Sensitivity ho ethanol le lintho tse ling tse hlahisang hedonic ka mohlala oa liphoofolo tsa bocha: sepheo sa ho thibela saense? (2010)

Dev Psychobiol. 2010 Apr;52(3):236-43.

Spear LP, Varlinskaya EI.

mohloli o moholo

Lefapha la Psychology, Setsi sa Nts'etsopele le Boitšoaro ba Boitšoaro, Univesithi ea Binghamton, University University ea New York, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA. [imeile e sirelelitsoe]

inahaneloang

Mekhoa e amanang le lilemo ea ho hlaka takatso ea takatso ea takatso ea takatso le e nyarosang ho bonahala e na le metso e tebileng ea ho iphetola ha lintho, e nang le liphetoho tse bonts'itsoeng nakong ea bocha lits'ebetsong tse 'maloa tsa boko ba khale bo bohlokoa bakeng sa ho susumetsa le ho tsamaisa boits'oaro bo amanang le moputso. Sebelisa mofuta o bonolo oa phoofolo ea lilemong tsa bocha ka har'a rat, bacha ba bontšitsoe hore ba tebile ho feta balekane ba bona ba baholo ho litlamorao tse ntle tsa joala, lithethefatsi tse ling, le maikutlo a mang a tlhaho, ha ba sa tsotelle maemo a hlohlelletsang a joalo. Maikutlo a tloaelo a boloi ba lilemong tsa bocha a ka eketsoa le ho feta ke nalane ea khatello ea maikutlo kapa ho pepesetsoa joala hammoho le ho ba kotsing ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, ho lumella maemo a phahameng a ts'ebeliso ea lino tse tahang ea bocha mohlomong le monyetla o eketsehileng oa ho hlaha ha mathata a tlhekefetso. Litlamorao tse ngata tse ka bang teng (leha ho le joalo) li le teng lipatlisisong tsena tsa mantlha tsa boithuto ba mahlale a thibelo li nkuoa.

Keywords: lilemong tsa bocha, neurobehaisheral, mehlala ea liphoofolo, rat, joala, lithethefatsi hampe

Selelekela

Nako ea bocha ke phetoho ea kholo lipakeng tsa ho se tsitse le kholo ea kholo ea bokhachane e bonts'itsoeng ho ho kena bohlankaneng le liphetoho tsa lihormone le tsa mmele tse lebisang ho mofetsong oa thobalano, hammoho le liphetoho tse ling tsa lihormone le kholo e holang. Patlisiso ea morao-rao e boetse e lebisitse tlhokomelong ea hore boko bo fetoha ka mokhoa o hlakileng lipakeng tsa bocha — liphetoho tse fetolang kutloisiso ea rona ka boits'oaro bo tloaelehileng ba bohlankana. Ho makatsang ke hore liphetoho tsena tse fetoletsoeng ka bongata, tsa 'mele, tsa tlhaho, tsa tlhaho le tsa boitšoaro li fetoloa ka mokhoa o makatsang nakong ea ho iphetola ha lintho, ka ho tšoana ho hongata ka sebopeho sa liphetoho tse tšoanang le tsa bocha tse bonoang mefuta eohle ea liphoofolo tse anyesang. Spear, 2010, bakeng sa lipuisano tse ling). Bolelele ba phetoho ena ea nts'etsopele hangata bo lekana le nako ea bophelo ba mefuta leha e le hore, ha ho na ketsahalo e le 'ngoe e bonts'ang ho qaleha kapa ho felisoa ha bohlankana, ho thata ho tseba hore na nako ea bocha e tla ba neng ka nako efe kapa efe. Mohlala, leha RNUMX ea khoeli ea khoeli e hlakile hantle nakong ea bongoana, matsatsi a kamora ho beleha (P) 1-28 ka mokhoa o hlalosoang e le bongoana bo tsoelang pele ho likhoto, li-harbinger tsa pele tsa bocha li ka bonoa kapele ho P42-22 ho basali. , le litselana tse ling tsa tloaelo ea bocha tse tšoarellang ho fihlela P23 kapa joalo ka har'a likhoto tsa banna (bona Spear, 2000, bakeng sa lipuisano).

Ho ts'oana ho joalo ho bacha ba mefuta e fapaneng ea lintho tsa tlhaho le boits'oaro bo ts'ehetsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea mehlala ea liphoofolo nakong ea bocha ha ho hlahlojoa bafani ba neural le tikoloho ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebetso ea bongoana. Ho joalo, ho rarahana ka botlalo ha boko ba motho le ts'ebetso ea boits'oaro nakong ea bocha (kapa nakong efe kapa efe ea bophelo, bakeng sa taba eo) e ke ke ea fetoloa ka botlalo mefuta e meng, ka hona ho nepahala ha mofuta ofe kapa ofe oa bongoana ho hloka ho nahanoa ka hloko, 'me ho bohlokoa haholo ho ipapisitse le karolo ea bohlankana nakong ea lipatlisiso.

