Tlhahiso: Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology 2012; 2: 14874 - DOI: 10.3402 / snp.v2i0.14874
Kevin S. Holloway, PhD*
Lefapha la Psychology le Neuroscience and Behaeve, Koleji ea Vassar, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA
inahaneloang
Ho khetholla karolo ea li-opioid ho bohareng ba boitšoaro bo ithutoang ba thobalano ho rarollotsoe ke tšebeliso ea mekhoa e fapaneng lipatlisisong. Thutong ena e sebetsanang le mefuta e mengata ea mahlale, mekhoa le litlatsetso tsa meriana, likarolo tse 'maloa tsa phehisano ea opioid li bonahala. Li-opioids li kenella ka tsela e fapaneng litabeng tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano bo se nang maemo. Nako eo ho fanoa ka matlafatso ea thobalano nakong ea liteko tsa maemo, haholo ba sebelisang lithuto tsa banna, e hlile e ama karolo eo li-opioids li nang le eona ho ithuteng. Li-opioids li ka ba tsa bohlokoa haholo ho boloka boits'oaro ba boitšoaro bo bobe ba botona le botšehali nakong ea ho se matlafatsoe. Sena se bonahala e le 'nete bakeng sa liteko tsa tlhahlobo le lits'ebetso tse etselitsoeng ka mokhoa o hlakileng ho tima karabelo e nang le boemo ba thobalano. Likarolo tsena tsa ho iphetola ha litaba tsa opioid ha li bonahale li sa lekanyetsoa ho paradigms ea maemo a thobalano. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore, ha e le likarolo tse ling tsa thuto ea thobalano tseo ntle le likarolo tse ikhethileng li lumellanang le melao-motheo ea boitšoaro, bobuelli ba boitšoaro bo amanang le thobalano ka opioids bo its'etleha lits'ebetsong tse tloaelehileng lits'ebetsong tsa ho matlafatsa.
Keywords: opiate; boemo; ho timela; phehella; naloxone; ho ithuta
(E hatisitsoe: 15 March 2012)
Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology 2012. © 2012 Kevin S. Holloway. Ena ke sengoloa sa Phihlello e Bulehileng se ajoeng tlasa lipehelo tsa Laesense ea Creative Commons Attribution-E seng ea Khoebo ea 3.0 Unported (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), ho lumella tšebeliso eohle e seng ea khoebo, ho tsamaisa le ho hlahisa mofuta o mong le o mong ha feela mosebetsi oa pele o boletsoe ka nepo.
Ho ithuta ka thobalano ho fupulitsoe ka mefuta e mengata ea liphoofolo ho kenyelletsa likhoto, li-hamster, litoeba, li-gouramis tse putsoa le litlhapi tsa stickleback, likoekoe, maeba le lintsintsi tsa litholoana (bona Crawford, Holloway, & Domjan, 1993; Domjan le Holloway, 1998; Krause, 2003; le Pfaus, Kippin, & Centeno, 2001 bakeng sa litlhahlobo). Ho ithuta ka thobalano ho ka fetola likarabo ho motho ea tloaelaneng le eena. Likhoto tsa banna li fokotsa liteko tsa ho kopitsa kamora ho pepesehela basali tse nang le li-vaginas tse koalehileng ka mokhoa o phethahetseng (Kagan, 1955; Whalen, 1961). Liraka tse tona li lumelloang ho kena empa li sa je, li boetse li fokotse liteko tsa boitlamo (Kagan, 1955); leha ho le joalo, haeba palo e behiloeng ea li-intromissions (7) li lumelletsoe, banna ba fihletse ejaculation ka li-intromissions tse fokolang ho feta banna ntle le ketsahalo ena (Silberberg & Adler 1974). Likhoto tsa basali li tla kopa banna khafetsa ebe li li khetha bakeng sa ho tsoa peo ea pele haeba tse tona li monko o monate (Coria-Avila, Ouimet, Pacheco, Manzo, & Pfaus, 2005; Coria-Avila et al., 2008) kapa e tšoailoe ke pigmentation (Coria-Avila et al., 2008) e neng e kopane le menyetla ea ho tlolelana le basali. Ka likoekoe tsa banna, litlamorao tsa khatello ea mali li khuts'oane kamora ho pepesetsoa ts'usumetso ea thobalano (CS) (Gutierrez & Domjan, 1996). Likoekoe tse tšehali li tla bontša mekhoa e melelele ea ho robala ka pel'a monna kamora ho pepeseha ho CS ea thobalano (Gutierrez & Domjan, 1997).
Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, likarabo ho CS li ka fetoloa ke thuto ea thobalano. Likoekoe tsa banna li tla bontša karabelo ea kamano e haufi le ba bang ho ts'usumetso e neng e entsoe pejana le monyetla oa thobalano (mohlala, Domjan, O'Vary, & Greene, 1988; Holloway & Domjan, 1993a, 1993b). Likhoto tsa banna li tla bonts'a boits'oaro bo fetohang ba boemo ka phapusing ea bilevel e amanang le monyetla oa thobalano (Mendelson & Pfaus, 1989; van Furth le van Ree, 1996; van Furth, Wolterink-Donselaar, le van Ree, 1994). Liphetoho tsena tsa ho arabela CS li bonahala leha CS e sa iketsetse letho. Mohlala, boiphihlelo le motho e mots'ehali bo tla fella ka lefereho le ikhethileng le melumo e amanang le ho tlolelana ha litoeba tse tona tse pepesitsoeng kamora moroto oa basali (empa eseng oa banna) (Dizinno, Whitney, & Nyby, 1978). Likoekoe tsa banna li tla ithuta ho atamela fensetere e nyane bakeng sa phihlello ea pono ea khoho ka mor'a ho kopane le e tšehali (Balthazart, Reid, Absil, Foidart, & Ball, 1995).
Liphetoho tse bakoang ke ho ithuta ka thobalano li na le litšobotsi tsa bohlokoa tse sebetsang. Ts'ebetso ea thobalano ea likhoto tse tona tse pepeselitsoeng litaba tse amanang le thobalano li ntlafalitsoe lithutong tse nang le mathata a ho kopitsa (Cutmore & Zamble, 1988). Ka litlhapi tse putsoa tsa gourami, ho pepesehela maemo a thobalano a Pavlovia ho ile ha eketsa palo ea bana ba hlahisitsoeng (Hollis, Pharr, Duas, Britton, & Field, 1997). Likoekoe tsa banna ba Majapane tse pepeselitsoeng boemo ba thobalano li hlahisa peo e ngata le peo e fetang ea mofuta o kentsoeng (Domjan, Blesbois, & Williams, 1998). Adkins Regan le MacKillop (2003) ba bonts'itse hape ka likoekoe tsa banna hore ho kenella maemong a thobalano ho ka fella ka mahe a emolisitsoeng. Boemong ba tlholisano ea peo ea botona, ho pepesetsoa CS ea thobalano ho lumelletse likoekoe tsa banna ho hlahisa bana ba bangata (Matthews, Domjan, Ramsey, & Crews, 2007).
