Boikarabelo ba Botsofali Nakong ea Bokooa bo Hōlisang ba Bacha (2010)

Hum Brain Mapp. 2010 June; 31(6): 926-933.

E phatlalalitsoe inthaneteng 2010 May 3. doi:  10.1002 / hbm.21052
PMCID: PMC3410522
Sarah-Jayne Blakemore,1,* Stephanie Burnett,1,2 'me Ronald E Dahl3

inahaneloang

Nako ea bocha e bua ka nako ea khōlo ea 'mele le kelello mahareng a bongoana le ho ba motho e moholo. Qaleho ea bohlankana e entsoe ka mokhoa o hlakileng ho qala ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng, e tlisang liphetoho tse kholo maemong a lihormone le liphetoho tse 'maloa tse hlahang' meleng. Ho qala nakong ea bokhachane ho boetse ho amahanngoa le liphetoho tse kholo lithutong, ho susumetso, psychology le bophelong ba sechaba; liphetoho tsena li tsoela pele nakong ea bocha. Ho na le palo e ntseng e eketseha ea lithuto tsa neuroimaging tse shebileng nts'etsopele ea kelello, ka sebopeho le tšebetso, nakong ea bocha. Ekaba lithuto tsena kaofela li hlalositse nts'etsopele ka nako ea tatellano ea liketsahalo, e bonts'ang khokahano e matla empa e seng e le bonngoe. Boithuto bo fokolang haholo bo amanang le kholo ea bongoana le sethala sa mafu, leha ho le joalo ho na le bopaki bo fanang ka maikutlo a hore ho kena bohlankaneng ho ka bapala karolo ea bohlokoa likarolong tse ling tsa bokong le bokong ba kelello. Ka pampiri ena re hlalosa patlisiso ena, 'me re fana ka maikutlo a hore, nakong e tlang, lithuto tsa bongoana tsa ntšetso-pele tsa bocha li lokela ho nka karolo ea bohlankana. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Keywords: ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng, nts'etsopele, lihormone, cortex ea pele
Eya ho:

SELELEKELA

Nako ea bocha ke nako ea ho fetoha 'mele le kelello ha motho le motho a le lilemong tsa bocha [Lerner le Steinberg, 2004; Sisk le Foster, 2004]. Qaleho ea bohlankana e etsahala ho tloha nakong ea ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng ka hona e tšoailoe ke liphetoho tse makatsang maemong a lihormone le ponahalo ea 'mele (ho kenyelletsa ho hola ha' mele ka potlako, liphetoho sebopeho sa sefahleho le ponahalo ea litšobotsi tsa bobeli tsa thobalano). Nako e ts'oanang, bacha ba bona liphetoho tse ngata mekhoeng ea bophelo, ea thuto le ea tse ling tsa tikoloho, 'me hangata ba kenella molemong oa phetoho e kholo ea kelello. Bofelo ba bocha bo boleloa bo etsahala ha motho a se a fihletse karolo e tsitsitseng ea motho e moholo, ka nako eo liphetoho tse ngata tsa "pubertal" li tla be li se li phethehile, bonyane lichabeng tse tsoetseng pele [Choudhury, 2010; Lerner le Steinberg, 2004]. Nakong eohle ea bocha, ho na le liphetoho ho sebopeho le tšebetso ea boko. Litloaelo tsa botona le botšehali ho tse ngata tsa liphetoho tsena li bontša likamano tse ka bang teng ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng.

