Mekhoa e khothatsang nakong ea bocha: ho ka etsahala hore ho be le phapang pakeng tsa lilemo tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le mekhoa e meng ea likotsi tsa ho sebelisa likotsi (2010)

I. Liphello Tse amanang le Meputso ea Bocha

Bacha hangata ba fapana ka tsela e fapaneng le ea batho ba baholo kapa ba baholo ka tsela eo ba arabelang ka eona le ho ikamahanya le lintho tse ba susumetsang tikolohong ea bona. Litšobotsi tse joalo tsa bohlankana li kenyeletsa maemo a phahameng a kopaneng litšebelisanong le lithaka, ho batla lintho tse sa tloaelehang / ho ipeha kotsing, le boits'oaro bo nyarosang (Spear, 2000, 2007a). Litšebelisano le lithaka li ba tsa bohlokoa haholo lilemong tsa bocha, 'me litšebelisanong tsena li qala ho ba le tšusumetso e kholo holim'a ho etsa liqeto le boitšoaro ho feta ho batho ba baholo (Gardner le Steinberg, 2005; Grosbras et al., 2007; Steinberg, 2005). Nakong ea bocha, batho ba qeta nako e ngata ba buisana le lithaka ho feta nakong efe kapa efe ea khōlo (Hartup le Stevens, 1997), mme likamano tsena li fana ka mohloli oa bohlokoa oa liphihlelo tse ntle bakeng sa bacha.E sootho, 2004; LaGreca et al., 2001, Steinberg le Morris, 2001). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, nakong ea karolelano ea lilemo ho tloha matsatsing a pelehi pele ho PN XXUMX, e hlalositsoeng e le mokhoa oa bocha ho rat (bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea bona Spear, 2000), likhoto li bonts'a maemo a phahameng a ts'ebetso ea sechaba ho feta liphoofolo tse nyenyane le tse kholo. Maemo ana a phahameng a litšebelisano tsa sechaba a tsebahala haholo ka ho loana ho bapala lilemong tsa bocha, ho fapana le lipatlisiso tsa kahisano tse bonts'ang likamano tse tebileng tsa ts'ebelisano ea sechaba ho batho ba baholo (bona Vanderschuren et al., 1997 bakeng sa litšupiso le tlhahlobo; Varlinskaya & Lerumo, 2002, 2008). Bacha ha ba kenelle litšebelisanong tsa sechaba ho feta batho ba baholo feela, empa ba fumana likamano tsena tsa sechaba li le monate ka tsela e sa tloaelehang.Douglas et al., 2004).

Keketseho ea ho nka likotsi le ho batla lintho tse ncha ke litšoaneleho tse ling tsa bocha tse bolokiloeng. Keketseho e lemohileng ea boits'oaro bo behang kotsing e bonoa lipakeng tsa bongoana le boroetsana, ha bacha ba kenang mesebetsing e behang kotsing ho feta batho ba baholo.Steinberg, 2008). Keketseho ena ea boits'oaro bo behang bacha kotsing ea ho ba le menyetla ea ho ba le menyetla e mengata e mecha le e matla ea ho fumana meputso e ka ba teng (Arnett, 1994; Trimpop et al., 1999; Steinberg, 2005). Khothatso ena ea ho batla boiphihlelo bo bocha, ke ho re, boitšoaro bo sa tloaelehang ba ho tsebahala, bo khethiloe e le seabo sa bohlokoa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa hona joale le tsa nako e tlang, tšebeliso e mengata ea lithethefatsi, le tlhekefetso ea morao-rao (Hittner le Swickert, 2006; Kelly et al., 2006).

Ho arabela ka mokhoa o ntlafatsang ho bontšitsoe le litšoantšong tsa bocha tse amanang le bo-mphato ba bona ba holileng tsebong tse ngata tsa liteko.Adriani et al., 1998; Adriani & Laviola, 2000; Beluzzi et al., 2004; Caster et al., 2007; Collins & Izenwasser, 2004; Douglas et al., 2003; Philpot & Wecker, 2008; Spear & Brake, 1983; Stansfield le Kirstein, 2006, empa hape bona Cao et al., 2007; Caster et al., 2005). Kaha nako ea bocha ke nako ea ho fumana tsebo e ncha ea ho pholoha hole le batsoali, ho batla lintho tse ncha tse nchafalitsoeng ho ka be ho bolokiloe ka mokhoa oa tlhaho bakeng sa boleng ba eona ba nako nakong ea nts'etsopele, ho kentse letsoho ho fumaneng libaka tsa lipale le ho fana ka monyetla oa ho fumana mehloli e mecha ea lijo, metsi, le balekane (Spear, 2000).

Lintho tsa kahisano li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho arabeleng bocha linthong tsa bocha tsa batho, hammoho le bacha ba mefuta e meng. Ho batho, ho tšoana le batho, ho fapakana ha lithaka le ts'ehetso ea sechaba li susumetsa ho batla bocha le ho nka kotsi ea bohlankana (Martin et al., 1995), ka litlamorao tsa ho nkuoa ke batho ba kotsing le ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi ka ho ba matla har'a bacha ho feta batho ba baholo.Gardner le Steinberg, 2005). Melemo ea moputso ea bocha e susumetsoa ke khaello ea kahisano ka mekhoa e ikhethileng ea bongoaneng (le thobalano) lithutong tse ntle tsa moputso hape (Douglas et al., 2003).

Bonyane tšebeliso e itseng ea teko ea joala le lithethefatsi tse ling le tsona li atile lilemong tsa bocha, ka ts'ebeliso ena mohlomong e bonts'a mohlala oa boitšoaro bo behang kotsing. Mohlala, ho Monitoring the future Study of 2007, hoo e ka bang 50% ea baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng ba tlaleha hore ba sebelisitse lithethefatsi tse seng molaong nakong ea bophelo ba bona (Johnston et al., 2008). Tšebeliso ea joala khafetsa le e feteletseng e atile haholo har'a bacha, ha 25% ea li-graders tsa 12th e tlaleha ketsahalo ea ho itlopa joala nakong ea khoeli e fetileng. Habohlokoa, tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le joala nakong ea bohlankana e bontšitsoe hore e lumellana le kholo ea mathata a lithethefatsi le joala ha e se e le motho e moholo.DeWit et al., 2000; Grant et al., 2001). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ha re sebelisa mohlala oa phoofolo e bonolo lilemong tsa bocha ka har'a rat, re bontšitse hore bacha ba noa 2-3 linako tse ling tsa ethanol ho feta batho ba baholo.Brunell & lerumo, 2005: Doremus et al., 2005, Vetter et al., 2007), ka karolo e bonahala e le ka lebaka la ho se tsotelle ha bona litlamorao tse ling tse mpe le tse sa thabiseng tsa ethanol (bona Spear & Varlinskaya, 2005 bakeng sa litšupiso le tlhahlobo). Ho ka etsahala hore mekhoa eo boits'oaro bo tloaelo ba bocha bo kopane ho e kenya letsoho ho qaleng ena ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le joala, ka khatello ea lithaka (Segal le Stewart, 1996) le takatso ea litšebelisano tse ntle tsa boiketlo ba sechaba (Smith le al., 1995) mohlomong e tlatsetsang ho noeng ha joala har'a bacha ba lilemong tsena tsa nts'etsopele. Lithapo tsa bocha li boetse li bonts'a kamano e ikhethang lipakeng tsa ethanol le boitšoaro ba sechaba, le bacha ba bonts'ang keketseho e matla ea likamano tsa sechaba ka mor'a litekanyetso tse leka-lekaneng tsa ethanol, ts'usumetso ea sechaba e sa bonoeng har'a batho ba baholo (Varlinskaya & Lerumo, 2002, 2006, 2007).