Hona le lingoliloeng tse ngata tse lekolang tšebelisano ea boitšoaro ba thobalano bo sa rutoang ho liphoofolo (bona Argiolas, 1999; Paredes, 2009; Pfaus, 1999; Pfaus le Gorzalka, 1987a; van Furth, Wolterink, & van Ree, 1995 bakeng sa litlhahlobo). Ka kakaretso, li-opioid le lithethefatsi tsa opioid li fumanoa li na le karolo e thibelang boitšoaro ba thobalano ba banna le ba basali. Tsamaiso ea li-mounts tse thibetsoeng tsa β-endorphin, li-intromissions le li-ejaculations ho likhoto tsa banna (McIntosh, Vallano, & Barfield, 1980) le boits'oaro bo thibetsoeng ba boits'oaro ho basali (Pfaus & Gorzalka, 1987b; Wiesner le Moss, 1986). Morphine (Pfaus le Gorzalka, 1987b) le methadone (Murphy, 1981) hape e thibelitseng likarabo tsa banna tsa thobalano, le morphine e thibelitseng lordosis ho basali (Pfaus & Gorzalka, 1987b). Endomorphin-1, peptide e ikhethileng ea µ-opioid receptor, e kenngoeng ka har'a ventricle ea boraro, e eketsa likhahla tsa ho tsoa mali le linako tsa ho kenella, le ho fokotsa li-ejaculations (Parra-Gamez, Garcia-Hidalgo, Salazar-Juarez, Anton, & Paredes, 2009). Ho likoekoe tsa banna, setsebi sa on opioid agonist D-Ala2-Mpa5-enkephalinamide e kenngoeng libakeng tsa preoptic le anterior hypothalamic e fokotse boitšoaro bo mabifi le ba thobalano (Kotegawa, Abe, & Tsutsui, 1997).
Ha ho ntse ho na le sesupo sa hore lithibelo tsa li-opioid ke tekanyetso le sebaka sa tsamaiso se ikhethileng (mohlala, Agmo, Rojas, & Vazquez, 1992; Sehlopha le Hull, 1990; Mitchell le Stewart, 1990; van Furth, van Emst, le van Ree, 1995), Qeto e akaretsang ea hore li-opioid li thibela boits'oaro ba botona le botšehali li netefatsoa haholo ke lithuto le bahanyetsi ba li-opioid bao tsamaiso ea bona e thusang ho arabela ka thobalano. Naloxone e tlalehiloe e hlohlelletsa ho kopantsoe le likhoto tsa banna tse sa sebetseng ka thobalano (Gessa, Paglietti, & Pellegrini Quarantotti, 1979). Ho feta moo, e fokotsehile ho latency ho qala ho nyoloha le ho fokotsa palo ea maqhubu pele ho ejaculation (McIntosh et al., 1980). Naloxone e boetse e liehisitse qaleho ea mokhathala oa thobalano ho likhoto tsa banna (joalo ka ha ho tlalehiloe Pfaus & Gorzalka, 1987a). Ho li-hamsters tsa banna, naltrexone e fokolitse latency ho hloa pele le ho fokotsa li-intromissions pele ho ejaculation (Murphy, 1981). Lirapa tsa banna tsa Majapane li bonts'itse boitšoaro bo eketsehileng ba ho kopitsa ha li fuoa liente tsa bohareng tsa naloxone (Kotegawa et al., 1997; Litekanyetso, Absil, & Balthazart, 1999). Re lokela ho hlokomela hore karolo e le 'ngoe ea boits'oaro ba banna, e leng nako ea boipelaetso, e tlalehiloe maemong a' maloa a ho eketsoa ke liente tsa naloxone (McConnell, Baum, & Badger, 1981; Sachs, Valcourt, & Flagg, 1981). Ho litoeba tsa basali, boitsoaro ba Lordosis bo ne bo tsamaisoa ke liente tsa bohareng tsa naloxone (Sirinathsinghji, 1984; Sirinathsinghji, Whittington, Audsley, & Fraser, 1983Leha liente tse kenelletseng tsa bahanyetsi ba opioid li tlalehiloe li sa sebetse kapa li sa sebetse hantle (Wiesner & Moss, 1986).
Ka lebaka la bohlokoa ba ho ithuta ka har'a ts'ebetso ea boitšoaro ba thobalano le karolo e hlakileng ea ho hlaka ea li-opioid ka boits'oaro bo sa rutoang ba thobalano, paucity e lekanyelitsoeng ea lithuto tse etselitsoeng ka ho khetheha ho lekola karolo ea li-opioid ho ithuteng ka thobalano. Lebaka le leng la ho bonahala eka ha ho na lipatlisiso tsa mananeo a morao-rao a karohano ea thuto ea thobalano ka li-opioid e ka bang hore ho bile thata ho utloisisa sephetho se fapaneng. Morero oa tlhahlobo ena ke ho hlahisa lithuto tse fumanehang tsa boits'oaro ba opioid ba boitšoaro bo ithutileng tsa thobalano, ho hlahloba lits'ebetso tse sebelisitsoeng, le ho fana ka litlhaloso tse kholo bakeng sa karohano ea liphetho. Sena se ka etsa hore patlisiso e hlophisehileng haholoanyane ea ho kena lipakeng tsa babuelli bana ba bohlokoa ba thobalano.
