Mathata a ho sebetsa ha moputso le tšusumetso ea oona ho thibela ho thibela bocha nakong ea bocha (2010)

Cereb Cortex. 2010 Jul; 20 (7): 1613-29. Doi: 10.1093 / cercor / bhp225. Epub 2009 Oct 29.

Geier CF, Terwilliger R, Teslovich T, Velanova K, Luna B.

Boitsebiso ba Mongoli

  • Laborator of Neurocognitive Development, Lefapha la Psychiatry le Psychology, Setsi sa Neural Basis of Cognition, Univesithi ea Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. [imeile e sirelelitsoe]

inahaneloang

Sebopeho sa ts'ebetso ea meputso e sa le monyane le tšusumetso ea meputso lintlheng tsa mantlha tsa taolo ea kelello nakong ea bocha ha e e-so utloisisoe hantle. Mona, nakong ea monahano oa matla oa matla a phahametseng tlhaho, bacha ba phetseng hantle le batho ba baholo ba ile ba etsa mosebetsi o fetotsoeng boiphetetso oo ho bona liteko tsa moputso oa liteko li ileng tsa qhekelloa. Ts'ebeliso ea rialo e potlakileng, e amanang le liketsahalo e nolofalelitse liphapang tsa tsoelo-pele ea ts'ebetso ea boko tlas'a maemo a ikhethileng a nakoana a ts'ebetso ea moputso le thibelo ea karabo ho hlahlojoa. Liteko tsa moputso ha li bapisoa le liteko tsa ho se nke lehlakore li hlahisitse karabo e potlakileng ea thibelo ea lilemo tsohle le liphoso tse fokolang tsa thibelo ho bacha. Nakong ea liteko tsa moputso, lets'oao la ts'epo ea oksijene ea mali le ile la kenngoa kahare ho bacha nakong ea tlhahlobo ea cue, ea ba ea phathahana nakong ea litokisetso tsa karabo, ho fana ka maikutlo a khaello nakong ea bongoana litekong tsa moputso le ntlafatso e kholo hape ka tebello ea moputso ha e bapisoa le batho ba baholo. Habohlokoa, ts'ebetso e matlafalitsoeng ka kotopong ea pele le haufi le sirapo ea pele e boetse e bonoa lilemong tsa bocha nakong ea litokisetso tsa karabelo ea teko ea moputso, e fana ka maikutlo a ho fetola moputso oa libaka tse laoloang ke oculomotor tse ts'ehetsang karabelo e nepahetseng ea thibelo. Ka kakaretso, mosebetsi ona o tšoaea ho se ts'oanelehe ho itseng litsamaisong tsa boko ba bocha tse tšehetsang ho sebetsoa ha moputso le ho hlalosa tšusumetso ea moputso ho taolo ea thibelo. Ka kakaretso, liphuputso tsa rona li fana ka maikutlo a mekhoa e ka etsang hore bacha ba be kotsing ea ho etsa liqeto tse fosahetseng le boits'oaro ba ho ipeha kotsing.

Keywords: lilemo tsa bocha, antisaccade, fMRI, karabo ea karabo, moputso

Selelekela

Liphetho tse mpe tse amanang le boits'oaro bo kotsi kapa bo sa tsotelleng li kenya letsoho haholo ho keketseho e bohale (∼200%) litekanyetsong tsa mafu le ho shoa hoa batho tse hlokoang nakong ea bocha.Arnett 1992; Spear 2000; Dahl 2004). Ho nka kotsi ho ka hlalosoa e le ho kenya letsoho, hangata ntle ho tšusumetso, ka boits'oaro bo phahameng kapa bo nyarosang empa bo pepesetsang motho eo likotsi kapa tahlehelo e ka bang teng (mohlala, ho khanna ka matla haholo le ho etsa thobalano e sa sireletsehang) (Irwin 1990). Boikemisetso ba bocha ba ho nka karolo ea ho ipeha kotsing bo fana ka bopaki bo susumetsang ba boits'oaro ho bokhoni ba ho etsa liqeto. Leha ho le joalo, kutloisiso ea rona ea motheo ea neural ea ho ipeha kotsing e ntse e haelloa. Leha li-circuits tse ngata tse sebetsang li lebelletsoe ho kenya letsoho ho o beha kotsing ea boitšoaro, 2 mohlomong li-system tsa mantlha ke tsa ts'ebetso ea moputso le taolo ea thibelo (inhibitory control (Steinberg 2004). Ho lemoha ka mokhoa o sa lekanyetsoang le litlhahlobo tsa meputso hammoho le mefokolo taolong ea tšusumetso ea nako e telele ho ka fella ka ho etsa liqeto tse fosahetseng tse ka bang sethaleng sa ho nka karolo ho ipeheng kotsing. Bakeng sa ho tsebisa motheo oa neural oa boitšoaro bo nkang kotsi, pampiring ena, re bapisa ts'ebetso ea moputso le litlamorao tsa taolo ea thibelo ho bacha lilemong ha e bapisoa le batho ba baholo..

Lingoliloeng tse pharaletseng li hlalositse tšebetso ea ho fana ka moputso ho batho ba baholo ba holileng.Schultz 2000; Breiter et al. 2001; O'Doherty le al. 2001; Roesch le Olson 2004; Hikosaka et al. 2006). Haholo-holo, orbitof Pambal cortex (OFC), dorsal and ventral striatum (VS), le medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) li khethiloe e le likarolo tsa bohlokoa (Schultz 2000; McClure et al. 2004). Habohlokoa le ho feta, tharollo ea nakoana ea lithuto tsa "single-unit 'le liketsahalo tse amanang le liketsahalo tsa tšebetso e amanang le ketsahalo e bonts'itse hore ts'ebetso ea moputso ha se mosebetsi oa monolithic empa ke mohato o matla oa likhakanyo tse kopaneng. Matšoao a khethollang a hlahang pele ho lipontšo tsa "tse lebelletsoeng" le kamora ho tlisa meputso (matšoao a "consummatory") a fumanoe (Schultz 2000; Hare et al. 2008). Matšoao a lebelletseng a amahanngoa le ho sibolloa ha pele le boikemisetso ba botle ba meputso e boletsoeng esale pele ea moputso, hammoho le tlhahlobo ea boleng bo lebelletsoeng ba moputso oa nako e tlang (Knutson et al. 2001; O'Doherty le al. 2002). Matšoao a Consummatory a kenyeletsa a amanang le boholo ba moputso o amohetsoeng (Delgado et al. 2000, 2003; Roll 2000; O'Doherty le al. 2001) le hore na moputso o amohetseng o tsamaisana le likhakanyo (lipontšo tsa "boletsoeng esale pele")Schultz 2000; Schultz et al. 2000).

Ka mokhoa o tšoanang, kutloisiso ea rona ea nts'etsopele ea ts'ebetso ea meputso lilemong tsa bocha e ntse e fokola haholo. Boithuto ba Anatomical bo bonts'a hore libaka tsa moputso oa mantlha li bonts'a ho hloka botsitso ka nako ea bocha, ho kenyelletsa le ho tsoela pele hoonda ha ntho e putsoa ho basal ganglia le OFC (Giedd et al. 1996; Sowell et al. 1999; Gogtay et al. 2004; Toga et al. 2006), eo ka karolo e ka bang ka lebaka la tahlehelo ea li-synapses tse fokolang kapa tse sa sebelisoeng ka ho poma ka synaptic (Gogtay et al. 2004). Nakong ea bocha, palo e eketsehang ea li-synapses tse sa hlalosoang e ka fella ka meeli ho khethollotsoeng ea litheko tsa meputso le lipontšo tsa boleng bo amanang le batho ba baholo. Ha e tsamaellana le ho faoa hoa synaptic, myelination e eketseha ka mokhoa o hlakileng (Yakovlev le Lecours 1967). Myelination e ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea tlhahisoleseling ka ho eketsa lebelo le ho ts'epahala ha phetisetso ea neural ea distal, e thusa ho kopantsoe ha tšebetso ea karolo ea mantlha ea boko e phatlalalitsoeng bakeng sa boits'oaro bo rarahaneng ba boits'oaro bo phahameng. (Goldman-Rakic ​​et al. 1992; Luna le Sweeney 2004). Ho nyenyefatsa ho lekanang ha boko ba bongoana ho ka kenya letsoho bokhoni bo fokolang ba ho kopanya ka nepo matšoao a moputso le lits'ebetso tse tsamaeang hantle tsa motlakase tse hlokahalang bakeng sa boits'oaro bo susumetsang (Roesch le Olson 2003, 2004).

Hammoho le phepelo e phehellang ea sebopeho sa moea, tlhaiso-leseling e fetoloang ho tsoa mehlaleng ea batho le ea liphoofolo e bonts'a hore dopamine (DA) neurotransmission tsamaisong ea methapo le ea cortical e ntse e hola nakong ea bocha. (Spear 2000; Andersen 2003; Crews et al. 2007). Mohlala, maemo a D1- le D2-receptor le tlamo ho rat striatum li kholo haholo nakong ea bocha ha a bapisoa le ho ba motho e moholo. (Seman et al. 1987). Matšoenyeho a batsamaisi ba DA, a sebetsang ho tlosa DA ho phallo, e ba tlhoro nakong ea bocha ho striatum (Meng et al. 1999). Ho feta moo, likeletso tsa DA ho kenyelletsa keketseho ea PFC bohlankeng (Kalsbeek et al. 1988; Rosenberg le Lewis 1994, 1995; Spear 2000), 'me bopaki bo fana ka phetoho e lekanang ho tloha ho mesolimbic ho ea ho mesocortical DA system nakong ea bohlankana (Spear 2000). Mabapi le ts'ebetso ea meputso, keketseho ea mokhahlelong oa bacha ba DA maemong a boits'oaro le PFC hammoho le batsamaisi ba bangata ba DA ba ka kenya letsoho tebelong e kholo empa e fokolang ea nakoana ea meputso, joalo ka ha ho khothalelitsoe mohopolong oa tlhokomeliso ea tlhokahalo ea khatello ea kelello. (Castellanos le Tannock 2002).

Tumellanong le data ea sebopeho, lithuto tsa pele tsa nts'etsopele ea mantlha ea fMRI e bonts'a ho hloka tšebetsong ha ts'ebetso ea boko e amanang le moputso nakong ea bohlankana (Bjork et al. 2004, 2007; E kaba al. 2004; Ernst et al. 2005; Galvan et al. 2006; Guyer et al. 2006; van Leijenhorst et al. 2006, 2009; Eshel et al. 2007). Leha bacha ba bontšitsoe ho khetha moputso oa potoloho e tšoanang le ea batho ba baholo (E kaba al. 2004), hore na likarabelo tsa likarabo tse sa ts'oanelang ha li e-so tsebisoe ka botlalo libakeng tsa mantlha. Bopaki bo fumanoe bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea lilemong tsa bocha "tlasa" nakong ea ts'ebetso e lebelletsoeng ho VS le nakong ea ho etsa liqeto ka bohlophisi ho OFC le mCC ea masial (Bjork et al. 2004, 2007; Eshel et al. 2007), empa "ho feta" ts'ebetso ho VS nakong ea ho fumana moputso (Consummatory) (Ernst et al. 2005; Galvan et al. 2006). Kahoo, mekhahlelo e fapaneng ea nakoana ea ts'ebetso ea meputso (e lebelletsoeng khahlanong le secummatory) e kanna ea ba le li-trajectories tse ikhethang tsa keketseho, mohopolo oa bohlokoa bakeng sa mehlala ea thuto e khethollang haholo ts'ebetso ea moputso oa bongoana e le mofuta o fetelletseng oa bophelo (Litho tsa et al. 2003; Ernst et al. 2006) kapa hypoactive (Spear 2000), e amanang le batho ba baholo.