Hanyane hanyane ho tsejoa ka kamano lipakeng tsa ho kena bonneng kapa hanyane ho tsa pele ho motho. Leha ho le joalo, bopaki bo bongata bo tsoang liphuputsong tsa liphoofolo tseo e seng batho bo bontša hore liketsahalo tsa li-hormone tsa ho kena bohlankaneng li ba le phello e matla boqobong ba kelello le boits'oarong [Cahill, 2006; Sisk le Foster, 2004; Lerumo, 2000]. Liphetoho tsena li theha mohopolo, tlhotlheletso le boits'oaro bo botle ba motho, bo nolofalletsang boitšoaro ba ho ikatisa le boipuso [Sato et al., 2008]. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, palo e nyane empa e ntse e eketseha ea lithuto tsa batho tsa boitsoaro bo botle le ho hlasimoloha, ho kenyelletsa le lipalo tse nang le pherekano ea endocrine, e fane ka bopaki bo hlakileng ba hore li-hormone tsa "pubertal" li ka susumetsa sebopeho le tšebetso ea kelello ea motho e ntseng e hola.

Eya ho:

PUBERTY: QALISO EA BOPHELO

Nako ea bocha e tšoauoa ka liphetoho tse bang teng 'meleng ka lebaka la ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng, tse amanang le liketsahalo tse tharo tsa endocrine: adrenarche, gonadarche, le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea kholo ea kholo [Dorn, 2006; Lerumo, 2000]. Gonadarche, eo hangata e nkeloang e le ho hlahisa bophahamo ka bohona, ke ts'ebetso ea likokoana-hloko e qalang ka ts'ebetso ea motsoako oa hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal mme e fella ka ho fihlela bokhoni ba ho ba le bana. Ts'ebetso ena hangata e qala pakeng tsa lilemo tsa 8 le lilemo tsa 14 ho basali (ho bolela lilemo tsa 11), le pakeng tsa lilemo tsa 9 le 15 ho banna (ho bolela lilemo tsa 12), ha ho qoqoa ka tokollo ea hormone ea gonadotropin-releading (GnRH) e tsoang ho hypothalamus, eo e hlohlelletsa tlhahiso ea pituitary ea hormone ea luteinizing (LH) le hormone e susumetsang ea follicle (FSH). LH le FSH e etsa hore ho be le liphetoho tse tlisoang matlong a gonads (mae a bomalimabe kapa litapong) tse arabelang ka ho fihlela bokhoni ba ho ba le bana (ho hlahisa libapali). Li-ovaries tse holang le liteko li boetse li etsa hore estrogen le gonadal li-estrogen le testosterone li latellane. Tsena li eketseha ka li-steroid tsa gonadal ka lehlakoreng le leng li baka liphetoho tse eketsehileng litho tsa botona, le ponahalo ea litšobotsi tsa bobeli tsa thobalano [Susman le Rogol, 2004].

Adrenache, kapa ts'ebetso ea "hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis" hangata e qala pejana ho lefu la gonadarche, hangata pakeng tsa lilemo tse ts'eletseng le tse robong ho basali, 'me selemo hamorao ho ba batona [Dorn, 2006; Grumbach le Styne, 2003]. Adrenal androgens (mefuta e fokolang ea gonadal testosterone) e qala ho phahama qalong ea adrenarche mme e tsoela pele ho eketseha ho fihlela ba fihla tlhōrōng ea li-20 tsa pele [Worthman le Stallings, 1997]. Keketseho ena ea li-adrenal androgens e kenya letsoho kholisong ea litšobotsi tsa botona le botšehali tse kang axillary le moriri oa li-pubic le liphetoho ho makhopho a sweat / monko oa 'mele. Ho ka etsahala hore adrenarche e boetse e fana ka phello ea maturational e qalang pele ho nako e nkoang e le lilemong tsa bocha; leha ho le joalo, litlamorao tsena ha li utloisisoe hantle [Dorn, 2006].

Ketsahalo ea boraro ea lihormone e etsahalang nakong ea bokhachane ke ts'ebetso ea khaba ea kholo, e hlahisang lekhalo la kholo ea lilemo ho banana le lilemo tsa 12 ho bashanyana, hammoho le liphetoho molemong oa 'mele le sebopeho [Marshall le Tanner, 1969, 1970].