Liteko tse mabapi le karolo ea li-opioid thutong ea thobalano
Patlisiso ea pele e neng e lekola tšubuhlellano ea opioid ea boitšoaro bo ithutileng ba thobalano e lekile ho lekola boleng bo fetohang ba moputso ka lebaka la ho qhekella hoa tsamaiso ea opioid. Haeba opioids e buisana le moputso oa thobalano, ho emisoa ha bona ho lokela ho ama ho fumana likarabo tse fanoang ka thobalano. Miller le Baum (1987) o sebelisitse paradigm ea khetho ea sebaka se hlophisitsoeng (CPP). Likhoto tsa banna li ile tsa lumelloa ho ikamahanya le maemo a tsoang ejaculation (bona Camacho, Portillo, Quintero-Enriquez, & Paredes, 2009, bakeng sa lintlha tsa bohlokoa ba ejaculation lits'ebetsong tsa CPP) le linako tsa 10 tsa basali ka kamoreng eo pele e neng e sa khethoe. Ka matsatsi a mang, ba batona ba qeta nako e le 'ngoe ba le bang ka kamoreng ea bobeli eo ba e ratang. Kamora liteko tsena tse maemong a phahameng, ba batona ba ile ba fallisoa kapa ba sebetsoa ka sham. Ka mor'a moo ba ile ba lumelloa ho kena ka bolokolohi kamoreng efe kapa efe ka mor'a ho sesa ka sekhahla (5.0 mg / kg SC) kapa ente ea koloi ea saline makhetlo a mabeli, hang ka mor'a matsatsi a 7 kamora ho sebetsoa le hang matsatsi a 14 kamora ho sebetsoa. Litekong tsena tsa liteko tsa 15 min, ha ho mosali ea neng a le teng. Tse tona tse neng li khelositsoe, li kenella ka le ezinexone, kapa ka bobeli li bonts'itse phokotso ea nako e sebelisitsoeng kamoreng ea pele e neng e sa khethoe (eo ba neng ba kopane le e tšehali) ka letsatsi la 7. Letsatsing la 14, phello ena e ile ea boela ea bonahala hape ka phello e hlahelletseng lithutong tse lahliloeng tse kentsoeng le naloxone. Liphetho tsena li ile tsa hlalosoa e le ho bonts'a phokotso e ka bang teng moputsong o tlisoang ke thepa e khothalletsoang ea mosali ea amohelang.
Tekong e tšoanang ea CPP (Agmo & Berenfeld, 1990), likhoto tsa banna li ne li kenngoa ka kotloloho ebang ke ka metsi a hlatsoitsoeng kapa naloxone (16 mg / kg) pele ho kamoso e le 'ngoe le ho beoa ka phapusing ea pele e neng e sa khethoe bakeng sa 30 min. Ho ile ha etsoa liteko tse tharo tse matlafatsang ka thobalano, tsa fetoloa le liteko tse tharo tseo lithuto tsohle li fumanang liente tsa metsi le ho qeta metsotso ea 30 kamoreng eo pele e neng e ratoa. Hape, e lumellana le tlhaloso ea hore opioids mediate moputso oa thobalano, naloxone e fumanoe e thibela ho fumanoa ha CPP.
Ka bomalimabe, tlaleho e 'ngoe ea liteko e phatlalalitsoeng selemong sona seo e ile ea thatafatsa tlhahiso ena ea tlhaiso-leseling. Mehrara le Baum (1990) ba sebelisitse paradigm ea CPP hape. Maemong ana, leha ho le joalo, ho fapana le ho nyaloa le mosali pele a beoa ka phapusing ea CPP, likhoto tsa banna li ile tsa lumelloa ho sebetsana le mosali ka kotloloho ka phapusing eo pele e neng e sa khethoe. Ba batona ba ne ba ferekantsoe kapa ba sa sebetse 'me ba fuoa ente ea saline kapa 1 kapa 5 mg / kg ente ea naloxone haufi le pele ho liteko tse matlafatsang tsa thobalano. Ho ile ha etsoa lithuto tse robeli, tseo tse bane ho tsona banna ba ileng ba pepesetsoa basali likamoreng tsa pele tse neng li sa khethoe ho fihlela 1 h ho fihlela kemolo le tse 'ne ka matsatsi a mang ao ho ona banna ba neng ba qeta nako e le' ngoe ba le bang ka kamoreng eo ba neng ba e rata pele . Ha ho bapisoa le taolo e kenyelitsoeng ka letsoai, ha ho lethal dose ea naloxone e ileng ea fumana theko ea CPP ea phaposi eo pele e neng e sa ratehe maemong kapa mokhoeng oa ho senyeha (leha ho tlalehiloe mokhoa oa hore lexone e fokotse CPP lithutong tse senyehileng). Ho khahlisang ke hore, tlhahlobong ea bobeli e ileng ea pheta Miller le Baum (ka boomo)1987), naloxone e boetse e fumanoe e na le phello e ts'oanang le teko ena ea pejana. Lekhetlong lena, leha ho le joalo, ho latela sephetho sa liteko tsa 1, datha tsena tse ncha li ile tsa fetoleloa ho bontša tšusumetso ts'ebetsong ea CPP mme la khothaletsa bangoli hore li-opioid ha li amehe liphatlalatsong tsa moputso oa mantlha empa ho tse amehang tse khothalletsoang tse khothalletsoang. .
Lithutong tsena tse fetileng tsa CPP, banna ba ile ba pepesoa kamoreng e se nang letho ka matsatsi a sa matlafatsoang. Ts'ebetso e 'ngoe e kenyelletsa ho pepesetsa likhoto tsa banna ho mosali ea sa amohelang ka phapusing ea pele e ratoang ka matsatsi a se nang matla. Hughes, Everitt, le Herbert (1990) o sebelisitse tokisetso ena e le e 'ngoe ea liteko tse peli tsa ho buisana ka opioid thutong ea thobalano. Likhoto tsa banna li fuoe tse robeli tsa 15-min tse matlafalitsoeng ho basali ba amohelang kamoreng ea pele e neng e sa ratoe e arolelanoang le litlatsetso tse ts'oanang ho basali ba sa amohelang kamoreng ea pele e ratoang. β-endorphin kapa naloxone e kentsoe sebakeng sa medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area, kapa naloxone e ne e tsamaisoa ka mokhoa o sa ts'oaneng (5 mg / kg) pele ho teko ea liteko ea 15-min nakong eo basali ba neng ba tlosoa. Ba batona ba ile ba lumelloa ho khetha ka bolokolohi kamoreng eo ba lokelang ho qeta nako ho eona bakeng sa tlhahlobo. Leha inf-endorphin e sa tsoa kenngoeng kapa eonaxone e sa kenngoeng e bile le tšusumetso ts'ebetsong ea CPP. Systemic naloxone e fokotse polelo ea CPP maemong ana.
Teko ea bobeli e sebelisitsoeng ke Hughes et al. (1990) e ne e le mokhoa oa bobeli oa ho etsa lintho tse hlokang ho hlophisoa. Likhoto tsa banna li ile tsa koetlisetsoa ho hokahanya leseli le susumetsang (CS) le kopi ea kemiso. Ka nako eo ba ile ba koetlisetsoa ho sutumelletsa lever ka tlhahiso ea CS e le matlafatso. E tšehali e ile ea hlahisoa qetellong ea thupelo. Pele, ena e ne e le kamora karabo e le 'ngoe, empa nakong ea liteko, palo ea likarabo tse hlokahalang ho fumana mosali e ile ea eketsoa ho 100, mme ka nako eo, ho ile ha hlahisoa kemiso e tsitsitseng ea nako ea nakoana le ba batona qetellong ea thupelo. ho etsa likarabo tse ka bang 200 (le ho fumana litlhaloso tsa 20 CS) pele mosali a tsebisoa. Ho kenella ha β-endorphin sebakeng sa medial preoptic sa anterior hypothalamus (mPOA) ha ho na tšusumetso ho boits'oaro ba sebopeho. Tsamaiso ea potoloho ea naloxone ho 5 mg / kg, empa eseng 1.0 kapa 2.5 mg / kg, e fumanoe e fokotsa palo ea likarabo tse entsoeng ho fumana mosali.