Ha re kopantsoe, liphumano tsena li bonts'a mekhoa e mengata ea bohlokoa e amanang le moputso e fumanoang mohlaleng o bonolo oa phoofolo ea lilemong tsa bocha ka har'a rat e tšoana le e bonoang har'a bacha. Litloaelo tsena tse matlafatsang tsa bocha li kanna tsa bonts'a, ka tsela e 'ngoe, liphetoho tse ntlafatsang libakeng tsa bokong tse bolokileng tlhaho tse laolang tšebetso ea susumetso le moputso, e leng sehlooho seo re seng re khutlela ho sona.

II. Neurobiology ea Motivational le Meputso Systems

Libaka tsa khale tsa boko li nka karolo lipakeng tsa mesebetsi ea mantlha, e itšetlehileng ka ho pholoha ea ho lakatsa, ho batla, ho fumana, le ho natefeloa ke meputso ea tlhaho e kang lijo, ho hlaka le ho hlasimolla sechaba. Lits'ebetso tsena tsa meputso li boetse li matlafatsoa ke joala le lithethefatsi tse ling tse sebelisoang bakeng sa litlamorao tsa bona, mohlomong ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang, ka ho pepesetsoa lithethefatsi tse joalo tsa "suprature" tse tlatsetsang khorong ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Karolo ea mantlha ea li-neurocircuitry tse amanang le moputso e se e le nako e telele e hlahisitsoe ke li-nucleus accumbens (NAc) le tlatsetso ea dopamine (DA) eo li e fumanang ho tsoa ho 'mele ea lisele tsa DA sebakeng sa "ventral tegmental sebakeng" sa "midbrain". Likarolo tse ling tsa bohlokoa tsa potoloho ea meputso li kenyelletsa lipehelo tse ling tsa ponelopele ea DA ho tsoa VTA, ho kenyelletsa amygdala, hippocampus, le preortal cortex (PFC), hammoho le dorsal striatum le tlatsetso eo e e fumanang ho tsoa ho mekhatlo ea lisele tsa DA ho midbrain substantia nigra ( SN) (ke hore, nigra-striatal DA system), e nang le likarolo tsena tsa boko ba mesolimbic le mesocortical tse kopaneng haufi-ufi (mohlala, bona Berridge, 2004).

Boithuto ba Lesion ho liphoofolo tse sebelisang maoatleng bo senotse hore boitšoaro bo nang le tšusumetso e lebisang meputsong ea tlhaho le lithethefatsi li ka aroloa ka karolo e fapaneng ea likarolo tsa kelello, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e nang le likarolo tse rarahaneng, ka linako tse ling li feta, 'me liemeli tse sa utloisiseheng ka neural (mohlala, Baxter le Murray, 2002; Cardinal le al., 2002). Ho na le phehisano e ntseng e tsoela pele, leha ho le joalo, mabapi le menahano ea hore na lits'ebetso tse amanang le moputso li lokela ho aroloa joang, likarolo tsa likarolo tse ikhethileng tsa neural lits'ebetsong tsena tse arohaneng, le tlhaiso ea likarolo tse sa sebetseng nakong ea nts'etsopele ea bokhoba ba tahi (mohlala, bona Berridge, 2007). Mohlala, khopolo e le 'ngoe e nang le tšusumetso e matla e nka likhopolo tsa DA e le tšibollo ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho nka sebaka sa meputso e matla, ha tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi e phehella mmuso oa hypo-DA, e lebisang ho fokotseha hoa kutloisiso ea moputso oa tlhaho le oa lithethefatsi oo ka nako eo o phahamisang phaello ea lithethefatsi sebelisa ho loantša ho haella (mohlala, Volkow et al., 2007). Khopolo-taba ena e fapane hole le pono e 'ngoe e totobetseng e talimang merero ea DA e le ea bohlokoa bakeng sa tšusumetso ea ho khothaletsa ts'ebetso, ka hona ho susumetsa ho susumetsang, ho susumetsa ho amanang le moputso; khopolo ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi khafetsa e eketsa maikutlo a DA, e lebisang ho eketseng boits'oaro ba ho “batla” kapa takatso ea lithethefatsi (Robinson le Berridge, 2003). Ho ea ka pono ena, DA ha e bohlokoa bohareng ba karohano ea maikutlo a hedonic, e ananelang (ke ho re, "ho rata") le khothatso e ntle. Ho fapana le moo, likarabelo tse joalo tsa "ho rata" li hokahanngoa le lits'ebetso tse ling tsa "neurons" tse nang le "li-hot hot" tse nang le tšusumetso e ntle ea hedonic kahare ho likarolo tsa NAc le ventral pallidum (Smith le Berridge, 2005).

Ba bang ba tsepamisitse maikutlo ho bohlokoa ba lipono tsa DA tsa mesolimbic ho potoloho e amehang ho ithuta ka meputso, ba qotsa lipatlisiso tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore DA e bohlokoa bakeng sa "ho hatella" ho ithuta ka moputso, kapa bakeng sa ho bona liphoso tse boletsoeng esale pele ka moputso, ka tokollo ea DA e sebetsang e le " pontšo ea ho ruta ”bakeng sa thuto e ncha ha moputso o boletsoeng esale pele o sa amoheloe (bona Hollerman et al., 2000; Berridge, 2007, bakeng sa tlhahlobo le litšupiso). Ho ithuta ho thehiloeng moputsong ho nahanoa hore ho kenyelletsa li-neurocircuitry tse kenyelletsang maikemisetso le li-efferents tse tsoang likarolong tsohle tse ka hare tsa striatum (ke hore, NAc) le ho tsoa ho dorsal striatum (mohlala, nigrostriatal DA system) (Meredith et al., 2008), hammoho le amygdala, hippocampus, le libaka tsa frontal cortex (mohlala, bona Berridge le Kringelbach, 2008).

III. Liphetoho tsa boko ba bongoaneng litsamaisong tse susumetsang le tsa moputso

Ha ho na le ngangisano e teng mabapi le hore na likarolo tse fapaneng tsa sistimi ea moputso oa 'mele ea kemiso e hlophisitsoe joang hore e be litsamaiso tse fanang ka boleng ba hedonic, ho khothaletsa ho ithuta, ho ithuta le bohlokoa bo nyane ba ho khothatsa moputso o lokelang ho batho ba baholo, ha ho lokela ho makatsa hore le e nyane ha e joalo. tse tsebahalang ka mesebetsi ea litsamaiso tsena tse thehiloeng moputsong nakong ea bohlankana. Ho hlakileng, leha ho le joalo, ke hore likarolo tse amanang le moputso le tšebetso ea methapo ea kutlo li fetoha ka ho khetheha liphetoho tsa kholo nakong ea bocha.

Lintlha tsa morao-rao li bontšitse hore lihokelo pakeng tsa libaka tsena tse amanang le moputso li ntse li tsoela pele ho ntlafatsoa nakong ea bocha. Ho lumellana le kholo e liehang ea nts'etsopele ea libaka tsa pele tsa bocha tse tsoelang pele ho tloha bocheng le ho ba motho e moholo. (Bona Lerumo, 2007b), li-neurocircuitry tse hokahanyang PFC le libaka tse amanang le moputso tse amanang ka mokhoa o tšoanang le tsona li ntse li tsoela pele ho ntlafala nakong ena. Mohlala, likhakanyo tsa glutaminergic tse tsoang ho basolateral amygdala ho ea ho PFC li ntse li tsoelapele ho hola lilemong tsa bocha (Cunningham et al., 2008), leha boima ba kakaretso ea kutlo le sephetho sa thabo ea "PFC" li theoha haholo nakong ea bohlankana Lerumo, 2007b, bakeng sa tlhahlobo le litšupiso). Palo ea likhahla tsa DA tse felisoang ho PFC le eona e nyolohela bohlankeng (Benes et al., 2000), joalo ka taolo ea thibelo ea tšebetso ea PFC ke barekisi ba DA ba tsoang VTA (Tseng & O'Donnell, 2007). Maemo a "enzymise" e fokotsang litekanyetso lenaneong la DA, tyrosine hydroxylase, le eona e hola ka nako ea bocha le ho ba motho e moholo ho PFC ea moriana le NAc ea likhoto (Mathews et al., 2009).

