacha ba arabelang ka eona liphetohong tsa tikoloho, ho khetholla boits'oaro kapa ts'oaetso (Russo le Nestler, 2013). Kahoo, likhatello tsa tikoloho e le 'ngoe li etsa sebopeho sa limolek'hule tse VTA-nucleus e bokellanang,' me li ka ba le tšusumetso ea hore na maikutlo a teng a teng ka tšohanyetso kapa a sa sebetse hantle. Tlokotsi ea khatello ea maikutlo, ho ipeha kotsing, kapa psychopathologies tse ling e ka khethoa ke liphetoho tsa limolek'hule lisele tse etsahalang kamora khatello ea maikutlo (bona Russo le Nestler, 2013). Ka hona ho tla hlokahala hore bafuputsi ba sebelise lipalo tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso ho etsa limmapa tsa loci ho NAc tse susumetsoang ke khatello ea maikutlo.

Le ha lipatlisiso tsa bohlokoa mehlaleng ea liphoofolo li bonts'a phepelo ea mantlha ea liathomo, ho fetolela mefuta ena ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa batho ho tla ba thata le ho feta. Ka bomalimabe, mekhoa ea fMRI, mokhoa o sebelisoang haholo ho lekola ts'ebetso ea boko ba bongoana le boits'oaro bo amanang le kelello, ha e lumelle phapano e tobileng ea meeli e nepahetseng le li-heterogeneities ho striatum ea motho.. Ho feta moo, lets'oa la BOLD ha le fane ka leseli le tobileng mabapi le ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kutlo, 'me ho ntse ho sa hlake hore na ts'ebetso ea BOLD e amana joang le ho lokolloa ha dopamine (Schott et al., 2008). Bafuputsi ba bang ba kopantse fMRI le PET, e lumellang tekanyo e tobileng ea tokollo ea dopamine. Habohlokoa, ho lokolloa ha dopamine e amanang le moputso o hokahane le ts'ebetso e eketsang ts'ebetsong ea ventral striatum, ho fana ka bopaki ba hore dopaminergic neurotransication e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho ts'ebetsong ea ventral striatum e lekantsoeng le FMRI (Schott et al., 2008). Qetellong, lipatlisiso tse ngata tse ncha li sebelisa li-kernel tse kholo tse boreleli tse etsang hoo e ka bang ho se khonehe ho arola sebaka se ka tlas'a lefatše. Ka hona hangata ha ho hlake haeba ts'ebetso e kenella bohareng ba li-nucleus accumbens kapa hlooho ea ventral ea caudate nucleus (Delgado, 2007), kapa ho arola likarolo tse ling tsa striatum. Ntle le liteko tsa ho ntlafatsa sepheo sa sebaka sa lets'oa la BOLD, haholo-holo libakeng tse kang ventral striatum le VTA (D'Ardenne et al., 2008), re hloka mehato e tobileng ea ts'ebetso e its'epileng ho dopamine (Schott et al., 2008). Ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang le mekhoa ea saense e tsoetseng pele haholo e ka senolang likarolo tse ntle tse tsamaellanang le libaka tse ikhethileng tsa "ventral striatum".

9. Litataiso tsa nako e tlang

Ha lipatlisiso li se li qalile ho hlakola karolo e rarahaneng ea meputso maphelong a bacha, liphallelo tse 'maloa li bohlokoa ho tsamaisa tšimo ka pele le ho rala motheo oa ho ntšetsapele liteko tse mabapi le mekhoa ea kelello e tla hlahisa phello e kholo ea bophelo bo botle. Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e lokela ho etsa lipatlisiso hore na maemo a fapaneng a bophelo le a susumetsang a susumetsa joang methapo ea kutlo ea bocha ea moputso le litholoana tse latelang tsa bophelo. Nako e se e fihlile ea ho shebana le lipheo tsena ka lebaka la bopaki bo bonts'ang kholo ea boko e potlakileng le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea tikoloho nakong ea bocha, hammoho le liphetoho tse matla boits'ebetsong ba setšo tse lebisang ho meputso hammoho le keketseho e matla ea psychopathology. Kahoo, lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang lia hlokahala tse tsoelang pele ho ferekanya maemo ao ho 'ona maikutlo a "ventral striatum sensitivity" a sebetsang ho fapana le a fosahetseng. Ntle le moo, ha ho hlokahala hore 'mele oa mosebetsi o totobatsang mesebetsi e ka fetoha e ka ntlafatsang ea ho kenella lilemong tsa bocha o sa le lilemong tsa bocha, lipatlisiso tse bontšang tse fumanoeng lithutong tse lekiloeng mona li hlokahala. Ka tlase ke bontša likarolo tse ling tse 'maloa tsa ho botsa patlisiso e tlang.

