Linako tse bohloko tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi: Kotsi ea pele ea phetoho ho ea ho itšetlehile ka (2017)

. Sengoloa se ngotsoeng; e fumaneha ho PMC 2017 Jun 20.

Dev Cogn Neurosci. Jun ea 2017; 25: 29–44.

E phatlalalitsoe marang-rang 2016 Oct 29. Doi:  10.1016 / j.dcn.2016.10.004

PMCID: PMC5410194

NIHMSID: NIHMS826448

inahaneloang

Tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa bongoaneng pele e eketseha haholo menyetla ea ho hloka ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi bophelo bohle. Nako ea maikutlo a bocha e bile teng ho lumella ho hlaha hoa mekhoa e behang kotsing e thusang ho pholoha; kajeno tsena li ka bonahala e le tlokotsi ea lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso. Tšebeliso ea litlolo tsa mantlha e kena-kenana le ts'ebetso e tsoelang pele ea neurodevelopment ho kenya phetoho ea neurobiological e eketsang kotsi ea SUD. Leha batho ba bangata ba sebelisa lithethefatsi ka boiketlo, ke liphesente tse fokolang feela tse fetelang ho SUD. Likhopolo tsa hona joale mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea bokhoba ba ho lemalla li ka baka leseli linthong tse kotsi tse eketsang kotsi ea ho sebelisa ts'ebetso ea boithabiso ho tloha bokhobeng ba ho lemalla. Ha re theha mesebetsi ea ba bang, re fana ka maikutlo a hore motho ka mong a ka ba kotsing ea ho ba le SUD, ea tsoa mokhatlong oa PFC ea sa kopaneng, 'moho le ts'ebetso ea khatello ea maikutlo mabapi le meputso, tloaelo le litsamaiso tsa khatello ea maikutlo. Ho tsebahatsoa ka nako ea kotsi ho bohlokoa ho fokotsa ho hlaha ha SUD. Re fana ka maikutlo a ho kena lipakeng bakeng sa SUD ho ka hlophisetsoang mererong ea kotsi le / kapa ho kengoa ts'ebetsong ka botlalo, pele ho nako ea bocha e tebileng, ho ntlafatsa boikemelo ho ntlafatseng ts'ebeliso ea thepa. Litlhahiso tsa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang li kenyelletsa ho shebisisa nako ea bacha le ea bongoana le liphapang tsa thobalano ho utloisisa kotsi ea pele le ho supa litšitiso tse sebetsang tsa SUD.

Keywords: Tlhekefetso, Bofuma, Bokhoba, Ho itšetleha ka lithethefatsi, linako tse utloang bohloko, ho ba tlokotsing

1. Selelekela

Nako ea bocha ke nako ea ntšetso-pele e ileng ea iphetola ho holisa ho pholoha le ho ba le mmele o tiileng. Bokhachane bo hlalosoa ke ho hola ha litšobotsi tsa bobeli tsa thobalano le nts'etsopele ea boits'oaro bo joalo ba kelello le boits'oaro ba sechaba (; ; ). Ho nka kotsi le ho leka liteko tsa lithethefatsi ka nako ena nakong ea tsoelo-pele ho eketsa menyetla ea ho lemalla bokhoba ba bophelo bohle. Tlhahlobo ea Naha ea 2010–2011 mabapi le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le bophelo bo botle e tlaleha 16.6% ea bacha ba limilione tse 25.1 ba Amerika ba lilemo li 12 - 17 ba noeleng joala kapa ba kile ba sebelisa lithethefatsi tse seng molaong ka lekhetlo la pele (). Palo ena e emetse bacha ba ka bang limilione tse 4 ba kotsing e kholo ea ho theoleha hoa litheko. Leha ho le joalo, bacha ba qalang tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi pele ba lilemo tse 14 ba kotsing e kholo ea ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa (Feie. 1) 'me u be le 34% ea sekhahla sa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi bophelo bohle (; SAMHSA, 2015a,). Ha batho ka bomong ba ntse ba hola pakeng tsa lilemo tse 13 le 21, menyetla ea tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi bophelo bohle le ho its'etleha li theoha 4-5% selemo se seng le se seng ha ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e lieha (; SAMHSA, 2015a,), ho fana ka tlhahiso ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa pele ho hlahisa kotsi e kholo. Leha ho ka etsahala hore batho ba qalang tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ba e-na le tšekamelo ea ho sebelisa (), mabaka a kotsi a motho ka mong a ka sebelisana le boemo bo itseng ba tlokotsi bo amanang le tlokotsi, bo tsejoang ka hore ke nako e mahlonoko, ho eketsa haholo kotsi ea ho lemalla. Mona, re kopanya se tsebahalang ka nts'etsopele ea bongoana le likhopolo tse teng ho etiology ea SUD ho tsebisa boiteko ba thibelo.

Feie. 1 

Ho qala ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho eketsa kotsi ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi kapa ho itshetleha ka tsona. Ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi kapa ho ts'ehetsoa ha motho ea lilemo li 18 kapa ho feta (litsupa tse ntšo) o reretsoe ho sebelisa lithethefatsi bakeng sa A) nicotine, B) joala le C) lithethefatsi tse seng molaong ...

Boloetse ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi bo bonahala ka takatso ea lithethefatsi le tahlehelo ea taolo ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, ho kenyelletsa le nako e ngata e sebelisoang ho phehella kapa ho sebelisa lithethefatsi le ho tsoelapele ts'ebeliso leha ho bile le litlamorao tse mpe. Liphetho tsa SUD li kenyelletsa ho hloleha ho phethahatsa mosebetsi, sekolo le boitlamo ba lapeng, le nts'etsopele ea mathata a bophelo le batho, kotsi ea 'mele kapa ea kelello, le mamello le matšoao a ho tlohela (; ). Ha bacha ba bangata ba ntse ba leka lithethefatsi, phetoho ea ho its'etleha e tšoailoe ke ts'ebeliso e matla ea lithethefatsi (tloaelo).; ). Thutong ea hajoale re sebelisa poleloana ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi kapa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi mabapi le mefuta e matla ea SUD, e tsebahalang ka ho batla lithethefatsi le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (; ).

Kutloisiso ea ho iphetola ha lintho mabapi le boitšoaro ba bohlankana

Ho utloisisa hore na kelello e ntseng e hola e ka hlaseloa habonolo ke lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso lilemong tsa bocha, re qala ka ho iphetola le karolo e phetoho ea moputso le boits'oaro bo amanang le kotsi. Taba ea rona ke hore maano a bocha a bo feto-fetohang, a ileng a iphetola hore a pholohe, a bonahala kajeno e le boitšoaro bo kotsing bo ka fetoloang ho ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi (SUD) bathong ba tlokotsing. Nako ea bocha ke nako ea kemolo e ikhethang ho liphoofolo tse anyesang, eo nakong ea bokhachane e bang teng pele le kholo ea methapo le kutloisiso ea methapo li phetheha.). Li-hormone tsa Gonadal tse lokolloang nakong ea ho kena bohlankaneng li khothalletsa nts'etsopele ea boitšoaro ba batho ba baholo ba sechaba (). Mokhahlelo oa bocha o lumella batho ka bomong ho ikoetlisa ka mokhoa o rarahaneng oa boipheliso le botsoalle pele ho ba motho e moholo, ho eketsa pholoho le boikoetliso bo tsoaloang (; ).

Boitšoaro bo hlahileng nakong ea bocha ho khothaletsa ho phela le ho ba le bana bo kanna ba se hlole bo fetoha le maemo, empa ho fapana le hoo bo ka eketsa menyetla ea motho ea ho leka, ho e sebelisa le ho itšetleha ka lithethefatsi (; ; ; ; ; ; ). Mohlala, ho hlekefetsa banna le ho ipeha kotsing ea banna e ka ba leano la tlholisano le eketsang matla a ho ba le bana ka ho eketsa menyetla ea ho hola le phapang ea liphatsa tsa lefutso (). Leha ho le joalo, tlhaiso-leseling e tsoang ho National Epidemiological Study of Alcohol and maemong a amanang le eona (tlhahlobo ea n = 43,084 batho ba lilemo li 18 le ho feta) e bontša hore boitšoaro bo mabifi bo eketsa kotsi ea SUD 2.42-fold (). Mekhoa e meng, e kenyelletsang khatello ea maikutlo, ho batla lintho ka boqhetseke, le ho ts'oaroa e bile molemo ho batho ba pele ka ho khothaletsa ho hlahloba tikoloho le ho fumana lisebelisoa (), empa li amahanngoa le tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi (; ; ; ; ; ).

Ho qala ho kena bohlankaneng ho ka emela boemo bo ikhethileng ba tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi ka lebaka la ho qaleha ha boits'oaro ba bohlankana. Ha e le monyetla oa ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng ho na le bothata bo boholo ho basali, bao ka karolelano ba holileng lilemo tse peli pejana ho feta ba batona.). Ho qala nakong ea bokhachane ho tsamaisana le ho qaleha le ho tloaela ho sebelisoa ha nicotine le joala ho batona le batšehali ba lilemong tsa bocha.; ; ). Kajeno ho kena bohlankaneng ho etsahala lilemong tse qalang tsa pele, ho fihlela ho lilemo tse 3 pejana ho lilemo tse 100 tse fetileng (). Ho qala pejana ho 'nile ha bakoa ke mabaka a' maloa, ho kenyeletsoa phepo e ntlafetseng, sekhahla se tlase sa mafu bongoaneng, phokotso ea lefu la pele ho nako, ho pepesehela lihormone tsa kholo ka lebese la khomo, chefo e ngoe e sitisang li-endocrine (ke hore, bisphenol A), liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso, le botenya ba bongoaneng (; ; ). Ho sa tsotelehe sesosa, ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng ho fella ka hore ho be le likheo tse ngata lipakeng tsa kholo ea kelello le ea ho ba le bana.). Maemong a mang, ho kena lipakeng tse reretsoeng ho fokotsa lintlha tse potlakisang ho kena bohlankaneng ho ka u sireletsa khahlanong le kotsi ea SUD ().