Khokahano ho tloha PFC ho ea NAc e ntse e tsoela pele ho phahama nakong ea bocha, ka keketseho ea nts'etsopele ea palo ea lisele tsa piramide tse hlahisang NAc, hammoho le keketseho ea nakoana ea karolo ea li-neurons tse hlahisang li-receptor tsa DA D1 (D1-Rs ). Ka lebaka leo, liperesente tsa lisele tsa pyramidal tse hlahisang chelete e ngata tse nang le D1-Rs li phahama maemong a phahameng haholo lilemong tsa bocha (> 40%) ho feta lilemong tse nyane kapa tse holileng (<4-5%) (Brenhouse et al., 2008). Liphumano tsena lia makatsa, li filoe bopaki ba bohlokoa ba projeke ea PFC ho NAc ho batleng lithethefatsi (mohlala, Kalivas le al., 2005) le bakeng sa karolo e ka bang teng ea PFC D1-Rs ho eketsa ts'ebeliso e matla ea lithethefatsi (bona Brenhouse et al., 2008). Ho faola hona ha li-receptor tsena tsa DAC ha ho etsahale ho fihlela e le batho ba baholo, ka ho fokotseha ho matla ho D1- le D2-R density ho bonahala pakeng tsa P60 le P80 (Andersen et al., 2000).

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, tlhōrō ea matšoao a nts'etsopele ea DA e amohelang li-densal striatum nakong ea bocha e lateloa ke ho roka ho hoholo ha li-receptors tsena nakong ea phetoho ea bocha, e khetholloang ke tahlehelo ea 1 / 3 - 1 / 2 ea DA receptor bongata pakeng tsa bocha. le ho ba motho e moholo lilemong, tahlehelo e hlahang linthong tse ling tsa botho le lithutong tse sebelisoang mehlaleng ea liphoofolo (mohlala, Seeman et al., 1987; Tarazi & Baldessarini, 2000; Teicher et al., 2003). NAc ka mokhoa o ts'oanang e bonts'a maemo a phahameng a D1- le D2-R nakong ea bohlankana, le ha ho rongoa kamora moo ho bonahala ho le bonolo, ka litlaleho tsa ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha 20-35% kapa hofeta lipakeng tsa bocha le bocha ba batho ba baholo (mohlala, Andersen, 2002; Tarazi & Baldessarini, 2000😉 Ho bapisa le ho haella ha pruning ea bohlokoa lithutong tse ling (mohlala, bona Andersen et al., 2000).

Liphetoho tsa nts'etsopele ka molumo oa DA le tsona li tlalehiloe libakeng tsena tse amanang le moputso. Mohlala, ho phahamisoa hoa molumo oa DA ("hyperdopaminergic" state) ho phatlalalitsoe ho fihlella bongoaneng ho NAc le dorsal striatum e thehiloeng foskolin e kenyellelitseng cAMP ea tlhaiso-leseling (Andersen, 2002le litekanyetso tsa theko e lekantsoeng (bona Spear, 2000 bakeng sa tlhahlobo) e fapana hantle le karabelo ea (mohlomong e tlatselletsang) ea karabo ea cAMP ho DA D1- le D2-R tshusumetso (e tsosang takatso ea "hyposensitivity" ea DA) e bonts'ang hape libakeng tsena nakong ea bohlankana.Andersen, 2002). Likarabo tse joalo tsa mats'oafo ke khale li tsebahala hore li atile ka har'a lits'ebetso tsa DA (mohlala, Zigmond et al., 1990) esita le lits'ebetsong tsohle. Bakeng sa mohlala oa morao-rao, matšoao a phetisetso ea DA e eketsehang nakong ea bocha a ne a amahanngoa le liphetoho tse tlatselletsang ho li-neuron tsa cholinergic tseo ba li thehileng striatum, e hlahisang ts'ebetso ea "hyposensitive DA" e sebetsang.Bolanos et al., 1998), mmoho le karabelo e susumetsang ea psychomotor e ntlafatsang ho li-agonists tsa DA khafetsa (mohlala, Bolanos et al., 1998; Frantz et al., 2007; Mathews et al., 2009; Spear & Brake, 1983; Zombeck et al., 2008) empa eseng kamehla (Collins & Izenwasser, 2002; Niculescu et al., 2005; Smith le Morrell, 2008) e bonoa ha likhoto tsa bocha li bapisoa le batho ba baholo. Mefuta e fapaneng ea tikoloho (joalo ka ho thetsa kapa ho sebetsana ka bolotsana) e ka kenya letsoho ho fumanoeng likelellong tse fapaneng tsa psychopharmacological lithutong tsohle (Maldonado le Kirstein, 2005a,b; Doremus-Fitzwater & Spear, tlasa ntlafatso), mohlomong ka tšusumetso ea bona ho li-mesocorticolimbic DA system (Brake et al., 2004) Ho eketsa mathata.

Liphetoho tsa morao-rao tse amehang mokhoeng ona oa DA oa ho fana ka moputso libakeng tse amanang le tšibollo ea mali li ka ama boitšoaro bo amanang le moputso nakong ea bocha ha bo hlakile. Ha liphetoho tsena li ka bonts'a kholo ea methati ea DA, tšitiso e bakoang ke tšusumetso kapa ho bua ka boits'oaro bo tataisitsoeng nakong ea bocha ho ka hlaha (mohlala, bona Berridge, 2007). Ntle le moo, ts'oaetso efe kapa efe ea DA e amanang le bocha e ka nahanoa hore e ka lebisa tlhokomelong e fokotsang meputso ea tlholeho kapa ea lithethefatsi, ea matlafatsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho lefella khaello ena ea moputso (ho latela likhopolo tsa bokhoba bo emelang bofokoli ba moputso -eg, Volkow et al., 2007). Leha ho le joalo, ho na le "libapali" tse ling libakeng tse amanang le moputso tse fetohang hape nakong ea bocha. Nahana, mohlala, sistimi ea cannabinoid, e nang le li-receptors (CB1-Rs) tse fumanehang haholo sebakeng sa sepheo sa Presynaptic moo ba sebeletsang e le batsamaisi ba bohlokoa ba kenyelletso ea neural ho libaka tse lebelletsoeng tsa DA (Cohen et al., 2008). CB1-Rs e hola ka hanyane ka hanyane maemong a mahlonoko le a maqhubu a maoto nakong ea bocha (P30-40 in rats), pele e theoha haholo ho fihlela maemo a batho ba baholo (Rodriguez de Fonseca et al., 1993). Liphetoho tse hlakileng tsa nts'etsopele maemong a endocannabinoid le tsona lia bonahala lilemong tsa bocha, ka mohlala, keketseho ea nts'etsopele ea anandamide, empa ea fokotseha ho 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) e bonoa ho pholletsa le bocha ba PFC (Ellgren et al., 2008). Ka hona, leha boholo ba taba e shebiloe ho fihlela joale e bile lintlafatsong tse amanang le DA lilemong tsa bocha, tsena li kenelletse ka har'a liphetoho tse ling tse amanang le moputso tse sa ntseng li lokela ho hlahlojoa haholo empa li na le monyetla oa ho kenya letsoho ka mokhoa o hlakileng ho ea lilemong tsa bocha. ho arabela mohopolong o khotsofatsang.