Sengoloa se teng hona joale se bua ka liphetoho tsa neural le likarolo tsa boitšoaro tse bolokiloeng haholo ho mefuta eohle nakong ea bocha. Morero o ka sehloohong oa sengolo sena ke ho tšohla likamano lipakeng tsa liphetoho tsa bongoana tse tloaelehileng tsa bocha le tšebeliso ea ethanol le kutloisiso ea litlamorao tsa ethanol nakong ena ea nts'etsopele.

Liphetoho tse tlisoang ke ho ba lilemong tsa bocha

Ho Boloka Phetoho Bophelong

Boko ba bongoana bo bona litšoantšo tse hlakileng tse ikhethang tikolohong le tse ikhethang, 'me li boloketsoe mefuta eohle ea liphoofolo. Mekhoa e mengata ea mantlha ea boko e bileng teng ka tlase ho boitšoaro ba motho e qalile lilemong tse limilione tse fetileng. Lintho tse tšoanang le tsa Boko tse bolokiloeng ho mefuta eohle ea liphoofolo tse anyesang li kenyelletsa metheo ea sebopeho sa bokong le tikoloho, le linako tse amanang nakong ea bokhachane ha liphetoho tse tloaelehileng tsa nts'etsopele li etsahala bokong. Liphetoho tsena tsa nts'etsopele li kenyelletsa ho fokotseha ho amanang le bongoana 'meleng oa lisele tse nang le botenya, taba ea bohloeki libakeng tse ling tsa boko le tse ling. Ho fokotseha ho joalo hoa letsoele ka taba ea bohlooho ho ka bakoa ke karolo ea ho eketseha ha pruning ea lipakeng (ka likhakanyo tse fihlang ho likhokahano tsa synaptic li ka lahleha nakong ea bocha libakeng tse ling tsa cortical ka li-primates; Bourgeois, Goldman-Rakic, & Rakic, 1994), apoptosis ea tikoloho e khethehileng (lefutso la lefutso le etselitsoeng liphatsa tsa lefutso; Markham, Morris, le Juraska, 2007), le nts'etsopele ea nts'etsopele ea litheko tsa neurogeneisis (He & Crews, 2007), le keketseho ea karoloana ea karolo ea boko e arolelanoang le taba e tšoeu e amanang le maqhutsu a tsoelang pele (bona Basebetsi, He, & Hodge, 2007, bakeng sa tlhahlobo). Ka lebaka ntle le pelaelo karolo e 'ngoe ea ho fokotseha hoa lipalo tsa li-axaptic tsa theko e phahameng tsa metabolism le ho eketseha ha tekanyo ea li-axel tse theko e phahameng tsa theko, ho na le phokotso ea nts'etsopele ea palo ea matla le oksijene tse hlokahalang ho etsa tšebetso ea boko ho tloha boseeng ho fihlela hoseng. nako ea bocha, ka tlhoko ea matla e ntse e fokotseha hanyane ka hanyane lilemong tsa bocha ho fihlela litekanyetso tse tlase tsa "metabolism" ea motho e moholo ea sebetsang hantle (Chugani, 1996).

Har'a likarolo tse tummeng tsa boko tse ntseng li fetoha nakong ea bocha ke libaka tse ngata tsa khale tsa boko tse etsang methapo e meholo ho maikutlo a methapo ea kutlo le khothatso bakeng sa meputso ea tlhaho e kang ho susumetsa sechaba, bocha le likotsi, mme seo se kanna sa qaptjoa ke lintho tse sa tloaelehang meputso, joalo ka joala le lithethefatsi tse ling tsa tlhekefetso. Tsena li kenyelletsa libaka tse 'maloa tsa forebrain tse fumanang karabelo ea dopamine (DA) ho tsoa sebakeng sa ho kenella ka mokokotlo le substantia nigra-libaka tse kenyelletsang likarolo tsa cortex ea pele, li-nucleus accumbens, amygdala le dorsal striatum. Har'a liphetoho tse joalo ke liphetoho tse kholo ho likarolo tsa DA le cannabinoid (CB) tsa lits'ebetso tsena tsa forebrain motivational / moputso, ka 50% kapa ho theoha ho hoholo ha matla a tlamang a li-subtypes tse ling tsa DA le li-CB receptors libakeng tse ling tsa boko pakeng tsa bocha le ho ba motho e moholo. , Rodríguez de Fonseca, Ramos, Bonnin, le Fernández-Ruiz, 1993; Tarazi & Baldessarini, 2000; Teicher, Krenzel, Thompson, & Andersen, 2003), mmoho le liphetoho tse supu, habeli ho isa ho tse supileng, liphetoho maemong a DA a fumanehang hangata - a bitsoang "dopamine tone" (mohlala, Andersen, 2002).