9.1. Ntlafatsa mesebetsi e meng e ncha le e ncha e bopetsang maemo a fapaneng mme e lumelle papiso ea bosholu ba moputso maemong ohle

Pele patlisiso e hlahlobile haholo ho etsa liqeto tsa bocha le ho putsa kutloelo-bohloko ka har'a boiketlo ba sechaba, leha lithuto li ntse li hlaha tse hlahlobang ho nka liqeto tsa mocha lilemong tsa boiketlo ba batho (mohlala, Peake et al., 2013, Braams et al., 2014 'me Chein et al., 2010). Ka lebaka la hore lilemo tsa bocha ke nako e tšoaeang ntlafatso e ntseng e rarahana ea ntlafatso ea sechaba, 'me ho etsa liqeto hangata ho etsahala hangata nakong ea boithabiso ba sechaba (Dahl, 2008 'me Gardner le Steinberg, 2005), lipatlisiso li hloka ho kenyelletsa moelelo oa maemo a bophelo le oa tšusumetso mesebetsing ea liteko e le ho tlatsa mathata a boits'oaro ba bongoaneng. Haeba bafuputsi ba ntse ba tsoela pele ho itšetleha ka mesebetsi e bitsang boitšoaro bo bobe haholo (mohlala, ho ipeha kotsing) kapa ho ba le tefo ea maikutlo ha ho se lits'ebetso tsa boiketlo ba sechaba, maikutlo a maikutlo a ventral striatum a tla bonahala a le bobe ka tsela eohle. Leha ho le joalo, haeba mesebetsi ea liteko e kenyelletsa lits'ebetso tse rarahaneng tsa maemo a bophelo (mohlala, boteng ba ba bang, maikutlo a prosocial dhidi ea liqoso tsa batho ba bang), kutloelo-bohloko ea ventral striatum e kanna ea bonts'a mekhahlelo e ikhethang, ka linako tse ling e emela mokoloto empa ka linako tse ling o fetoha ka linako tsohle. Ho bohlokoa hore ho rarahana hona ho kenyeletsoe kutloisisong ea kholo ea bongoana le boits'oaro ba rona e le hore re utloisise ka botlalo karolo ea ho pheta-pheta ha litaba tsa bohlankana le boits'oaro ba bophelo bo botle.

9.2. Shebana haholo le phapang ea motho ka mong le ea setso ho khetholla bacha ba kotsing e kholo

Ha se ts'ebetso eohle ea tšebetso e ntle kapa e mpe, 'me ho latela moelelo oa taba le motho ka mong. Ka ho khetholla liphapang tsa batho ka bomong le tsa setso ho bacha bao moputso o ba etsetsang mesebetsi e fapaneng, re ka ntlafatsa mananeo a tataisang bacha ho boits'oarong bo nang le moelelo haholo maemong a morabe o nepahetseng. Meputso e tla ba le meelelo e fapaneng bakeng sa lihlopha tse ananelang boits'oaro bo itseng. Mohlala, re sa tsoa hlahloba ts'ebetso ts'ebetsong ea meputso ea mesolimbic har'a bacha ba White le Latino ha ba ntse ba etsa mosebetsi o kenyeletsang boitelo ba lelapa la bona (Telzer et al., 2010). Le ha barupeluoa ba Latino ba bontšitse ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ha ba kenya letsoho ho ba malapa a bona, barupeluoa ba White ba ile ba bontša ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea ts'ebetso ha ba iphumanela meputso. Liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore liqeto tsa ho thusa lelapa la motho li ka tataisoa, ka karolo e 'ngoe, ke meputso eo motho a e fumanang thusong eo, mme mohopolo ona oa moputso o ka fetoloa ke litšusumetso tsa setso. Kahoo, haeba boiteko ba ho kenella bo its'etleha ho se fumanoeng sehlopheng se itseng sa setso, mehato e kanna ea se atlehe le sehlopha se fapaneng mme e kanna ea ba le litlamorao tsa iatrogenic. Ka mantsoe a mang, mehato e shebaneng le ho eketsa ho nka karolo ha boits'oaro bo ananeloang ke bacha ba bang feela e ka ba le litlamorao tse mpe bophelong ba bocha. Patlisiso ea bokamoso ka hona e lokela ho manolla ka hloko hore na sistimi ea moputso oa dopamine e sebetsa joang lihlopheng tse fapaneng tsa bacha.