Tumellanong le phepelo e ntseng e tsoela pele ea ts'ebetso ea moputso, ntlafatso taolong ea thibelo e boetse e tsoela pele nakong ea bocha (Paus et al. 1990; Levin et al. 1991; Ridderinkhof et al. 1999; Ridderinkhof le van der Molen 1997; Williams et al. 1999; Bunge et al. 2002; Luna et al. 2004; Liston et al. 2006). Thibelo ea karabo ea boithaopo e bua ka bokhoni ba kelello ba ho emisa karabelo e sa lebelloang molemong oa ketso e loketseng sepheo mme ke karolo ea motheo ea ho etsa liqeto (Curtis le D'Esposito 2003; Luna et al. 2004; Ridderinkhof, van den Wildenberg, et al. 2004; Curtis le D'Esposito 2008). Mosebetsi oa boits'oaro ho tsoa laboratoring ea rona le ba bang ba sebelisa mosebetsi oa antisaccade (AS) (Hallett 1978), eo ho eona lithuto li lokelang ho thibela takatso e matla ea ho tjeka ho sepheo sa 'mele oa motho ka mong, mme ho e-na le hoo a shebe sebakeng sa seipone, ho bontša hore maemo a kang a batho ba baholo a ho tharollo a qala ho tsitsa nakong ea bocheng ho isa bofelong ba bocha.Fischer et al. 1997; Munoz et al. 1998; Klein le Foerster 2001; Luna et al. 2004). Leha ho le joalo, potoloho ea neural e tšehetsang ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea AS e bonts'a ts'ebetso e tsoetseng pele ka nako ea bocha, ho kenyelletsa ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng lebaleng la mahlo (FEF) le ts'epahalo e kholo ea litsamaiso tsa morao-rao tse amanang le batho ba baholo (Luna et al. 2001, 2004; Velanova et al. 2008). Lintlha tsena li tšehetsa lithuto tse ling tse 'maloa tse bonts'ang hore nts'etsopele ea li-circuits tse tšehetsang taolo ea inhibitory e ea ba teng pele (Casey et al. 1997; Rubia et al. 2000; Luna et al. 2001; Adleman et al. 2002; Bunge et al. 2002; Tamm et al. 2002; Durston et al. 2006; Marsh et al. 2006; Rubia et al. 2006, 2007; Velanova et al. 2008).

Kutloisiso e felletseng ea mefokolo e bonahatsang ho nkeng liqeto tsa bocha le boits'oaro bo behang bophelo kotsing e ka fihlelleha ka ho tšoaea maemo a ntlafatso ea meputso hammoho le tšusumetso ea meputso taolong ea thibelo. Ho fihla joale, ke lithuto tse fokolang feela tsa boitšoaro tse entseng lipatlisiso tse amanang le ts'ebetso ea litsamaiso tsena li sebelisang mesebetsi e fetotsoeng ea AS ka liteko tsa moputso oa chelete ka liteko.Duka le Lupp 1997; Blaukopf le DiGirolamo 2006; Jazbec et al. 2006; Hardin et al. 2007). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho eketsa tšohanyetso ea moputso ho bontšitsoe ho fokotsa palo ea liphoso tsa thibelo tse hlahisoang ke bacha le batho ba baholo, ho fana ka tlhahiso ea hore litsela tsa mantlha lipakeng tsa libaka tse amanang le moputso le libaka tse amanang le taolo ea oculomotor li thehiloe bonyane ke bocha. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, meputso e ama ka mokhoa o fapaneng metriki e meng ea saccade (mohlala, velocity le latency) ho ntlafatso (Jazbec et al. 2006; Hardin et al. 2007). Leha ho le joalo, liphapang tsa nts'etsopele ea "neural circry" e tšehetsang ts'ebetso ea mosebetsi oa AS o lefileng ha e e-so tsebisoe ho lingoliloeng.

Re ikemiselitse ho tšoaea liphapang tsa nts'etsopele ea ts'ebetso ea moputso le litlamorao tsa moputso mabapi le thibelo ea likarabo ho bacha le batho ba baholo ba phetseng hantle. Rea hlokomela hore ho lekola tšebelisano lipakeng tsa lits'ebetso tsena tsa 2 e lokela ho nkoa e le mohato oa pele oa ho bonahatsa ntho e rarahaneng le ho feta ea ho ipeha kotsing. Ka mokhoa o makatsang, re sebelisa mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng oa mofuta ona ho kenyelletsa paradigm ea chelete e khothalletsoang e kopantsoeng le moralo oa FMRI o potlakileng o amanang le ketsahalo le liteko tsa "ho tšoasa" (Ollinger, Shulman, le Corbetta 2001) e re lumellang ho khetholla le ho khetholla tšebetso ea boemo ba oksijene ea mali-ho latela (BOLD) e amanang le likarolo tsa ts'ebetso ea moputso tse neng li tsebisoe nakong ea lingoliloeng hore li khetholle (Schultz 2000). Likarolo tsena li kenyelletsa tsebiso ea cue ea moputsoSchultz 2000), ho lebella ho arabela moputso (Bjork et al. 2004), le karabelo / karabo (Ernst et al. 2006), e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea eona e ka bang le li-trajectories tse fapaneng tsa ntlafatso. Mokhoa ona o ikhethile haholo ka hore re hlahloba likarolo tsa 2 tsa ts'ebetso e lebelletsoeng-tlhahlobo ea mantlha ea cue le litokisetso / karabo ea kamoso hamorao. Ntle le moo, re ne re ikemiselitse ho bonts'a litla-morao tsa moputso maemong a laoloang a oculomotor (mohlala, likarolo tsa mahlo tse tummeng) tse tsejoang e le tsa bohlokoa mesebetsing ea AS (Munoz le Everling 2004).

Tumellanong le litlaleho tsa boits'oaro bo fetileng, re boletse esale pele hore batho ba baholo le bacha ba tla hlahisa liphoso tse fokolang tsa moputso ha ba bapisoa le liteko tsa AS tse sa nke lehlakore (Jazbec et al. 2006; Hardin et al. 2007). Nakong ea moputso khahlanong le liteko tse sa nke lehlakore, re khothalelitse hore lihlopha tsena ka bobeli li tla bonts'a ts'ebetso e eketsehileng libakeng tsa boko tse tšehetsang tlhahlobo ea meputso (mohlala, VS) le boemeli ba boleng (mohlala, VS le OFC). Ntle le moo, re ile ra hakanya hore ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ea AS litekong tse fuoeng e tla tšehetsoa ke ts'ebetso e eketsehang ho li-potoloho ea oculomotor, haholo libaka tse haufi le precentral sulcus (SPS; putative human Hom of FEF), e tsejoang ho ts'ehetsa ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ea AS. Ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea li-neuron tsa fixation tsa FEF nakong ea litokiso tsa AS e bontšitsoe e le bohlokoa ho bokhoni ba ho thibela likarabo tse fosahetseng (Connolly et al. 2002; Curtis le D'Esposito 2003; Munoz le Everling 2004). Ha re fuoa bopaki ba tšebetso e tlase ea AS le ho se sebetse hantle ts'ebetsong ea meputso lilemong tsa bocha, re nahana hore bacha ba tla bonts'a tšusumetso ea moputso oa ho fetoha ha moputso oa libaka tsa oculomotor le ts'ebetso ea boitšoaro. Qetellong, re ipapisitse le liphumano tse fetileng, re boetse re khothalelitse hore bacha ba tla bonts'a maikutlo nakong ea tebello ea moputso (Bjork et al. 2004, 2007; Eshel et al. 2007) le khatello ea mali nakong ea tšebetso ea komello (Ernst et al. 2005; Galvan et al. 2006).

Lisebelisoa le mekhoa

barupeluoa ba

Lihlooho tse mashome a mararo a metso e robeli tsa bophelo bo botle (bacha ba 22 le batho ba baholo ba 16) li ile tsa ngolisoa thupelong ena pele. Lintlha tse hlahisoang ho tsoa ho bacha ba 4 ha lia ka tsa kenyelletsoa tlhahlobisong ka lebaka la ho sisinyeha ha hlooho ho skena. Lithuto tse setseng tsa 34 (bacha ba 18 [bacha ba 13-17 lilemo, M = 15.3 {± 1.5}, basali ba 8], le baholo ba bacha ba 16 [lilemo tse 18-30, M = 21.7 {± 2.9}, basali ba 10] li fihletse lintlha tse kenyelletsoeng tse latelang: Tsohle li ne li na le pono e hlakileng ea bonyane ea 20 / 40 (e lokisitsoe kapa e sa nepahala) le nalane ea bongaka e sa senoleng lefu la methapo, ho lemala ha boko, kapa bokuli bo boholo ba kelello ho taba kapa beng ka motho ea amanang le tlhahlobo ea pele. Methati ea lilemo bakeng sa sehlopha ka seng e ile ea khethoa ho ipapisitsoe le mosebetsi o fetileng o bonts'ang karohano ea boitšoaro bo fapaneng mosebetsing oa AS (Luna et al. 2004; Scherf et al. 2006). Barupeluoa le / kapa bahlokomeli ba bona ba molao ba fane ka tumello e nang le tsebo kapa tumello pele ba nka karolo lipatlisisong tsena. Ts'ebetso ea liteko bakeng sa thuto ena e tsamaisana le Khoutu ea Boitšoaro ea Lefatše ea Bongaka ea Lefatše (Phatlalatso ea 1964 ea Helsinki) le Boto ea Tlhahlobo ea Setsi Univesithing ea Pittsburgh. Lintho li ile tsa lefelloa bakeng sa karolo ea bona thutong.

Moputso OA MOSEBETSI

Tekong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea AS, lithuto li ile tsa hlahisoa pele ka 1ne ea 2 incentive-shows cices (1.5 s) (Feie. 1). Molumo oa matšoao a bili ea dollar e tala ($), e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e kentse boholo ba 1 °, e pota-potileng sefapano se sepakapakeng se tšoeu e bontšitse hore taba eo e ka hapa chelete haeba ba entse teko e tlang ka nepo. Setei se lekanang ka mokhoa o tšoanang, sa mabota a ponto e khubelu (#) se bonts'itse hore ha ho na chelete e kotsing. Bafo ha baa ka ba bolelloa hantle hore na ho ka fumanoa chelete e kae tekong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ho ba thibela ho boloka tlaleho ea tšebetso ea bona le ho hopola lintlha tse sebetsang. Leha ho le joalo, lithuto li ile tsa bolelloa pele ho mosebetsi hore li ka hapa ho fihlela ho $ 25 e eketsehileng mabapi le ts'ebetso ea bona le hore ha ho mokoloto o tla nkuoa (ke hore, lithuto li ke ke tsa kolota chelete). Ka mor'a moo, selikalikoe sa tšusumetso se ile sa nyamela, 'me sefapano sa mantlha sa "fixation" sa fetoha ho tloha se tšoeu ho ea ho se sefubelu (1.5 s), se bonts'a taba eo hore ba lokela ho qala ho itokisetsa ho thibela karabo. Kamora nako, ho ile ha hlaha leqhubu la pherekano (letheba la tshehla) (75 m) sebakeng se sa lebelloang se pharalletseng (± 3 °, 6 °, le 9 ° angle). Baithuto ba ne ba laetsoe hore ba se ke ba sheba mofufutso ha o hlaha empa ba lebisitse mahlo a bona sebakeng sa seipone nakong ena (1475 ms).

Setšoantšo sa 1. 

Ho bontšoa ha tšusumetso ea chelete joalo ka mosebetsi oa AS. Ho lla hoa matšoao a bili ea dollar e tala ho bonts'a hore taba e ka hapa chelete haeba ba entse ka nepo teko e tlang (boemo ba moputso). Lerata la matšoao a ponto e putsoa le ne le bontša hore ha ho na chelete ...

Ho hakanya ka mokhoa o ikhethileng karabelo ea hemodynamic e ts'oeroang nakong e ngoe le e ngoe ea teko, moralo oa rona oa liteko o kenyelitse liteko tse ka bang 30%, tse kentsoeng ka mokhoa o sa reroang, hammoho le linako tse kenelletseng (Ollinger, Corbetta, le Shulman 2001; Ollinger, Shulman, le Corbetta 2001). Ho kenyelletsoa ha lintho tsena ho netefalitse hore ho na le palo e lekaneng ea litekanyetso tse ikemetseng tsa meeli ho lekanya karabelo ea BOLD e amanang le cue, tokisetso ea karabelo, le litlatsetso tsa karabelo nakong ea qeto. Ona ke mokhoa o netefalitsoeng ka tekanyetso oa likarolo tsa tekanyetso ka har'a teko (Ollinger, Corbetta, le Shulman 2001; Ollinger, Shulman, le Corbetta 2001; Goghari le MacDonald 2008), mme esale ho tlalehiloe ka har'a lingoliloeng (Shulman et al. 1999; Corbetta et al. 2000; Wheeler et al. 2005; Brown et al. 2006). Tekanyo ea teko ea ho tšoasa ea 30% e fokotsitse tebello ea lithuto bakeng sa teko e lekanyelitsoeng, ha e ntse e boloka maqhubu a liteko tse "felletseng" ho lumella tekanyetso e nepahetseng ea karabelo e BONANG. Ho ile ha hlahisoa mefuta e 'meli ea teko ea ho tšoasa habeli nakong e' ngoe le e 'ngoe' me e kenyelletsa nako e felisitsoeng ka mor'a 1) nako ea ho lokisa karabo (boemo bo bofubelu) (ke hore, ha ho bontšoa setšoantšo sa karabelo ea karohano kapa 2) "$" Kapa "#") (ke hore, red fixation le parue ea sefala ha ea ka ea bontšoa). Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore lithuto li ne li sa tsebe hore na ke liteko life tseo e ka bang liteko tse fokolang tsa ho tšoaroa le hore na ke liteko life tse felletseng ho fihlela liteko tse sa feleng li felisitsoe hobane likarolo tsa liteko tsa karohano (cue, litokisetso tsa ho itokisa) li hlahisitsoe hantle feela joalo ka liteko tsohle. Pele ho monahano, baithuto ba ne ba bolelloa hore liteko tse ling li ke ke tsa phetheloa mme ba tla tsoela pele ka teko e latelang joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe. Nako ea ho emisa mahareng e ne e kenelletse lipakeng tsa 1.5, 3, kapa 4.5 s (e tsamaisoa ka mokhoa o tšoanang) mme e ne e le litaba tse neng li lokisa sefapano se mosoeu se bohareng semoyeng. Sebokeng ka seng, liteko tsa moputso tse phethahetseng tsa 14, liteko tsa ho fumana moputso oa 6 (3 ea mofuta o mong le o mong o fapaneng), liteko tsa 14 tse phethahetseng tsa ho se nke lehlakore, le liteko tsa 6 tsa ho se nke lehlakore tse sa sebetseng (3 ea mofuta o mong le o mong o fapaneng) li hlahisitsoe ka tatellano. Ho matha ka seng e ne e le 5 min 9 s nakong ea nako. Ho ile ha fanoa ka lipalo tse 'ne molemong oa liteko, bakeng sa liteko tsohle tsa moputso tse phethahetseng tsa 56 le liteko tsa 56 tse phethahetseng tsa ho se nke lehlakore.