Bohlokoa ba Liphetoho tsa Boko ba Bacha

Ho cheka ha bongoana ha bocha ho ka ba le litlamorao tse ngata tse sebetsang bakeng sa mocha. Ehlile ts'ebetso e le 'ngoe ea ho penta ha boko lilemong tsa bocha ke ho fetola polasetiki, empa e sa sebetse hantle, bokong bokoto hore e be ts'ebetso e sebetsang hantle, e shebahalang e fokola ea polasetiki, e nang le ts'ehetso ea tšehetso ea batho ba baholo ba tloaetseng ho etsa lintho ka tloaelo le boits'oaro. Spear, 2010, bakeng sa lipuisano le litšupiso). Kannete, liphetoho tsa nts'etsopele ea mekhoa ea ts'ebetso libakeng tse itseng tsa boko nakong ea bocha li amahanngoa le tsoelopele ea kelello le maikutlo tse tsoelang pele (bona. Rubia et al., 2006). Ts'ebetso e 'ngoe e kholo ea liphetoho tsa bongoana tse tšoanang le bongoana, haholo-holo ho li-hypothalamus le li-circry tse kopaneng, ke ho baka tsoalo ea lihormone, ka hona ho tsosa mohopolo oa ho ikatisa ho tsa thobalano mohlomong le ho khothaletsa phetoho e amanang le bongoana ea libaka tse ling tsa boko ka mekhoa e nepahetseng ea thobalano (Sisk & Zehr, 2005).

Ehlile, le nakong ea methati e potlakileng haholo ea ho nchafatsa, boko ba bongoana bo tlameha ho etsa ho feta, leha e le ho sebeletsa e le karoloana ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea batho ba baholo e lokelang ho ts'ehetsa ts'ebetso ea bongoana le eona. Ha re fuoa liphetoho tse ntlafatsang tse etsahalang ka nako ena libakeng tse lebelo la maemo a bohlokoa bakeng sa ho fetola mekhoa ea ho fumana meputso e joalo ka tšusumetso ea sechaba, litaba tsa bocha, le likotsi, ha ho makatse hore ebe liphetoho tsena tsa neural li amana le keketseho e ikhethang ea nako e telele ea litšebelisano tsa sechaba le likamano tsa lithaka. , hammoho le keketseho ea boits'oaro bo sa tloaelehang le boits'oaro bo behang kotsing (bona Spear, 2007 bakeng sa tlhahlobo). Boitšoaro bona bo ikhethileng ba lilemo li bonoa ho bacha ba mefuta e mengata e fapaneng 'me ho khothalelitsoe hore, kapa ba bile le eona, melemo e mengata e lumellanang bakeng sa mocha. Melemo e joalo e ka kenyeletsa tšebelisano-'meng e ntlafalitsoeng ea bokhoni ba sechaba, tšehetso ea sechaba, le tataiso ea boitšoaro bo ikhethileng (Harris, 1995), ka ho batla bocha / ho nka tlokotsi ho khothalelitsoe ho khothaletsa kamohelo ea lithaka le tšusumetso ea ho batla hole le sebaka sa lehae, ho thusa ts'ebetsong ea ho falla, ka ho etsa joalo u qoba ho inbreeding le litlamorao tse mpe (Spear, 2000; Wilson & Daly, 1985).

Ntle le ho sebetsa joalo ka karolo e hlokahalang bakeng sa nts'etsopele e nepahetseng ea batho ba baholo ha e ntse e ts'ehetsa kelello le boits'oaro bo sebetsang nakong ea bocha, ho nchafatsoa ha boko ba bocha le hona ho ka ba le litlamorao tse tlatselletsang. Mohlala, hara litsamaiso tsa neural tse fetohelang phetohong ea bongoana ho na le tse ngata tse anngoeng ke ethanol le lithethefatsi tse ling tsa tlhekefetso, tse ka fetohang kutloelo-bohloko le ho ikamahanya le lintho tsena nakong ea bocha, 'me tsa ba le tšusumetso e matla bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea tsona.

Ts'ebeliso ea Ethanol le Sensitivity Nakong ea Bocha

Ho noha joala hangata ho qala nakong ea bohlankana, ka tšebeliso e itseng ea joala e tloaelehile ke lilemo tse ka bang 14 tsa United States, pele ho lilemo tsa molao tsa ho nooa. Tšebeliso e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea joala har'a 12- ho ea lilemo li 20 e batla e le habeli ho feta ea ba noeleng ka molao (Ts'ebeliso e Mpe ea Ts'ebeliso e Mpe ea Ts'ebeliso e Mpe ea Ts'ebeliso ea Litšebeletso tsa Bophelo ba kelello, 2006). Ho nwa joala bo phahamisitsoeng nakong ea bocha ha ho bonoe feela ho bacha ba batho, empa khafetsa ho bacha ba mefuta e meng hape. Mohlala, maemong a 'maloa, likhoto tsa bocha li noa habeli ho isa ho tse tharo ho feta balekane ba bona ba baholo (mohlala, Doremus, Brunell, Rajendran, & Spear, 2005).