Agmo le Gomez (1993) ba boetse ba sebelisa ts'ebetso ea CPP e hlahisitsoeng ho Agmo le Berenfeld (1990). Leha ho le joalo, ketsahalong ena, naloxone, ka sebopeho sa methylnaloxonium, e ile ea kenngoa 5 /g / cannula ka har'a mPOA kapa nucleus accumbens (NAC) ea likhoto tsa banna likhaba tsa 1 pele ho lits'ebetso tsa CPP. Joalo ka pele, ba batona ba ne ba lumelloa ho huloa ka nqa e le ngoe sebakeng se arohaneng ebe ba fallisetsoa kamoreng eo pele e neng e sa khethoe ea lisebelisoa tsa CPP bakeng sa 30 min. Ka matsatsi a mang, letsoai le ile la kenngoa, ha ho mosali ea ileng a hlahisoa, mme banna ba ile ba beoa bakeng sa metsotso ea 30 kamoreng eo pele e neng e ratoa. Naloxone e kenelletse mPOA empa ha se NAC e thibetseng CPP empa ha ea ka ea ama likarabo tsa thobalano tse lebisitsoeng ho mosali. Sena se khothalelitse bangoli hore mPOA ke sebaka sa moputso oa thobalano.
Tšusumetso ea thobalano le thuto ea thobalano le tsona li se li hlahlobiloe ka likhoto tsa banna ka ho lekola boits'oaro bo fetohang ba maemo. Ka mokoting oa bilevel, pele ho kenyelletsoa mosali, banna ba tla bontša liphetoho tse ntseng li eketseha khafetsa ka ho pepesa khafetsa ho sebetsana le mosali empa ba sa latele ho pepesetsoa ha mosali ea sa amoheleheng. Litekong tse 'maloa tse batlang li tšoana tsa phetoho e lebelletsoeng ea phetoho, naloxone e fumanoe ho thibela keketseho ea liphetoho tsa boemo ba tebello. Mekhoeng ena, banna ba ile ba beoa ka har'a lisebelisoa tsa liteko tsa bilevel, mme metsotso e 5 hamorao, mosali ea amohelang o ile a hlahisoa ka phapusing (boemong bo neng bo se na monna hajoale). Tsamaiso ea pheripheral naloxone e bile le phello ho sa tsotellehe tekanyetso ea 1.0 kapa 10.0 mg / kg (van Furth, Wolterink-Donselaar, & van Ree, 1994), tekong nakong ea khanya ea letsatsi (van Furth & van Ree, 1994) mme haeba e kenella ka kotlolloho sebakeng sa ventral tegmental (van Furth & van Ree, 1996). Lintlha tsena kaofela li hlalosoa li fana ka maikutlo a karolo ea li-opioid tsa khothalletso ea thobalano. Boithuto ba morao tjena, leha ho le joalo, bo bitsa tlhaloso ena le tse ling tsa karolo ea opioid ea khothalletso ea thobalano.
Agmo (2003b) e hlahisitse mokhoa o motle oa ho hlahloba sepheo sa thobalano. Likhoto tsa banna li ile tsa beoa lebaleng le leholo la liteko. Likamore tse peli li ne li khokhothetsoe ka mahlakoreng a fapaneng le ka mahlakoreng a marako a malelele a lebala la lipapali. Stimuli, joalo ka basali ba amohelang ba sa amoheleng molaetsa, ba ka beoa ka liphapusing tsena, 'me phello ea boitšoaro ba banna ea bonoa. U sebelisa sesebelisoa sena, Agmo (2003a) o ile a khona ho lekola tšusumetso ea thobalano ha a ntse a laola tsamaiso ea opioid. Lintho li ile tsa hlahisoa ka nako e le 'ngoe le mosali ea amohelang ka kamoreng e le' ngoe le monna ea nang le tsebo ea thobalano ka tse ling. O tlaleha hore ha ho na kotsi e ileng ea tsoa kotsi morphine (1, 4, kapa 8 mg / kg) kapa naloxone (1, 4, le 16 mg / kg) e bile le litlamorao tse hlakileng tsa tšusumetso ea thobalano. The peripheral opioid agonist loperamide e amme khetho likhethong tsena empa ka mekhoa e seng ea opioid. Ka hona, Agmo o ile a etsa qeto ea hore li-opioids ha li bohlokoa bakeng sa tšusumetso ea thobalano ho litoeba tsa banna.
Ho likoekoe tsa banna ba Majapane, phokotso ea boleng ba moputso oa thobalano (Holloway & Domjan, 1993b) kapa ka tšusumetso ea thobalano (Holloway & Domjan, 1993a) ho fella ka ho fokotseha ha karabelo ka mokhoa oa boemo ba thobalano. Ts'ebetsong tsena, likoeko tsa banna hangata li fuoa tlhahiso e khutšoane ea (30 s-1 min) ea CS e lateloang ke ho fihlella quiil hen. Haeba ho le joalo hore opioids e kopanyeletsa moputso oa thobalano kapa khothatso litokelong, joale blockade ea li-opioid receptors ka naloxone e lokela ho fella ka ho fetoloa ho arabela ho CS.
Mokhoa o mong oa ho lekola mokhoa oa ho etsa thobalano maemong a likobo ke ho hlahisa banna ba nang le phihlello ea pono ho mosali ka mora lemati le nang le sehokelo se sephara ho lona e le CS. E ntan'o lateloa ke ho fihlella ho kopana ho hen. Pele e sebetsana le khoho, e tona e qeta nako e fokolang fensetereng e otliloeng. Kamora ho tlolelana, e tona e tla ema fensetereng nako e telele. Riters et al. (1999) o sebelisitse mokhoa ona ho lekola litlamorao tsa naloxone mabapi le ts'ebetso ea boitsoaro bo bobe ba thobalano. Ha ho litšila (litekanyetso tse ntseng li eketseha tsa 1.0, 10.0, le 50.0 mg / kg) kapa liente tsa bohareng tsa naloxone ka har'a mochini oa boraro li bile le phello ea ts'ebetso ea mokhoa o atamelaneng oa thobalano. Likoekoe tsa banna li ile tsa tsoela pele ho sheba tšehali ka pente ea monyako.