Ho Batla ka Leihlo

Lithuto li ile tsa hlahlojoa pele ka har'a laboratoria ea boits'oaro ka har'a beke ea 1 pele ho ho hlahlojoa ho netefatsa hore ba utloisisa le hore ba khona ho etsa mosebetsi joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe. Sebakeng sa ho hlahlojoa ha MR, ho ile ha fumanoa metsamao ea mahlo e nkileng sebopeho sa leihlo se selelele sa mahlo (Model 504LRO; Applied Science Laboratories, Bedford, MA) se tlalehileng boemo ba mahlo ka ponts'o ea boithuto ba bana e fumanoeng ke seipone se kentsoeng holim'a coil ka qeto ea 0.5 ° ea sebonoang. Ho shebella livideo ka nako e le 'ngoe ho ile ha boela ha sebelisoa ho netefatsa ho latela mesebetsi. Qalong ea seboka sa liteko le lipakeng ha ho hlokahala, ho ile ha etsoa ts'ebetso ea tlhahlobo ea lintlha tsa 9-point. Stimuli li hlahisitsoe li sebelisa E-Prime (Psychology Software Equipment, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA), e hlahang skrineng e sephara e ts'oaretsoeng ka morao ho makenete. Bafetoleli ba ne ba shebile skrini ba sebelisa seipone se kentsoeng holim'a coil e tloaelehileng ea li-radiofrequency. Lintlha tsa mahlo li ile tsa fumaneha kantle ho mohala li sebelisa software ea ILAB (Gitelman 2002) le sistimi ea ho cheka ka tlung e ngotsoeng ho MATLAB (MathWorks, Inc.) e sebetsang ho Dell Dimension 8300 PC. Mefuta e fapa-fapaneng ea phaello e kenyelletsa li-latitude tse nepahetseng le tse sa nepahalang tsa AS le tekanyo e nepahetseng ea karabo ea AS (1 e tlosa palo ea liphoso tsa inhibitory / palo e felletseng ea liteko tse sa lebelloang) litekong tse fuoeng le tse sa nke lehlakore. Karabelo e nepahetseng mosebetsing oa AS e ne e le e 'ngoe eo ho eona ho neng ho sisinyeha ka leihlo la nako ea nako ha ho nehelanoa ka karabelo e kholo ea kapa e lekanang le 30 ° / s (Gitelman 2002) e entsoe ka nqa ea seipone sa ponahalo ea ponelopele mme ea atolosoa ho feta 2.5 ° / visual angle central fixation zone. Ho sisinyeha ha mahlo litekong tse sa sebetseng tsa ho tšoasa ho ne ho sa tloaelehang ka lebaka la hore lithuto ha li e-so ka li isoa sebakeng se itseng ebe ha li fuoe lintlha. JOALOKAHA liphoso (tse tsejoang hape e le liphoso tsa prosaccade) li etsahetse ha saccade ea pele nakong ea karabelo ea saccade e lebisitsoe ho ts'isinyeho e hlahang ka tšohanyetso mme e feta sebaka sa 2.5 ° / visual angle central fixation. Liteko moo ho sa etsoang motsamao oa mahlo (<1% ea liteko) ha lia kenyelletsoa litlhahlobong tse ling.

FMRI Ho Fumana le ho Buella

Lintlha tse entsoeng ka bokaholimo li ne li bokelletsoe ho sebelisoa sekepe sa 3.0-T Motorola Allegra setsing sa Lipatlisiso tsa Brain, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Mokhoa o latellanang oa maikutlo oa echo-planar gradient-echo-planar o lebisang ho BOLD tofauti (T2 *) o entsoe (Kwong et al. 1992; Ogawa et al. 1992). Litekanyetso tsa ho fumana e ne e le pheta-pheto ea nako, TR = 1.5 s; nako echo = 25 ms; flip angle = 70 °; thunya e le 'ngoe; e tletse k-mpe; 64 × 64 fumana matrix ka tšimo ea pono = 20 × 20 cm. Ho ile ha bokelloa lingoloa tse mashome a mabeli a metso e robong tsa 4-mm-thick-axial, tse se nang sekheo, li hokahantsoe le "anterior and posterior commissure" (AC-PC line), li hlahisa li-voxels tsa 3.125 x 3.125 × 4 mm, tse koahetseng cortex eohle le boholo ba cerebellum. Tekolo ea bophahamo ba 3D e hlophisitse tatellano e potlakileng ea ho fumana thepa ka li-gradient-echo (MP-RAGE) ka masenke a 192 (1-mm slice thickness) e sebelisitsoe ho fumana litšoantšo tsa sebopeho sefofaneng sa sagittal.

Litšoantšo tse sebetsang li ile tsa ntlafatsoa pele ka ho sebelisa laebrari ea software ea FMRIB (Smith et al. 2004). Ho lokisa nako ho ne ho etsoa hore ho fetoloe tšebeliso ea slice e kenelletseng. Litekanyetso tsa ho sisinyeha ha hlooho le ho fetolela li ile tsa baloa, 'me litšoantšo tsa fetoloa ka ho tsamaisa molumo o mong le o mong letotong la nako le bophahamo bo fumanoeng bohareng ba thepa. Bakeng sa thuto e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, mekhahlelo ea ho fetolela le ho potoloha e ne e lekantsoe lipapisong 'me e sebelisoa ho lekanya mehato ea metsamao e mengata. Batho ba ithutileng ba sa feteng 1 mm (translate) kapa 1 ° (rotational) ba ile ba qheleloa ka thoko ho tlhahlobo e latelang. Bacha ba bane ba ile ba qheleloa ka thoko ho latela litekanyetso tsena.

Litšoantšo tsa sebopeho (MP-RAGE) li ne li ngolisitsoe ho linepe tse sebetsang mme li fetotsoe maemong a tšoanang li sebelisa ts'ebeliso ea FLIRT e fumanehang FSL (Jenkinson le Smith 2001). Ho ntšoa ha boko ho ile ha etsoa ho sebelisoa sesebelisoa sa ho tlosa bokong ho FSL (Smith 2002). Litšoantšo tse sebetsang li ile tsa ntlafatsoa hantle ka lehare le bophara ba 5-mm ka halofo e phahameng ea kernel mme tsa beoa ka mokhoa o phahameng oa ho fetisa ka nakoana tempter (sigma = 37.5 s) ho tlosa sekhahla sa sekepe se tlase. Kamora nako, lets'oao le matla la mohato o mong le o mong le ne le fuoe moelelo oa 100, 'me ho ne ho etsoa meketjana e mengata.

Ho hlahlojoa ha litšoantšo tse sebetsang tsa neuro (Cox 1996) e sebelisitsoe bakeng sa qeto ea sehlooho ka seng le tlhahlobo ea lipalo tsa sehlopha. Mekhoa ea Deconvolution e ile ea latela mehato e hlalositsoeng ho Ward (2002). Ka bokhutšoanyane, mohlala oa rona o ne o e-na le li-regressor tsa 6 tsa orthogonal tsa phaello (moputso oa meputso, ho se jele paate, ho hlophisa moputso, ho se nke lehlakore, ho fana ka karabelo ea karabo, karabelo e nepahetseng ea AS). Re boetse re kenyelletsa li-regressor bakeng sa moputso le liteko tsa liphoso tse sa nke lehlakore (ho kenyeletsa le liteko tsohle), li-regressor tsa motheo, tse kahare le tse se nang moeli, hammoho le li-parameter tsa 6 tse tsamaeang le "regisors" "nuisance". Mosebetsi o ikhethang o arolelanoang oa tšusumetso ea tšusumetso (IRF, ke hore, hemodynamic reaction function) bakeng sa mong le e mong oa mekhahlelo (moputso le ho se nke lehlakore, ho hlophisa, le saccade; "liteko tse nepahetseng tsa AS feela") li behiloe ke palo e lekantsoeng ea likarolo tsa 5 sine works e ngatafalitsoe ke lisekoere-palo tse lekantsoeng tsa beta. IRF e lekantsoeng e bonts'a karabelo e lekantsoeng ea BOLD ho mofuta oa mohopolo (mohlala, moputso oa meputso) kamora ho laola ho fapana lipontšong tsa BOLD ka lebaka la li-regressor tse ling. Re hlalositse nako ea karabelo e hakantsoeng ho tloha ho nako ea ts'usumetso (nako = 0) ho 18-s posttimulus qala (13 TR), nako e lekaneng bakeng sa karabelo e lekantsoeng ea BOLD ho khutlela morao, bakeng sa nako e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e arohaneng ea teko. Ha re a ka ra nahana ka sebopeho sa eona se ikhethang ho feta ho sebelisa zero ho tloha qalong. Lipalo-palo tse 'maloa tsa boleng bo botle li ile tsa balelloa ho kenyelletsa lipalo-palo tsa F-bakeng sa regressor e ngoe le e' ngoe t-scores bapisa e ngoe le e 'ngoe ea boima ba 5 e hakantsoeng ea zero. Ka mor'a qeto ea deconv, litšoantšo tsa lipalo li ile tsa fetoloa sebaka sa Talairach (Talairach le Tournoux 1988).

Sehlopha sa Boemo ba Sehlopha

Libaka tsa Thahasello ea Anatomical (ROI)

Bohlahlobisisi ba rona bo shebane le lihlopha tse hlalositsoeng hantle tse khethiloeng ka har'a meeli ea li-ROI tse 'maloa tsa pele (Curtis le Connolly 2008) eo pele e neng e tsejoa e le ho sebeletsa likarolong tse fapaneng tsa ts'ebetso ea moputso kapa taolo ea oculomotor. Putative e amanang le moputso oa anatomical ROI thutong ena e kenyelletsa VS (ho kenyelletsoa le li-nucleus kukusanya), OFC, le ventral medial PFC (VMPFC). Re hlalositse meeli ea ROI e amanang le moputso e sebelisitsoeng thutong ena ka tsela e latelang: The VS (Breiter et al. 1997; Breiter le Rosen 1999; Bjork et al. 2004; Voorn et al. 2004) e ne e nkuoa e le tlamo ka tlung ka mohala o tsoang hamorao ho tloha ntlheng ea ho kenella kahare ho khubung ea kahare, moeli oa kamorao le o ka ntle e ne e le moeli oa "ventral-medial jaff" oa caudate le putamen, 'me moeli oa kamorao o ne o nkuoa e le tumello ea ka ntle. OFC e ne e akaretsa gyrus ea orbital le rectus gyrus, ho kenyeletsoa BA 10, 11, le 47 (Kringelbach le Rolls 2004). Hamorao, OFC e ne e tlangoa ke sebata se tlase se ka pele le sebakeng sa medical ke sebata se phahameng sa rostral sulcus. VMPFC e bua ka cortex dorsal ho "rostral sulcus" e phahameng ka holim'a sefahleho sa bokong, bokantle le sebaka (subcallosal) ho genu ea Corpus callosum, haholoholo ho kenyelletsa posterior / medial BA 10 le 32 (Knutson et al. 2003; Blair et al. 2006). VMPFC e kenyelletsa rostral anterior cingrate cortex.