Ho Utloa Boikutlo ka Litlamorao tse Amang tsa Ethanol hara Bacha

Liphuputso tsa liphoofolo li bontšitse hore bacha ha ba noe ka boithaopo feela ho feta tekano ho feta batho ba baholo tlasa maemo a mangata, empa hape ba fapana ka maikutlo a bona a fapaneng a litlamorao tsa joala. Mohlala, likhoto tsa bocha li bontšitsoe hore ha li na kutloelo-bohloko ho feta batho ba baholo ho litlamorao tse ngata tse sa batloeng ke joala tseo ka tloaelo e ka bang mokhoa oa ho noella haholo. Litholoana tsena li kenyelletsa inhibition ea sechaba e amanang le ethanol.Varlinskaya & Lerumo, 2002), sedation (Draski, Bice, & Deitrich, 2001; Moy, Duncan, Knapp, & Breese, 1998; Silveri & Spear, 1998), ho senyeha ha koloi (White et al., 2002), le litlamorao tse mpe (Doremus, Brunell, Varlinskaya, & Spear, 2003; Varlinskaya & Lerumo, 2004). Litlamorao tsa dysphoric joalo ka ha li hlahlojoa ka mokhoa o amanang le tatso tse amanang le joala tse amanang le joala le tsona li fumanoe li sa buuoe haholo lilemong tsa bocha ho feta batho ba baholo, bacha ba hloka litekanyetso tse phahameng le likhahla tsa tatso ea mofuta o mocha le ethanol ho nts'etsapele tatso eo.Anderson, Varlinskaya, & Spear, 2008). Ka kakaretso ha ho khonehe ho hlahloba hore na ho hloka matla ho tšoanang ha ethanol ho bonoa ho bacha, ho fanoa ka litšitiso tsa boitšoaro tse khahlano le ho fa bacha joala. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le thuto ea pele ea Behar et al. (1983) e ileng ea fana ka tekanyetso ea ethanol e hlahisang litekanyetso tsa joala ba mali (BALs) lethathamong la tšebeliso e itekanetseng ho sehlopha sa bashanyana ba 8- ho 15 ea lilemo tse ngata mme ea ba fa liteko tse 'maloa tsa botaoa. Ho makatsang hore ebe bafuputsi bana ba ile ba makatsoa ke hore bashanyana ba ile ba bontša hore o tahiloe ha a supuoa hofihlella, litleliniking kapa litekong tsa 'mele tsa ho tahoa. Ba hlokometse hore ba ile ba khahloa ke phetoho e nyane ea boits'oaro baneng… kamora ho nooa joala jo bo neng bo noele batho ba baholo (Behar et al., 1983, p 407). Kahoo, ha ho ntse ho etsoa lipatlisiso tse fokolang, bopaki bo sa lekanyetsoang ho fihlela joale bo fana ka maikutlo a hore kutloisiso ea kutlo le litlamorao tse mpe tsa ethanol mehlaleng e bonolo ea liphoofolo ea lilemong tsa bocha lere e ka ba tšobotsi ea lilemong tsa bocha tsa motho. Mocha oa ho se tsotelle melemo ea ethanol eo hangata e sebelisang ho nooa ka ho lekana o lumellana le keketseho e tsebahalang ea ho itlopa joala ho bocha ea batho ba lilemong tsa bocha (Johnston, O'Malley, Bachman, & Schulenberg, 2007), le ya data e boletsoeng pejana hore bacha ba nwa ka karolelano ea makhetlo a imenneng habeli ho feta ka batho ba baholo.

Boithuto lipapatsong tsa bocha bo fana ka maikutlo a hore ho hloka kutloelo-bohloko hoa bacha lilemong tsena tse tahang le tse nyahamisang tsa ethanol ho ka eketsoa le ho feta ke khatello ea maikutlo kapa nalane ea ts'ebeliso ea pele ea ethanol. Mohlala, maemo a phahameng a ho pepeseha joala a hlokahala bakeng sa ho hatella boits'oaro ba bochaba ho bacha ho feta batho ba baholo; kutloisiso ena ho litlamorao tse sithabetsang tsa bophelo ba ethanol e bonahala har'a bacha le ho feta kamora matsatsi a 5 a khatello ea maikutlo a phetoang (Doremus-Fitzwater, Varlinskaya, & Spear, 2007). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho pepesoa ho sa feleng hoa ethanol ho tlalehiloe ho etsa hore ho be le mamello litlamorao le tse susumetsang tsa ethanol har'a bacha.Diaz-Granados le Graham, 2007; Swartzwelder, Richardson, Markwiese-Foerch, Wilson, & Little, 1998), ka hona ho fetisa maikutlo a boluoa ho bacha mabapi le litlamorao tsena tsa ethanol. Leha ho le joalo, le ha ho hlakile hore tlasa maemo a mang, ho pepeseha hoa ethanol khafetsa ho etsa hore ho be le mamello e sa feleng bathong ba lilemong tsa bocha, ho tsoela pele ho fumana ho hloka botsitso ha ethanol, mamello e sa foleng hangata e hlaha ho batho ba baholo hape, mme datha li kopantsoe joalo ka ha eka polelo ea mamello e sa feleng e feta (mohlala. , Diaz-Granados le Graham, 2007) kapa ka tlase (mohlala, Ristuccia & Spear, 2005) e bitsoa, kapa e hlahisitsoe ka mokhoa o tšoanang (mohlala, Varlinskaya & Lerumo, 2007), har'a bacha ba amanang le liphoofolo tse holileng tsebong.