Eya ho:

LITLHAKISO TSA HORMONAL TSOENG LE HO SEBETSA

Li-hormone tsa gonadal steroid estrogen le testosterone, hammoho le bo-mphato ba bona ba fokolang ba adrenal, li susumetsa ponahalo ea 'mele. E boetse e ama kelello le boitšoaro. Litholoana tsena li khothalletsoa hore li hlahe ka mekhoa e 'meli e fapaneng: mokhatlo le ts'ebetso [Schulz et al., 2009; Sisk le Foster, 2004]. Litlamorao tsa tlhophiso li etsahala pele le ka kotloloho, ka maqhubu a testosterone masculinizing le defeminizing li-circuits tsa neural ho banna, le ho ba sieo ha testosterone ho hlahisang mosali neural phenotype. Litlamorao tse sebetsang li etsahala nakong ea ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng, ha lihormon tsa li-gidadal tse sebetsang hantle lipotolohong tse sa khaotseng tsa neural ho tsosa boits'oaro ba batho ba baholo molemong; boithuto ba morao-rao ba dichotomy ena bo bontša hore liketsahalo tsa lihormone tsa ho kena bohlankaneng le tsona li hlophisa li-circuits tsa neural bakeng sa boits'oaro ba batho ba baholo sechabeng le boimelong ba [Schulz et al., 2009; Sisk le Foster, 2004]. Ha e le hantle, ho latela liphumano tse tsoang lipatlisisong tsa liphoofolo tseo eseng tsa batho, ho boleloa hore liketsahalo tsa lihormone tsa ho kena bohlankaneng li baka nako ea bobeli ea ho hlophisoa bocha le polasetiki bokong [Sisk and Foster, 2004]. Ho batho, leha ho le joalo, ho na le kutlwisiso e fokolang haholo mabapi le likamano tse khethehileng pakeng tsa ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroheng ba bongoaneng.

Boithuto ba liphoofolo bo bontša hore lihormone tsa thobalano li fana ka litlamorao tse tharo tsa bohlokoa boits'ong nakong ea ho kena bohlankaneng, ka likarolo tse ikhethang tsa boko. Matla a pele ke ho tataisa mekhoa ea boiqapelo ka kotlolloho, e hlahang haholo ka hypothalamus. Tšusumetso ea bobeli e etsoa ka ho hlophisoa bocha ha likarolo tsa kutlo le bokaholimo ba boko, ho kenyelletsa le cortex ea pono [Nunez et al., 2002], amygdala, le hippocampus [Hebbard et al., 2003; Romeo le Sisk, 2001; bona le Shen et al., 2010]. Sena se fella ka litloaelano tse fetotsoeng tsa maikutlo, mohlala, ho fofonela kapa ho bona ha batho bao e ka bang balekane ba thobalano le bahlolisani [Sisk and Foster, 2004], e ka tataisang liphetoho tse ling tsa maikutlo le tse susumetsang ha motho a kena bohlankaneng. Tšusumetso ea boraro ea lihormone tsa bokhachane e etsahala ka methapo e amanang le moputso e kang li-nucleus accumbens, le dopaminergic pathways tse tlang pele ho cortex. Litholoana tsena lia hlokahala bakeng sa ho theha tšusumetso e matla ea ho batla menyetla ea ho ba le bana. Mohlala, ho li-rodent nucleus accumbens, li-pubertal li eketseha ka li-circuits tsa testosterone tsa testosterone tse susumetsang tšusumetso ho boitšoaro bo batlang meputso, ho kenyelletsa boitšoaro ba thobalano [Sato et al., 2008]. Ho ka etsahala hore li-hormone tsa adrenarchel (DHEA le DHEAS) li qala ho fana ka litlamorao tse tšoanang bokong le boits'oaro pele ho ho qala ha gonadarche, empa litlamorao tsena ha li utloisisoe hantle. Ho hlakile hore ho na le tlhoko ea hore ho etsoe lipatlisiso tse ling tse shebaneng le methati ea pelehi ea bongoana / ea bocha ho ntšetsa pele kutloisiso ea likarolo tsena tsa boroetsana le kholo ea bongoana le boits'oaro [bona Dorn, 2006; bakeng sa lipuisano].