IV. Khothatso ea bongoana bakeng sa meputso ea tlhaho le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso

Ha ho fanoa ka liphetoho tsa tsoelo-pele tse tšohliloeng ka holimo libakeng tsa boko tse amanang le moputso, ha ho makatse hore bacha ba fapana le balekane ba bona ba banyenyane le ba baholo ka tsela eo ba arabelang ka eona mohopolong o khotsofatsang. Mohlala, lintlha tse fumanoeng liphoofolong tsa laboratori tse sebelisang mofuta oa sebaka sa boikhethelo (CPP) li fana ka maikutlo a hore khothatso ea meputso e mengata ea tlhaho, ho kenyelletsoa le tshusumetso ea sechaba le bocha, e ka matlafatsoa nakong ea bohlankana ha e bapisoa le ho ba motho e moholo. Ts'ebetso ea maemo a sebaka e hlile e paka boteng ba tšusumetso (mohlala, ts'ebetso ea lithethefatsi, ho ba teng ha ntho e itseng, kapa molekane oa setjhaba) le phaposi e ikhethileng, ha a ntse a thea sebaka sa ho hlohlelletsa ka kamore e 'ngoe e ikhethileng litekong tse fapaneng. Ka letsatsi la liteko, liphoofolo li lumelloa ho kena ka nako e le ngoe likamoreng ka bobeli, ntle le khothatso ea ho ba teng. Nako e eketsehileng e sebelisitsoeng ka lehlakoreng le neng le kopantsoe le tšusumetso ea koetliso e sebelisoa e le pontšo ea boikhethelo bakeng sa khothalletso eo (ke hore, tšusumetso e ne e le moputso), ha nako e ngata e sebelisitsoe lehlakoreng le leng ho supa bohloeki bakeng sa ts'usumetso (ke hore, e maemong betsa boiketo). Sebelisa mokhoa ona, likhoto tsa banna ba lilemong tsa bocha tse neng li holile botsoalle li ile tsa bonts'oa ho bonts'a CPP bakeng sa ts'usumetso e ncha, maemo a neng a sa bonahale ho balekane ba bona ba baholo (Douglas et al, 2003). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ha polelo ea CPP ea sechaba e ne e hlahlojoa ka laboratoring ea rona re sebelisa balekane ba bong bo le bong, ba sa tsejoeng e le tšusumetso ea sechaba, bacha ba batona le ba batšehali ka kakaretso ba bontšitse CPP e matla ho feta batho ba baholo (Douglas et al., 2004). Melemo ena e ntle ea likamano tsa sechaba e ne e ntlafalitsoe ke ho nyahlatsoa sechabeng ho batho ba lilemong tsa bocha le ho batho ba baholo, leha e le hore mehopolo ea sechaba e ne e ntse e putsa bacha lilemong tsa bocha leha e se ka ho sitisoa ke ho ikopanya le batho ba bang sechabeng (Douglas et al., 2004). Ho fokotsoa ha nakoana ea sechaba sechabeng (matsatsi a 5-7 a matlo a ikemetseng) a litoeba tsa bocha ka ho tšoanang ho tlalehiloe ho eketsa boitšoaro ba sechaba, haholoholo mabapi le papali ea ntoa ea ho bapala (Holloway & Suter, 2004; Panksepp, 1981; Takahashi & Lore, 1983; Varlinskaya et al., 1999), litlamorao tse tšoaeang haholo bongoanengVarlinskaya & Lerumo, 2008).

E ts'oanang le litlamorao tse ntle tsa tšusumetso ea tlholeho, thepa e khotsofatsang ea tšusumetso ea lithethefatsi le eona e ka fapana lipakeng tsa bacha le batho ba baholo. Bongata ba lithuto tsena tse entsoeng ka popo li lebisitse tlhokomelo ho nicotine le litlolo tsa moetlo, haholo-holo koae, 'me liphuputso tse fumanehang ho fihlela joale li bonts'a khetho ea lithethefatsi tsena ho bacha lilemong tsa bocha. Phuputsong e tsoang laboratoring ea rona, likhoto tsa banna le tsa basali tse lilemong tsa bocha li fumanoe ho bonts'a CPP ea bohlokoa ea nicotine ho lethal dose le fokolang la nicotine (0.6 mg / kg), athe balekane ba bona ba baholo ba ile ba hloleha ho hlahisa CPP tlasa maemo ana.Vastola et al., 2002). Bacha ba tlalehiloe hore ba bonts'a CPP e matla ea nicotine ho feta batho ba baholo lithutong tse ling hape (mohlala, Shram et al., 2006; Torres et al., 2008).

Polelo e kholo ea CPP ea cocaine ka mokhoa o ts'oanang e tlalehiloe har'a bacha ba amanang le batho ba baholo. Mohlala, likhoto tsa banna tse lilemong tsa bocha li bonts'a CPP ka tekanyetso e tlase ea cocaine ho feta banna ba baholo (Badanich et al., 2006; Brenhouse le Andersen, 2008; Brenhouse et al., 2008; Zakharova et al., 2008a), ka phapang ena ea kutloisiso ea cocaine CPP le eona e tlalehiloe bakeng sa basali (Zakharova et al., 2008b). CPP e hlohlellelitsoeng Cocaine e bontšitsoe ho holisa eseng feela ka tekanyetso e tlase nakong ea bohlankana, empa hape le ho tima butle butle le ho bonts'a botebo bo matla ba ho khutlisetsoa ho bacha ha ho bapisoa le batho ba baholo.Brenhouse le Andersen, 2008). Litlaleho tsa CPP e ntlafalitsoeng tsa koae har'a bacha ha li makatse, leha ho le joalo, ka lithuto tse ling li sitoa ho bona phapang e amanang le lilemo (Aberg et al., 2007; Campbell et al., 2000).

Patlisiso ea nts'etsopele ea thepa e atlehileng ea ethanol e ipakile e le phephetso, karolo e 'ngoe ka lebaka la mathata a ho theha CPP bakeng sa ethanol ho likhoto, ka litoeba, ho fapana le hoo, ho bonts'a CPP e netefalitsoeng ke ethanol Green & Grahame, 2008 bakeng sa litšupiso le tlhahlobo). Likhoto, leha ho le joalo, ka tloaelo li bonts'a mofuta oa ethanol o hlohlelletsang moea hore o be teng (CPA), 'me ho boleloa hore ethanol CPP ho liphoofolo ka mor'a ho pepesetsoa ha ethanol (bona Fidler et al., 2004 bakeng sa litšupiso). Ho hlaha khafetsa ha ethanol-ikiwa CPA (ho fapana le CPP) ho likhoto tsa batho ba baholo ba ethanol-naïve ho kanna ha amana le maikutlo a ntlafatsang a likhoto tsa batho ba baholo ho litlamorao tse bohloko tsa ethanol (Fidler et al., 2004). Ho sebelisa maano a mang bakeng sa ho lekola moputso oa ethanol, leha ho le joalo, litlaleho tse 'maloa tsa morao tjena li fane ka bopaki ba pele ba hore litoeba tsa bongoaneng li ka fumana ethanol e le matlafatso ho feta batho ba baholo. Ha o le mosebetsing o lekola maemo a tlhophiso ea bobeli, likhoto tsa liteko (tse paired) li ile tsa fumana litlatsetso tse kenelletseng tsa ethanol (tšusumetso e se nang boikhethelo [US]) e pentiloeng ka metheo ea molomo ea sucrose (CS1) nakong ea karolo ea 1, athe liphoofolo tse sa laoloang li ne li buletsoe sucrose CS1 lihora tse 'ne pele ho tsamaiso ea ethanol US (Pautassi et al., 2008). Karolong ea bobeli ea boemo ba leholimo, liphoofolo tse neng li le sehlopha ka bobeli ba marang-rang le tse se nang marapo li ile tsa pepesetsoa CS1 ea sucrose tikolohong ea discrete (CS2). Litekong, ha likhoto tsa bocha le tsa batho ba baholo li ne li fuoa monyetla oa ho hlahloba lisebelisoa tsa kamore ea 3 tse nang le tikoloho ea CS2, bacha ba maemong a paired ba ile ba bontša hore ba rata CS2 ho feta taolo ea bona e sa lefelloeng, ba fana ka maikutlo a hore CS2 e fumane tšehetso e ntle thepa ka har'a CS1-Mediated Associated le ethanol US. Boemo bo joalo ba tatellano ea bobeli bo ne bo sa bonahale ho batho ba baholo, ha batho ba baholo ba fumana monyetla oa ho pepesetsoa CS1 / US ka karolo ea 1 e sa fapana le batho ba baholo ba sa lefelloang ha ba hlahloba khetho ea CS2 tlhahlobo.