Senseitivity ea lilemong tsa bocha e anngoeng ke ho ba le takatso ea ho fumana takatso / moputso nakong ea bocha.

Ho fapana le maikutlo a kenelletseng ao bacha ba a bonts'ang litlamorao tse ngata tse nyahamisang, tse sa thabiseng, tse thibelang maikutlo, le tse tsietsang tsa ethanol ha li bapisoa le batho ba baholo, bacha ba tsotella litlamorao tse 'maloa tse khethiloeng tsa ethanol. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, likhoto tsa bocha li bontšitsoe ke sehlopha sa Swartzwelder hore se tebile ho feta batho ba baholo ho pherekano e bakoang ke polanete ea boko (indexed electrophysiologically ho latela ts'ebetso ea nako e telele) le ts'ebetso ea memori moleng oa metsi oa sepakapaka (Morris). (Bona White & Swartzwelder, 2005, bakeng sa tlhahlobo). Kutloisiso e tšoanang e ntlafalitsoeng ea ts'ebetso ea memori e amanang le ethanol e ile ea bonahala le ho bacha ha ba qeta ho fihlela lilemo tsa ho nwa ka molao (21 - lilemo tsa 25) ha ba ne ba bapisoa le sehlopha sa batho ba baholo ba baholo (lilemo tsa 25-29) mabapi le ts'ebetso ka ho ithuta ka molomo le ho se bue ka molomo le ho hopola ka mor'a tekanyetso ea tekanyetso (0.6 g / kg) ea ethanol (Acheson, Stein, & Swartzwelder, 1998). Boikutlo bo joalo bo ntlafalitsoeng ba bacha ba ho ferekana ho bakiloeng ke ethanol ha bo sebetsa hantle ka bomalimabe bo fanoa ke kutloisiso ea bongoana ea litlamorao tse nyarosang le tse tahang tsa ethanol tse ka sebetsang e le mekhoa ea ho felisa ho ja. Ka mantsoe a mang, ka lebaka la mekhoa ea bona e ikhethang ea maikutlo ho ethanol, bacha ba ka khona ho noa ho feta, leha likelello tsa bona li ka ba le hloko ho feta likelellong tse mpe tse bakang moriana.

Ho noa ethanol e phahameng le hona ho ka khothalletsoa nakong ea bocha ka ho eketsa kutloisiso ho litlamorao tse 'maloa tse ipiletsang tsa ethanol: ho nolofalletsa batho ho etsa ethanol, litlamorao tse ntle tsa ethanol, le litlamorao tsa "ho iphekola," litlamorao tsa ethanol. Se tsebahalang haholo ka litlamorao tsena ke kutloisiso e matlafalitsoeng ea bacha molemong oa ho nolofatsa boitšoaro ba sechaba. Ka mantsoe a mang, likhoto tsa bocha li bontšitsoe liphuputsong tse ngata ho bonts'a keketseho ea likamano tsa sechaba kamora phephetso le tekanyetso e tlase ea ethanol ha e beoa le buka, lithaka tsa bong bo tšoanang maemong a sa tsebeng ho sokela, athe batho ba baholo ha ba bontše ho thusa sechabeng tlasa tsena maemo a liteko (a hlahlojoe ka Spear & Varlinskaya, 2005). Bacha ba batho ba fana ka maikutlo a ho tsamaisa sechabeng e le e 'ngoe ea litlamorao tsa ho nwa joala (mohlala, Beck, Thombs, & Summons, 1993).