Eya ho:

HO FIHLELA PUBERTY DIThutong TSA BOPHELO BAHOLO

Haholo hanyane ho tsejoa ka liphetoho tse ikhethang tse amanang le ho hola ha kelello ea motho. Ho ntšetsa pele kutloisiso libakeng tsena ho tla hloka tlhokomelo e hlokoang maemong a mabeli: conceptually and mokhoa. Taba ke hore sena se tla hloka nts'etsopele le ntlafatso ea meetso ea bongoana ea bongoana e sebetsanang le likarolo tse itseng tsa phepelo ea mmele (mohlala, li-hormone tse ikhethileng) tse amanang hantle le likarolo tsa phetoho ea boko le boits'oaro. Ka mokhoa oa mokhoa oa ts'ebetso, e tla hloka lithuto tse etselitsoeng khetho ea sampole le mehato ea ho kena bohlankaneng e lumellang tlhahlobo ea hypotheses ena. Hobane lilemo le lilemo tsa ho kenella ka bongata li tloaetse ho hokahanngoa ('me lilemo li lekanyetsoa habonolo ka ho nepahala le ho nepahala, ha ho kena bohlankaneng hangata ho hakanngoa ka mehato e seng molaong e sa sebetseng hantle), ho na le tlhoko ea lithuto tse nang le meralo e sa hlaloseheng ho qaleha ho tsofala le lilemo litlamorao (mohlala, sampole ea ho hira ea lilemo tse lekanang le ea maemo a fapaneng empa e fapana ka ho fetoloa ha 'mele, ebe o khutlisetsa nako e telele).

Lipheo tsena li hlahisa litaba tse 'maloa mabapi le mokhoa oa ho lekanya likarolo tse ikhethang tsa phetisetso ea pubertal lithutong tsa batho. Qalong, ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng ha se ketsahalo e khuts'oane kapa ketsahalo e kopanetsoeng, empa ho fapana le hoo, e na le lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tse fapaneng empa tsa nakoana tsa nakoana tse fetang lilemo tse 'maloa [Dorn, 2006]. Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe pejana, lits'ebetso tsena li kenyelletsa ts'ebetso ea li-system tsa "adrenal, gonadal" le "hormone" ea kholo, 'me ho kenyelletsa litlamorao tse fapaneng tse sa tobang, ho tloha kholisong ea kholo ho ea ho maikutlo a boits'oaro. Tekanyo e loketseng ka ho fetisisa ea boroetsana ka hona e tla itšetleha ka karolo ea potso e ikhethang ea lipatlisiso thutong e ngoe le e ngoe.

Tekanyo e atisang ho sebelisoa ea ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng ke Tanner Stage. Tanner staging e hlophisa batho ka bong bo fapaneng ho tloha ho 1 ho isa 5, motheong oa nts'etsopele ea moriri le matsoele ho basali, le moriri oa "pubic" le nts'etsopele ea setho sa botona ho ba batona [Tanner, 1971; Tanner le Whitehouse, 1976]. Tanner staging ka litlhahlobo tsa 'mele e lokela ho etsoa ke ngaka e koetlisitsoeng. Ho na le meeli e 'maloa ho Tanner stading. Tekanyo e ntlafalitsoe mabapi le morabe o le mong (ho ka ba le liphapang tsa merabe e fapaneng) le mohlaleng o fokolang oa bana ba 200. Banana ba boima haholo ba tla rata ho ba maemong a sa nepahalang, ka lebaka la ts'episo ea boemo ba ho holisoa ha sefuba, bo ka nkoang bo fosahetse ka tekanyo e kholo ea tlhahlobo e bonoang feela. Leha ho na le mefokolo ena, papali ea Tanner e ne e nkuoa e le boemo ba khauta bakeng sa tekanyo ea boroetsana [Dorn, 2006].