Thutong e latelang, Holloway, Cornil, le Balthazart (2004) ba ile ba etsa liteko tse robong tsa maemo a thobalano le likoekoe tsa banna joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe kaholimo. Joale, hobane ho pepesehela khoho ea likoekoe ka nepo ho tsebahala hore hoa putsa (Holloway & Domjan, 1993b), lithuto li ile tsa lekoa litekong tse sa matlafatsoang tsa ho felisoa. Ka mantsoe a mang, mokhoa o lebisitsoeng monyako o ile oa hlahlojoa ho feta liteko tse robeli tseo ho tsona mosali a neng a le sieo monyako. Nakong ea liteko tsena tsa ho timela, ho fumanoe liente tsa mantlha tsa lexone tse fokotsang haholo ho arabela maemong a tsa thobalano lithutong ha li bapisoa le taolo e kentsoeng letsoai.
Hobane ho tlosoa ha mosali ho fetotse CS lipakeng tsa liteko tsa ho fumana le ho fela, ho ka etsahala hore phokotso ea ho arabela e bakiloe ke naloxone e matlafatsang tlhokomelo ea banna ho phetoho ea CS. Ho felisa monyetla ona, likoekoe tsa banna li ne li hlophiselitsoe ho atamela ntho e susumetsang e ka salang e le teng nakong ea liteko tsa ho fela (bona Holloway & Domjan, 1993a, 1993b). Le ha CS e ne e lula e le maemong a ho fumana le ho nyamela, liteko tsa mantlha tsa naloxone li ile tsa amohela mokhoa oa boemo ba thobalano bo arabang nakong ea phetohelo (Holloway, Shaw, Cornil, le Balthazart, 2009).
Riters et al. (1999) tlaleha litlamorao tse fapaneng tsa liente tsa bohareng le tse potileng tsa naloxone ka boits'oaro bo sa lumellaneng ba thobalano ho likoekoe tsa banna ba Majapane. Ho leka litlamorao tsa liente tsa pheriferale tsa naloxone mabapi le boits'oaro ba maemo a thobalano, liteko tse peli li ile tsa etsoa ka ntho e susumetsang e khahlisang joalo ka CS. Tekong ea pele, likoekoe tsa banna li ne li le maemong a pele ho atamela CS ka ho beha lipapatso tsa 30 s ho ts'usumetso le 5 min ea phihlello ea ho kopanya ho khoho. Nakong ea pheliso, banna ba ile ba entoa ka lehlakoreng le leng le naloxone (30 mg / kg) pele ba pepesetsoa lipuo tse latellanang tsa CS feela. Naloxone e thusitse haholo ho felisoa ha mokhoa oa ho kopanela liphate ho CS e hatellang ha e bapisoa le taolo e kenngoeng ka letsoai. Ketsahalong ea bobeli, likoekoe tsa banna li ile tsa entoa ka 30 mg / kg ea lethone le tšoanang pele ho tlhahiso e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e kopaneng ea CS-quail hen. Ho fapana le se neng se ka lebelloa haeba sistimi ea opioid e ameha ts'usumetsong ea thobalano kapa moputso, banna ba entsoang ke naloxone ba fumane karabelo ea boemo ba thobalano ho CS ka sekhahla se ts'oanang le litsamaiso tse kenngoeng ka letsoai (Holloway & Jensen, 1997).
Kamora moo, litlamorao tsa naloxone (30 mg / kg) tse tsamaisoang ka kotloloho nakong ea litheko le pheliso ea liteko tsa mokhoa oa thobalano li ile tsa hlahlojoa (Holloway & Meerts, 2003). Hape, litekong tsa maemo a neng a hatisa CS ea qoso ka ho qopitsa, naloxone ha ea ka ea ba le tšusumetso ho nts'etsopele ea mekhoa e maemong e arabelang ho CS. Nakong ea tlhaiso-leseling e sa matlafatseng ea CS, leha ho le joalo, e ile ea tsoela pele ka ente ea lexone haholo le ka mokhoa o hlakileng ho thusa ho felisoa ha mokhoa oa thobalano o arolelanoang.
Lithutong tsohle tse kaholimo, liphoofolo tse tona li sebelitse joalo ka lihlooho. Ho bile le phuputso e lekanyelitsoeng ea karolo ea li-opioid ho buisaneng boits'oaro ba basali ba ho ithuta ka thobalano. CPP ea thobalano e 'nile ea hlahlojoa ka likhoto tsa basali tse entsoeng ka naloxone (Paredes & Martinez, 2001). Basali ba ne ba lumelloa ho potlakisa ho nyala pele ba beoa ka phapusing e neng e sa khethoe bakeng sa 30 min. Ka matsatsi a mang, ba ne ba qeta nako e lekanang ka phapusing eo ba neng ba e rata pele. Pele ho teko e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e matlafalitsoeng, lithuto tsa basali li ne li entoa ka thoko le naloxone (4 mg / kg) kapa metsi a silafalitsoeng. Joalokaha ho tlalehiloe likhoto tsa banna ho paradigm ena ea CPP (mohlala, Agmo & Berenfeld, 1990), naloxone e thibetse ho fumanoa ha CPP ea thobalano.
Kamora moo, teko ena ea CPP ea thobalano le lithuto tsa basali e ile ea phetoa haufi-ufi le infusions ea naloxone ho mPOA, karolo e kenang kahare ea hypothalamus (VMH), amygdala (Me), le NAC (Garcia-Horsman, Agmo, & Paredes, 2008) . Naloxone (5 µg infusions) ho mPOA, VMH, le Nna li thibetse ho fumanoa ha CPP ea thobalano.
Boikopanyo ba opioid ba boitšoaro ba basali ba ho ithuta bo kopanetsoeng bo boetse bo fumanoe tlhahlobong ea ba ratang maemo a molekane (Coria-Avila et al., 2008). Joalokaha ho se ho boletsoe pejana, litloaelo tse mpe tsa boiphetetso le tsa pono li ka hokahana le menyetla ea ho nyalana e sa le pele. Ho thoe litšoelesa tsa basali li rata tse tona tse nang le monko o neng o kile oa ba teng nakong ea ho nyaloa ha balekane (Coria-Avila et al., 2005). Litekong tse peli, Coria-Avila et al. (2008) e lekile hore na ho fumaneha ha khetho ena ho ka thibeloa ke peripheral naloxone (4 mg / kg) ente pele ho liteko tsa maemo. Ka teko ea 1, tse tšehali li ile tsa hlahisoa ka banna ba monko o monate oa almond maemong a patoing le ba batona ba se nang monko maemong a ho tsofala ba neng ba sa khone ho potlaka. Litekong tsa 2, li-albino le likhoto tsa banna tse nang le pigment li sebetsa e le balekane ba pelehi le ba se nang boikoetliso lihlopheng tse ikemetseng. Litekong tsena ka bobeli, naloxone e kentsoeng nakong ea phaello e fumanoe e sitisa khetho ea monna ea thulanang le maemo a amanang le teko nakong ea tlhahlobo eo e seng ea lithethefatsi.