Liphuputso tse 'maloa tsa morao-rao tsa liphoofolo li fana ka maikutlo a hore bacha le bona ba ka ba le maikutlo a sa tloaelehang ho litlamorao tse ntle tsa ethanol ha li bapisoa le batho ba baholo. Ho lekola phapang ea lilemo liphellong tse putsang tsa ethanol ho likhoto ho ipakile ho le thata ka litsela tse 'maloa. Liphuputso tsa likhetho tsa sebaka se nang le maemo li 'nile tsa sebelisoa khafetsa ho bonts'a litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi tse fapaneng litoeba (joalo ka ha ho boletsoe hamorao) empa ha li sebetse hantle ho senola litlamorao tsa ethanol ho likhoto. Boemo bo bonolo ba Pavlovia ka mokhoa o tšoanang bo kanna ba se hlahise matšoao a hlakileng a melemo ea ethanol ho likhoto, mohlomong ka karolo e 'ngoe ka lebaka la boits'oaro bo hlophisitsoeng bo susumetsoang ke ts'oaetso (CS) e ka qothisanang lehlokoa le polelo ea likhetho nakong ea teko (bona Pautassi, Myers, Lerumo, Molina, & Spear, 2008). Leha ho le joalo, ho sebelisoa mekhoa e meng, phapang ea lilemo ka thepa e thabisang ea ethanol e qala ho hlahlojoa ka likhoto. Morero o mong e bile ho hlahloba likarabo tsa sekhahla sa pelo (HR) ho joala, ho filoe bopaki lithutong tsa batho hore boholo ba tachycardia e bakoang ke joala bo amana hantle le mehato e ikhethileng ea litlamorao tse ntle tsa ethanol (Holdstock, King, & de Wit, 2000; Ray, McGeary, Marshall, & Hutchison, 2006). U sebelisa mokhoa ona, ha likhoto tsa bocha le tsa batho ba baholo li fuoa 2 hr phihlello e lekantsoeng ea ethanol e tsoekere kapa e tsoekere e le 'ngoe, ke bacha feela ba ikentseng ethanol e lekaneng ho bonts'a keketseho ea IIR e fetang karabelo ea bona tharollong e nkoang e le monate (Ristuccia & Spear, 2008). Kahoo, bacha ba ne ba khona ho feta batho ba baholo ka boomo ho sebelisa ethanol e lekaneng hore ba fumane melemo ea eona. E sebelisa mosebetsi oa boemo ba tatellano ea bobeli-moo ethanol e neng e pentiloe ka CS ea molomo (CS1) ka mohato oa 1 oa boemo, CS1 ea molomo e ne e pentiloe ka sebaka sa pono / se fapaneng (CS2) mohato oa 2, 'me joale liphoofolo li ile tsa hlahlojoa. thatohatsi ea bona bakeng sa CS2 nakong ea liteko — bacha ba bontšitse bopaki bo matla ba hore boemo ba takatso ea takatso ho ethanol ho feta ba baholo (Pautassi et al., 2008). Kahoo, ka ho sebelisa mekhoa e 'meli e fapaneng, lithuto tse peli tsa morao tjena li bonts'itse likhoto tsa bongoana ho bonts'a litlamorao tse ntle tsa ethanol ho feta batho ba baholo.

Likhoto tsa bocha le tsona li ka ameha ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang ho matšoenyeho a ethanol tlasa maemo ha maemo a bona a mantlha a ho tšoenyeha a phahama ka lebaka la ho pepeseha khatello ea maikutlo pele kapa nalane ea ho pepeseha joala. Khatello ea maikutlo e phetoang kapa ethanol e sa foleng ha e fokolise kutloisiso ea litlamorao tsa ethanol (joalo ka ha ho boletsoe pejana) empa hape e eketsa matšoenyeho joalo ka ha e bontšitsoe ke khatello e hlokomelehang ea maemo a mantlha a boits'oaro, ka ethanol e khutlisetsang maemo a boits'oaro sechabeng, haholoholo hara bacha. Haholo-holo, ho pepeseha ha ethanol e sa foleng ho fumanoe ho phahamisa maemo a tlase a matšoenyeho har'a bacha, empa eseng batho ba baholo, ka litlamorao tsa khatello ea maikutlo tse fetotsoeng ke ethanol (Varlinskaya & Lerumo, 2007). Ho pepeseha ka matla le ho pheta-pheta khatello ea khatello ea maikutlo ka mokhoa o tšoanang ho fumanoe ho eketsa maemo a ho tšoenyeha a basal, ka litlamorao tsena tse mpe li khutleloa morao ke ethanol hara bacha, empa ho latela khatello e matla ea maikutlo ho batho ba baholo (Doremus-Fitzwater et al., 2007; Varlinskaya & Lerumo, 2006). Ka lebaka leo, ethanol e ka thusa ho loants'a ho tšoenyeha ho bakoang ke khatello ea maikutlo kapa ho pepesetsoa ha ethanol, ka litlamorao tsena tse bakang khatello ea maikutlo tsa "ho iphekola" tse buuoang haholo bacheng.