Ka lebaka la matšoenyeho a boletsoeng ka holimo, ho ka lebelloa hore Tanner e hlahlobang ka tlhahlobo ea 'mele e ka tlatselletsoa ka mokhoa o loketseng ke li-hormone tsa maiketsetso, hobane litekanyo tsena tsa li-hormone tsa adrenal le gonadal (kapa adrenal / gonadal-releading) li nyoloha liphellong tsa tsona tsa ka ntle tsa' mele. Litla-morao tsa Hormone li ka ba molemo haholo ho mehatong ea methapo ea phatlalatso nakong e tlang; leha ho le joalo, nakong ea hona joale ha ho hlake hore na litekanyo tsa li-hormone li lokela ho kopanngoa le (kapa ho sebelisoa ka kopanelo le) mehato e meng e joalo ka methati ea Tanner [bona Shirtcliffe et al., 2009]. Ho boetse ho na le litaba tse ling tse sebetsang mabapi le mehato ea lihormone, ho kenyelletsa le litšenyehelo, moroalo oa taba, le taba ea hore maemo a li-hormone a fapaneng a boroetsana a fetoha maemong a potoloho ea khoeli le khoeli. Ho entsoe lipatlisiso tse nyane ho bapisa maemo a lihormone ka har'a li-sampuli tse fapaneng tsa maiketsetso (mathe, mali, moroto) le methati ea Tanner e hlahlojoang ke lingaka [bona Dorn, 2006; Shirtcliffe et al., 2009], ka hona ha ho hlake hore na boima ba 'mele bo lokela ho fuoa bokae ho li-hormone. Boemong ba mohopolo, ho etsa mohlala, liphetoho tse bang teng ha motho a kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng e ka ba sephetho se tobileng sa ho eketseha ha li-hormone lits'ebetsong tse itseng tsa neural nakong ea kholo ea bongoana ('me ka hona li hlalosoa hantle ka mehato ea li-hormone) ha liphetoho tse ling tsa boiketsetso li ka bonts'a tšusumetso e matla ho feta (mohlala. liphetoho liphihlelong tsa kahisano tse amanang ka kotloloho le liphetoho tsa mmele le maemo a boiketlo ba sechaba, 'me li hokahane hamolemonyana le mehato ea Tanner ho feta phetoho leha e le efe ea li-hormone).