Bopaki bo eketsehileng bakeng sa litlamorao tse matlafatsang tsa ethanol ho bacha ho feta batho ba baholo bo sa tsoa fumanoa ka tlhahlobo ea tachycardia e thehiloeng ke ethanol, tekanyo ea boits'oaro e bonts'itsoeng e amana hantle le tokollo ea DA ho ventral striatum (Boileau et al., 2003), le ka mehato e ikhethileng ea litlamorao tse ntle tsa ethanol lithutong tsa batho (Conrod et al., 1998; Holdstock & de Wit, 2001; Holdstock et al., 2000). Ristuccia & Spear (2008) o sebelisitse tachycardia ea ethanol e kenyellelitseng boleng ba heanthic ho likhoto tsa banna le lilemong tsa bocha nakong ea ha 2-hr e na le phihlello e fokolang, moemeli oa tsamaiso ea molomo. Tlas'a maemo ana, likhoto tsa bocha ha li na ho ja feela ethanol e ngata ho feta ea batho ba baholo, phapang ea lilemo litekanyetsong tsa ethanol tse 'nileng tsa bonoa khafetsa (Brunell & lerumo, 2005; Doremus et al., 2005; Vetter et al., 2007), empa li bonts'itse keketseho e kholo ea sekhahla sa pelo ha o nooa motsoako oa ethanol ka tharollo ea taolo ea saccharin — phapang e sa bonoeng hara batho ba baholo. Ho isa moo likarabo tsa tachycardic ho ethanol e ikemetseng li bonts'ang index e nepahetseng ea litlamorao tsa eona tse ntle / tse ntle tsa hedonic, liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore bacha ba na le monyetla oa ho feta oa batho ba baholo ho feta ka boithaopo ho sebelisa litekanyetso tse lekaneng tsa ethanol ho fumana melemo ea bona.

Boithuto ba morao-rao ba batho le ba liphoofolo bo bonts'a hore boleng bo khotsofatsang ba lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso bo ka susumetsoa ke maemo a bophelo, ka ts'ebelisano ena e ntse e boleloa haholo bongoaneng ho feta ho ba motho e moholo. Tšusumetso ea maemo a sechaba mabapi le ho noha nakong ea bohlankana e nkoa e le bohlokoa ka ho fetesisa (Bala et al., 2005), ka litekanyetso tsa ho nooa li phahame haholo ho bacha ba khothalletsang ka tieo sepheo sa ho nooa (Mohr et al., 2005). Litšusumetso sechabeng li har'a liphatlalatso tse matla ka ho fetesisa tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa bohlankana, ha tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa lithaka le metsoalle e le eona ntho e ka bang kotsi haholo ts'ebelisong ea lithethefatsi ea mocha.Epstein et al., 2007; Skara le Sussman, 2003). Bohlokoa ba tšebeliso e phahameng ea lithethefatsi le bohlokoa ba maemo a sechaba nakong ea bocha e kanna ea ba karolo ea tlhaho. Ha re hopola balekane ba bona ba batho, likhoto tsa bocha li na le maikutlo a hlakileng ho litholoana tse tataisang tsa ethanol ho feta batho ba baholo.Varlinskaya & Lerumo, 2002). Ntle le moo, ho pepesetsoa lithethefatsi tikolohong ea sechaba ho bontšitsoe ho ntlafatsa boleng bo thabisang ba koae (cocaine)Thiel et al., 2008) le nikotine (Thiel et al., 2009) likotong tsa bocha ha li lekoa ho CPP paradigm, leha ho se lipapiso tsa lilemo tse entsoeng ho sena lithuto. Ntlafatso ena ea kahisano ea nikotine le moputso oa koae e bonoang liphoofolong tsa bocha li kanna tsa amana le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea endio ea semmuso ka ts'usumetso ea sechaba, hobane ts'ebetso ena e bohlokoa ho boitšoaro ba sechaba le moputso oa lithethefatsi (Van Ree et al., 2000; Gianoulakis, 2004).

Ha ho bapisoa le maikutlo a ntlafalitsoeng a ho fumana melemo ea meputso ea tlhaho le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso tse bonoang ho bacha lilemong tse amanang le batho ba baholo, maikutlo a bona a litlamorao tse tlisoang ke lithethefatsi (mme mohlomong le meputso e meng ea tlhaho) o bonahala o le teng. Mohlala, lithuto tse arohaneng ka har'a tlhahlobo e le 'ngoe ea liteko li fumane hore, ho lekana le batho ba baholo, bacha ba bontšitse maikutlo a matla ho CPP e khothalletsoang ke nicotine, empa likarabo tse fokolisang maikutlo tsa nicotine ha li supa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng oa tatso (CTA) ho nicotine (Shram le al, 2006) kapa ka ho fapanyetsana tekanyetso ea libaka tse phahameng tsa nicotine (Torres et al., 2008). Bacha ba ka bonts'a litlamorao tse ntle tse ntlafalitsoeng feela empa ba ka hlahisa le litlamorao tse tlisoang ke lithethefatsi tse ling. Haufinyane tjena re sebelisitse mekhoa ea CTA ho lekola litlamorao tse nyahamisang tsa ethanol, bacha ba batlang litekanyetso tse phahameng haholo ho feta batho ba baholo e le ho theha CTA ea bohlokoa e kentsoeng ethanol ho tharollo ea maqhubu a CS (Anderson le al., 2008a, b; Varlinskaya et al., 2006). Ho feta moo, Infurna & Spear (1979) e bonts'itse katleho ea bokhoni ba amphetamine ho kenya CTA bohlolong, e fapana le CPP e atisang ho tlalehoa ea li-psychomotor tse susumetsang nakong ea bocha tse boletsoeng pejana (mohlala. Badanich et al., 2006; Brenhouse le Andersen, 2008; Brenhouse et al., 2008; Zakharova et al., 2009a , b). Maemo a boiketlo ba sechaba a ka se ntlafatse feela moputso oa lithethefatsi ho liphoofolo tse lilemong tsa bocha, empa hape a ka bonts'a litlamorao tse tlisoang ke ho pepesoa hoa ethanol. Mohlala, ho pepesehela maemo a kahisano nakong ea botaoa ho fokotsa kutloelo-bohloko litlamorao tse nyahamisang tsa ethanol joalo ka ha li hlahisitsoe ke CTA, phello e bonoang ho likhoto tsa banna ba lilemong tsa bocha empa eseng e le batho ba baholo (Vetter-O'Hagen et al., 2009).

Le ha mekhoa e hlakileng ea neural e amanang le bongoana ho litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi tse tlisoang ke bongoana e ntse e sa tsejoe, ho na le bopaki bo bong ba hore dynorphyn / kappa opioid receptor system tse fumanehang kahare ho neurocircuitry e amanang le moputso li ka kenya letsoho tlhokomelong ea litlamorao tse mpe tsa lithethefatsi, ho kenyeletsa cocaine le ethanol (Chefer et al., 2005; Zapata & Shippenberg, 2006). Keketseho ea tšebetso ea sistimi ena ea opioid e hanyetsang ts'ebetso ea koae- kapa ethanol e khothalletsang ts'ebetso ea mesolimbic DA, ka hona e fokotsa litlamorao tse ntle tsa lithethefatsi tsena kapa esita le ho hlahisa dysphoria (bona Shippenberg et al., 2007). Boithuto ba rona ba morao-rao bo bontšitse hore likhoto tsa bocha ha li na taba le litlamorao tsa ho tšoenyeha ka sechaba eseng feela ka ethanol (Varlinskaya & Lerumo, 2002), empa hape le mokhethoa oa kappa agonist, U60,622E, ka lithethefatsi ka bobeli li fokotsa lipatlisiso tsa sechaba le ho fetola khetho ea sechaba hore e se qojoe sechabeng (Varlinskaya & Lerumo, 2009). Mosebetsi o ntse o tsoela pele ho hlahloba le ho feta tšusumetso ea ho se tšoane ka liphapang tsamaisong ea kappa opioid ho batho ba sa tsebeng ho inehela litlamorao tse mpe tsa joala.