Putative oculomotor control ROI e kenyellelitse libaka tse katamelaneng le sebata sa maemo a holimo (sPCS le iPCS) ka ho latellana) le paracentral sulcus (paraCS), hammoho le cingxe cortex (BA 24, 32), ho kenyelletsa le dorsal and caudal anterior cingulate, intraparietal sodium (IPS) ), putamen, le dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC, ho kenyelletsa BA 9, 46) (Sweeney et al. 1996; Grosbras et al. 1999; Liddle et al. 2001; Luna et al. 2001; Connolly et al. 2002; Munoz le Everling 2004; Ridderinkhof, Ullsperger, et al. 2004; Pierrot-Deseilligny et al. 2005; Brown et al. 2006; Hikosaka et al. 2006; Curtis le Connolly 2008). Pelepele ea motho ea mantlha hangata e na le likarolo tsa 2, e leng sebapali sa maemo a phahameng le sa maemo a tlase, se arohantsoeng ke khokahano e pakeng tsa gyri ea pele le e bohareng (Ono et al. 1990). ParaCS e ne e hlalosoa e le sebopo se kantle ho lesela le bohareng le haufi le bokaholimo ba dorsal medial bokong (Ono et al. 1990). IPS e ne e hlalosoa e le sebido se arohanang se phahameng le se tlase sa parietal lobules (IPL).

Kamora nako, leha e se e thehiloe hantle ka har'a lingoliloeng hore libakeng tsohle tse fapaneng tsa methapo, ha ho na phapang phapusing ea hemodynamic (HDR) ho tloha bongoaneng ho fihlela ho ba motho e moholo.Kang et al. 2003; Wenger et al. 2004; Brown et al. 2005), re kenyelelitse cortex ea pono (BA 17, 18) e le sebaka se eketsehileng sa taolo ho eketsa ho bontša hore bacha ba hlahisa lithuto tsa nako tse lekanang le batho ba baholo.

Thutong ea Nako

Likhakanyo tsa IRF tse hakantsoeng tse fumanoeng tlhahlobisong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea phetohelo ea maikutlo li kentsoe tlhahlobisong ea phapang ea mantsoe (ANOVA) ka nako (0 ho isa ho 12 TR), mofuta oa khothatso (moputso, ho se jele paate), le sehlopha sa lilemo (mocha, motho e moholo) e le lintlha tse sa fetoheng le lihlooho e le lebaka le sa reroang. Mekhoa ea ho fetola liqeto bakeng sa moralo oa rona oa mosebetsi, moo methati e fapaneng ea teko e fumanoang, e hlahisa li-IRF tse hakanyetsoang. IRF e bonts'a karabelo e hakantsoeng ea BOLD ho mofuta oa tšusumetso (mohlala, mohopolo oa moputso) kamora ho laola phapang ea lets'oao la BOLD ka lebaka la li-regress tse ling. IRF e bolelang (eo hape ho thoeng ke thupelo ea nako e hakantsoeng e bolelang, ka tlase) e bonts'a karolelano (holima lithuto) e hakantsoeng karabo ea BOLD ho tloha qalehong ea ts'usumetso (nako = 0) ho qala ha 18-s poststimulus. Nako ea 18-s, paramethara eo re e hlalositseng ka mokhoa oa rona oa phetoho, ke nako e nepahetseng ea karabelo e tloaelehileng ea hemodynamic e hlahisitsoeng ke tšusumetso e khuts'oane ea nako ea ho khutlela molemong oa mantlha.

Li-ANOVA tse arohaneng li ile tsa tsamaisoa bakeng sa nako e ngoe le e 'ngoe ea teko, ho fella ka "cue," "litokiso tsa ho arabela," le "saccade reaction" litšoantšo tsa sehlopha (phello e ka sehloohong ea litšoantšo tsa nako). "Phello ea mantlha ea nako" e bonts'a libaka tse fetoloang haholo nako eohle (0-12 TR) tse lumellanang le motheo li oele ka tlase ho lithuto le maemo, ka hona, li khatholla lithuto tsa mantlha tse ithutoang thutong ea rona. Limmapa tsa Statistical (Feie. 3) li ne li manehiloe holim'a setšoantšo sa anatomical ho tsoa ho sehlooho sa moemeli. Bakeng sa litšoantšo tsa bokantle ba 3D (Lifeiga. 44-6), re rerile ho tsekoloha ho tsoa libakeng tse bonts'ang litlamorao tse amanang le lilemo le / kapa tšusumetso e kahare ho bokaholimo ba li-atlas tsa Human PALS re sebelisa software ea Caret (mofuta oa 5.51) (Van Essen et al. 2001; Van Essen 2002).

Setšoantšo sa 3. 

"Phello e ka sehloohong ea nako" limmapa tsa ts'ebetso ea sehlopha bakeng sa chate ea mothetsi (selikalikoe sa matšoao a dolara kapa matšoao a ponto), tokisetso ea karabelo (fixation e khubelu), le karabelo ea saccade (phallo ea paripheral), e oele ka mofuta oa khothalletso le sehlopha sa lilemo. Sebaka sa setšoantšo ...
Setšoantšo sa 4. 

Cue epoch lithuto tsa nako e bonts'a ts'ebetso ea lilemo le / kapa ts'usumetso ea nako eohle. Lithuto tsa nako li ile tsa ntšoa ka har'a masakana a sphere (9-mm bophara) tse lebisitsoeng ho lihokela tsa peak voxel (bona Lisebelisoa le Mekhoa). Bakeng sa lipono tsa pono feela, ho tlatsitsoe ho lefifi ...
Setšoantšo sa 5. 

Litokisetso tsa karabelo (tebello ea moputso) lithuto tsa nako tse bonts'ang ts'ebetso ea lilemo le / kapa tšusumetso ea nako eohle. Lithuto tsa nako li ile tsa ntšoa ka har'a masakana a sphere (9-mm bophara) tse lebisitsoeng ho lihokela tsa peak voxel (bona Lisebelisoa le Mekhoa). Bakeng sa pono ...
Setšoantšo sa 6. 

Likarabo tse sa arabeloang tse arohaneng tsa nako ea lithuto tse bonts'ang ts'ebetso ea lilemo le / kapa tšusumetso ea nako eohle. Lithuto tsa nako li ile tsa ntšoa ka har'a masakana a sphere (9-mm bophara) tse lebisitsoeng ho lihokela tsa peak voxel (bona Lisebelisoa le Mekhoa). Bakeng sa pono ea pono feela, ...

Ka har'a setšoantšo se seng le se seng sa "ts'ebetso ea nako", li-ROI tse hlalositsoeng hantle (tse bitsoang "lihlopha") ka tlase) li ile tsa bonts'oa kamora ho sebelisa mekhoa e seng e thehiloe ka har'a lingoliloeng (Wheeler et al. 2005; Velanova et al. 2008). Taba ea pele, li-voxels tse phahameng tse fetang monyako oa P <0.001 (e sa nepisoang) e ile ea khetholloa mme ea hlophisoa ka boholo ba F-statistic. Ka mor'a moo, mask a bophara ba limilimithara tse 9 a ne a shebane le boholo bo bong le bo bong. Ka mor'a moo re ile ra lokisa tšusumetso e kholo ea setšoantšo sa nako bakeng sa lipapiso tse ngata re sebelisa mekhoa e tsoang papisong ea Monte Carlo (http://afni.nimh.nih.gov/afni/doc/manual/AlphaSim), e bonts'ang hore boholo ba sehlopha sa bonyane li-17 tsa xtixous tsa hlokahala le hammoho le voxel e le 'ngoe P boleng ba 0.001 e le ho fihlela bohlokoa bo hlakileng ba boemo ba setšoantšo sa P <0.05. Ts'ebetso ea li-ROI e sebetsang e ne e hlalosoa ka ho kenyelletsa li-voxels tsohle tse oeleng kahare ho sebaka sa 9-mm tse shebaneng le boholo ba setšoantšo se sa nepahalang ebe li kenyelletsa li-voxel tse sa atleheng ho fetisa litokiso bakeng sa papiso e mengata. Ka mor'a moo re ile ra sebelisa lihlopha tsena tse hlalositsoeng tse sebetsang e le limaske 'me ra ntša likhakanyo tsa nako tse hakantsoeng ho li-voxels tse fumanehang bakeng sa sehlooho ka seng le maemong ka bobeli a khothatso. Ka mokhoa ona, re netefalitse hore libaka tse tšoanang li ntse li nkuoa ho latela lithuto. Lithuto tsa nako li ne li lekantsoe ka har'a lithuto ebe li hlahlojoa ka mehato e phetoang ANOVA; sehlopha sa lilemo (motho e moholo, mocha) e sebelitse joalo ka lipakeng tsa lithuto; nako (0-12 TR) le boemo ba khothatso (moputso, ho se jele paate) li ne li le ka har'a lintlha. Ntle le ha ho boletsoe ka hosele, ho potoloha ha sekhahla (Greenhouse – Geisser) ho bohlokoa. Ka tlase, re tlaleha libaka tsohle tse khethiloeng ho "mapheo a mantlha a" nako ea "omnibus", 'me re fana ka lipalo bakeng sa lithuto tsa nako bakeng sa libaka tse bonts'ang lilemo tsa bohlokoa ka nako, ts'usumetso ea nako, le / kapa lilemo ka ts'usumetso ka litšebelisano tsa nako ho pholletsa le kakaretso karabelo e hakantsoeng (lintlha tsa nako ea 13).

Rea hlokomela hore libakeng tse 'maloa tse hlahlobiloeng, karabelo ea nako e hakanyetsoang ea nako e bontšitse karabelo e makatsang kapa tlhōrō ea nakoana (e hlahang ho feta 6 s kamora ho qala ha karolo ea teko). Hajoale ha ho hlake hore na litlhoro tsa nakoana tsa nakoana li na le bohlokoa bo sebetsang (mohlala, ho bontša ho fapana ha taba ka boithuto ho hloa setereke se itseng kapa ho lieha ho supa tikolohong) kapa ke feela sephetho sa tlhahlobo ea rona ea qeto e sa nkeng sebopeho se tsitsitseng sa HDR . Kahoo, re ile ra boela ra etsa ANOVA ea bobeli, e batlang e pheta-pheta e neng e nka likarabo tse lekantsoeng ho TRs 3-6. Lintlha tsena tsa nako li ile tsa khethoa ha li ntse li kenyelletsa 3-7.5 s kamora ho qala ts'usumetso, e neng e tla fihlela tlhoro ea pele ka karabo ea methapo ea methapo, e neng e tla ba lipakeng tsa 4 le 6 s kamora tlhahiso ea tlhahiso. Lithuto tsa nako ho tsoa ho li-ROI tsohle tse bonts'itsoeng litlamorao tse kholo tsa 'mapa oa nako bakeng sa nako e' ngoe le e 'ngoe ea teko le tsona li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mokhoa ona. Bakeng sa tlhahlobo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ena, ho hlahlojoe liteko tse "nepileng" tsa AS feela. Kamora nako, re hlokometse hore monyetla oa ho bapisa lithuto tsa nako ea BOLD ho lihlopha tsohle tsa lilemo tsa nts'etsopele sebakeng se le seng sa stereotaxic o thehiloe hantle (Kang et al. 2003; Wenger et al. 2004; Brown et al. 2005).

Joalo ka tlhaiso ea netefatso ea lithuto tsa rona tse khethiloeng nakong ea liteko tse arohaneng, re batlile ho netefatsa hore kakaretso ea likarolo tsa teko ka 'ngoe e tla baka sebopeho se tloaelehileng sa HDR le hore karabelo e akaretsang e tsamaisane hantle le nako e fumanoeng ha ho nahanoa teko joalo ka ka kakaretso. Ho etsa joalo, re qalile ka ho akaretsa linako tse hakanyetsoang ho nako ea teko e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e tsoang ho motho e mong le e mong ea hlalositsoeng (cue + karabelo ea karabelo + le karabelo ea sethala) karolong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea boko, re fetole tsela ea nako ea ho hlophisa e entsoeng ke 1.5 s ho ikarabella bakeng sa karolo ena. tekong le nako ea ho arabela ea kopcade eXch nako e 3 s. Kamora moo, IRF bakeng sa teko e felletseng (ke hore, ho buella, ho lokisa, le ho araba hammoho) voxel e 'ngoe le e ngoe e hlahisitsoe ke ho etsa tlhahlobo ea qeto ea qeto eo re fumaneng feela qalo ea teko e' ngoe le e 'ngoe' me re hakanyetsa karabelo ho fihlela 21 s kamora ho qalo ea teko. E 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea lithuto tsena tsa nako (cue, ho lokisa karabo [nako e fetotsoe], karabelo ea karabo [nako e fetotsoe], karabelo e akaretsang, le karabelo ea teko e felletseng) e ile ea lekanyetsoa voxel e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e khethiloeng ka "cue main main time" rera (Likokoana-hloko tse tlatsetsang. 1-6). Mokhoa ona o ile oa phetoa bakeng sa ho lokisa likarabo le limaske tsa karabelo ea sarcade. Tlhahlobo ena ea netefatso e bonts'itse hore kakaretso ea lithuto tsa nako ea motsoako e hlahisitse karabelo e tloaelehileng ea hemodynamic, e fana ka ts'ehetso e eketsehileng ea hore lits'ebetso tsa rona tsa qeto e ne e nepahetse. Lithuto tsa tlatsetso 1-6 li bonts'a malebela a tlhahlobo ea netefatso ea nako ea netefatso. Ho ile ha fumanoa boemo bo ts'oanang ba ho tšoana pakeng tsa (mela e metšo e metšo) le liteko tsa nako e telele (tse khubelu) le lithuto tsa nako tsa HDR.