Hoa lokela ho hlokomeloa hore khetho ea balekane e maemong le eona e ithutiloe ka likhoto tsa banna ka sebopeho sa khetho ea ejaculatory. Likhoto tsa banna li fuoe liente tsa lexone (5mg / kg) pele ho liteko tse 10 tsa boemo ba boemo bo botle le mosali ea nang le monko o monate oa almonde li hlotsoe ho bonts'a khetho ea ho ejaculate le mosali ea ts'oanang le bona tekong e latelang ea teko e bulehileng le basali ba nkhang hamonate le ba sa senang letho (Ismail, Girard -Beria, Nakanishi, & Pfaus, 2009).
Li-pheromone tsa thobalano ka mealo ea banna e litšila li ka hlahisa CPP ho litoeba tsa basali. Basali ba lumelletsoeng ho lekola lebala le leholo la liteko le nang le sejana sa libethe tse silafetseng ka lehlakoreng le leng 'me ka lehlakoreng le leng sejana sa libethe tse hloekileng litekong tse 10 tsa min ka matsatsi a mane a latellanang ba fumanoe ba khetha ho qeta nako ka lehlakoreng le nang le mealo e silafetseng kamora moo. teko ea liteko tse sa matlafatsoang. Naloxone (4 le 1 mg / kg) e tsamaisoang ka nepo nakong ea boemo ba boemo ba boemo bo botle (empa e se teko) ha ea ka ea sitisa ho fumanoa ha CPP ea thobalano (Agustin-Pavon, Martinez-Ricos, Martinez-Garcia, & Lanuza, 10).
Puisano
Ha liteko tse hlahlojoang li hlakisa, ho sebelisitsoe mekhoa e fapaneng ho lekola karolo ea li-opioid ka boitšoaro bo ithutileng ba thobalano. Ho latela lits'ebetso tse boletsoeng, motho a ka etsa phehisano ea hore li-opioids li ka buisana kapa tsa se ke tsa ba le karolo ho fumaneng likarabo tse nang le boemo ba thobalano 'me, ka hona, li kenelletse moputsong oa thobalano le tšusumetso kapa che. Le ka har'a ts'ebetso e sebelisoang haholo, CPP, ho na le liphapang tse ka lumellang liqeto tse peli. Leha ho le joalo, ho bonahala eka ha ho na monyetla oa hore liqeto ka bobeli li nepahetse.
Mokhoa o mong oa ho lekola lits'ebetso tsena ke ho fumana hore na maemo a teng maemong a moo li-opioids li tlalehiloeng li ama karabelo ea thobalano, 'me ho joalo, maemong ao ho sa bonahaleng hore li-opioid ha li amehe lipakeng tsa likarabo tse ithutoang. Mehrara le Baum (1990) ba hlahisa ntlha ea ho qala e thabisang hobane ba tlaleha liphetho tse tšehetsang karolo ea bobeli ea li-opioid ho ithuteng ka thobalano (liteko tsa 2) mme ba fana ka maikutlo a hore opioids ha e amehe (liteko tsa 1). Phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa liteko tse peli ke hore, ho pele, naloxone e ile ea sebelisoa pele CS e sebetsang (kamore eo pele e neng e sa khethoe) le ts'usumetso e sa amaneng le thobalano (US) (kopollo ho ejaculation) e ne e pentiloe. Kahoo, li-pair tsa CS-US li etsahetse tlasa tšusumetso ea tsamaiso ea naloxone. Thutong ea bobeli, li-pair tsa CS-US li etsahetse pele ho tsamaiso ea naloxone, mme nakong ea tlhahlobo, ha naloxone e ne e sebetsoa, ke CS feela e neng e fumaneha ho sehlooho sa monna. Ka nepo tlhahiso ena ea tlhahlobo ea CS e ne e le joalo ho Miller le Baum (1987) hape, mme phello ea naloxone e tlalehiloe. Ho khahlisang, nyeoe e ka etsoa hore maemong a mangata a CPP moo naloxone e ileng ea fumanoa e fumana thuto ea thobalano, taba eo e ile ea pepesoa ho CS feela. Lithutong tsa Agmo le Berenfeld (1990), Agmo le Gomez (1993), Paredes le Martinez (2001), le Garcia-Horsman et al. (2008), naloxone e ile ea tsamaisoa mme ts'ebetso e etsahetse pele lithuto li beoa ka kamoreng ea CS. Ebe, bakeng sa metsotso ea 30, lithuto li ile tsa pepesetsoa litšobelisong tsa kamore ntle le ho pepeseha ka ho fetelletseng ho molekane oa thobalano, empa ha li ntse li le tlas'a tšusumetso ea opioid blockade ka naloxone. Maikutlo a CS feela maemong a Pavlovian, ehlile a bitsoa liteko tsa ho timela. Ts'ebetsong ea CPP tse sa tsoa boleloa, ho liteko tsa 1 feela tsa Mehrara le Baum le mekhoa ea CPP ea Agustin-Pavon et al. (2008naloxone e ne e tsamaisoa nakong ea tloaelo ea CS e kopaneng ea ho fumana thepa ea Amerika mme ha ho na phello ea bohlokoa ea naloxone e tlalehiloeng maemong afe kapa afe. Litlamorao tsa Naloxone tekong ea 2 ea Mehrara le Baum le Miller le Baum li hlakile nakong ea liteko tsa ho timela joalo ka ha ho bile joalo ka litlamorao tsa liteko tse ling tsa CPP tse sa tsoa boleloa.