3. Melemo le meeli ea lithuto tsa liphoofolo

Mefuta ea liphoofolo, haholo litoeba, e emela monyetla oa ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa tlatsetso ea maemo a kotsi a boits'oaro le tlhaho ho ts'ebeliso ea thepa. Tikoloho, genetics, le neurobiology li ka qhekelloa liphoofolong tsa laboratori ho bona hore na monehelo oa tekatekano likarabo tsa motho ka mong lithethefatsing tsa tlhekefetso (; ; ; ). Ka mokhoa o batsi, boits'oaro bo amanang le ho its'etleha hoa thepa bo ka ithutoa ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng bo sebelisa maemo a sebaka kapa lipehelo tsa taolo ea boits'oaro.

Meeli e teng lithutong tsa liphoofolo. Nako ea bongoana e khutšoane litoeba () e etsa liteko tse potlakileng (matsatsi / libeke ho litoeba dhidi ea likhoeli / lilemo ho batho), empa e hloka liteko tse potlakileng ho ithuta tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi. Sebaka sa maemo se beha khetho ea liphoofolo bakeng sa tikoloho e amanang le lithethefatsi nakong ea matsatsi a 4 - 12 (; ; ; ). Leha ho le joalo, maemong a ho tsamaisoa ha lithethefatsi ha ho na khang, ke hore, lithethefatsi li tsamaisoa ke mohlahlobi. Ho fapana le hoo, li-paradigms tsa boits'oaro li lumella litoeba ho arabela ka boithaopo bakeng sa lithethefatsi, li lumella tlhahlobo ea boits'oaro ba lithethefatsi le lithethefatsi, empa e hloka libeke ho isa likhoeli tse ngata tsa koetliso (; ; , ; ; ; ). Lithuto tsa lithethefatsi ho litheko tsa bongoana le batho ba baholo li hlahlojoa hape Karolong ea 5.2.2. Ntho e 'ngoe e ka re sitisang ho ithuta ka liphoofolo ke hore litloholo tsa batho bao eseng batho, mme haholo litoeba ha li bonts'e ho rarahana ha batho.). Leha ho le joalo, ho sebetsa ka har'a mathata a mefuta ea liphoofolo, lithuto tsa lithethefatsi li ka etsoa ho ithuta methati e hlakileng ea tlhaiso-leseling ho bona linako tse kotsi tsa SUD.

4. Linako tse hlakileng tsa tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi

Linako tse nahanelang ke maemo ao motho a arabelang ho a itseng tlhahisong ea tikoloho kapa a ka ba le boits'oaro bo amanang le methati e meng ea ntlafatso (). Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Feie. 1, tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa pele (pele ho lilemo tse 14) e amana le kotsi e kholo ea ho theha SUD (; SAMHSA, e fana ka maikutlo a mohopolo oa linako tse mahlonoko o sebetsa ho ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (, ). Mehlala e tsebahalang ea nako e mahlonoko ho nts'etsopele e kenyelletsa ho hapa puo ea bobeli le bokhoni ba mmino le baatlelete. Mohlala, bana ba atleha habonolo puong ea bobeli ebe ba ba le tsebo ea 'mino le ea lipapali ho feta batho ba baholo (; ; ). Tsebo ea pele ea puo le 'mino oa bokhabane li amana le ho eketseha ha makolopetso a taba e putsoa le ho sebetsana le litaba tse tšoeu khoebong e mpe e bapisoa le ho fumana tsebo hamorao (; ). Tsena le tse ling tse hlokometseng li bontša hore linako tse mahlonoko li hlaha ka lebaka la bophahamo ba polasetiki bokong (). Ts'usumetso e pheta-phetoang ea potoloho ea neural nakong ea boemo bo mahlonoko e hlahisa keketseho ea nako e telele boikarabellong ba lipotoloho tseo ho kenelletseng molemong oa tlatsetso ea tikoloho (). Ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi nakong e thata e ka ba le tšusumetso ea nako e telele ntlafatsong ea neural.

4.1. Bopaki ba linako tse tebileng tsa tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi ho batho

Bopaki bo bontša hore ho pepesetsoa lithethefatsi ho tloha bonyenyaneng ho ka eketsa kotsi ea SUD ea nako e telele (; ). Mabaka a kotsi a boletsoeng esale pele, ho kenyelletsa ho haella, ho pepeseha litsietsing tsa pele, kapa maemo a mang a teng (joalo ka tlhokomeliso ea tšilafalo ea kelello (ADHD] le pherekano ea boitšoaro) e ka lebisa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi kapele haeba e sa rarolloe (; ; ). Leha ho le joalo, batho ka bomong ba nang le ADHD ba fumanang kalafo ea pele ba bonts'a litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa lilemo tsa SUD joalo ka taolo ea sechaba e lekanang le lilemo (; ; ). Ka mantsoe a mang, meriana ha e bonahale e eketsa kotsi ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ha e qaloa pele (; ). Le ha liphetho tsena tsa khale li bontšitsoe lithutong tsa bolelele ba nako, lithuto tse arolang likarolo li bonts'a kamano e fapaneng lipakeng tsa ho se ts'oanelehe le ts'ebeliso ea matekoane, joalo ka ts'ebeliso ea pele ho nako (<16 ea lilemo) e kanna ea amahanngoa le ho qhekelloa ho phahameng (). Lithuto tsa Epidemiology li tsoela pele ho bonts'a hore tšebeliso ea bongoana ea joala, matekoane le bacha ba cocaine e eketsa kotsi ea ho ts'epahalloa ke ntho (). Liphumano tse kang tsena li phahamisa lipotso tse ngata — na tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa pele e etsa hore motho a se hlole a kenella? Na lithethefatsi tse fapaneng li na le litlamorao tse fapaneng tsa nako e telele bokong le ho ba kotsing ea SUD? Morero oa kamoso oa ABCD oa NIH (abcdstudy.org) e tla thusa ho araba a mang a mathata ana a mabapi le ho pepesetsoa lithethefatsi pejana.

Ho hlakola sesosa le phello ea SUD ho tsoa maemong a kotsi a motho ka mong ho thata ka lebaka la likarolo tse arolelanoeng tsa neural. Marang-rang a lilemong tsa bocha ao a ipehang maemong a kotsi a kotsi a tšoana le a anngoeng ke lithethefatsi tse seng molaong (; ; ; ). Cortex ea pele (PFC) ha e kholo ka botlalo ho fihlela ha e le moroetsana kapa ea e-ba motho ea moholo lilemong (; ; ; ; ; sheba Karolo ea 5.1), 'me e bohlokoa bakeng sa kotsi ea SUD. Tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi lilemong tsa bocha e ka baka liphetoho mesebetsing ea PFC le lipakanyo tsa PFC libakeng tse ikemetseng tse tsoelang pele ho ba motho e moholo (). Libaka tsa bongo tse susumetsoang ke ho pepesetsoa lithethefatsi ho latela boemo ba tsona ba mofuthu ha ho hlaha lithethefatsi (; ). Mohlala, basebelisi ba matekoane ba lilemong tsa bocha ba bonts'a bophahamo ba cortical bokima bohareng, bo phahameng bo ka pele le bo sa keneng kahare, empa bo boholo bo eketsehang libakeng tse ling tsa morao-rao tse kang li-cortices tse phahameng tsa nakoana le tse tlase, ha li bapisoa le batho ba sa sebeliseng (). Ho feta moo, ts'ebeliso ea matekoane ea pele ho nako (<lilemo tse 16) e amahanngoa le ts'epahalo e fokotsitsoeng ea ts'oaetso ea fiber e tšoeu ho corpus callosum ha e bapisoa le ts'ebeliso ea matekoane ea morao-rao (> lilemo tse 16; ).

4.2. Bopaki ba linako tse tebileng tsa tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi ho liphoofolo

Boithuto ba liphoofolo bo bontšitse hore nako ea litaba tsa ho pepesetsoa lithethefatsi. Linako tsa ho ba kotsing ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'usumetso e matla li bonahala mefuteng ea litoeba e le bopaki bo eketsehileng ba nako ea bohlankana ea ho hlekefetsa lithethefatsi (; ; , ; ; , ; ; ; ; ; ). Mohlala, mehlaleng ea liphoofolo tsa ADHD, tseo hangata li qabolang le SUD bathong (; ), kalafo ka lithethefatsi tse matlafatsang nakong ea bocha (matsatsi a kamorao ho tlhaho [P] 28-55) e ntlafalitse sekhahla sa ho fumana boitaolo ba koae, mme e eketsa ts'ebetso le tšusumetso ea matlafatso ea cocaine (; ; ). fana ka tlhahlobo e ngoe hape mabapi le litlamorao tsa nako e telele tsa ho pepesetsoa lithethefatsi tsa bongoana.