Ka kopanelo, lithuto tsa mofuta ona li fana ka bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha ba hore lilemo tsa bocha e ka ba nako ea matla a susumetsang a meputso ea tlhaho, le lithethefatsi le joala, ka maemo a bophelo a ntlafatsang litlamorao tse tlisoang ke lithethefatsi (Theil et al., 2008, 2009), le ho fumana thepa ea bona e khutsitseng (Vetter-O'Hagen et al., 2009). Nakong ea bocha, maikutlo a eketsehang a moputso oa lithethefatsi, hammoho le ho hanyetsa litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi tse tlisoang ke litla-morao, a ka eketsa menyetla ea ts'ebeliso ntle le lebaka la liphihlelo tsa pele tse monate tsa lithethefatsi, empa le boholo ba tšebeliso e latelang ka lebaka la ho fokotseha ha maikutlo ho likarolo tse ohelang tsa ts'ebeliso eo.

Le ha e le bohlokoa ho senola likarolo tse ngata tse fanang ka moputso le tse nyarosang tsa tšusumetso e nang le moelelo, CPP e phehisanoa ka eona ho bonts'a likarolo tse ngata tsa moputso, joalo ka tšebeliso e ntle, boits'oaro bo tataisoang ke sepheo, le mekhoa ea ho ithuta (Berridge le Robinson, 2003). Kahoo, phapang ea lilemo tse fumanoeng tsa CPP e ka bonts'a mofuta o fe oa mekhatlo e amanang le moputso. Kahoo, mosebetsing oa rona re se re qalile ho tsepamisa likarolo tsa meputso e mengata ho feta mekhoeng ea moputso ho hlahisa hantle liphapang tse bang teng pakeng tsa bacha le batho ba baholo. Leano le leng le joalo ke ho shebana le ho hlahloba phapang ea "gengenetic "ts'usumetso e ntle ea tlhaho e hlahisang moputso (ho nka hore, ho ba le tšusumetso ea hedonic ho bontša moaho o sebetsang mefuteng eo e seng ea motho ea mammolimo). E 'ngoe ea mekhoa ea setso ea ho supa hedonic state lithutong tsa liphoofolo tsa maiketsetso ke tlhahlobo ea tšebeliso ea sucrose, ka lebaka la hore tšebeliso ea tharollo e fumanehang e fumaneha tlasa libaka tse fapaneng tsa anhedonic ka litoeba (mohlala. Papp & Moryl, 1996; Willner et al., 1987). Ha mokhoa ona o ne o sebelisoa ho tseba hore na ho na le phapang e kae pakeng tsa ho ja lijo tsa sethoathoa le likhoto tsa batho ba baholo, bacha ba ile ba fumanoa ba bonts'a tšebeliso e kholo ea mali ka ml / kg e amanang le balekane ba bona ba baholo (Wilmouth & Spear, 2009).

Tekanyetso ea ho hlophisoa ka tatso e boetse e sebelisitsoe ho supa likarolo tsa hedonic (kapa "liking") tsa tatso ea maikutlo, ka karabelo ena e bolokiloeng haholo ho mefuta eohle (bakeng sa litlhahlobo tsa bona Berridge, 2007; Grill le Berridge 1985). Mohlala, lipina tsa morethetho o monate kapa tsa morao-rao li bontšoa ka karabelo ea tatso e monate (likarabo tse ntle), athe litakatso tse nyarosang li hlahisa likarabelo tse ling joalo ka karabelo e nyarosang (Berridge & Treit, 1986; Grill & Norgren, 1978). Palo le boholo ba likarabo tse nepahetseng tsa tharollo tse fumanehang li khothalelitsoe ho supa likarolo tse ntle tsa hedonic tse hlahisitsoeng ke tharollo ke sehlooho sa liteko (Grill le Berridge, 1985). Letotong la liteko tse lekolang boteng ba botaki har'a bacha le batho ba baholo ho tsepamiso e fapaneng ea li-sucrose le litharollo tse ling tse fanoang ka mokhoa oa "cannulae", likhoto tsa bocha li bontšitsoe ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho bonts'a likarabo tse ntle tsa tatso e monate (mohlala, morethetho o matla oa leleme le morao) ho feta batho ba baholo.Wilmouth & Spear, 2009). Keketseho e joalo ea tatso e monate ea tatso le ho ja ka mokhoa o nepahetseng har'a bacha ho re hopotsa khothatso e kholo ea meputso ea tlhaho, ea lithethefatsi le joala e senotsoeng ho CPP, boemo ba maemo a bobeli le lithuto tsa tachycardia tse hlalositsoeng pele. Litlamorao tse ntlafalitsoeng tse bonoang nakong ea bocha li sebelisa mehato ena ea ho iketelletsa pele ea li-hedonic tse amehang le tsona li hlohlelletsa lithuto tsa ho nahana ka batho tse fanang ka tlhahiso ea ho hira NAC nakong ea ho amohela meputso ho bacha ho feta batho ba baholo (mohlala, Ernst et al., 2005; Galvan et al., 2006), leha lintlha tsena li sa fumanehe hangata (mohlala, Bjork et al., 2004).

Ntle le ho bonts'a likarabo tse ntle ho tharollo ea tatellano ho litakatso tsa tatso hape, litšoelesa tsa bongoaneng le tsona li fumanoe li bonts'a maikutlo a mabe a khahlano le batho ba baholo ka tharollo e khathollang, joalo ka quinine (Wilmouth & Spear, 2009), mokhoa oa lipatlisiso o re hopotsa melemo ea ntlafatso e ntlafalitsoeng, empa e fumanehang ea lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso nakong ea bocha e hlalositsoeng pele. Ho fumanoe lintho tse tšoanang tse tšoanang mosebetsing oa morao-rao oa ho nahana moo dorsolateral preortal cortex e tlalehiloeng e bonts'a ho hira haholo ho fana ka maikutlo a mabe nakong ea pele ho nako ea bocha, ka phetoho e potlakileng ea ho hira batho ba bangata ka ho fana ka maikutlo a mabe ka nako ea bocha. / ho ba motho e moholovan Duijvenvoorde et al., 2008). Crone le basebetsi-mmoho (2008) ka mokhoa o ts'oanang o na le bopaki ba ho lieha ho hola ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa batho ba baholo molemong oa ho hlahisa maikutlo a mabe likarolong tse fapaneng tsa bokapele ba nako nakong ea bohlankana.