9.3. Sebelisa kutloisiso ea neural ho bolela liphetoho liphellong le boits'oarong ba bophelo bo botle

Patlisiso e se e qalile ho phekola boko joalo ka moetapele oa mekhoa e tlang ea bophelo bo botle. Mokhoa ona o fana ka monyetla o ke keng oa lekanngoa oa ho hlahloba hore na maikutlo a bocha ba bongoana a bolela joang ho nka karolo boits'oarong ba bophelo bo botle ba 'nete. Le ha sepheo sa ho itlhahisa se rerisa ho fetoha ho itseng mokhoeng o tlang oa bophelo bo botle, bopaki bo fana ka maikutlo a hore litlaleho tsa boithati ha li na ho lekana ho nka mofuta oa multidimensional oa ho ipeha kotsing (Aklin et al., 2005). Mohlomong ke hobane batho ba haelloa ke temohisiso kapa bokhoni ba ho fana ka tlaleho e nepahetseng ea merero ea bona kapa hobane ba sa tšepahale litlalehong tsa bona tsa boithati (Aklin et al., 2005). Kahoo, lits'ebetso tse hlakileng li ka hlalosa ho fapana hoa phetoho ea boits'oaro e sa hlalosoang ke mehato e itlalehileng e kang maikutlo le sepheo. Khatelo-pele ea morao-rao ea neuroimaging e se e qalile ho sebelisa ts'ebetso ea neural ho bolela esale pele boitšoaro ka nako e le ngoe kapa nakong e tlang. Habohlokoa, ts'ebetso ena e fumane hore ts'ebetso ea neural e ka bolela esale pele hore na ke liphetoho life (tse eketsang kapa tse fokotsehang) tse kotsing ea ho nka boits'oaro le matšoao a sithabetsang a tla bonoa khoeling e fetang ho feta selemo se le seng hamorao (mohlala, Cascio et al., 2014, Telzer et al., 2013 'me Telzer et al., 2014). Bokhoni ba ho tseba esale pele ho nka karolo ha nako e tlang boits'oarong bo botle bo thehiloeng maikutlong a bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha bo ka ba le phello e matla ho bokhoni ba rona ba ho theha mananeo a thibelo ea motho ka mong. Ka hona, sepheo sa mantlha sa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang e lokela ho ba ho hlahloba hore na ho kenella hape kahare maemong a fapaneng joang (ke ho re, moputso oa meputso maemong a nepahetseng le a fosahetseng) o bolela liphetoho tse amanang le bophelo bo botle.

10. Liphello

Thutong ena, ke bonts'itse hore litlhoro tsa sensational ventri striatum li ka fetoha molemong oa ho sebetsa lilemong tsa bocha mme li ka tsamaisa boitšoaro bo ntlafalitsoeng le boits'ebeletso bo matlafatsang bophelo bo botle. Mokhoa ona oa ho hlasimoloha oa moputso lilemong tsa bocha o phephetsa maikutlo a moetlo hore maikutlo a moputso oa dopaminergic haholo a lebisa ho boits'oaro bo sitisang bophelo bo botle nakong ea bohlankana. Ka hona, ke supile mochine o ka 'nang oa baka neurobiological o ka fokotsang litšenyehelo tse holimo tsa khatello ea maikutlo le ho nka mekhoa ea ho ipeha kotsing nakong ea nts'etsopele ha hangata matšoao ana a eketseha. Boitšoaro bo bobebe ba bophelo bo botle ke sesosa se ka sehloohong sa ho fokola le ho shoa hoa bacha lilemong tsa bocha. Ho utloisisa mabaka a etsang hore bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba phahamise maikutlo a boits'oaro hole le boits'oaro bo botle le boits'oaro bo botle, boits'oaro bo botle bo tla ba le tšusumetso e kholo litekanyetsong tsa boits'oaro tsa bophelo bo botle le sephetho sa bophelo bo botle.

References

- Aklin et al., 2005
- WM Aklin, CW Lejuez, MJ Zvolensky, CW Kahler, M. Gwadz
- Tlhahlobo ea mekhoa ea boits'oaro ea ho ipeha kotsing ea ho ikamahanya le bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha
- Behav. Res. Ther., 43 (2005), maq. 215-228
- Sehlooho se

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- Alexander et al., 1986
- GE Alexander, MR De Long, et al a.
- Mokhatlo o lumellanang oa lipotoloho tse arohaneng tse hokahanyang basal ganglia le cortex
- Annu. Moruti Neurosci., 9 (1986), maq. 357-381
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