Mokhoa o mong o ka hlahisang kotsi ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi lilemong tsa bocha ke ho fetola mokhoa oa ntlafatso oa PFC le khokahano ea ona le libaka tse haufi. Ho litoeba, ho pepesetsoa hoa koae lilemong tsa bocha, empa eseng ho ba motho e moholo, ho hlahisa kemiso ea nako e telele ea medial PFC (mPFC) ts'ebetso ea GABAergic le polelo ea sele ea parvalbumin e ntseng e bonahala bathong ba baholo (). Ho feta moo, ho pepesetsoa joala joalo ka joala literekeng tsa bocha ho fokotsa hippocampus ea batho ba baholo, thalamus, dorsal striatum (STR) le lipalo tsa cortex ha li bapisoa le taolo ea littermate (;; bona bakeng sa tlhahlobo e ngoe hape). Ha ho kopantsoe hammoho, bopaki bo tsoang ho batho le litoeba bo supa hore tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi nakong ea bongoana e hlokolosi e ka mpefatsa kotsi ea ho ba le SUD, ka tšusumetso ea nako e telele ntlafatsong ea cortical le subcortical.

4.3. Mehato ea thibelo: e khothaletsa ho hlaseloa habonolo ke tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi

Mabapi le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le ho ikemela, motho a ka ba le linako tse amanang ho hlaseloa litlamorao tsa nako e telele tsa lithethefatsi, joalo ka nakong ea bongoana kapa pele ho nako (, ; ). Boithuto ka bobeli ho batho (; ; le litoeba (; ; ; ; ) fana ka maikutlo a hore ho pepesehela bongoana kapa ho itlhahisa pele ho li-stimulants ho fokotsa thepa e khotsofatsang ea lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso mme e ka sireletsa khahlanong le SUD hamorao bophelong. Litsing tsa bana tsa pele ho nako bana ha ba hlahise litholoana tse molemo (). Ntle le moo, ho pepesetsoa ha bana ka pele ho pubertal ho hlahisa methylphenidate ho tsoela pele ho eketseha ha phallo ea mali e khothalletsoang ke methylphenidate ho STR le thalamus, ntle le phetoho e kholo e hlokometsoeng lithutong tse pepesitsoeng ke batho ba baholo (). Liphetoho tse tšoanang tsa boko li ile tsa bonahala ho banna ba litoeba tse ileng tsa pepesoa pele ho selemo (P20-35) ho methylphenidate (). Tlas'a maemo ana a ho pepesetsoa lithethefatsi, ho pepesetsoa methylphenidate ho hohela libaka tse amanang le koae sebakeng se ratoang ke batho ba baholo.; , empa bona ). Liphoofolong tse qalileng ho hlahisa "koae" pele ho le hlahala ea "cocaine" e le mokhoa oa ho etsa hore amygdala e arabe monko o monate oa koae.; ho tšohliloe ka botlalo Karolong ea 5.2). Ho pepesehela li-psychostimulants ho ka ama le morphometry ea kelello libakeng tse amehang bakeng sa SUD. Phuputsong e telele ea boima ba "cortex" ea "cerebral cortex", kalafo ea psychostimulant e ile ea etsa hore mofuta oa "cortical" o amanang le cortical o kopane le nako e telele nakong ea bocha (, ; ). Litlamorao tse tlatselletsang ho kalafo ea methylphenidate kalafong ea morphometry ho liphoofolo li ipapisitse le lilemo tsa ho pepesoa, ka tšusumetso e kholo litabeng tsa corpus callosum tšoeu le bophahamo ba modumo bo latelang ho pepesetsoa bongoana ha bo bapisoa le batho ba baholo (). Ka bobeli, lintlha tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho na le fensetere ea pre-pubertal ea inho ba kotsing ea lintho tse matlafatsang, le ho pepesehela lintho tse matlafatsang nakong ea fensetere ena e kanna ea itšireletsa khahlanong le litlamorao tse tlisoang ke lithethefatsi hamorao bophelong.

Nako ea bongoana e ka emela monyetla oa ho kenya ts'ebetsong lithibelo tsa SUD. Ho kenella ka lipilisi tsa pharmacotherapeutic, joalo ka ho pepesetsoa ha methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea mafu, ho ka fokotsa thepa e tlisang lithethefatsi hamorao bophelong.; ; ; ; ). Leha ho le joalo, tlhokomeliso e tlameha ho sebelisoa hobane litlhare tsa meriana ha li na litla-morao, 'me lintho tse kang lilemo, thobalano le nako ea kalafo li ka ba le ts'oaetso ea SUD (; , ; ; ; ; ; ). Haholo-holo, ho na le tlhoko e kholo ea ho etsa lipatlisiso ho basali. Patlisiso e entsoeng esale pele e fana ka maikutlo a hore basali ba ba le litlamorao tse fapaneng tsa nako e telele kamora ho ba le pelehi (), ho pepeseha, kapa ho pepesehela lithethefatsi ho batho ba baholo ().

Ho fapana le litlhare tsa meriana, ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boits'oaro e ka sebelisoa ka bongata ho batho ba banyenyane ba sa tsotelleng litla-morao, hape e ka kopanngoa le meriana ho eketsa ts'ebetso e ntle. Re etsa tlhahiso ea hore likhopolo-taba tse teng tsa thuto ea thuto ea bolumeli tsa SUD li ka tsebisa batho ba kotsing. Ka tlase re sekaseka likhopolo tse 'ne tsa SUD' me re fana ka tlhahiso ea ho kena lipakeng boitekong (Lethathamo 1) e ka kenngoang ts'ebetso e le 'ngoe kapa ka kopanelo ho rarolla lintlha tse khethehileng tsa phetoho bakeng sa phetoho ea ts'ebeliso ea thepa.

Lethathamo 1 

Kakaretso ea thuto ea ho latela litheko le bohlokoa ho bacha.

5. Etiology ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le bohlokoa ba bohlankana

Hoo e batlang e le bacha ba 8000 ba qalang ho sebelisa lithethefatsi letsatsi le leng le le leng (SAMHSA, 2015a), empa ke 5-14% feela ea ba lekang lithethefatsi ba theha SUD (Feie. 1; ), ho fana ka maikutlo a mabaka a kotsi ea peleho a kena lipakeng le nako ea bohlankana e tebileng ho hokahanya phetoho ho tloha tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho isa ho ho itshetleha. Hona joale maikutlo a teng lithutong tsa tšebeliso ea tlhatlhobo ea SUD ha a ntse a le 1) ts'ebetso ea botsamaisi / bofokoli ba taolo ea taolo (mohlala, ; ), 2) sekhahla se matlafatsang se tlisoang ke ts'usumetso e amanang le lithethefatsi (), 3) tloaelo e qobelloang (), le 4) Sistimi ea khatello ea maikutlo le ho tloswa ha matlafatso e mpe (). Ha re theha mesebetsi ea ba bang, re fana ka maikutlo a hore kotsi ea pele bakeng sa SUD e tsoa ts'ebetsong ea taolo ea bokhachane pele ho taolo ea pele (; ), e kopantsoeng le hyper-reactivity ea menyetla ea meputso (; ; ; ; ), tloaelo, le lits'ebetso tsa khatello ea maikutlo (; ; ; ).

5.1. Matla a ho se sireletsehe ha bohlankana

Ho nahanoa ka tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho nahanoa hore e ka hlaha ka karolo e 'ngoe ho tsoa ho bokhoni bo fokotsehileng ba ho thibela kapa ho laola takatso ea ho latela litlamorao tse tlisoang ke lithethefatsi, tse tsejoang e le bofokoli ba tšebetso bo phahameng.). Libaka tsa bongo tse amanang le tšebetso e phahameng li kenyelletsa dorsolateral PFC, dCsomedial PFC (), sebaka sa likoloi tsa tlatsetso ea pele () le PFC e tsamaisang motlakase (; Feie. 2). Bophelong ba batho ba baholo, PFC e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa molemong oa moputso oa subcortical le litsamaiso tse susumetsang (; ), ho kenyelletsa ho sebelisana le striatum (STR) le subthalamic nucleus (STN; ; Feie. 2).

Feie. 2 

Ho potoloha ka Neural ho tlatselletsang ho ba kotsing ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi lilemong tsa bocha. Likhopolo tsa hona joale mabapi le etiology ea SUD li bonts'a litlamorao ho tsoa ho tlhaelo-leseling ea tšebetso (A), ho phahamisa ho khothaletsa hoa likhakanyo tse amanang le lithethefatsi (B), le ...

5.1.1. Bopaki bo tsoang ho batho

Ho ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le batho ba baholo ba lemaletseng, litlolo tse tlase tsa PFC li hyper- E sebetsana le mekhoa ea tikoloho e amanang le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, empa hypo-e sebetsa nakong ea mesebetsi ea taolo ea inhibitory (). Ka ho se sebetse hantle joalo ka sebopeho sa SUD, lilemo tsa bocha li emela nako e ntlafalitsoeng ea ntlafatso ea litheko tsa tlhekefetso le phetoho ea ho lemalla.). Bokapele bo ka pele ha bo phethele tsoelo-pele ho fihlela qetellong ea bohlankana kapa bofelong ba lilemo tse mashome a mabeli (; ; ; ). Cancer e ntlafalitsoeng ea bokhoni ba kelello e ntlafatsa khokahano e ntlafalitsoeng lipakeng tsa marang-rang a thibelo le marang-rang a masapo (Karolo ea 5.2; ) hobane, ka karolo e kholo, ho eketsa myelination le kgokahanyo pakeng tsa libaka. Mohlala, lithuto tse nahanang li bonts'a hore taba e tšoeu e eketseha haholo kapa hanyane ka hanyane ho tloha bongoaneng ho fihlela e ba motho e moholo.; ), athe bophahamo ba taba ea bohlooho ka pele ho lobe bo hola ka mor'a bongoana kapa bohlankaneng, 'me bo theoha bongoaneng (; ).