Kamano lipakeng tsa Ethanol Sensitivities le Ethanol Use / Abuse

Phihlelo e bonahalang e utloahala ea litla-morao le tse nang le tahi tsa ethanol tse bonoang ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng nakong ea bocha li ka tsamaisana le mabaka a mang a kotsi a eketsang kutloisiso ea ethanol le ho feta, le ho eketsa tekano ea mathata a joala ka nako ena. Kannete, maikutlo a fokotsehileng a tahi ea joala haesale a tsejoa e le lebaka la tlokotsi la ho kenyelletsa joala hampe. Joalokaha ho boletse Schuckit (1994) "Ho ba le letsoalo le tlaase la litekanyetso tse tahang tsa joala ho tsamaisana le ho eketsoa ha makhoba a joala bo tlang, mohlomong ka ho eketsa menyetla ea hore motho o tla nwa haholo." Lebaka le leng le tlatsetsang ho arabeloeng ke joala ke semelo sa liphatsa tsa lefutso, le ho se khotsofale. litlamorao tse kenang le tse tahang tsa ethanol li sa bonoe feela ho bana ba nang le nalane ea lelapa ea joala (mohlala, ho bara ba lino tse tahang tsa banna)Newlin le Thomson, 1990) empa hape le mela e mengata e mengata ea litoeba tse khethiloeng ka mokhoa o ikhethileng bakeng sa tšebeliso e phahameng ea ethanol ka boithaopo (McBride le Li, 1998). Joalo ka ha ho boletsoe pejana, nalane ea ts'ebeliso ea pele ea ethanol le likhatello tsa pele ho nako li ka fokotsa kutloisiso ea bacha ho litlamorao tsa ethanol le sedating. Kahoo, ho hloka kutloelo-bohloko ho bakoang ke liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa litlamorao tsa joala le ho tahoa ha ho kopantsoe le ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebeliso ea joala nakong ea bocha, khatello ea tikoloho pele ho nako, le ho hloka kutloelo-bohloko ho ongenetic ka tloaelo ho bonoang nakong ea bocha ho ka ba joalo ka "li-whammies" tse tharo kapa tse nne ho fokotsa maemo a phahameng. Ts'ebeliso ea joala ha liphatsa tsa lefutso li le tlokotsing bacha ba maemong a sithabetsang mme ba qala ho noa mathoasong a bocha, e leng mokhoa oa ho noa o phahameng o ka ba behang tseleng ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea joala hamorao.

Mefuta ea Bacha ea mofuta oa Ethanol Sensitivity: Kakaretso ea Lithethefatsi tse ling le Meputso ea Tlhaho

Ho na le bopaki bo hlahang ba hore mokhoa o tloaetsoeng oa bocha oa thepa e kenelletseng e fapaneng le ea takatso ea lijo o ka se bonoe feela ho ethanol empa le lithethefatsing tse ling. E 'ngoe ea mekhoa eo litheko tse ntle tsa lithethefatsi le litakatso tse ling tsa takatso ea lijo li kileng tsa hlahlojoa ke ka likhetho tsa sebaka se ikemetseng (CPP). Ho sebelisa ts'ebetso ena, liphoofolo li buleloa sebakeng se itseng ka pel'a moputso o ka bang teng, athe tsona, li fuoa monyetla o tšoanang sebakeng se seng ntle le ts'usumetso e joalo e ka bang teng; kamora tse 'maloa tsa litlhaloso tse joalo, ha liphoofolo li lekoa ka ho lumelloa ho fihlella ka bolokolohi libaka tseo ka bobeli, ho fihlela moo li fumanang tšusumetso e matla, li lokela ho qeta nako e eketsehileng kamoreng e neng e katiloe ka pele ka tšusumetso eo ho feta liphoofolo tse laoloang. e pepesehetse khothalletso ka kamoreng e ngoe le e ngoe. U sebelisa CPP, liphuputso tse 'maloa li bontšitse bacha ho bonts'a CPP e matlafalitsoeng ke nicotine ho feta batho ba baholo (Shram, Funk, Li, & Lê, 2006; Torres, Tejeda, Natividad, & O'Dell, 2008; Vastola, Douglas, Varlinskaya, & Spear, 2002). Ho boetse ho na le litlaleho tsa ntlafatso ea CPP ho cocaine le tse ling tse khothatsang tsa psychomotor har'a litekanyo tsa bongoana tse amanang le batho ba baholo (Badanich, Adler, & Kirstein, 2006; Brenhouse le Andersen, 2008; Zakharova, Leoni, Kichko, & Izenwasser, 2009; Zakharova, Wade, & Izenwasser, 2009), leha lintlha tsena li sa fumanehe hangata, ka lithuto tse ling li sitoa ho hlokomela phapang e amanang le lilemo (Aberg, Wade, Wall, & Izenwasser, 2007; Campbell, Wood, le Spear, 2000).

Ho fapana le maikutlo a ntlafalitsoeng a atisang ho bontšoa ke bacha ho matlafatso a joala le lithethefatsi tse ling, ka lehlakoreng le leng ba bonahala ba sa tsotelle litlamorao tsa lintho tsena. Mohlala, lithuto esita le ka har'a letoto la liteko tse tšoanang li tlalehile hore, ha ho bapisoa le batho ba baholo, bocha bo bontša kutloisiso e kholo ho CPP, empa bo fokolisitse kutloisiso ea thepa e khelohang ea nicotine e hlahang ka litekanyetso tse phahameng ha e ngolisoa ka CTA (Shram et al., 2006) kapa libaka tse khaoletsang sebaka (Torres et al., 2008). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, likhoto tsa bocha le tsona li bontšitsoe ho bonts'a CTA e fumanehang bakeng sa amphetamine e amanang le batho ba baholo (Infurna & Spear, 1979).