Results

boitshwaro ja

Mehato e phetoang ANOVA mabapi le litekanyetso tse nepahetseng tsa karabo ea thibelo ho pholletsa le lihlopha le maemo a ts'usumetso e bontšitse phello e kholo ea mofuta oa khothatso (F(1,32) = 18.9424, P <0.001) le tšekamelo ea sephetho se seholo sa sehlopha sa lilemo (F(1,32) = 3.491, P = 0.071) empa ha ho sehlopha sa lilemo ka tšebelisano-mofuta oa ts'usumetso. Joalo ka ha ho lebelletsoe, lithuto tsohle li ne li latela liphoso tsa prosaccade khafetsa ka likarabo tse nepahetseng sebakeng se loketseng, se ts'oanang le litlaleho tse fetileng (Velanova et al. 2008), e bonts'a hore litaelo tsa mosebetsi li ne li utloisisoa, empa ho bile le ho sitoa ho thibela saccade e bonts'ang.

Ha re fuoa maikutlo a rona a hore batho ba baholo le ba lilemong tsa bocha ba tla hlahisa liphoso tse fokolang tse thibelang moputso ha li bapisoa le liteko tse sa nke lehlakore, lipapiso tse reriloeng tsa phello ea mofuta oa ts'usumetso ts'ebetsong (tekanyo e nepahetseng ea karabelo le latency) kahara sehlopha ka seng sa moputso (moputso le ho se nke lehlakore bakeng sa bacha; moputso vs. . ho se nke lehlakore ho batho ba baholo) ho ne ho boetse ho etsoa ho sebelisoa maemo a Bonferroni a fetotsoeng alpha ea 0.025 ka teko e ngoe (0.05 / 2). Bacha ba hlahisitse palo e kholo haholo ea li-AS tse nepahetseng ho moputso ha li bapisoa le liteko tse sa nke lehlakore (t(17) = 4.500, P <0.001) (bona Feie. 2A). Ts'ebetso ea batho ba baholo e bontšitse mokhoa oa likarabo tse ntlafalitsoeng mabapi le moputso ha o bapisoa le liteko tse sa nke lehlakore (t(15) = 1.939, P = 0.072).

Setšoantšo sa 2. 

Liphetho tsa boitšoaro. (A) Tekanyetso e nepahetseng ea karabo bakeng sa bacha. (Mekoallo a ka ho le letšehali) le batho ba baholo (litsupa tse ka letsohong le letona) bakeng sa liteko (tse sa tlatsoang) le liteko tse fanoang (hashed bar). (B) Tekanyetso ea li-AS tse nepahetseng. (C) Bofokoli ba liphoso tsa thibelo. Asterisk e le 'ngoe (*) e bontša ...

Latency ea ho qala AS e nepahetseng e bonts'a phello e kholo ea ts'usumetso (F(1,32) = 22.695, P <0.001) empa ha ho na phello ea mantlha ea sehlopha sa lilemo kapa sehlopha sa lilemo ka tšebelisano e khothatsang. Papiso e reriloeng e senotse hore lihlopha tsa bobeli li hlahisitse li-AS ka potlako ho moputso ha li bapisoa le liteko tsa ho se nke lehlakore (bacha, t(17) = 3.215, P = 0.005 le batho ba baholo, t(15) = 3.498, P = 0.003).

Maele a setseng a phoso (a bitsoang "liphoso tsa prosaccade," ha lithuto li ne li shebile ka matlafatso) li ne li sa bontše sehlopha sa bohlokoa ka ho sebelisana. Lipapiso tse reriloeng li bonts'a hore bacha, empa eseng batho ba baholo, ba fana ka likarabo tse potlakileng ho feta moputsong ha ba bapisoa le liteko tse sa nke lehlakore (t(17) = 2.400, P = 0.022). Setšoantšo sa 2B,C rala maqhubu a li-AS tse nepahetseng le tse fosahetseng, ka ho latellana. Ho fanoa ka mekhoa le liphapang tse tloaelehileng tsa tekanyo e nepahetseng ea karabelo le latency ea liteko tse nepahetseng Lethathamo 1.

Lethathamo 1 

Liphetho tsa boitšoaro bo botle ba moputso le liteko tsa AS tse sa nke lehlakore

Qetellong, ha palo ea bacha ba lekiloeng e lekiloe, ho bapisoa ha bacha ba “baholo” le ba "banyenyane" ho ile ha hlahlojoa hore na phapang e pakeng tsa bacha le batho ba baholo e ne e se kholo ka ho lekana ho bontša phapang. Ka mantsoe a mang, haeba ho na le taba ea hore bacha ba baholo ba etsa lintho tse fapaneng haholo le lithuto tse nyane, tlhaiso-leseling e tsoang ho bacha e ka ba e tsamaisang litlamorao tse mpe tsa botsofaling. Re sebelisitse karohano ea bohareng ho arola lithuto tsa bacha tsa 18 ho ba baholo (N = 9; Bacha ba lilemo li 6 17 le bana ba lilemo tse 3 16) le lihlopha tse nyane (N = 9; Bana ba lilemo li 3 13, ba lilemo li 1 14, ba lilemo li 4 15, le 1 X -UMX ea lilemo li [ngoana oa ho fela oa ngoana ea lilemo li 16 4] Mohlala o ikemetseng tLiteko li ne li sebelisoa ho "bacha" le "ba tsofetseng" tekanyetso e nepahetseng ea karabo le lintlha tsa morao-rao tsa mefuta ea liteko. Ha ho na phapang ea bohlokoa (kaofela P's> 0.05) li ile tsa bonoa.

fMRI

Khokahano ea marang-rang ea boko e ile ea tšoareha nakong ea teko e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ho batho ba baholo le ba lilemong tsa bocha, ho kenyelletsa libaka tse laoloang tsa oculomotor (mohlala, libaka tsa mahlo le sehlopha sa basal ganglia) le libaka tse amanang le moputso (mohlala, OFC le VS) (Feie. 3). Ka li-loci tse 'maloa, re bonts'itse tšebelisano ea bohlokoa ea lilemo le / kapa ts'usumetso ea nako ho pholletsa le karabelo e lekantsoeng eohle (lintlha tsa nako ea 13) kapa TRs 3-6 (bona Lisebelisoa le Mekhoa). Liphetho tsena, li arotsoe ke epoch ea liteko, li tšohloa ka botlalo ka tlase.

Sebaka sa Taolo: Cortex ea Pele ea Pono

Mekhabiso e hlalositsoeng ka mokhoa o sebetsang e fumanehang cortex e bonoang (BA 17, 18) nakong epoch ka ngoe ea liteko e netefalitse hore bacha ba hlahisa HDR e ts'oanang ha e bapisoa le batho ba baholo. Tse hlokoang li bonts'a ho nka karolo ho matla mosebetsing oa AS empa ho sena ts'ebelisano ea lilemo kapa mofuta oa khothatso ka nako (Tlhahiso e eketsehileng Fig. 7).

Epoch 1: Kholiseho ea Cue

Meputso e amanang le moputso

Nakong ea tlhahiso ea cue e khothalletsang, VS e nepahetseng (li-Talairach lihokela: 14, 2, −7) e bonts'itse lilemo tsa bohlokoa ka tšebelisano ea nako (F(12,384) = 3.082, P = 0.023) ha u nahana ka nako eohle e hakantsoeng ea nako (lintlha tsa nako ea 13). Batho ba baholo ba bontšitse tšebetso e ntle nakong ea moputso, athe bacha ba bontšitse karabelo e mpe. Sebakeng sena, moputso oa bongoana le lithuto tsa nako ea ho se nke lehlakore li bontšitse ho kheloha ho sa tsamaeeng, athe batho ba baholo ba bontšitse karabelo e fokolang bakeng sa meputso e lateloang ke karabelo e matla ho feta mefuta eohle ea liteko (Feie. 4). Ha re nahana feela ka karolo ea pele ea thupelo ea nako (TRs 3-6), sebaka sena se ntse se bonts'a mokhoa (F(3,96) = 2.368, P = 0.076). Leha ho le joalo, VS e setseng (−10, 2, −4) e bonts'itse lilemo tsa bohlokoa ka tšebelisano ea nako (F(3,96) = 3.204, P = 0.027) nakong eohle e khuts'oane ea nako. Ka har'a mofuta ona, o ts'oanang le VS e nepahetseng, bacha ba bontšitse likarabo tse mpe nakong ea moputso le liteko tse sa nkeng lehlakore, athe batho ba baholo ba ne ba sa bontše liphoso tsa mantlha.

Oculomotor le Libaka tsa Taolo ea Inhibitory

Ha ho le e 'ngoe ea li-ROI tse laoloang ke oculomotor e bonts'itseng lilemo tse kholo ka nako, ts'usumetso ka nako, kapa lilemo ka ts'usumetso ea tšebelisano ea nako ho pholletsa le lintlha tsa nako tse hakanyetsoang tsa 13 nakong ea tlhahiso ea mokokotlo. Across TRs 3-6, leha ho le joalo, re hlokometse ts'usumetso ka ho sebelisana ha nako haufi le sPCS e nepahetseng (26, −13, 53) (F(3,96) = 2.695, P = 0.05), "gyrus" e ka tlase e ka tlase e ka pele ((44, 11, 32) (F(3,96) = 4.474, P = 0.006), hammoho le precuneus ea setseng (−28, −64, 41) (F(3,96) = 2.959, P = 0.036). Ka ho leqeleng IPL (−28, −52, 38) (BA 7, dorsal le medial ho supramarginal gyrus), e leng lilemo ka ts'usumetso ea ho sebelisana ha nako ho ile ha bonoa (F(3,96) = 3.397, P = 0.021) (Lethathamo 2). Ho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea libaka tsena, likarabo tsa liteko tsa bongoaneng li ne li tšoana le moputso oa batho ba baholo le lithuto tsa nako tse sa nke lehlakore (Feie. 4). Leha ho le joalo, bacha ba bontšitse likarabo tse lumellanang le sena libakeng tsena nakong ea liteko tse sa nke lehlakore.

Lethathamo 2 

Libaka tse hlokomeloang nakong ea cue (liteko tse nepahetseng feela) li bonts'itse litlamorao tse kholo

Lethathamo 3 e fana ka sebaka sa li-voxels tse phahameng bakeng sa lihlotšoana tsohle tse sebetsang tse bonoang tikolohong e ikhethang ea sebopeho se bonts'ang phokotso ea bohlokoa nako eohle nakong ea ts'usumetso ea nako ea ts'usumetso.

Lethathamo 3 

Libaka tse bontšang phello e kholo ea nako ho li-ROI tsa anatomical, tse shebiloeng nakong ea cue (liteko tse nepahetseng feela).

Epoch 2: Litokisetso tsa karabelo / Tabatabelo

Meputso e amanang le moputso

Kamora pherekano ea ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso, nakong ea ho hlophisoa ha karabelo / tebello, sehlopha se le seng ho VS e nepahetseng (11, 8, le −7) se bonts'itse lilemo tsa bohlokoa ka tšebelisano ea nako (F(12,384) = 2.586, P = 0.05) ho pholletsa le lintlha tsa nako tse hakanyetsoang tsa 13. Tlhahlobo ea lithuto tsa nako e tsoang sebakeng sena e bontšitse karabelo e phahamileng ea bongoana nakong ea moputso ha e bapisoa le liteko tse sa nke lehlakore (Feie. 5). Batho ba baholo ba bonts'itse karolo e fokolang ea sebaka sena ka karabelo e fokolang e fokolang nakong ea liteko tse sa nke lehlakore le ho kheloha hampe nakong ea liteko tsa moputso sebakeng sena. Ka har'a nako e behetsoeng nako ea TRs 3-6, sebaka sena se ntse se bonts'a lilemo tse ngata ka ho sebelisana ha nako (F(3,96) = 6.618, P <0.001).