Lithuto tse sebetsang tsa MRI (fMRI) li bonts'a hore bacha ka kakaretso ba bonts'a hypoactivity ho patrolara ea PFC, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), le dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) bapisoa le batho ba baholo nakong ea mesebetsi e etsang liqeto (; ). Libaka tsena tsa cortical li fana ka taolo e holimo-tlase ea thibelo ea libaka tse tlasa libaka, ho kenyeletsoa amygdala, NAc le dorsal STR (). Ka lebaka la PFC e sa le ngoana, bacha ba bonts'a maikutlo a bona a fokotsetse ts'ebetso ea cortical inhibition mme ba ikemiselitse ho etsa liqeto tse thehiloeng moputsong o mong, tse thehiloeng moputsong (; ; ; ). Ho se leka-lekane ha litsamaiso tsa bongoana tsa cortical le subcortical, tse nang le li-circry tse ngata tse ntlafatsang moputso, li hlalositsoe e le mohlala oa boits'oaro bo khahlisang (; ) 'me e khothalelitsoe ho bapala karolo ea ba kotsing ea bocha ho SUD.

5.1.2. Bopaki bo tsoang ho liphoofolo

Boithuto ba khale ba Goldman le Alexander bo ne bo le har'a ba pele ba ho bontša hore nts'etsopele ea PFC e liehile. Ka ho khetheha, lithuto tsa bongoana tsa pele ho bongoana, litheko tsa batho bao e seng batho li bontša hore PFC e sebetsa ka kholo ea thobalano (). Nts'etsopele ea ts'ebetso e phahameng ho liphoofolo e lekantsoe ka lebaka la ho rarahana ha mesebetsi ea boits'oaro, eo hangata e hlokang nako e eketsehileng ea koetliso ho feta nako e khutšoane ea bongoana e e lumellang (Karolo ea 3). Likhotong, o fumane hore bacha ba phela hanyane ka hanyane molemong oa ho feto-fetoha le maikutlo ho feta batho ba baholo, empa ba ne ba sa fapana ka bokhoni ba ho ithuta ba tsepamisitsoeng pele. Ka sebopeho, boko bo pherese bo bonts'a liphetoho tse bonojoana tsa bocha bathong. Keketseho ea letsoalo la lesapo la mokokotlo ho PFC e bonahala ka bacha ho tloha matsatsing a pele a bocha, mme kamora moo ea theoha (prune) ho tloha bocheng ho ea ho motho e moholo (). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, meahong e ikhethileng e kang amygdala, letsoalo la mokokotlo la dendritic le ba le methati pele ho bocha 'me le lula le tsitsitse ho tloha boseeng ho fihlela motho e moholo.). Amygdalar dendritic spines, leha ho le joalo, e amehile ka ho eketseha ha pubertal ka har'a lihormone tsa gonadal (). Phapang ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali e hlalositsoeng ka botlalo ka . Litekolo tsa boithuto ba likarolo tse ling tsa subcortical, joalo ka STR, li hlahlojoa likarolo tse latelang.

5.1.3. Mehato ea thibelo: ho holisa kholo ea kholo lilemong tsa bocha

Khothatso ea kholo e kholo e ka ba phehisano e sebetsang bakeng sa bacha ba kotsing ea SUD (). Boitšoaro bo bongata ba likotsi tsa PFC bo kopaneng bo ka lekana mefuteng ea batho le ea liphoofolo, joalo ka ho emisa lets'oao la ho; ; ), leha litapole tsena li hloka ho koetlisoa ho fetela lilemong tsa bocha. Mesebetsi e thehiloeng kelellong e joalo ka ho thuisa, yoga, kapa ho etsa liketso tsa papali ea ntoa ea sesole e ntlafatsa taolo ea taolo, ho boloka tlhokomelo e tsitsitseng, le taolo ea maikutlo (; ; ; ; ). Ts'ebetso tsena li eketsa ts'ebetso, botenya ba litaba tsa bohlooho, le botenya ba cortical ho mPFC, ACC le "cortex" e bonolo., ; ; , ). Ho kenella ka kelello ho na le katleho e itseng ho phekoleng SUD (; ; ), empa ho na le tlhoko ea ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le ho tsotella lintho e le tšireletso e thibelang bacha ba kotsing.

5.2. Khothatsoa le ho thetsisa

Khopolo ea bobeli mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea lihlahisoa e hlalosa ts'ebetso ea bohlokoa ho ho lemalla: ts'ebetso ea ho hlohlelletsoa, ​​kapa "ho batla" kapa takatso e susumetsoang e hlahisoang ke boko ke ts'usumetso e ntle tikolohong (; , ). Nakong ea phetoho ho tloha ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho ea ho tse ling, ts'ebetso e kholo ea ts'usumetso e hlahisoa ke litloaelo tse amanang le lithethefatsi ho fapana le likeletso tse ling tsa maemo a tikoloho (mohlala, lijo, litekanyetso tsa sechaba, jj.). Kahoo, ha nako e ntse e tsamaea, tšusumetso ea ho lelekisa lithethefatsi e feta litlhoko tse ling le mekhoa ea lithethefatsi e ntseng e eketseha ea boitšoaro. Marang-rang a salience a bonoe ke ho khutlisetsa lithuto tsa fMRI tsa khokahano ea mmuso, mme e kenyelletsa dorsal ACC, OFC, le cortex ea insular ka ho hokahana ha tsona ka matla le likarolo tsa subcortical le limbic (). Li-node tse ling tsa bohlokoa ka har'a marang-rang a masapo li kenyelletsa libaka tsa subcortical bakeng sa maikutlo, molao oa tsamaiso ea lapeng, le moputso (bona Feie. 2; ; ). Amygdala ka ho khetheha e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho khopeng lesapo, hape e boloka litlamorao kamora ho pheta-pheta ha maikutlo a lithethefatsi tse kahare ka tsusumetso ea kantle ea tikoloho (; ; ). Ha nako e ntse e tsamaea, likhoele tse nang le maemo a tlisoang ke lithethefatsi li lula li le ngata ka ho sebelisa libaka tsa cortical. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, libaka tsa libaka tsa cortical li ts'oara libaka tse amanang le moputso oa NAc, e amanang le ho hloka lithethefatsi, le STR, e amanang le boits'oaro / tloaelo ea ho batla lithethefatsi.

5.2.1. Bopaki bo tsoang ho batho

Nako ea bocha e tšoauoa ka mekhabiso e ikhethileng ea tšebetso ea neural le liphetoho phetohong ea bolulo le myelination kahare ho likarolo tsa boko tse tlatsetsang ho phahamiseng moetlo o matla mothating ona oa nts'etsopele (, ; ). Lithutong tsa fMRI, mekhoa ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea OFC ho bacha (ea lilemo li 13 ho isa ho tse 17) e tšoana hantle le ea bana (ba lilemo li 7 - 11) ho feta batho ba baholo (ba lilemo li 23-29; ). Ha ho bapisoa, karabelo ea NAc ea lilemong tsa bocha ea moputso o lebelletsoeng e tšoana hantle le ea batho ba baholo ho feta bana, leha NAc ea lilemong tsa bocha e ka ba e ts'oanang haholoanyane ha e bapisoa le lihlopha tse ling tsa lilemo (). Bacha ba boetse ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e kholo ea amydalar ho lifahleho tse tšosang (; ), sebaka se kenyang boholo ba masapo a lesela ().

Likamano tse sebetsang pakeng tsa amygdala le mPFC ha li hlahe ho fihlela li le lilemo li 10, mme li tsoelepele ho hola ho fihlela bonyane ho fihlela lilemo tse 23 (). Ka hona, banna le basali ba lilemong tsa bocha (ba lilemo tse 10-16) ba bonts'a khokahanyo ea mmuso e kopaneng ho li-network tsa amygdala-PFC, mme hoo e batlang e se kopanya pakeng tsa basolatal amygdala (BLA) le PFC ha ba bapisoa le batho ba baholo, ba fana ka tlhahiso ea hore litsela tsa cortico-amygdalar ha li e-so fihle. e holile ka botlalo (). Bacha ba ka ba ba sitoa ho hira libaka tse tšoanang le NAc le amygdala nakong ea mesebetsi e thehiloeng moputsong ha ba bapisoa le batho ba baholo.; ). Ho fapana le nts'etsopele ea khokahano ea cortical / subcortical, khokahano e ntle ea ts'ebetso lipakeng tsa amygdala le libaka tse ling tsa subcortical, ho kenyelletsa NAc le dorsal STR (caudate / putamen), e bonoa bongoaneng mme e lula e tsitsitse haholo ka ho ba motho e moholo.). Ka kakaretso, datha tsena li bonts'a hore lits'ebetso tsa subcortical li se li holile kapa li na le ts'usumetso e matla ea ho putsa ho se sebe nakong ea bocha, ha lits'ebetso tsa cortical li hloka nako e eketsehileng ea ho holisa mekhoa ea batho ba baholo.