Ho nka hore naloxone ha e na ts'ebetso nakong ea liteko tsa ho reka tsa CS-US empa e na le phello nakong ea ho timela, CS-feela, liteko ka mokhoa o ts'oanang li lumella hore datha tsohle tsa likoekoe li ikarabelle. Ho Riters et al. (1999), naloxone ha ea ka ea ama ts'ebetso ea boits'oaro bo shebahalang bo le maemong a thobalano. Ho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea liteko tsena, katamelo ea likoekoe tse tona fensetereng ea CS e matlafalitsoe ke ho pepesehela khoho ea likoekoe, e tsejoang ho ts'ehetsa boits'oaro ba boemo ba Pavlovian (Holloway & Domjan, 1993b). Holloway and Jensen (1997) le Holloway and Meert (2003), liteko tse tobileng tsa ho fumana thepa ka mor'a taolo ea naloxone ha li hlahise litlamorao tsa opioid blockade. Ts'ebetsong tsohle tsa ho timela (Holloway et al., 2004; Holloway et al., 2009; Holloway & Jensen, 1997; Holloway & Meerts, 2003), leha ho le joalo, naloxone e fokotse haholo boemo ba thobalano bo arabelang kapa ka mokhoa o tebileng le ho thusa ho felisoa.
Khopolo ea hore opioid blockade e ama boitsoaro ba ho ithuta ba thobalano feela ka ho phetha phetheho e hloka phetoho e itseng bakeng sa sephetho sa lipampiri tse ling. Boitšoaro bo botle ba boitšoaro ba thobalano bo hanyetsa ka mokhoa o makatsang ho timela ntle le taolo ea naloxone (bona Balthazart et al., 1995). Mohlomong, li-opioid li buella phehello ena ea ho arabela ka thobalano. Litekong tsa setso tsa ho fumana thepa, nakong eo CS e lateloang ka potlako ke US ea thobalano, ha ho na tlhoko ea ho phehella. Ho arabela CS ho lateloa kapele ke monyetla oa thobalano. Litekong tsa ho fela, CS ha e lateloe ke US mme ka hona, haeba ho arabela e le ho tsoelapele ho tlameha ho ts'oaroa mochini o phehellang. Li-opioid li ka fana ka mochini ona, 'me ho thibela mesebetsi ea bona, ka hona, ha ea lokela ho senya feela maemo a ho arabela ka thobalano nakong ea pheliso empa hape le nakong ea likotsi tse telele tsa CS tse lateloang ke moputso oa thobalano le nakong e telele, e seng ea mantlha ea matlafatso ea thobalano e putsoang ka karabelo ea seletsa. Sena ke se tlalehiloeng le ho hlahlojoa mona. CS ts'ebetsong ea kamore ea bilevel ke moelelo oa kamore ka boeona. Lipatlisisong tse tharo tsa boits'oaro bo fetohang ba boemo bo lebelletseng (van Furth & van Ree, 1994; van Furth le van Ree, 1996; van Furth, Wolterink-Donselaar, & van Ree, 1994), rat ea monna e sebelisitse metsotso e 5 ka phapusing pele ho tlhahiso ea mosali. Ho arabela ka thobalano, ka sebopeho sa se shebahalang e le boits'oaro bo akaretsang ba ho batla (bona Domjan, Mahometa, & Matthews tokollong e ikhethileng ea hajoale bakeng sa puisano ea mekhoa ea boits'oaro mabapi le thuto ea thobalano), ho hlokahala hore ho phehelle nakong ena e telele haeba bopaki ba ho ithuta ke ho ntšetsa pele. Naloxone e thibetse thuto ena. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ts'ebetsong ea liletsa e sebelisitsoeng ke Hughes et al. (1990), lithuto li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka palo ea likarabo tse entsoeng lenaneong la nakoana la nakoana ho fumana mosali ea amohelang, mohato o hlakileng oa phehella, mme naloxone e fokotse palo ea likarabo tsena.
Kahoo, liteko tsohle tse peli ntle le tse peli tse lekolang boitšoaro ba botona ba botšehali le liteko tse peli tse lekolang boitšoaro ba botona ba botšehali li lumellana le tebello ea tlhaloso ea hore opioids e kenyelletsa ho phehella ho arabela sefahlehong sa ho se matlafatsoe kapa ho liehisoa ha thobalano. Ho khahlisang, tsena kaofela li kenyelletsa khetho ea balekane. Ho ka etsahala hore phallo ea opioid ea mekhoa e sa sebetsoeng kapa ea mekhoa eo e seng ea thobalano e nang le tšebeliso ea tsena. Mohlala, tlhahlobong ea CPP e entsoeng ke Hughes et al. (1990), CPP e thehiloe ka monyetla o fapaneng oa ho etsisa eseng ka kamore e se nang letho empa le mosali ea sa amoheleng. Mohlomong, litlamorao tsa naloxone mekhoeng e itšoereng ntle le boits'oaro e lebisitsoeng ho mosali ea sa amoheleng li ne li lekane ho fokotsa boleng bo lekanang ba mosali ea amohelang. Ho haella ha CPP mona ho ka hlalosoa e le ho fana ka maikutlo a boemo bo lekanang bo ts'ehetsoeng ke basali ba amohelang le ba sa amoheleng, eseng ho ba sieo ha maemo a thobalano. Maemo a mararo a setseng a liphetho a sa lumellaneng le tlhaloso ea hona joale kaofela a tlalehiloe ka laboratoring e le 'ngoe' me kaofela ba sebelisitse paradigm ea ho tlolelana ha maoto ka lebelo. Bakeng sa banna, ts'ebetso ena e ne e hlokahala hore e be e hlakileng haholo bakeng sa maemo a teng. Kamore e tsamaeang ka maoto e nang le masoba a le mong empa e se a mane e ne e hlokahala (Ismail, Gelez, Lachapelle, & Pfaus, 2009). Ka lebaka la tlhoko ena e ikhethang, ho thata ho hlalosa ho fumanoa ha Ismail et al. (2009) hore naloxone e thibetse ho fumaneha hoa boemo bo ikhethileng ba 'mele ba' mele ba mosali ea nang le monko o monate. Mohlomong monyetla oa hore mosali a phonyohe nako le nako nakong ea mananeo a ho emisa o hlahisitse boemo bo hlokang ho phehella. Mohlomong hape le eonaxone e ile ea kena-kenana le ts'ebetso ea buka e ncha, tlhaiso-leseling ea monko o monate (bakeng sa mohlala o amanang le ona Kelley et al., 2002) ka litsela tse sa amaneng le thobalano. Litaba tse ts'oanang li etsa ho toloka liteko tse peli tsa lithuto tsa basali ho Coria-Avila et al. (2008) ho thata. Ho thatafatsa lintho le ho feta, leha ho na le lits'ebetso tse ncha (mohlala, Meerts & Clark, 2009), hantle feela seo basali ba fumanang se ruisa molemo ka ho nyalisoa ha balekane ba bona e ntse e le potso. Hona ho kenyelletsa ho itsamaisa, joalo ka Meert le Clark (2007) ba khona ho beha CPP maemong a basali ntle le ho lumella maemo. Leha ho le joalo, ho hlokahala hore lipatlisiso li tsoele pele.