Ho fapana le sephetho sa ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebetso ea sucrose le lithuto tsa ho latsoa tatso, leha ho le joalo, bopaki bo bong ba tebello e amanang le bongoana karabong ea hedonic ho ts'usumetso e ntle ea sechaba e bonoe ha ho sebelisoa tlhahiso ea 50 KHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) e le index ea ama tse mpe (Blanchard et al., 1993; Fu & Brudzynksi, 1994). Patlisisong e fetileng, likhoto li bontšitsoe ho ntša li-USV ka bongata ba 22 KHz tlasa maemo a fapaneng a fapaneng (bona Brudzynski, 2001), ho kenyelletsa le ho sisinya maoto (Tonoue et al., 1986) le boteng ba monko o bobebe (Blanchard et al., 1991). Phatlalatso ea li-USV lenaneong la 50-55 KHz, leha ho le joalo, e ne e amahanngoa le maemo a hohelang naha e ntle e ntle, joalo ka papali ea papali (Knutson et al., 1998), "tickling"Panksepp le Burgdorf, 2000), le tshusumetso ea motlakase tseleng ea moputso (Burgdorf et al., 2000). Ha tlhahiso ea li-USV tsena tsa 50 KHz e ne e hlahlojoa nakong ea puisano ea 10-min nako ea ho sebelisana le motho ea lilemong tsa bocha le tsa botona le botšehali, bacha ba fumanoe ba hlahisa mehala e fokolang haholo ho feta ea batho ba baholo nakong ena ea "komello", leha e le lilemong tsa bocha. o ile a etsa boitšoaro bo botle haholo sechabeng nakong ea tlhahlobo ho feta batho ba baholo (Willey et al., 2009). Liphetho tsena li pheta-phetoa haholo ebile ha li bakoe ke tlholisano lipakeng tsa tlhahiso ea 50 KHz USV le polelo ea boitšoaro ba sechaba, kaha ho ferekana sechabeng ho amana hantle le maqhubu a boitšoaro ba sechaba le 50 KHz USVs (Knutson et al., 1998; Willey et al., 2007). Kahoo, sephetho sa liteko tsena tsa USV li bonts'a karohano e tsoelang pele pakeng tsa boits'oaro ba sechaba le 50 KHz USVs tse hlahisitsoeng moelelong oo - index ea boikhohomoso ea boleng bo matla ba ts'ebelisano ea sechaba.

U sebelisa mohopolo o hanyetsang oa hore li-USV tsa 50 kHz li bonts'a tšusumetso e ntle, Willey le al. (2009) Lintlha li fana ka bopaki ba tšusumetso e ntle e fokolisitsoeng ho hlasimolohileng ha motho lilemong tsa bocha ho ba motho e moholo, mohlomong e lebisa bacha ho keketseho e tlatselletsang ea "tšebeliso" ea moputso ona oa tlhaho (ke hore, litšebelisano tse ngata tsa sechaba) e le hore ba ka fihlela bongata bo monate. Leha ho le joalo, tlhaiso-leseling ea tlhaiso le litakatso tsa tatso e builoeng ka holimo e fana ka bopaki bo tšehetsang tšusumetso e matla ea litharollo tse fumanehang nakong ea bocha, ka thabo ena e nyakalloang e kanna ea baka tšebeliso e eketsehileng ea moputso bakeng sa likarolo tsa eona tse khahlisang nakong ea phetoho ena ea kholo. Kahoo, tlhaiso-leseling ho fihlela joale ha e lebise qetong e bonolo ea hore na nako ea bocha ke nako ea likarabo tse ntlafalitsoeng kapa tse hlakileng tsa maikutlo mabapi le liphetoho tse amanang le botsofe mabapi le liphetoho meputsong e amanang le lithethefatsi. Ho hlakile hore ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng ho rarolla mathata ana, ka ho lebisoa tlhokomelo e khethehileng ho boemo ba tlhokahalo, hammoho le boits'oaro le ho teba ha moputso. Ka 'nete, ha u sebelisa fMRI ho bapisa ts'ebetso ea NAc le meputso ho bacha le batho ba baholo. Galvan le basebetsi mmoho (2006) e fumane kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea NAc le boholo ba moputso ka tloaelo bo bonoang ho batho ba baholo bo feteletsoa nakong ea bohlankana, mme bacha ba bonts'a keketseho e makatsang ea ho hloa mosebetsi oa NAc ka meputso e meholo ho feta ea batho ba baholo, empa ba rata ho bonts'a ho hira mesebetsi e fokolang. Ka kopanelo, lithuto tsa fMRI tsa bosholu ba moputso oa batho ba lilemong tsa bocha, hammoho le lithuto tse tsoelang pele li sebelisa mehlala ea liphoofolo ea bohlankana, li ka fana ka leseli la bohlokoa mabapi le bohlokoa bo amanang le tšusumetso e ka bang teng le tšusumetso ea bona mekhoeng e tataisoang ke moputso nakong ea bohlankana.

Lintlha tse ling tse mabapi le karabelo e ikhethileng ea bocha ea moputso li ka fumanoa ho tsepamiseng maikutlo ho tsela eo bacha ba susumetsoang ke meputso - ke hore, ka ho batlisisa phapang e ka bang teng ea lilemo molemong oa boits'oaro. Khopolo ea boikhohomoso, kapa "ho batla," e tumisitsoe haholo ke Robinson & Berridge (Robinson le Berridge, 2003, 1993, 2008), ka ho "batla" ho bolela boits'oaro bo lebisitsoeng ho sepheo mabapi le sepheo sa tikoloho se loketseng. Likokoana-hloko li hloka ts'ebetso ho lemoha le ho batla lintho tse khothatsang tikolohong, joalo ka lijo le metsi, ho netefatsa hore li phela. Ho latela tšibollo ena, ts'ebetso ea ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso e ikarabella bakeng sa ho hlahisa boleng bo susumetsang ho lithahasello tse amanang le meputso ea tlhaho le lithethefatsi (Robinson et al., 1998). Haholo-holo ho fumanoe hore lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso li khona ho laola mekhoa e ikarabellang bakeng sa tšusumetso ea bohlasoa ba ts'usumetso, eo pele e neng e le molemong oa ho fumana meputso ea tlhaho (bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea bona Robinson le Berridge, 2003, 1993, 2008). Haholo-holo, ha ho kopana khafetsa le lithethefatsi ho etsa hore motho a be le ts'usumetso ea boits'oaro, ho tsekisa litšekamelo tsa ts'usumetso ea lithethefatsi le litheko tse tsamaisanang le lithethefatsi (ka liphetoho tsa methapo methapong e amanang le moputso) le tsona ho nahanoa hore li etsahala — ketsahalo e bitsoang "ts'usumetso ea ho susumetsa" (Robinson le Berridge, 1993, 2008).

Sebetsa ka laboratoring ea rona (Doremus-Fitzwater & Lerumo, 2008) e se e qalile ho fuputsa phapang e ka bang teng lilemong tsa botsofe bakeng sa meputso ea tlhaho e sebelisa tlhahlobo ea boits'oaro ba lets'oao la (Flagel et al., 2007, 2008, 2009). Ho ts'oara-lets'oa ho etsahala ha setlamo se amanang le moputso oa takatso ea lijo se etsa hore mokhoa o be teng le boits'oaro bo lebisitsoeng holima thupa, boits'oaro bo tataisoang ke cue bo ka feteletsang ha nako e ntse e feta (Tomie, 1995). Flagel le basebetsi mmoho le bona ba netefalitse polelo ea ho atamela le boits'oaro bo lebisitsoeng ho litloaelo tse joalo (ho fapana le sebaka seo ho tlisoang meputso e tlang) ke sesupo sa ho hlohlella hoa ts'usumetso ea setsi bakeng sa cue (bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea bona Flagel et al., 2009).