5.2.2. Bopaki bo tsoang ho liphoofolo

Ho fapana le ts'ebetso ea botsamaisi, litšusumetso tsa ts'usumetso li ka hlahlojoa habonolo nakong ea bongoana. Bacha ba lumela hore ho ba le tšusumetso e kholo ho susumetso e nang le moputso, ho kenyelletsa le litheko tse amanang le lithethefatsi, ha li bapisoa le bacha kapa batho ba baholo. Likhoto tsa bocha li etsa khetho bakeng sa tikoloho e amanang le tekanyetso e tlase ea cocaine ho feta bana kapa batho ba baholo.; ; ) li khahlanong le ho felisoa ha li-cocaine tse amanang le koae, hape li khutlisetsa likhetho tsa sebaka sa cocaine ka tekanyo e kholo ho feta batho ba baholo.; ). Likhoto tsa lilemong tsa bocha li boetse li theha litakatso tsa tikoloho e amanang le nicotine kamora ho ikoetlisetsa tikoloho e le 'ngoe ea lithethefatsi, athe litheko tsa bongoaneng le tsa batho ba baholo li kanna tsa se ke tsa khetha likhetho le kamora ho pheta-pheta (; ; ). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, likarabo tsa boithati li bontša hore, ha ho bapisoa le batho ba baholo, likhoto tsa bocha li fumana ho itaola kapele (), fumana litlolo tse ngata tsa koae, li loantšana le ho felisoa hape li khutlisa ho batla koae ka mokhoa o bonolo (; ; ). Ntle le moo, likhoto tsa banna le tsa basali tse lilemong tsa bocha li ipha nikotine ho feta batho ba baholo (, ), le banna ba lilemong tsa bocha ba likhoto tse ipatang li itlhomme pele ho feta batho ba baholo (). Ka kopanelo, liphumano tsena li bonts'a hore matlafatso a matla a ho khothaletsa motho kapa bohlankana nakong ea bocha a thusa ho hlahisa litšobotsi tsa bohlokoa tsa ho ts'epahalloa ke ntho, ho kenyelletsa ho batla lithethefatsi tse matla, ho hanyetsa le ho khaotsa boitšoaro.

Ho nts'etsapele matšoao a potoloho le a dopaminergic ho ka thusa ho hlalosa ho ba le ts'usumetso e matla nakong ea bocha (; ). Lithuto tsa Lesion le inactivation li bonts'a bohlokoa ba NAc ho kenya ts'ebetso ea mantlha ea mantlha e amanang le moputso, athe BLA e bonahala e hlokahala bakeng sa ho boloka kh'outo ea ho se sebetse ka nako e telele (; ). Tlhahiso ea ho se ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso ho lithahasello tse amanang le lithethefatsi e tsamaisoa ke polelo e phahameng ea D1 ea phepelo ho tsoa ho PFC ho ea ho NAc (; ; ). Ha nako e ntse e tsamaea, litloaelo tse seng molaong tse amanang le lithethefatsi li lokolla dopamine ho NAc leha ho se na lithethefatsi (; ).

PFC e fetotsoeng → - → BLA le PFC → Khokahano ea NAc bohlankaneng e fana ka mekhoa e meng eo ka eona mekhoa e amanang le moputso e ntlafatsang litšusumetso, ho latela linako tsa bacha kapa tsa batho ba baholo. Sekhahla sa likhakanyo tsa axonal sea eketseha ka botsofali ho BLA → PFC (, ) le PFC → NAc () Litsela ho fihlela motho a se a le lilemong tsa bocha. Ka har'a BLA ka boeona, dendritic spineens density, bolelele, le ho rarahana ho eketseha sebakeng seo ho tloha nakong ea bongoana ho fihlela bocheng ba morao, le ho tsitsa botsofaling (). Tekanyetso ea dendritic e boetse e eketseha ka lipakanyo tsa nako e telele ho tloha BLA → mPFC ho tloha nakong ea bongoana ho fihlela motho e moholo (). Inhibitory GABAergic interneurons ho mPFC ke sepheo sa mantlha sa likhakanyo tsa BLA (), ho fana ka maikutlo a ho hola ha merero ea BLA → mPFC e koala nako e kholo ea nts'etsopele ea PFC. Maikemisetso a BLA a thabisang a eketsa cortical interneuron excuction mme qetellong a phahamisa molumo o thibelitsoeng oa PFC, o ka bang le litlamorao tse tlase tsa ho khanna NAc le mesebetsi e meng e etsoang ka thoko. Menahano ea Axonal e tsoang ho PFC), e fana ka tlhahiso e nchafatso ea tšebetso.

Liphetoho tsa meriana le tsona li etsahala lilemong tsa bocha tse thusang ho hlalosa phapang ea lilemo ka sebopeho sa salience (). Mohlala, mosebetsi oa rona (; ), le ba bang () e bonts'a hore li-receptor tsa dopamine li hlahisoa hanyane le hanyane ka nako ea bocha ka tsela ea ts'ebetso ea botona le botšehali e bonahala e ikemetse ka keketseho ea lihormone tsa "pubertal",, ). Haholo-holo, li-dopamine D1 le li-receptor tsa D2 ho STR li nyolohela maemong a holimo ho a batšehali ho feta a basali nakong ea bocha, mme D1 e lula e le maemong a phahameng ho banna nakong ea ho ba motho e moholo ho sa tsotellehe ho rongoa ho itseng (). Ho fapana le moo, li-dopamine D1 le li-D2 receptors tsa NAc ha li bontše mokhoa ona, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore polasetiki ea NAc e ka ikamahanya le maemo ho feta litlhoko tsa sistimi ea moputso ().

Li-receptor tsa Dopamine ka har'a mPFC le tsona li hlahisoa ka mokhoa o fapaneng lipakeng tsa phetoho lipakeng tsa bongoana, bohlankana le botsofali (,; ; ). Mohlala, li-receptors tsa D2 li fetoha ho tloha inhibitory li fetoha tse nyakallisang ho li-interneurons tsa parvalbumin ho mPFC nakong ea bocha (). Haholo-holo, mekhoa e hlahisang mats'oao a ho supa ha e tšoane libakeng tsohle tsa boko, joalo ka ha ho tlalehiloe litlalehong tseo eseng tsa batho (). Ho e-na le hoo, mekhoa e bonts'ang kahare ho potoloho ea motho ka mong e qala ka boikemelo. Mohlala, re fumana hore li-receptor tsa D1 li hlahisoa ka bongata ho glutamatergic, empa eseng GABAergic, li-neurons ho mPFC → NAc projeketso (). D1 e phahamisitsoeng mabapi le li-neurons tsa mPFC tse hlasimollang li amahanngoa le ho batla ho eketsehileng ha lithethefatsi, ho inkela, le ho ts'oara lithethefatsi, hammoho le boits'oaro bo amanang le bokhoba bo joalo ka ho batla bocha, ketso ea thobalano, likhetho tsa tatso e monate, le ho ts'oaroa (; ; ; ). Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ke Feie. 3, re bolela esale pele hore lithuto tse nang le bokhoni bo phahameng ba ho susumetsa ba sa le banyenyane li ka ba kotsing e kholo ea ho ba le SUD.

Feie. 3 

Kotsi ea phetoho ea bothateng ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (SUD). Ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi pele ho lilemo tse 14 e amahanngoa le kotsi e kholo ea ho hlaolela ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi kapa ho ikemela hamorao bophelong. Le ha ho le joalo, le ha batho ba bangata ba leka lithethefatsi, ke phetoho e nyane feela eo ba e etsang ...

Ha ho kopanngoa hammoho, liphumano tsena li bonts'a hore keketseho ea PFC ← - → BLA le PFC → Ho supa le ho hokahana nakong ea bocha ho ka etsa hore ho be le litšusumetso tse matla tse amanang le lithethefatsi. Re fana ka maikutlo a hore khopolo ea ho ba le ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso e thusa ho ts'oara mekhahlelo ea pele ea teko ea lithethefatsi tsa bongoana, ha ho ba kotsing ea ho holisa tloaelo (Karolo ea 5.3) e bonts'a kotsi ea phetoho ea ho lemalla.

5.2.3. Mehato ea thibelo: ho khothaletsa ho hlonepha ha bohlankana lilemong tsa bocha

Tšusumetso ea ts'usumetso e ka hlahlojoa ka bohona ka ho lekola thabo ea hedonic, ho lakatsa le ho rata liphetho le litheko tse amanang le tsona ((; ). Mehato e ithutoang haufinyane lilemong tsa bocha e kenyeletsa ho romellana melaetsa nakong ea takatso e matla ea ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea nikotine (), karolo e 'ngoe ka ho tsamaisa boits'oaro ho litso tse ling tsa bohlasoa. Ka mokhoa o mong o hanyetsanang, ho pepesehela liphihlelo tsa lipale le maikutlo a susumetsang ho fokotsa maikutlo le menyenyetsi ea moputso kapa litheko tse amanang le lithethefatsi, 'me re fana ka maikutlo a hore e ka emela menyetla ea thibelo ea SUD. Ho senoloa ha li-novelty joalo ka thibelo ea SUD ha ho so ka ho fuputsoa hantle ho batho. Leha ho le joalo, ho pepesehela tikolohong e ntlafalitsoeng le e ncha nakong ea bongoana le nako ea bocha liphoofolong ho fokotsa melemo e tlisoang ke lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso (; ; ), karolo ka ho fokotsa tšusumetso ea menahano e amanang le moputso () le ho boela o etsa bocha). Ho tsoa ponong ea molumo-ho-lerata, boiphihlelo ba tikoloho ea boqapi le tšusumetso li ka phahamisa boemo ba tšibollo ea semelo, ka tsela eo, ba fokotsa ts'oarelo ho moputso oa lithethefatsi le tšusumetso e ka bang teng ea litabatabelo tse amanang le lithethefatsi ho boits'oarong bo susumetsang.