Oculomotor le Libaka tsa Taolo ea Inhibitory

Ka sPCS ea ka ho le letšehali (−25, −13, 56), lilemo tse bohlokoa ka tšusumetso ke ho sebelisana ha nako ho ile ha bonoa (F(12,384) = 2.889, P = 0.032) tekong eohle e lekantsoeng. Sebakeng sena, bacha ba ne ba e-na le tlhoro e phahameng ea pele ho batho ba baholo ka mefuta eohle ea khothalletso, le karabelo e atolositsoeng ea nakoana ka nako ea liteko tsa moputso (Feie. 5). Ha ho nahanoa feela ka TRs 3-6, lilemo ka lebaka la tšebelisano ea nako sebakeng sena li ile tsa fokotsoa (tloaelo)F(3,96) = 2.282, P = 0.084).

Kae kapa kae, ho pholletsa le TRs 3-6, re hlokometse ho sebelisana ha nako kahisano ka ho le letona medial frontal gyrus (MFG) / gorus e ka pele (17, −10, 53) (F(3,96) = 2.915, P = 0.038). Lilemo tsa bohlokoa ka ts'usumetso ea lipuisano tsa nako li ile tsa boela tsa bonoa lihlopheng tse ling tsa 2 ka lehlakoreng le letšehali la sPCS, (−25, −19, 47) (F(3,96) = 2.920, P = 0.038) le (−31, −10, 44) (F(3,96) = 2.909, P = 0.038). Ho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea libaka tsena, likarabo tsa bongoana nakong ea moputso le liteko tse sa nkeng lehlakore li ile tsa phahamisoa ho latela batho ba baholo (Feie. 5). Ho hobe le ho feta, lilemo tse bohlokoa ka ho susumetsoa ke ts'ebelisano ea nako li ile tsa bonoa ho iPCS ea morao (−28, −1, 35) (F(3,96) = 3.281, P = 0.024). Sebakeng sena, karabelo ea moputso oa bongoaneng e ne e ts'oana le moputso oa batho ba baholo le likarabo tse sa nke lehlakore, 'me nako le nako ha thupelo ea nako e ngoe le e ngoe e hloa hoo e ka bangs. Nako ea bocha ea ho se nke lehlakore e fihlile tlhōrōng e phahameng ka ho fetesisa (3 s) mme e ile ea oela ka nako ea motheo nakong enaFeiga, 5). Lilemo tse bohlokoa ka ho susumetsoa ke tšebelisano ea nako (F(3,96) = 3.836, P = 0.012) ho TRs 3-6 e boetse e bonoe ho MFG / anterior cingulate (−7, 29, 35) (Lethathamo 4). Bacha ba bontšitse karabelo e matla ea ho putsa ho lekana le liteko tsa ho se nke lehlakore le moputso oa batho ba baholo le likarabelo tsa ho se nke lehlakore.

Lethathamo 4 

Libaka tse hlokomeloang nakong ea litokisetso tsa karabo (liteko tse nepahetseng feela) tse bonts'itseng litlamorao tse kholo tsa tšebelisano

Tlalehong e ka morao ea parietal cortex, sehlopha sa li-precuneus tse nepahetseng (BA 7) (8, −58, 53) se bonts'itse lilemo tsa bohlokoa ka tšebelisano ea nako (F(12,384) = 3.093, P = 0.024) ho pholletsa le lintlha tsa nako tse hakanyetsoang tsa 13. Joalokaha ho bontšoa ke lithuto tsa nako tse tsoang sebakeng sena (Feie. 5), bacha ba bapisoa le batho ba baholo ba ne ba e-na le ts'ebetso e kholo ea mefuta eohle ea liteko tse khothalletsang. Across TRs 3-6, boemo bo matla ba tšusumetso ka lilemo ka tšebelisano ea nako e ne e ntse e le teng sebakeng sena (F(3,96) = 4.143, P = 0.008).

Lethathamo 5 e fana ka sebaka sa li-voxels tse phahameng bakeng sa lihlotšoana tsohle tse sebetsang tse bonoang tikolohong e ikhethang ea sebopeho se bonts'ang phokotso ea bohlokoa nako eohle nakong ea ho hlophisoa ha karabo.

Lethathamo 5 

Libaka tse bontšang phello e kholo ea nako li-ROI tsa anatomical, tse bonoang nakong ea ho hlophisoa ha karabelo (liteko tse nepahetseng feela)

Epoch 3: Karabo ea Saccade

Meputso e amanang le moputso

Nakong ea karabelo ea thapelo ea saccade, OFC ka ho le letšehali (−25, 44, −4) e bontšitse lilemo ka tšebelisano ea nako (F(3,96) = 4.44, P = 0.006) (Feie. 6, letšehali). Sebaka sena se bontšitse tšebetso e matlafalitsoeng ho bacha nakong ea liteko tse sa nke lehlakore. Ha ho ts'ebetso e kholo e boneng ho VS nakong ea karabelo-ea koposo ea saccade.

Oculomotor le Libaka tsa Taolo ea Inhibitory

Cingulate e nepahetseng ea ka ntle, BA 24, (2, 23, 26) e bontšitse tšusumetso ka ho sebelisana ha nako (F(3,96) = 3.99, P = 0.010) (Lethathamo la 6). Joalo ka sehlopheng sa OFC se kaholimo, lithuto tsa nako tse tsoang sebakeng sena li bonts'itse ts'ebetso e kholo ho bacha nakong ea liteko tse sa nke lehlakore. Sebaka se ka letsohong le letšehali la cingrate gyrus, BA 24, 32, (−1, 11, le 35) li bonts'itse lilemo tsa bohlokoa ka khothalletso ke tšebelisano ea nako (F(12,384) = 2.860, P = 0.037) karabelo eohle e hakantsoeng. Linako tsa nako ho tloha ka letsohong le letšehali la cingulateFeie. 6, tlase ka letsohong le letšehali) e bonts'itse tlhōrō ea batho ba baholo nakong ea liteko tsa moputso le karabelo e tšoanang ho bacha nakong ea liteko tse sa nke lehlakore. Bacha ba bontšitse karabelo e mpe ho feta nakong ea liteko tsa moputso. Across TRs 3-6, sehlopha sa lilemo tsa bohlokoa ka tšebelisano ea nako (F(3,96) = 4.474, P = 0.006) e saletseng sebaka sena.

Ts'ebetso e kholo e bonoe kae kapa kae libakeng tsa taolo ea oculomotor ea ho laola lihlopheng tsena ka bobeli nakong ea nako e arabelang ka mokhoa oa saccade, ho kenyelletsa sPCS, posterior parietal cortex, le putamen (Lethathamo 7) e sa bonts'eng karohano ea bohlokoa ea lilemo kapa ts'usumetso (Feie. 6, ho le letona).

Lethathamo 7 

Libaka tse bontšang phello e kholo ea nako ho li-ROI tsa anatomical, tse shebiloeng nakong ea karabelo ea saccade (liteko tse nepahetseng feela)
Lethathamo 6 

Libaka tse hlokomeloang nakong ea karabelo ea saccade (liteko tse nepahetseng feela) tse bonts'itseng litlamorao tse kholo tsa tšebelisano

Puisano

Re sebelisitse fMRI e potlakileng e amanang le ketsahalo ho hlahloba phapang ea nts'etsopele ea ts'ebetso ea moputso, le litlamorao tsa moputso oa tšohanyetso taolong ea thibelo ea thibelo ea oculomotor ha bacha ba phetseng hantle le batho ba baholo ba entse mosebetsi oa khothalletso oa chelete. Leha lits'ebetso tsa boits'oaro li ntlafalitse lihlopheng tsohle tsa lilemo ka moputso o lekanang le liteko tse sa nkeng lehlakore, liphapang tse 'maloa li fumanoe lipakaneng tsa likarabo tsa BOLD nakong tse fapaneng kapa mekhahlelo ea ho lokisa moputso. Haholo-holo bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha, ha ba bapisoa le batho ba baholo, ba bonts'a likarabo ho VS nakong ea khokahano ea tšusumetso, e lateloang ke karabelo e phahamisitsoeng ho VS le sPCS nakong ea litokisetso tsa karabelo (tebello ea moputso) litekong tsa moputso. Ketsahalo ena e ntseng e eketseha nakong ea litokiso tsa karabo e kanna ea kenya letsoho ntlafatsong e kholo ea sekhahla sa karabelo e nepahetseng ea bacha, joalo ka ha ho tla tšohloa ka botlalo ka tlase.

Phapang ea Keketseho ho Moputso Liphello tsa Boemo ba Tšohanyetso ho AS Behaeve

Ha ho bapisoa le boemo ba ho se nke lehlakore, liteko tse nang le moputso oa tšohanyetso li ne li amahanngoa le bokhoni bo ntlafalitsoeng ba ho thibela (bacha) le ho etsa likarabo kapele (bacha le batho ba baholo). Liphetho tsena li tsamaisana le ts'ebetso ea boitšoaro bo fetileng e bonts'a liphokotso tse fokotsitsoeng ka moputso ho batho ba baholo le ba lilemong tsa bocha nakong ea mesebetsi e lefiloeng ea AS (Duka le Lupp 1997; Jazbec et al. 2005, 2006; Hardin et al. 2007) le ho fana ka maikutlo a hore likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa potoloho ea tšehetso ea meputso ea taolo ea thibelo ea thibelo li nakong ea bocha. Liphetho tsa rona li boetse li fana ka maikutlo a hore bacha ba ka ameha haholo ka ho putsa mohloli oa taolo ea thibelo, ha bacha, eseng batho ba baholo, ba bontšitse ntlafatso e kholo maemong a karabelo e nepahetseng. Leha ho le joalo, re ke ke ra ba le kholiseho ho ea ka leihlo la leihlo feela hore ts'ebetso ea bocha e na le tebello e kholo ho putsa ha sehlopha sa bohlokoa ka ho sebelisana se sa khothaletse. Mohlomong ho na le taba ea hore batho ba baholo ba ne ba se ba ntse ba etsa mosebetsi ka tekanyo e phahameng nakong ea liteko tse sa nke lehlakore le hore ho ka be ho se na sebaka se lekaneng sa ntlafatso litekong tsa moputso (ke hore, siling athari). Mosebetsi oa nako e tlang o ka tsoela pele ho lekola liphapang tsa kutloisiso ea meputso ka ho eketsa boima ba mosebetsi oa AS o lefsitsoeng (mohlala, ka ho khutsufatsa nako ea kemiso). Ho feta moo, le ha ts'ebetso e futsanehileng ea bacha lilemong tsa liteko tse sa jeleng paate e ka bakoa ke ho se sireletsehe ho sa laoleheng, ho ka etsahala hape hore bacha ha baa ka ba fumana liteko tse sa nke lehlakore e le tse "putsa" joalo ka batho ba baholo. Ka mantsoe a mang, batho ba baholo ba kanna ba ba ba bile le tšusumetso ea ho sebetsa hantle ho sa tsotelehe mofuta oa tšusumetso, athe bacha bona ba kanna ba ela hloko feela liteko tseo moputso o neng o le kotsing. Mosebetsi oa nakong e tlang o bapisa boits'oaro ba bacha le ba baholo ka liteko le litekanyetso tse sa jeleng paate hammoho le moputso le tahlehelo / likotlo tse fanoang ka boholo bo hlokahalang ho fana ka temohisiso e eketsehileng mabapi le bothata bona.

Bacha le batho ba baholo ba hlahisitse li-ASs tse nepahetseng ka mokhoa o potlakileng (litselana tse tlase) ka moputso ha li bapisoa le liteko tse sa nkeng lehlakore, tse bontšang litlamorao tsa moputso o ka bang teng licheleteng tse tsamaeang hantle (Roesch le Olson 2004; Hikosaka et al. 2006). Lintlha tsa latency tse tlalehiloeng mona li tsamaisana le lipatlisiso tsa nakong e fetileng tse seng tsa botho tse bontšang hore libaka tse fuoang chelete (tse sa fuoang chelete) li fokotsetse maqhubu, ka lebaka la bophahamo ba likonteraka tsa tumellano ea mantlha maemong a basal ganglia pele ho likarabo tsa motsamao oa mahlo.Hikosaka et al. 2006). Ntle le moo, bofetoheli ba liphoso tsa AS bo ne bo potlakile hape ho moputso le liteko tse sa nkeng lehlakore ho batjha empa li ne li sa fapana ka sehlopha sa batho ba baholo. Pono ea hore bacha ba na le mekhoa e metle ea sekhahla nakong ea moputso ha e bapisoa le liteko tsa ho se nke lehlakore, e boetse e bontša hore bacha ba ka ba le tjantjello ea ho fumana moputso maemong a tšohanyetso; Reacciation ena e phahamisitsoeng ea meputso e ka tlatsetsa ho ntlafatseng maikutlo nakong ea bohlankana.

Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, sephetho sa boitšoaro se bonts'a hore tšusumetso ea moputso e ntlafatsa taolo e akaretsang ea matla (ke hore, tekanyo e nepahetseng ea karabelo) mme e fokotse nako ea ho arabela ha saccadic ho bacha le batho ba baholo.

Meputso e Bontšang Meputso ea Boitlhokahalo ba Brain likarolong tsa bocha le batho ba baholo

Leha bacha ba hapile marangrang a tšoanang a neural joalo ka batho ba baholo mesebetsing, ho kenyeletsoa VS, sPCS, IPL, le karolo e bohareng ea bohareng, ho bile le phapang e kholo ea ntlafatso ts'ebetsong nakong e fapaneng ea mosebetsi. Mekhoa e 'meli e meholo ea phapang ea lihlopha tsa lilemo e bonts'itsoe: libaka tsa 1) moo bacha ba bonts'itseng ho khetha mefuta e fapaneng ea liteko tsa moputso ho feta batho ba baholo, ho fana ka maikutlo a ho hloka ts'ebetso ts'ebetsong ea moputso le libaka tsa 2) moo bacha ba bonts'itseng ho hola haholo ho ts'usumetso, ho ts'ehetsa liphumano tse fetileng tsa ts'ebeliso ea ts'ireletso. Liphapang tsena li tla tšohloa ka botlalo likarolong tse latelang:

Haholo-holo, nakong eohle ea liteko, re hlokometse mekhatlo e meraro ea ts'ebetso ho sPCS haufi le jeme ka sebata se ka pele-pele, e leng sebaka se khothalelitsoeng khafetsa ho ba polelo ea nalane ea monkey FEF (Luna et al. 2001; Curtis le Connolly 2008). Lirekoto tsa unit e le 'ngoe tse tsoang ho li-primates tse se nang botho li bontšitse hore li-neuron tsa FEF li sebetsa nakong ea litokiso tsa ho arabeloa ha liteko tsa AS le ho eketseha ho lebisa ha ho etsoa saccade (Bruce le Goldberg 1985; Hanes le Schall 1996; Munoz le Everling 2004). Kaha re lihlopha tsa ts'ebetso tse haufi le sPCS tse fumanoeng thutong ea hona joale li ne li hlile li le mafolofolo nakong ea litokiso khafetsa nakong ea karabelo ea saccade (bona Lipalo tsa tlatsetso) le hore lihlotšoana tse tlalehiloeng li ne li le haufi le lihlotšoana tse fumanoeng li sebelisa paradigms tse tšoanang (AS, tse tataisoang ke pono, le tse tataisang memori) lithutong tse fetileng ho tsoa laboratoring ea rona ((Luna et al. 1998, 2001; Geier et al. 2007, 2009) le ba bang (Paus 1996; Sweeney et al. 1996; Brown et al. 2004; Curtis le Connolly 2008), re etsa qeto e hlokolosi ea hore likhakanyo tsa sPCS tse tlalehiloeng tse haufi le jeme tse nang le sebata se ka pele sa sebata (BA 6) ke tsona tšibollo ea motho oa monkey FEF.

Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ts'ebetso haufi le lebota la dorsomedial pela karolo ea dorsal ea paraCS (BA 6) e amahantsoe le ts'epo ea ts'ebetso ea mahlo (Grosbras et al. 1999) mme khafetsa e bitsoa tšimo ea tlatsetso ea leihlo (SEF) (Luna et al. 2001; Brown et al. 2004). Cortex hang-hang e fetoha mohala o otlolohileng ho tloha mokokotlong o ka thoko, haufi le SEF ea maiketsetso, hangata o bitsoa sebaka sa makoloi sa pele (Luna et al. 2001; Curtis le D'Esposito 2003). Likarolong tse setseng, re bua ka libaka tsena ka sepheo sa ho bapisa lipapatso tsa rona, lingoliloeng tse fumanehang tsa morao-rao le lingoliloeng tse ruileng tseo eseng batho.

Phapang e Tsoelang Pele Thutong ea Meputso-Cue

Nakong ea tlhahiso ea setsi sa tšusumetso (selikalikoe sa likoloto tsa lidolara kapa lipontšo tsa ponto), ha tlhahlobo ea tiiso ea tšusumetso e ne e hlahlojoa qalong (ke hore, ha taba e neng e tseba hore na teko e tlang e tla ba moputso oa "phaello" kapa ho se nke lehlakore "che" fumana ”teko), batho ba baholo le bacha ba bontšitse karabelo e fapaneng ho VS. VS e bile le tšusumetso e sa khaotseng lithutong tse sebetsang tsa ho nahana ka nako ea ts'ebetso e lebelletsoeng ea meputso, ho kenyelletsoa ho fumanoa ha moputso oa pele, ho bolela esale pele le tebello (Knutson le Cooper 2005). Bacha ba bontšitse karabelo e mpe e mpe e neng e batla e tšoana le moputso le liteko tse sa nkeng lehlakore (Feie. 4) ho bonts'a hore tiiso ea leseli e ne e sa sebetsanoe ka mokhoa o fapaneng. Ho fapana le hoo, batho ba baholo ba bontšitse ts'ebetso ho VS e nepahetseng nakong ea cue ea moputso e bonts'ang karohano ho tsoa litabeng tse sa nke lehlakore, a fana ka maikutlo a hore moputso oa cue o ntse o hlahlojoa. Ho feta moo, tlhoro ea morao-rao e ile ea bonoa qetellong ea karabelo e hakantsoeng ea liteko le moputso oa ho se nke lehlakore ho batho ba baholo empa eseng ho bacha.

Liphetoho tsa BOLD tse bonoang ho motho ea moholo le ea lilemong tsa bocha VS li kanna tsa amana le matla a ho supa ha DA (Knutson le Gibbs 2007). Boithuto ba morao-rao ba batho bo sa bonts'eng bo bonts'itse hore li-neurons tsa DA, tse simolohang bohareng ba mpa le projeke e hlahelletseng ho dorsal le ventral striatum le PFC, li arabela ka mokhoa o hlakileng meputsong le tlhorisong e lebisang moputsong (Schultz 1998) hape, ka lebaka leo, e kanna ea ba mafolofolo ho arabana le tlhahiso ea likhakanyo tsa thuto ena. Ntle le moo, li-neuron tse ling tsa DA li bontšitsoe li na le ts'ebetso ea phasic e lateloang ke khatello ea maikutlo ka lebaka la pale kapa tšusumetso e matla (Schultz et al. 1993; Schultz 2002). Kahoo, lifaele tsa boitšoaro tse fumanehang ho bacha li ka bonts'a hore chate ea tšusumetso e ne e le leqheka kapa le matla ho bacha. Ho batho ba baholo, le ha mekhoa ea motheo ea li-neuronal e kenyang tlhōrōng e ntseng e ba teng hamorao ha e tsejoe mme e tlameha ho hlalosoa ka bohlale, lebaka le leng le ka bakang ho lieha, ho thunya ha methapo ea methapo ea DA, e ka hlahang nakong ea nako e telele (Schultz 2002; Knutson le Gibbs 2007). Mochine ona, o ka bang molemo ho boloka ts'ebetso ea ts'usumetso nakong ea nako e telele, o kanna oa ba o sa holisoa ke bohlankana. Ka mokhoa o makatsang, mekhoa ena e fapaneng ea karabo ho batho ba baholo le ba lilemong tsa bocha e kanna ea amana le phetoho menahanong ea mekhoa le lipalo tsa li-subtypes tse fapaneng tsa DA tse etsahalang ka lilemo (Seman et al. 1987; Meng et al. 1999; Spear 2000).

Libaka tsa Oculomotor le libaka tsa taolo li ile tsa hloaelloa ho khothaletsa batho ba baholo le ho ba le meputso ho bacha ha ba arabela mohopeng o khothalletsang (Feie. 4). Nakong ea liteko tsa ho se nke lehlakore, leha ho le joalo, likarabo tsa bongoana libakeng tsena li ile tsa hlomphuoa ka ho hlaka le ha li ne li fana ka likarabo tse nepahetseng (hopola hore liteko tse nepahetseng feela li kenyelelitsoe litlhahlobisong tsa nako e tlang). Ka lebaka la hore bacha ba hlahisitse liphoso tse ngata haholo nakong ea liteko tsa ho se nke lehlakore ebile ba na le linako tse potlakileng tsa ho kenella nakong ea liteko tse nepahetseng tsa ho se nke lehlakore, liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore ntle le ts'usumetso ea lilemong tsa bocha bacha ba bonts'a ho fokotsa libaka tse tsebahalang ho tšehetsa tšebetso ea AS (Everling et al. 1997; Connolly et al. 2002; Curtis le D'Esposito 2003). Keketseho ea ts'ebetso nakong ea liteko tsa moputso libakeng tsa pele ho kenyelletsa le FEF ea putative, e tsejoang ho tšehetsa moralo oa karabo ea oculomotor (Curtis le D'Esposito 2003), e fana ka maikutlo a hore libaka tsena tse ka pele li ka arabella likarabo tse potlakileng le tse nepahetseng tsa thibelo ho bacha. Ntle le moo, likarabelo tsa batho ba baholo morerong oa moputso, haholo-holo IPL ka ho le letona le iPCS e nepahetseng, li ne li atolosoa ka nakoana ka karabelo ea batho ba baholo le karabelo ea bocha. E 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea libaka tsena e kile ea ameha likarolong tse fapaneng tsa taolo ea oculomotor le / kapa taolo ea tlhokomelo (Gitelman et al. 1999; Cabeza le Nyberg 2000; Luna et al. 2001; Brown et al. 2004), haholoholo boitokisong ba karabo (Connolly et al. 2002; Curtis le Connolly 2008). Keketseho e eketsehileng ea litereke tsena nakong ea meputso e bonts'ang e bonts'a hore menyetla e ka bang teng ka bongata e shebiloe ka hloko lihlopheng tsena ka bobeli, ka ho sa makatse, e leng se ka eketsang karabelo ea bona ea karabelo e potlakileng le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa karabelo tse nepahetseng. Meputso e ka ba le tšusumetso e kholo ho tsebiso le ts'ebetsong ho bacha ba amanang le batho ba baholo ba fuoang hore bacha ba bonts'a likarabo tse fokolang libakeng tsena nakong ea liteko tse sa nke lehlakore empa ba eketsa ho nka karolo nakong ea liteko tsa moputso. Bacha ba ntse ba sa etse mosebetsi oa AS joalo ka ha baholo ba etsa (Fischer et al. 1997; Munoz et al. 1998; Klein le Foerster 2001) ho bonts'a hore ho ba thata le ho feta hore ba ithaope ho araba. Ka lebaka la bothata bona bo boholo taolong ea kelello, bacha ba ka itšetleha ka litsamaiso tse phahameng tsa pele ho ts'ehetsa ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ka tsela e ts'oanang le ea batho ba baholo ba bonts'ang ts'episo e matla lits'ebetsong tsa pele ha mojaro oa kelello o eketseha (Keller et al. 2001).