Ho isa tekanyong ea ha tšebeliso e kholo ea meputso ea tlhaho le ea lithethefatsi nakong ea bohlankana e hokahana le ho ba le ts'usumetso e matlafatsang ea litheko tse amanang le moputso, bacha ba ka lebelloa ho bonts'a boits'oaro bo bongata ba ho latela melao bo amanang le batho ba baholo. Mosebetsing oa pele oa ho hlahloba tšibollo ena, litoeba tsa banna ba lilemong tsa bocha le tsa batho ba baholo (tse nang le liphoofolo tsa 12 ka sehlopha sa lilemo) li ile tsa beoa maemong a ho itlosa bolutu, ka tlhahiso ea 8-sec ea senoloang se neng se khona ho khutla se ka tlisoang ke karabelo e ikemetseng ea pentet ea banana. Likhoto li ile tsa fuoa li-pair tsa 25 lever-pellet letsatsi le leng le le leng, bakeng sa matsatsi a 5 ka kakaretso. Ha nako e ntse e tsamaea, likhoto tse ling li ile tsa etela le ho ikopanya le lever ea CS mabapi le tlhahiso ea eona ("li-trackers"), ha likhoto tse ling li ne li atamela li bile li kena ka leqebelong la lijo ha le kentsoe kahare ka phapusing ("li-track-trackers"), leha e le mabitso ha motho ea nang le leoto, kapa le sejo sa lijo, a sa ka a ba le phallo ea lijo. Le ha lihlopha tsa lilemo tsa bocha le tsa batho ba baholo ka bobeli li ne li e-na le liphoofolo tse itseng tse bonts'ang bopaki ba ho latella lipontšo, bacha ka kakaretso ba bontšitse ho se latele lipalo ho feta balekane ba bona ba baholo (bona Feie. 1). Phokotso ena e amanang le bongoana boits'ebetsong ba ho latela melao ea matsoho e boetse e bonahala mefuteng ea basali (Doremus-Fitzwater & Lerumo, 2008; Doremus-Fitzwater & Spear, tlasa ntlafatso) mme e netefalitsoe ke mosebetsi o mong hape le laboratoring ea rona (Anderson & lerumo, 2009). Khopolo-taba ena ea ho etsa pina ea liphoofolo lilemong tsa bocha ha e bapisoa le batho ba baholo e ile ea makatsa, 'me ho fapana le seo re neng re se filoe. Ho fapana le moo e ts'ehetsa tlhahiso ea hore ts'usumetso ea ho se ts'epe mokokotlo oa konkreite e boletsoeng esale pele ea moputso oa lijo e ka ba tlase nakong ea bocha ho feta bohlolong. Ho isa tekanyong ea ho ts'oara lets'oao ho emela letšoao le nepahetseng la tšusumetso mme ho akaretsa ho litheko tse boletsoeng esale pele meputso e meng, liphumano li ka fetoleloa ho fana ka maikutlo a hore bacha ba ka se be kotsing ea ho batla litheko tsa lithethefatsi. Le ha e amana le tšibollo ea rona ea mantlha, lintlha tsena li re hopotsa lintho tse fumanoeng mosebetsing oa batho oa fMRI o bonts'a bacha ho bonts'a ho hira NAc ho feta batho ba baholo ha ba lebelletse moputso, ha ba ntse ba araba ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho fumana moputso, data e fetoletsoeng ho fana ka maikutlo a hore "bacha ba khetha ho fokotsa ho hloaea likarolo tse susumetsang empa eseng tse khothalletsang tsa boitšoaro bo tataisoang ke moputso ”(Bjork et al., 2004, p.1793).

 

Setšoantšo sa 1

Adolescent (li-circuits tse ntšo) le litekete tsa banna ba basoeu (basoeu ba basoeu) ba ile ba pepesetsoa ts'ebetso eo ho eona tlhahiso ea 8-sec ea leseli le bonesitsoeng (boemo bo matlafatsang) bo ileng ba lateloa ke karabelo e ikemetseng ea pellet ea banana. ...

Hape ho ka etsahala hore mokhoa o hlakileng oa ho latela lets'oao o bonoang ho bacha o amana le batho ba baholo o ka bonahatsang karohano ea lilemo tsa ho khetha le tšusumetso ea maikutlo. Mohlala, mosebetsing oa ho qoba feela, thuto ea khale e fumane hore likhoto tsa bocha li ne li sa sitisoe haholo ke phetoho ea leeme e khethollo, athe li ne li sitisoa haholo ke phetoho ea maemo ho feta likhoto tse nyane kapa tse kholo (Barrett et al., 1984). Mosebetsing oa morao-rao, ho khutlisetsoa ka tlase ho matla ha lithethefatsi ho ile ha bonoa ho likhoto tse koetliselitsoeng ho inkela koae kapa morphine bohlankeng ha li bapisoa le liphoofolo tse qalileng ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi joalo ka batho ba baholo (Doherty le al, 2009, Li & Frantz, 2009), data e boetse e lumellana le tlhahiso ea hore bacha ba kanna ba re sesosa sa ho susumetsa se susumetsoa ka tsela e fapaneng ho feta batho ba baholo. Ka ho hlakileng, ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng ho rarolla bothata ba hore na bacha ba fapana joang le batho ba baholo ka lebaka la maikutlo a bona a ho khothatsa meputso le mekhoa e boletsoeng esale pele ea meputso eo, hammoho le ho fumana sephetho sa liphapang tsena tsa tsoelo-pele bakeng sa tekanyo e amanang le bongoana. sebelisa 'me ka linako tse ling sebelisa lithethefatsi le joala hampe

Kakaretso le Liphello

Nako ea bocha ke karolo ea ntlafatso e khetholloang ka liphetoho tse ikhethang bokong le boits'oarong. Bacha lilemong tsa mefuta e fapaneng ha ba bonts'e keketseho ea boits'oaro bo kotsi le boits'oaro bo bobe, empa ba bonts'a likamano tse phahameng tsa botsoalle le lithaka tsa bona. Liphetoho tsa likamano tsa boteng libakeng tse nang le tšusumetso e matla lipakaneng tsa boits'oaro bo amanang le meputso li ka kenya letsoho ho bonts'a boits'oaro bona bo tloaelehileng ba bongoaneng. Sistimi ea moputso e ntseng e hola kapa e holofatsang, mohlomong e amanang le karabelo e ntlafalitsoeng ea NAc, e ka lebisa tlhokomelong e ntlafalitsoeng ea maikutlo a nepahetseng a meputso nakong ea karolo ena ea ntlafatso. Bopaki bo eketsehileng ba boits'oaro bo bonts'a hore bacha ba ka bonts'a maikutlo a anngoeng a litheko tse susumetsang, mohlomong karolo e 'ngoe ka liphetoho tsa nts'etsopele tsa likarolo tsa neural tsa lits'ebetso tse ts'oanang tsa ts'usumetso, leha mekhoa ea neural e ka tlasa lintho tse joalo tse khelohileng e sa so ka e hlahlojoa ka mokhoa oa bocha. Qetellong, motsoako ona o tšoanang oa bongoana o ntlafatsang litheko tse matla tsa lithethefatsi le litlatsetso tse ling li ka kenya letsoho ts'ebelisong e phahameng ea lithethefatsi nakong ea bohlankana. Hang ha o sebelisa moriana o mocha, bacha ba ka ba le litlamorao ntle le litlamorao tse totobatsang (mohlala, ho nyekeloa ke pelo, ho ba le hlooho e bobebe), ho eketsang monyetla oa hore ts'ebeliso ena ea pele e tla phetoa. Ka ts'ebeliso e tsoelang pele, mekhoa ena ea kutloisiso e lumella maemo a phahameng a ts'ebeliso le ho hlaha ha mekhoa e hlekefetsang ea ts'ebeliso har'a batho ba tlokotsing. Ha ho fanoa ka liphapang tsa nts'etsopele ea ho potoloha ha boko lipakeng tsa bacha le batho ba baholo, tsela e fapaneng ea lits'ebetso tsa tlhekefetso e ka ba teng ho batho ba baholo, mohlomong le ts'ebeliso e pheta-phetoang e lebisang tlhokomelisong ea "litakatso" tsa lithethefatsi (mohlala, Robinson le Berridge, 2003) kapa ho eketsoa hoa litlamorao tsa tšebeliso ea kamorao ho tšebeliso e tsoelang pele ho e sebelisa bakeng sa liphallelo tsa bona (mohlala, bona Koob, 2001). Bakeng sa ho utloisisa hamolemo boits'oaro bo kotsi le bo amanang le lithethefatsi nakong ea bohlankana, ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng ho supa ts'ebetso e amanang le moputso har'a bacha, hammoho le tšusumetso ea liphetoho tse amanang le phetoho lipuisanong tse amanang le moputso lits'ebetsong tsena.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

References