5.3. Sebopeho sa tloaelo

Khopolo e 'ngoe e fana ka maikutlo a hore temallo e bonts'a phetoho ea taolo ea tlhaho ea boitšoaro ho tloha molemong oa ho ithuta o fetoletsoeng ka sepheo sa ho fetoha mokhoa o thehiloeng ho tloaelo (). Ho ithuta u tataisoa ke sepheo le ho nka liqeto ho hlalosa liqeto tse entsoeng ho latela tlatsetso ea tikoloho le boleng bo lumellanang le sephetho se lebelletsoeng (; ). Ha ho bapisoa, sebopeho sa tloaelo se boloka boits'oaro ho sa tsotelle sepheo kapa sepheo (; ), joalo ka tsela eo boitšoaro bo qalileng ka eona kapa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng "). Ho batho ba sebelisang lithethefatsi, ho batla lithethefatsi ho tsamaisoa ke takatso ea litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi, boitšoaro bo tataisoang ke sepheo. Kamora ho khahlisoa ha lithethefatsi khafetsa le tikoloho, litloaelo tse amanang le lithethefatsi li fetoha sesosa sa boits'oaro bo qetellang bo lebisang ho tlhekefetsong le tlhekefetso. Joalo ka tšebeliso ea tlhekefetso, likhakanyo tsa "limbic" tse amanang le "" Associative "le" "sensorimotor cortex" butle butle li nka karolo e tsoang ho "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "ts'ebeliso ea tlhekefetso."Feie. 2; ; ; ; ; ).

5.3.1. Bopaki bo tsoang ho batho

Moetso oa tloaelo o fana ka moralo oa bohlokoa oa ho bolela esale pele ho ba kotsing ea phetoho phetohong ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho isa ho ho itshetleha. Mekhoa e kang ho bapala 'mino le lipapali e bopeha habonolo pele ho nako ea bocha, ha likarolo tsa bokong tse ka tlase ho tsebo ena li ntse li hola. Leha ho le joalo, mohopolo o tšoanang o ka sebetsa le ho lithethefatsi tsa lithethefatsi. Mekhoa e meng e kotsi 'meleng, joalo ka ho shebella thelevishene haholo le ts'ebeliso ea tsoekere, e phehella haholo ha e thehiloe lilemong tsa bocha (; ). Le ha ho ts'epahala lintho hangata ho hlaha kamora lilemo tse 18, joalo ka ha re bonts'a Feie. 1, tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa pele (<lilemo tse 14; ; , 2015a,; ) e amahanngoa le kotsi e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea ho theha SUD.

Tšebeliso ea lintho tsa mantlha e ka tsamaisa phetoho ho SUD ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea mantlha ea potoloho e amanang le tloaelo bokong. Phetoho ea SUD e kopantsoe ke phetoho ea taolo ea neural ea boitšoaro ho tloha STR (NAc) ho ea ho dorsal STR, e nkoang e le "tikoloho" ea "boko" (). Bathong ba itšetlehileng ka lithethefatsi, lits'ebetso tsa lithethefatsi li lula li eketsa likarabo tsa BOLD ho STR, BLA, VTA, PFC, hippocampus, le NAc (; ; ; ). Ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi hampe, lits'ebetso tse amanang le lithethefatsi li kenya letsoho le ho eketsa tlhahiso ea dopamine ho STR ea dorsal (; ), sepheo se amanang le ho teba ha lithethefatsi ho feta ().

5.3.2. Bopaki bo tsoang ho liphoofolo

Mefuta ea liphoofolo e fana ka bopaki ba boholo ba tlholeho ea tloaelo le ho ts'oaroa ha STR nakong ea bohlankana. Mokhoa o mong oa ho ithuta tloaelo ho liphoofolo ke ho hlahloba karabelo e amoheloang, e supang litšenyehelo tsa ho lemalla ka lithupelo ho sebelisa lithethefatsi moo ho nang le ts'isinyeho e nyane ea motlakase (). Ke ~ 20% feela ea likhoto e tsoelang pele ho arabela lithethefatsi ha ho tsamaisoa ho tlangoa ka ho tsitsinyeha, ho lumellanang le liperesente tse akaretsang tsa batho ba ka bang le temallo (). Leha ho le joalo, ho ba thata ho etsa sena ho ka ba thata ho etsa joalo. Lithuto tse ling tsa liphoofolo mabapi le ho theha tloaelo li kenyelletsa boikoetliso bo fetang ba ho arabela bakeng sa matlafatso, e ntan'o ananeloa pele ho thuto.). Poleloana e reng “ea fokotsoa” e bolela ho tlosoa ha tšusumetso ea ho lelekisa matla; mohlala, haeba taba e le sati kapa e na le bohlasoa, e ke ke ea hlola e khothalletsoa ho sebeletsa lijo. Ha motho a tsoela pele ho araba a sa tšabe letho, sephetho sa hae se nkuoa e le ntho e sa nahaneleng kapa e le tloaelo. Bacha ha ba na taba le moputso ho feta batho ba baholo (; ; ). Boikemisetso ba ho etsa moputso oa phumano, hammoho le ho hanela ho timela (; ; ), fana ka tlhahiso ea matlafatso ea ntlafatso ea tloaelo bohlolong. Hang ha mokhoa o se o thehiloe, litloaelo tsa tikoloho tse amanang le boits'oaro li fetoha sesosa sa boitšoaro. Ho se sebetse hantle ha litšebeletso tsa tikoloho nakong ea bocha ho kena kahare ho ho tloaela tloaelo ea ho theha tloaelo, ho fana ka lithuto tse nyane tse kotsing ea ho ba le SUD ha ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e qala pele.

Lithuto tsa liphoofolo, joalo ka lithuto tsa batho, li bonts'a karolo e ntseng e eketseha ea STR ea dorsal ha tšebeliso e tloaelehileng ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi e hlaha. Boithuto ba ho ts'oara pampitšana bo senola likhokahano tse nyolohang joalo ka moea tse hokahanyang khetla ea "ventcedial" lec le konokono ho STR ea dorsolateral e eketsehileng.; ; ). Bokong ba morao-rao, likarolo tse ka thoko tsa STR ea dorsal li amohela likhakanyo tse tsoang libakeng tse ngata tsa PFC, ho kenyeletsoa mPFC, OFC, le ACC, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore dorsal STR e ka ba sebaka sa bohlokoa sa ho kopanya ts'ebetso ea cortical le subcortical (). Le ha ho fumanetsoa ha koae ho kopantsoe le liphetoho tsa metabolic ho "STR" ea nakoana, boits'oaro bo sa tloaelehang, bo ikamahanyang le ts'ebetso e kholo le ts'ebetso ea dopamine transporter (DAT) ka dorsal STR maemong a baholo.; ).

Likarabo tsa MRI tse sebetsang ho litheko tse amanang le lithethefatsi litoebeng tsa batho ba baholo kamora ho pepesetsoa ha koae e sa foleng li bonts'a bots'epehi bo makatsang ho liphetoho tsa batho ba bang le tse ling tsa fMRI, ho kenyelletsa le likarabo tse phahameng ho dorsal STR, NAc, mPFC, le cortex e kenang (; ). Liphetoho tse ts'oanang le phallo ea mali ha a arabela methapo e amanang le koae e fumanoa ha mochini o thellisang litho (PFC D1 receptors; ) ea eketseha ho PFC ka likhoto tse nyane (). Joaloka li-primates, ho ts'oara lithethefatsi khafetsa ka litoeba ho eketsa ho lokolloa ha dopamine ka har'a STR ea karabelo ho latela litheko tse amanang le lithethefatsi (). Thibelo ea STR ea dorsolateral, empa eseng NAc, e sitisa cocaine e kenyellelitsoeng ke cocaine ebile e thibela ho khutlisoa ha ho batla ho tlohela nako e telele (; ; ). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho senya ts'ebelisano e sebetsang pakeng tsa NAc le dorsolateral STR ho fokotsa ho batla koae e bolokiloeng ke kemiso ea tatellano ea bobeli, empa ha ho ame ho fumana ho itaola (). Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, bopaki bo fetolang mefuta eohle e hlahisa STR ea dorsal e le ea bohlokoa bakeng sa phetoho ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi.