Phapang ea Keketseho molemong oa moputso / boitokisetso ba karabelo

Nakong ea litokisetso tsa ho arabela / moputso tebello epoch (sefapano se sefubelu), ha lithuto li ne li lebelletse ho arabela moputso kapa li sa fumane phaello (re sa nke lehlakore), re fumane hore bacha, empa eseng batho ba baholo, ba bonts'itse mosebetsi o matla ho VS nakong ea liteko tsa moputso (Feie. 5 holimo ka letsohong le letšehali). Sephetho sena se bonts'a khatello ea maikutlo nakong ea lebelletse moputso ho bacha ho bapisoa le batho ba baholo. Liphetho tsa rona tse bonts'a ts'ebetso ea VS e sebelisang ts'ebetso nakong ea litokisetso tsa karabo empa tse sa sebetseng (tse sa tsamaeang hantle) pejana nakong ea nehelano ea qobello ea tšusumetso, li ka bua le taba e ntseng e tsoela pele ka har'a lingoliloeng tsa moputso mabapi le hyper le hypofunctionality ea sistimi ea moputso oa bongoaneng. (Spear 2000; Litho tsa et al. 2003; Ernst et al. 2006). Ka mohlala, Bjork et al. (2004) o fumane hore bacha ba etsa tlholeho ea VS ho batho ba baholo nakong eo lithuto li lebelletseng ho arabela moputso, ho tšehetsa hypotitionality hypothesis. Ka papiso, Ernst et al. (2005) 'me Galvan et al. (2006) (ha moputso o ne o phahame), mohlala, o bontšitse hore bacha "ba feta" ba ts'ebetsa sebaka sena ho arabela moputso, ba ts'ehetsang ts'ebeliso e matla ea kelello. Lintlha tsa rona li bonts'a hore VS ea lilemong tsa bocha e ka bonts'a "bobeli ba": ho kenella ka ts'ebetsong ho araba lithahasello tse khothalletsoang, tse ka hlalosoang e le ho se sebetse hantle, ho lateloe ke karabelo e ikhethileng ea ho hofa tebello. Liphetho tse tlalehiloeng mona li tsebahatsa tse fumanoang e le tse fumanoeng tse hanyetsanang ka har'a lingoliloeng mme li bonts'a hore ho ka ba le maemo a fapaneng a ntlafatso a mekhahlelo e fapaneng ea nakoana ea ts'ebetso ea moputso o lebelletsoeng.

Le ha mokhoa o thehileng kemiso ea tšebetso e bonoang ho VS ea lilemong tsa bocha o ke ke oa hlalosoa ka kotloloho ho tsoa thutong ena, ho saena ka nako e telele ha DA ke karolo e ka eketsang. Bopaki bo fetolang ho tsoa mefuteng ea khalefo le ea khale bo bontša keketseho e akaretsang ea maemo a DA nakong ea bocha (Seman et al. 1987; Kalsbeek et al. 1988; Rosenberg le Lewis 1994, 1995; Meng et al. 1999; bakeng sa tlhahlobo Spear 2000), eo, hammoho le sehlopha se fapaneng sa lihlopha tsa mekhatlo ea litaba ea DA receptor subtypes (Seman et al. 1987; Meng et al. 1999; Spear 2000) le boholo bo ka bang teng ka bongata ba li-synapses ho striatum (Sowell et al. 1999), e kanna ea kenya letsoho ho 2 mefuta e fapaneng ea karabo e phahamisitsoeng ea moputso, ts'ebetso e sa tsamaeeng hantle ho arabela mokokotlo (ho bonts'a sekhahla sa moputso) le likarabo tse tsamaeang hantle nakong ea ho hlophisoa ha karabelo (e bonts'itseng tebello e kholo ea ho amohela moputso) (Cooper le Knutson 2008).

Bacha ba boetse ba bonts'a ho eketsa ho haptjoa ha FEF ha ho bapisoa le batho ba baholo nakong ea litokisetso bakeng sa liteko tse sa nkeng lehlakore le tsa moputso. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore bacha ba qala ho hira FEF ho feta batho ba baholo ha ba ntse ba itokisetsa ho etsa karabo e nepahetseng ea thibelo ho sa tsotelloe moputso. Habohlokoa, bacha ba boetse ba bonts'a likarabo tsa nako e telele nakong ea liteko tsa moputso ho FEF ea ho beha hammoho le MFG / anterior cingulate (Feie. 5). Boithuto ba morao-rao ba batho bo sa boneng bo bonts'itse hore boitokiso ba ho hlophisa ha maemo a ts'ebetso ho "IFF" fixation neurons bo kenya letsoho ho thibelo e atlehileng ea "saccade" e lebisang morerong oa phello mosebetsing oa AS, mohlomong ka ho thibela lithane tse hlahisang li-neurons tse matlafatsang (Schall et al. 2002; Munoz le Everling 2004). Li-Neurons tse kantle ho cingulate li bontšitsoe hore li na le lipontšo tse ngata, ho kenyelletsa e amanang le tebello le ho tsamaisoa ha matlafatso (Schall et al. 2002). Re kholoa hore ts'ebetso e eketsehileng eo re e boneng ho putF FEative e ka bonts'a keketseho ea tšebetso e amanang le phepelo ea methapo e tlatsetsang ntlafatsong ea ts'ebetso ea bongoana (litekanyetso tse nepahetseng tsa karabelo) ka ho matlafatsa ho itukisetsa karabelo. Ho feta moo, lipontšo tse matlafatsang tse lebelletsoeng ho VS le anterior cingrate nakong ea liteko tsa moputso li ka kenya letsoho ho ntlafatsa leseli ho FEF ea ho beha, eo ka lehlakoreng le leng e ka fanang ka tšusumetso e kholo le ho feta ea tlase ea li-neurons tse amanang le saccade ho coludulus le li-colliculus tse phahameng.Ding le Hikosaka 2006; Hikosaka et al. 2006). Ho tla hlokahala lithuto tse le 'ngoe tsa nako e tlang ho hlahloba mekhoa ena e reriloeng.

Leha ho le joalo, datha e hlahisitsoeng mona e boetse e bonts'a hore mekhoa ea neural e khethollang tlhaiso ea meputso le tebello e phatlalalitsoe ka bophara (mohlala, cingulate, FEF, le basal ganglia) (O'Doherty le al. 2004) le ho ba mocha lilemong tsa bocha. Ho 'nile ha fanoa ka maikutlo a hore nakong ea bocha, ho ba le ho leka-lekana ho teng pakeng tsa likarolo tsa boko le taolo tse amanang le taolo, tse ka pepesetsang likotsi tsa ho ipeha kotsing (Steinberg 2004; Ernst et al. 2006; Galvan et al. 2006; Casey et al. 2008). Mohlomong ekaba taolo e ntle e susumetsoang ea moputso e susumetsoang ke moputso, le ho hlaha ha liqeto tse ts'oanang, tse ts'oanang le tsa batho ba baholo, li itšetleha ka ts'ebetso e kopantsoeng ea libaka tse ngata tsa boko ho kenyeletsa le PFC (Luna et al. 2004).

Phapang e Tsoelang Pele ho Karabelo / Moputso “Karabo”

Nakong ea karabelo ea saccade, libaka tse ngata tse hapuoeng ha lia ka tsa bontša sehlopha sa bohlokoa kapa khothatso ka tšebelisano ea nako (Lethathamo 7; Feie. 6, hantle). Leha ho le joalo, bacha ba ile ba hira setereke ka ho le letšehali ka nako ea OFC nakong ea liteko tse sa nke lehlakore tse neng li sa etsoe haholo ke batho ba baholo (Feie. 6, holimo leqeleng). OFC e kentse letsoho likarolong tse ngata tsa ts'ebetso ea moputso (Kringelbach le Rolls 2004), ho kenyelletsa le lipontšo tsa kh'outu ea ho khothaletsoa ha maemo a phahameng le boholo ba nako nakong ea karabo ea moputso (Delgado et al. 2000, 2003). Hamorao OFC ka kotloloho e kopantsoe le kotlo / sephetho se fosahetseng (O'Doherty le al. 2001). Leha lithuto li ne li sa fuoe karabo e hlakileng mosebetsing ona ho ipapisitse le tšebetso ea tsona, li bonts'itse bopaki ba karabelo e hlakileng ha ho etsoa phoso. Ka mantsoe a mang, lithuto li ile tsa latela li-AS tse sa nepahalang ka mokhoa o nepahetseng sebakeng se nepahetseng, tse bontšang hore ba tseba hore ba entse phoso (Velanova et al. 2008). Bacha ba boetse ba bonts'a likarabo tse arohaneng haholo nakong ea liteko tse sa nke lehlakore ho tse peli tse kahare tsa corsal dteral anterior (Feie. 6, bohareng le tlase leqeleng). Karolo e le 'ngoe e khothalelitsoeng ea corsal ea ka ntle ea ka ntle ke ho lekola sephetho sa boitšoaro (Ridderinkhof, Ullsperger, et al. 2004). E kanna ea hore lilemong tsa bocha, sephetho se hlakileng sa liteko tse entsoeng ka nepo tse sa sebelisoeng hantle, moo chelete e sa fumanoeng kapa se lahleheloe, ke ntho e makatsang, ebile mohlomong e mpe, ho feta sephetho sa moputso mme se tšoaetsoa ke ts'ebetso ea OFC le dorsal anterior cingulate. Mosebetsi oa nako e tlang o shebaneng le ts'ebetso e ts'oaroang ke karabelo e hlakileng ea liphoso nakong ea boits'oaro ba moputso o ka thusa ho hlakisa likarolo tsa OFC le dorsal anterior cingulate nakong ea karabelo ea saccade mosebetsing ona.

Nahanisisa

Liphumano tsa hajoale li bonts'a hore maemo a tšohanyetso a moputso a thusa ho ntlafatseng karabo ea batjha le ho batho ba baholo joalo ka ha ho bontšoa ke litefiso tsa likarabo tse nepahetseng le phokotso ea li-AS tse nepahetseng. Re fana ka bopaki ba pele ba fMRI ba tšebetso e eketsehileng nakong ea liteko tsa moputso ho VS ea lilemong tsa bocha le FEF ea ho itlopa nako nakong ea litokisetso tsa karabelo tse ka tšehetsang khothaletso ea boitšoaro ea AS. Ho feta moo, re bonts'a tekong e le 'ngoe eo bacha ba ka bontšang karabelo e sa tsamaeheng hantle VS nakong ea tlhahlobo ea moputso, mme ba eketsa VS hamorao nakong ea litokisetso tsa karabelo ha ba bapisoa le batho ba baholo, ba fana ka maikutlo a ho hloka botsitso bo kahare tseleng ea bohlokoa ea sistimi ea moputso oa bocha e ka khonang. fetoleloa e le mokhoa oa moputso o tlase le o fetelletseng oa moputso. Ha ho nahanoa hammoho, liphetho tsena li na le moelelo oa bohlokoa mehlaleng ea morao-rao ea ho ipeha kotsing ea ho ba lilemong tsa bocha. Mohlala, mohlala oa "tradic" o sa tsoa khethoaErnst et al. 2006) e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho na le ho leka-lekana ho tloaelehileng nakong ea bocha pakeng tsa tsamaiso e khanneloang ke moputso o matla (mohlala, VS-mediated) le thibelo e fokolang ea kotsi (mohlala, amygdala-mediated) le li-regulation / control management (mohlala, li-potoloho tsa PFC). Mohlaleng ona, bacha ba khothalletsoa ho ipeha kotsing ea ho ipeha kotsing ea ho phela ka lebaka la ho ikopanya le moputso. Liphetho tsa rona li fana ka maikutlo a hore meputso e ka "ntlafatsa" lits'ebetso tsa taolo tse thibelang bokhachane ka ho khetheha nakong ea bocha mme ka hona e bonahala e sa lumellane le mohlala oa boraro. Leha ho le joalo, ho ka etsahala hore nakong ea bocha, boitšoaro bo lebisang moputsong o potlakileng bo ntlafatsoa ka litšenyehelo tsa moputso oa nako e telele. Moelelong oa teko ena e laoloang, ho thibela saccade ho lebisa ho iphumanele sepheo (ke hore, moputso oa chelete) ka hona ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ho VS le putative FEF e ne e fetoha. Ka sebopeho se sa tsamaelaneng, ha u etsa qeto lipakeng tsa mekhoa e meng ea 2 (mohlala, ho khanna ka lebelo bakeng sa monyaka o tsamaeang le ho khanna butle ho qoba kotsi), ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea moputso e ka ba le taolo ea taolo / ho etsa liqeto tse lebisang ketsong e lebisang moputsong o moholo (mohlala. , ho khanna ka thata) le ho pepesetsa tsietsi liphellong tse mpe (Steinberg et al. 2009).

Ka bokhutšoanyane, liphetho tsa rona li bonts'a phapang ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko maemong a bohlokoa a moputso le taolo ea potoloho ea methapo nakong ea liteko tse ikhethileng tsa mosebetsi oa AS o lefisitsoeng. Seo re se fumaneng se bonts'a hore litlhahiso tsa mantlha tsa boitšoaro bo tataisoang ke sepheo le ho etsa liqeto, meputso le tsamaiso ea kelello, ha li e-so fihlelle maemo a ts'ebetso ea bohlankana ka bocha, li ka kenya letsoho ho hlaheng ha kotsi ea ho kena sehlopheng sena sa lilemo.

dithuso tsa ditjhelete

Institutes tsa Naha tsa Bophelo (RO1 MH067924, RO1 MH080243 ho BL).

Boitsebiso bo Eketsehileng

[Tlatsetso ea Tlatsetso] 

lumela hore baa fokola

Khohlano ea ThahaselloHa ho ea phatlalalitsoeng.

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