Ka mokhoa o tsotehang, mekhoa ena ea bocha ea litheko tse fumanehang ea litheko tsa lithethefatsi li ka ba tsa fetela ho fihlela moputso o itseng oa tlhaho. Mohlala, likhoto tsa lilemong tsa bocha li bonts'a CPP ea lithaka le ha e le sechabeng, empa CPP ea sechaba e ne e bonahala feela ka har'a likhoto tsa batho ba baholo (ke hore, tse tlositsoeng sechabeng)Douglas, Varlinskaya, & Spear, 2004). Liphetho tse tšoanang li ile tsa bonoa ho likhoto tsa banna (empa eseng tsa basali) thutong e lekolang CPP e hlohlellelitsoeng ke ho pepesehela tlhotlheletso ea pale (Douglas, Varlinskaya, & Spear, 2003). Ha ho hlahlojoa likarabo tse ntle tsa hedonic ho sucrose e sebelisang paradigm ea tatso, bacha ba fumanoe ba bonts'a karabelo e ntle ho feta batho ba baholo mehatong e itseng ea sucrose, athe khafetsa ba bontša karabelo tse mpe tse sa rateheng tsa quinine ea ntho e thellisang (Wilmouth & Spear, 2009).

Kakaretso le Liphetho tse ka Etsang Tsa Saense ea Thibelo ho Bacha ba Batho

Ke tsela e telele ho tloha ho lipatlisiso ka mefuta e bonolo ea bocha ho ratoa le nts'etsopele ea maano a thibelo ea boitšoaro ba bongoana ho batho. Leha ho le joalo, ho fumanoe lipatlisiso tse ngata tse tšepisang tse ka qetellang li na le litlamorao ho saense ea thibelo. Ka kananelo e felletseng ea ho fokola ha liteko tse joalo tsa phetolelo sehleng sena sa pele thutong ea mahlale a mantlha a bocha, ho na le libaka tse fokolang tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore na ho ka nahanoa ka tsona haholoanyane, ho fanoa mona:

Boitšoaro bo itseng ba bocha bo ka tsamaisoa ke tlhaho le meputso ea khale ea bokong. Ho isa tekanyong ea ho ba le likamano tse matla tsa tlhaho ea tlhaho bakeng sa ho bea bacha kotsing, lipatlisiso tsa thibelo li ka lebisoa hamolemonyana ho nts'etsopele ea maemo a khothaletsang "ho beha kotsi" ho feta ho shebisisa sepheo sa ho felisa boits'oaro bo nkang kotsi. Ka ho nts'etsapele maemo a "sireletsehileng" bakeng sa ho beha bophelo ba bona kotsing, sepheo e tla ba ho lumella bacha ho ithuta lipale tse ncha le tse monate maemong a ipiletsang, a se nang lithethefatsi a fokotsang menyetla ea kotsi.
Ho imeloa kelellong ho ka matlafatsa maikutlo a joala a bocha, ho ba etsa hore ba se ke ba tsotella litlamorao tse sebelisoang e le mokhoa oa ho fokotsa ho noa, empa ba amehe haholo ka litlamorao tse ntle tsa ethanol. Likhatello tse matla le tse sa foleng le tsona li eketsa ho tšoenyeha, ka matšoenyeho ao a ka fetoloang ke joala bocheng. Ho fihlela moo khatello ea maikutlo / joala bo bonoang bathong, khatello ea moruo, tikoloho, lelapa, kapa maemo a mang a bophelo a ka ts'ehetsang le ho feta tšebeliso ea joala har'a bacha. Liphuputso tsena li totobatsa bohlokoa ba ho sebetsa ho fokotsa maemo a khatello ea maikutlo maemong a tloaelehileng a bocha, le ho thusa bacha ho eketsa bokhoni ba bona ba ho sebetsana le khatello ea maikutlo.
Boikutlo bo lekantsoeng ba ethanol nakong ea boroetsana bo ka lumella tekanyo e phahameng ea joala bo lilemong tsa bocha, ka ts'ebeliso ena e tloaelehileng ea nts'etsopele mohlomong e kopantsoe le semelo sa lefutso le nalane ea khatello ea maikutlo le ts'ebeliso ea joala pele ho eketsa insensitivities ea ethanol -e leng lebaka le tsebahalang la ho hola. mathata a tšebeliso e mpe ea joala. Ho bonahala ho na le tlhokomeliso e nyane hara batjha hore ho se ananele lithethefatsi tse matlafatsang / tse nyenyefatsang tsa ethanol ke sesupo sa hlaseloa habonolo nts'etsopele ea mathata a joala, ho fapana le ho fana ka index ea ho inehela. Ho ruta bacha (le tse tsamaeang le tsona) hore na ho ka ba le tlokotsi ea tšebeliso e mpe ea joala ho ka thusa ba ts'oanang le joala hore ba lemohe ho ba tlokotsing ba bona mme ba lekole ho ja ha bona ka nepo. Phetoho ea moetlo e ea hlokahala ho tloha ho talima batho ba lemaletseng joala haholo joalo ka ba tlokotsing ea joala ho fihlela ho elelloa hore tlokotsi e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea tlhekefetso ea morao-rao e lula ho ba sa lumellaneng le litlamorao tsa joala.

lumela hore baa fokola

Patlisiso e hlahisitsoeng sehloohong sena e tšehelitsoe ke lithuso tsa NIH R37 AA012525, R01 AA016887, R01 AA018026, le R01 AA012453.

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