Ho hlokahala liphuputso tse ling ho tseba hore na karolo ea dRIS dorsal STR e batla eng ho bacha ba batlang lithethefatsi. Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka likarolo tse ling tsa boko, STR ea dorsal e fetoha le liphetoho tse ikhethang tsa kholo nakong ea bohlankana. Litšoene tsa banna li bontša ho phahama ho hoholo le ho theoha ha dopamine D1 le li-receptor tsa D2 ho tloha bocheng ho ea ho motho e moholo ho feta likhoto tsa basali, le ha maemo a batho ba baholo ba mofuta o mong le o mong oa li-receptor a tšoana le tsa bong ka bobeli.; ; ). Ts'ebetso e sebetsang ea ho tsosa li-receptor tsa dopamine, maemong a cyclic AMP, le eona e phahamisoa nakong ea bocha ha e bapisoa le ho ba motho e moholo.). Tekanyetso ea letsatsi ea DAT e eketseha ka STR ho tloha bocheng ba pele ho fihlela e fihla sehlohlolong ka nako ea bocha.), mme kamora moo e fokotseha ka ho ba motho e moholo; empa bona ). Tumellanong le DAT, ho tsepamisa mohopolo dopamine ka har'a dRC ho eketseha ka nako ea bocha, leha ba ts'oara butle-butle ho P35 ka likhoto (), ebe o fetoha motho e moholo.). Dorsal STR e bonts'a ho thunya ho eketsehileng nakong ea tebello ea moputso ho bacha, phello e sa bonoeng ho batho ba baholo (). Ka bobeli, tlhaiso-leseling ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore nts'etsopele e sa khaotseng ea STR e ka baka tlokotsi ea ho tloaela tloaelo bocheng le kholisong ea bokhoba ba batho ba baholo, haeba lithethefatsi li etsoa mohlala pele ho nako.

5.3.3. Mehato ea thibelo: ho khothaletsa mekhoa e metle bocheng

Tekanyo e le 'ngoe ea ho theha boits'oaro bo itlhommeng pele ba tloaelo e ka emela sesosa sa kotsi sa SUD, mme e ka hlahlojoa ho batho le mehlala ea liphoofolo tse sebelisang lipapatso tse joalo ka phumatso ea moputso, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe pejana (; ; ). Kotsi ea mekhoa e amanang le lithethefatsi e ka khaotsoa ke ho qaptjoa ha litloaelo tse molemong oa 'mele, haholo-holo ho ikoetlisa. Ho batho ba nang le SUD, boikoetliso bo sebetsa hantle ho khothaletsa ho se ts'oenyehe le ho fokotsa ho khutla hape.; ). Baatlelete ba banna le ba batšehali ba sekolong se phahameng ha ba na monyetla oa ho sebelisa lithethefatsi tse seng molaong tse kang matekoane le cocaine (; ). Ho feta moo, sehlopha sa borobeli sa baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng ba nkang karolo lipuisanong tsa boikoetliso ha ba na monyetla oa ho sebelisa joala hampe kapa koae, esita le kamora ho latela likhoeli tse 12 (, ). Bana ba tšoanelehang ho ts'oara lintho tse ngata ba ntlafalitse taolo ea kutloisiso le lintlha tse kholo tsa bohlobe tsa STR (), ho fana ka maikutlo a ho ikoetlisa ho na le litlamorao tsa bohlokoa karolong ea "tloaelo" ea boko.

E ts'oanang le batho, ka litoeba tsa banna le basali ho fihlella mabili a matha ho fokotsa ho ts'oara koae le ho ts'oana le bo-heroin (; ; ; ; ). Wheel e tsamaeang nakong ea bocha e boetse e fokotsa tšebeliso ea nicotine e tšoanang lipakeng tsa likhoto tsa banna (basali ha baa ka ba hlahlojoa; ), le tšebeliso e ts'oanang ea koae ho li-rats tsa basali (banna ba ne ba sa hlahlojoe; ). Ho litoeba tsa batho ba baholo, boikoetliso ba aerobic bo eketsa maemo a bokong a "neurotrophic factor" (BDNF) ho STR (; ), hape le phosphorylated TrkB (BDNF receptor) le D2 receptor mRNA (). Leha ho le joalo, litlamorao tsa ts'ireletso ea boikoetliso ba pele ho nako (pele ho fensetere e tebileng ea bocha) bokong li hloka thuto e eketsehileng.

5.4. Ho sithabela ha khatello ea maikutlo le matlafatso a fosahetseng

Bopaki ba morao-rao bo supa hore khatello ea maikutlo e thusa ho bonts'a tšusumetso ea ts'usumetso e matla le ho hira potoloho e amanang le tloaelo nakong ea ho ithuta, e leng ho eketsang tlokotsi ea ho lemalla.; ; , ; ). Khopolo ea bone ho etiology SUD e fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e qobelloang e kenyelletsa ts'ehetso e mpe, kapa ho tlosoa ha boemo bo hlobaetsang ('meleng kapa kelellong), joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo. Ha nako e ntse e ea, litlamorao tsa hedonic tse bakoang ke ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ea sistimi ea moputso oa boko li ntse li hanyetsoa ka mokhoa o phahameng oa sistimi e khahlanong le moputso (mohanyetsi-mohato oa ho feto-fetoha; ). Ts'ebetso e nts'etsapele sebopeho sa naha e ncha e kopaneng ea mahlale ntlheng ea moputso (ke hore, keketseho ea se nkoang e le moputso) e le hore matlafatso a ntseng a eketseha a hlokahala ho boloka ts'ebetso e sebetsa, e lebisang tlhabisong e mpe ea lithethefatsi le nts'etsopele ea SUD. Lintlha tse phahameng haholo tsa moputso o moholo li ka tsamaisoa ke khatello ea boimana kapa bophelo ba pele (). Ho pepesehela khatello ea maikutlo ka hona ho ka emela mabaka a bohlokoa a phetoho ho tloha ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa pele ho itšetleha ka bacha.

5.4.1. Bopaki bo tsoang ho batho

Khatello ea maikutlo ke e 'ngoe ea lisosa tse tsebahalang haholo tsa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le ho its'epa pele (; ; , ). Bofutsana, boemo bo tlase ba moruo oa sechaba (SES), le nalane ea lelapa ea SUD le mafu a mang a kelello li amahanngoa le bokhoba ba tahi (; ; ). Le ha khatello ea maikutlo e amanang le lelapa le tlase la SES e bolela esale pele ka neuropathology bohlankaneng le botsofaling (), SES e phahameng e hokahane le SUD. Mohlala, SES ea bongoana e amahanngoa le ho tsuba ha motho a le lilemong tsa bocha le ho ba motho e moholo lilemong, empa SES ea bongoaneng e amana le tšebeliso ea joala, ho itlopa joala le tšebeliso ea matekoane.). Bacha le bacha ba baholo ba nang le SES e phahameng ba ka ba le monyetla oa ho itlopa joala le ho tsuba matekoane kapa koae (), ka lebaka la karolo e kenyang chelete e ngata e sebelisoang (ho sebelisa chelete; ).

Ntho e 'ngoe e kenyang letsoho ho SUD e ikemetseng ho SES ke khatello ea bophelo ba pele, hangata ka mokhoa oa tlhekefetso, ho lahleheloa ke mohlokomeli, kapa ho pepesehela koluoa ​​ea tlhaho. Matšoenyeho a bophelo ba mantlha a amahanngoa le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi pele ho nako hammoho le SUD botsofaling ba banyane (). Bacha ba nang le bokhoba ba tahi kapa ba lemalloang ho feta tekano ba ka ba le nalane ea ho hlekefetsoa 'meleng kapa ka thobalano.; ), 'me bacha ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi ba tlaleha khatello ea bophelo e phahameng haholo ho feta bacha ba sa tšepahaleng (). Ho pepesetsoa khatello ea maikutlo ea bophelo ba bongoaneng ho potlakisa ho qala ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng (), eo ka boeona e ka bang sesosa sa phetoho bakeng sa phetoho ea ts'ebeliso ea litheko (sheba Karolo ea 2).

Boithuto bo sebetsang ba MRI ho bacha ba batho bo bontša hore liphetoho tsa bophelo ba peleho li fetola liketso ho PFC le STR, e fella ka taolo e hlokofatsang ea kelello (). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, batho ba nang le ts'enyeho e matla ea pele-pele ba bonts'a ts'ebetso ea "STC (NAc)" ea mosebetsi nakong ea tebello ea moputso.). Ntle le liphetoho tsa PFC → STR, amygdala e bonts'a ts'ebetso e eketsehang lithutong tsa fMRI tsa batho le liphoofolong tse pepesitsoeng khatello ea bophelo ba pele (bo sa tsoa hlahlojoa ke ). Ka thuto ea meriana, thuto ea positron emission tomography (PET) e fana ka maikutlo a hore khatello ea maikutlo e matla e etsa hore dopamine e lokolloe kahare ho STR, haholo-holo ho batho ba tlalehang tlhokomelo e tlase ea batsoali (). Matšoenyeho a bophelo ba bongoaneng ka hona a ama ts'oaetso ea ho sebetsana le meputso, 'me ka katoloso e ka fetola karabelo ea motho ho lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso le kotsi ea bokhoba.

5.4.2. Bopaki bo tsoang ho liphoofolo

Tumellanong le mofuta oa allostasis, khatello ea bophelo ba bongoaneng e eketsa maikutlo a dysphoria, anhedonia, le matšoenyeho ka ho nyahlatsa tsamaiso ea moputso (; ), ho fana ka tlhahiso ea ho eketseha ha ntlha e behiloeng ea moputso. Mefuteng ea litoeba, khatello ea maikutlo ka karohano ea bo-mme e fokotsa ho arabela bakeng sa moputso ka ts'ebetso e ikhethileng ea boits'oaro (ICSS) (), mme e fokotsa kutloisiso ho boleng bo matlafatsang ba koae (; ; ). Ka lebaka leo, likhoto tse arohaneng tsa bo-mme kapa tse sa khetholloeng hantle li bonts'a tšebeliso ea cocaine le ethanol e le motho e moholo.; ; , , ; , ; ), leha litlamorao tsena tsa karohano li ipapisitse le nako le lilemo tse nepahetseng moo malinyane a arohaneng, hammoho le thobalano. Mohlala, tse tšehali li bonts'a ntlafatso e kholo ea taolo ea koae, empa ha ho phetoho ts'ebelisong ea ethanol, ho feta banna ba latelang karohano ea pele (; , ; ; ).