Hoa thahasellisa ho hlokomela hore naloxone ho tlalehiloe hore e ama ho timela empa e seng ho fumana likarabo tse maemong a mofuta oa litoeba tseo joala bo li lakatsang (Cunningham, Dickinson, & Okorn, 1995). Litlamorao tsa naloxone maemong a ts'ebetsong a sebelisang joala e le matlafatso e kanna ea ba mefuta le mathata a amanang, leha ho le joalo (Bormann & Cunningham, 1997; Cunningham, Henderson, le Bormann, 1998). Naloxone e boetse e thusa ho felisoa ha boitšoaro bo hatellang ba lever bo putsoang ka lijo kapa sucrose mme e na le tšusumetso e nyane ho arabeleng nakong ea liteko tsa maemo a putsoang (Norris, Perez-Acosta, Ortega, & Papini, 2009). Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore phallo ea ho ithuta maemong a thobalano ka li-opioid e kanna ea tloaeleha mekhatlong e meng ea boits'oaro ea boits'oaro.
Khopolo-taba e hlahisitsoeng mona, ea hore lithutong tsa ho ithuta ka tsa thobalano e buella ho phehella ho arabela ha motho a liehile kapa a sa e matlafatse, e na le likarolo tse ts'oanang le phapang e entsoeng pakeng tsa 'ho batla' le 'ho rata'. Ho batla ho bontšitsoe e le boleng ba tšusumetso e khothalletsoang ke mothetsi ea sieo. E rata ka lehlakoreng le leng ke karolo ea hedonic ea tlhahiso ea tšusumetso, karolo e ntle ea maikutlo e tsamaeang le phano ea meputso (Berridge, 2004). Li-opioids li bile le tšusumetso ho hokahanyang ho batla ka ts'ebetso ea bona ho amygdala. Microinjections ea [D-Ala2, N-MePhe4, Gly-ol] -enkephalin (DAMGO), setsebi sa µ receptor, ho kenella bohareng ba amygdala e ile ea fella ka ho hlaseloa ka matla le ho kobeha ha CS e boletseng pele ho tlisoa ha pherese. Microinjections ea GABAA agonist muscimol ho etsa hore sebaka se se sebetse e felletse ka phello e fapaneng, ho fokotsa mokhoa, ho fofonela le li-nibble tsa CS (Mahler & Berridge, 2009). Tekong e amanang haufi-ufi, ts'ebetso ea opioid ho NAC e bonts'itsoe ho kopanya likarolo tse batlang le tse ratoang paradigm ea moputso o monate (Smith, Berridge, & Aldridge, 2011).
Haeba tsamaiso ea bahanyetsi ba opioid litekong tsa maemo a thobalano tse boletsoeng mona e sitisa tšusumetso ea (ho batla) le / kapa boleng ba hedonic (ho rata) ha CS e bolelang monyetla oa thobalano kapa khothatso ea thobalano ka boeona, ka hona ho fokotseha ha maemo ho arabela ho ne ho tla lebelletsoe. Phokotso ena, leha ho le joalo, e ne e ke ke ea lekanyetsoa feela maemong ao CS e ke keng ea lateloa ke ts'usumetso ea thobalano kapa ea arohaneng le nako ho tsoa moputsong oa thobalano. Leha ho le joalo, ona ke mokhoa o bonoang lipatlisisong tsohle tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano. Ho khahlisang, Smith, Berridge, le Aldridge (2011) e hlahisitse karolo ea nako ho ithuteng ka lipuisano tsa opioid tsa ho batla le ho rata moputso o monate. Ho ile ha sebelisoa li-CS tse peli, e le distal e le 'ngoe ka nako ea tlhahiso e monate, e haufi. Tsamaisong ea moputso o monate, ke likarabo feela ho polelo e haufi li ileng tsa angoa ke ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea opioid. Sena se fapana haholo le se fumanoeng tsamaisong ea moputso oa thobalano e hlahisitsoeng mona. Ho koaloa ha nakoana ea CS le moputso oa thobalano ho ne ho sa angoa ke ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea opioid (mohlala Holloway & Jensen, 1997; Holloway & Meerts, 2003; Mehrara le Baum, 1990), athe mekhahlelo e telele ea moputso oa thobalano e hlahisitse likarabo tse mamelang thibelo ea opioid (mohlala van Furth & van Ree, 1994). Kahoo, ha lingoliloeng tse fokolang tse fanang ka tlaleho ea ts'ebelisano ea opioid ea boitšoaro ba thobalano li ke ke tsa fana ka liphetoho lipakeng tsa takatso ea thobalano le ho ts'oana le ho ts'oanang le ho hlalositsoeng ke Berridge le basebetsi mmoho le eena tsamaisong ea moputso o monate, karolo ea boraro, e 'phehella' ”haholoanyane e bontša ka botlalo karolo ea li-opioid ho ithuteng ka thobalano.
Haeba khopolo-taba ea hore opioids e buella ho phehella ha karabelo ea thobalano e le teng ntle le moputso e nepahetse, ho latela likhakanyo tse 'maloa. Lits'ebetso tse nyane lipakeng tsa ho qala ha CS le lipono tsa US tsa thobalano li lokela ho bona litlamorao tseo bahanyetsi ba opioid ba nang le tsona nakong ea ho hapa. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, litlamorao tsa bahanyetsi li lokela ho eketseha ha nako ea CS-US e ntse e eketseha. Ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebetso ea matla, litlamorao tse kholo tsa tsamaiso ea antagonist ea opioid li lokela ho tsamaea le likhahla tse telele le tse kholo tsa karolelano ea karolelano ea likhahla. Ntle le ts'ebetso ea maemo ohle a takatso ea thobalano, bahanyetsi ba opioid ba lokela ho bebofatsa ho timela, joalo ka ha ho tlalehiloe hore ba ho etsa lipampiring tse hlahlojoang mona. Teko e eketsehileng ea mananeo e hlokahala ho sebetsana le likhakanyo tsena.
Khohlano ea phaello le lithuso tsa lichelete
Sengoli ha sea fumana chelete kapa melemo ho tsoa indastering kapa kae kapa kae ho etsa tlhahlobo ena.
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Wiesner, JB, & Moss, RL (1986). Phekolo ea boits'oaro bo amohelang le bo khahlisang ho likhoto tsa ovariectomized, estrogen-progesterone-primed ka intraventricular beta-endorphin: Lithuto tsa boits'oaro bo ikhethang. Neuroendocrinology, 43(1), 57-62. [Crossref]
*Kevin S. Holloway Lefapha la Psychology
Vassar College
Tsela ea 124 Raymond
Poughkeepsie, NY12604, USA
Email: [imeile e sirelelitsoe]
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