Ntle le ho eketsa ntlha e behiloeng ea moputso, khatello ea bophelo ba peleho e ka tsamaisa phetoho ho tloha tšebeliso ea litekanyetso tsa liteko ho ea ho SUD ka ho eketsa sekhahla sa tšusumetso e amanang le moputso. Matšoenyeho a bophelo ba ho tloha boseeng (ho nyahlatsoa ha tlhokomelo ea bo-mme) ho ntlafatsa seriti sa litekanyetso tsa lijo tse monate ha e se e le motho e moholo (), e ka ananeloang ke li-receptor tse nkiloeng tsa PFC D1 mererong ea NAc (). Matšoenyeho a bophelo ba bongoaneng a ka boela a baka ho theoa ha tloaelo (; ). Ka bobeli batho le litoeba tse pepesitsoeng khatello ea maikutlo e sa feleng ba eketsa mokhoa o tataisang ho arabela ka tšusumetso, o matlafatsang ho feta karabelo e tataisoang ke sepheo (; ; ; ), e ka eketsang kotsi ea SUD (bona Karolo ea 5.3).

Bocha ka boeona e ka ba nako e thata ho litlamorao tsa khatello ea maikutlo. Ho imeloa kelellong le khatello ea kelello ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo (HPA), e qalang le ho felisa karabelo ea 'mele ka khatello e mpe ea maikutlo (; ), e phahama lilemong tsa bocha (). Likhoto tsa lilemong tsa bocha, haholo-holo ba batšehali, li arabela haholo ho khatello ea maikutlo 'me li nka nako e teletsana hore li khutlele morao kamora ho qholotsoa (; ; ). Ka boitsoaro, likhoto tse nang le nalane ea bo-mme ea ho arohana li bonts'a boitšoaro bo potlakileng le boits'oaro bo matla tikolohong e ncha (; ). fana ka tlhahlobo e qaqileng haholoanyane ea litlamorao tsa khatello ea maikutlo le ho hlekefetsoa bongoaneng ka ha e amana le nako ea bohlankana e tiileng.

Kameho ea nako e telele ea khatello ea maikutlo nakong ea kholo e kanna ea fapana le ea khatello ea maikutlo ho batho ba baholo (; ). Litholoana tsa khatello ea maikutlo li its'etleha boemong ba kholo ea boko ka linako tse fapaneng tsa kholo mme hangata ha li bonahale ka botlalo ho fihlela bohlankaneng kapa hamorao (, ; ). Meaho e tlholehileng hanyane ka hanyane e ntse e hola ka nako e telele.). Leha e le NAc kapa hippocampus, e kopanyang ts'ebetso ea moputso "ho rata" (), nts'etsopele ka mora ho pepesetsoa khatello ea maikutlo bophelong ba bongoaneng (; ; ). Ntle le moo, phokotso ea polelo ea li-receptor ea D1 mabapi le mPFC, ), hape e ka emela boemo bo sithabetsang bo amang maemo (). Matšoenyeho a sa feleng a boetse a fokotsa dendritic branching le / kapa masapo a lesapo la mokokotlo ho mPFC le dorsomedial STR (ho kenyeletsoa NAc; ; ; ; ; ; empa bona ). Ho fapana le hoo, khatello ea maikutlo e sa foleng e eketsa lekala la dendritic ho OFC le dorsolateral STR, e qetellang e amehile ka boits'oaro bo khannoang ke (; ).

Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, liphumano tsena tse kaholimo li bonts'a khatello ea maikutlo ea bophelo bo sa foleng kapa ba bongoana e fetola khatello ea kholo ea nts'etsopele ea leural mme e ka eketsa kotsi ea SUD (Feie. 3), mohlomong ka ho eketsa lintlha tse behiloeng ke moputso, boits'oaro bo matla ba litlhahiso tse amanang le lithethefatsi, le boits'oaro ba ho theha mekhoa ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi Motsoako oa lisosa tsena tse phahameng tsa kotsi le PFC e sa tsitsang nakong ea bohlankana bo ka eketsa ts'oaetso ea motho phetohong ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, hang ha litlhare li sampole.

5.4.3. Mehato ea thibelo: ho khothaletsa taolo ea maikutlo lilemong tsa bocha

Ho pepesetsoa khatello ea maikutlo bophelong ba bongoaneng ho eketsa kotsi ea ho qala ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi bongoaneng le hamorao ea ho fetohela ho ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. National Child Traumatic Stress Network (2008) e bontša hore ngoana a le mong ho ba bane le bacha ba hlaheloa ke ntho e bohloko pele ba lilemo tse 16 (), ho etsa hore ho be bohlokoa ho khetholla le ho kenella lithutong tse kotsing. Reaction ea khatello ea motho ka mong e ka hlalosoa e le sesosa sa kotsi bakeng sa SUD ka ho hlahloba khatello ea maikutlo, tšabo le likarabo tse ling tsa 'mele, le maemong a bulehileng le litlhahlobo tse phahameng tsa maze (; ; ; ). Mekhoa e fokotsang ho hlasimoloha le ho khothaletsa taolo ea maikutlo, joalo ka yoga, ho thuisa, ho ikoetlisa le ts'ehetso ea sechaba e ka thusa ho loants'a litlamorao tsa khatello ea maikutlo bophelong ba bongoaneng le lilemong tsa bocha (; ; ; ; ). Litšebelisong, ho ruisa tikoloho nakong ea bokhachane kapa ea bongoana (ka mokhoa oa ho bapala, matlo a majabajaba, le matlo a boiketlo ba batho) ho khutlisetsa litlamorao tsa khatello ea pele ho bophelo ba pele le tlhaho ea pele ho mosebetsi oa mokokotlo oa HPA Karabo le likarabo tsa (; ; ). Habohlokoa le ho feta, ho bohlokoa hore ho kenelletse ts'ebetso ea thibelo e kenngoe pele ho nako ea bophelo ba hae, pele mocha a tsotella ho hlaha, e le hore a atlehe haholo.

6. Liphello

Ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ke bothata bo boholo ba bophelo bo botle ba sechaba bo hakanngoang ho ja chelete e fetang US limilione tse likete tse likete tse 600 selemo se seng le se seng (). Kaha ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa pele e eketsa kotsi ea SUD makhetlo a mane, ho bohlokoa ho khetholla le ho kenella le batho ba nang le kotsi e kholo pele ho itšetleha ka matla. Nako ea bocha e bonts'a nako e anngoeng e tebileng ha maemo a poteletseng a susumetsang, ho theha tloaelo le khatello ea maikutlo li le kotsing e ikhethang ea ho ts'oaroa ke lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, ka karolo e 'ngoe ka lebaka la taolo e fokolisitsoeng ea cortical le drive e phahameng ea litsamaiso tse tlasa bohlasoa. Likhopolo tsa morao-rao tse mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea ho ts'epahalla lintho tse itseng li fana ka leseli la hore na menyetla ea kotsi e ka etsa hore mocha a be kotsing ea phetoho ea ts'ebeliso ea litekanyetso kapa litheko ke efe. Ka ho tseba ba kotsing e haufi, ho kenella ho ka thibela ts'oaetso. Patlisiso e eketsehileng e shebaneng le nako ea bongoana le ea bongoana e hlokahala ho utloisisa likamano tsa botona le botšehali kotsing ea ho ts'ehetsoa ke litheko le ho fumana mehato e thibelang pele ea SUD.

Liteboho

Mosebetsi ona o tšehelitsoe ke National Institutes of Drug Abuse DA-10543 le DA-026485 (ho ea ho SLA) le ke John A. Kaneb Young Inarcherator Award (ho ea CJJ). Re leboha Dr. Heather Brenhouse ka data e hlahisitsoeng Setšoantšo sa 3A.

khutsufalitsoeng

ACCCortrate ea Anterior
ACTHHormone ea adrenocorticotropic
ADHDAttention-Deficit / Bohloko bo Ferekanyang kelello
BLAAmygdala ea Basolateral
BNSTNucleus ea bethe ea Stria terminalis
CampPotoloho ea AMP
CKKam-Kinase II
CRFCorticotropin E lokollang Factor
DATTransporter ea Dopamine
fMRITs'ebetso ea Magnetic Resonance Imaging
HPAHypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal
mPFCCortex ea Medial Pele
MRILitšoantšo tsa Magnetic Resonance
NAcNucleus Accumbens
OFCOrbitof Pambal Cortex
PETPositron Emission Tomography
PFCPele Cortex
P (#)Letsatsi la ka morao ho Natala
SERTMofetoleli oa Serotonin
SESBoemo ba Socioeconomic
STNNyutlelie ea Subthalamic
STRStriatum
SudPhokotso ea Tšebeliso ea Lithethefatsi
VTASebaka sa Tefo ea Ventral
 

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

 

Phatlalatso ea phaello

Bangoli ha ba na lithahasello tsa tlholisano le tlhahlobo ea hajoale.

 

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