Tanner e mabapi le tlhahlobo ea mmele ke ngaka e tšoanelehang e ka hlahisa litaba tse sebetsang mabapi le ho nepahala le ho ba bonolo. Hangata sena se etsoa hantle maemong a ho etsa tlhahlobo e khuts'oane ea bophelo bo botle. Ka mantsoe a mang, ho ts'oaroa ha Tanner e ka ba karolo ea tlhatlhobo e tloaelehileng ea bophelo bo botle 'meleng' me ka hona ha ea lokela ho amahanngoa le litšitiso kapa lits'oants'o tsa boitšoaro bo botle (ntle le tlhahlobo e tloaelehileng ea bophelo bo botle ba 'mele). Leha ho le joalo, litšenyehelo (nako ea ngaka, kamore e khethehileng le lisebelisoa bakeng sa tlhatlhobo ea 'mele, le ho hlalosetsa ngoana litsamaiso le malapa) li ka etsa hore sena se be thata bakeng sa lithuto tse ngata tsa lipatlisiso. Ka hona, ho bohlokoa ho nahana ka mekhoa e meng ea ho thibela ho fetoloa ha pubertal, joalo ka liteko tse entsoeng ka tlhaiso ea lipotso. Palo e kholo e lekantsoeng e lekotse setsi sa Tanner se ikhethileng (kapa sa batsoali kapa sa maemo) se sebelisang sekala sa nts'etsopele sa Petersen [PDS; Petersen et al., 1988]. Ena ke potso e kenyelletsang lintho tse lekolang kholo ea moriri, liphetoho tsa letlalo, le ho holisoa ha lintho tse amanang le thobalano, joalo ka ho qala ha banna le ho ruruha ha matsoele ho basali, le kholo ea setho sa botona le moriri oa sefahleho ho banna. Kahoo, PDS e lekanya palo ea bokhoni ba ho kena bohlankaneng e kenyelletsang litlamorao tsa li-hormone tsa adrenal le kholo, hammoho le lihormone tsa gonadal. Likamano tse nang le sethala sa Tanner se hlahlojoang ke lingaka ha li holimo haholo: phuputso e le 'ngoe e fumane likamano pakeng tsa 0.61 le 0.67 ho 11- ho banana ba lilemo li 13 bakeng sa tlaleho ea ho itlaleha ea PDS [Brooks-Gunn et al., 1987; likhokahanyo li tlaase le ho feta bakeng sa PDS ea tlaleho ea motsoali; bona Shirtcliffe et al. 2009]. Hore na likhakanyo tsena li tlase hakae ka lebaka la boits'oaro bo sa nepahalang, kapa ho khetholla, joalo ka litlamorao tse fapaneng tsa li-adrenal / kholo le li-hormone tsa gonadal, li hloka ho hlahlojoa. PDS e ka sebelisoa ka hloko ho hakanya sethala sa Tanner ha tlhahlobo ea 'mele e sa khonehe. Leha ho le joalo, haeba potso ea lipatlisiso e sa ame maemo a lihormone le sethala sa Tanner, empa ho fapana le moo e amana le setšoantšo sa boithati le boits'oaro, kapa sethala sa ho kena bohlankaneng se haufi le lithaka, ho ka phehisanoa hore PDS ke mohato o loketseng ka ho fetisisa [bona Dorn , 2006 bakeng sa lipuisano]. Ka kakaretso, bafuputsi ba lokela ho nahana ka botlalo hore na karolo efe ea boroetsana e bohlokoa haholo ho potso ea bona ea ho etsa lipatlisiso 'me ba khethe mehato ea bona ea bongoaneng (le moralo o akaretsang oa boithuto) ho latela.

Eya ho:

PUBERTY LE TLHOKOMELISO EA T BRIRELETSO EA LITLHAKU TSA METSI E NKA MOSA

Ho tla hoa mekhoa e sa cheng ea ho nahana ka bokong, haholo ts'ebetsong ea ho nahana ka matla a khoheli, ho nolofalitse lipatlisiso mabapi le kholo ea kelello ea motho ea phelang. Liphetoho tsa nts'etsopele tse seng li entsoe ka tšebeliso ea MRI li kenyelletsa liphetoho lipakeng tsa taba e putsoa le e tšoeu, le liphetoho lipuong tse tšoeu tsa tšoeu.

Ntlafatso ea Gray Matter

Tekanyo ea cortical grey taba (boholo ba eona, bophahamo ba eona, le bophara ba eona) lia fetoha nakong ea bongoana le bocha ka tsela e ikhethileng le e sa amaneng le litheko tse ngata [Giedd et al., 1999; Shaw et al., 2008; Sowell et al., 1999; Tamnes et al., 2009; sheba mohlala Blakemore, 2008 bakeng sa tlhahlobo]. Holim'a boholo ba sebopeho sa cortical, nts'etsopele ea litaba tsa bohlooho e lumellana le setsi sa nts'etsopele sa mofuta oa U, 'me qalong se ne se eketseha haholo bongoaneng, se fihla sehlohlolong sa bocha,' me se fokotseha ka matla ho ba motho e moholo. Taba ea Grey e entsoe ka 'mele ea lisele, li-dendrites le li-axon tse se nang motsoako oa li-neuron, hammoho le lisele tsa glial le li-capillaries. Ka hona, 'me ho ipapisitse le bopaki bo tsoang mehlaleng ea nalane [mohlala, Huttenlocher, 1979], ho fanoe ka maikutlo a hore mokhoa oa nts'etsopele oa mofuta o ikhethileng oa bophahamo ba litaba bo bokhutšoaane o bonoang mathateng a MR ea motho o entsoe ka lebaka la tšebeliso ea dendritic le synaptogeneis, e lateloang ke pruning ea synaptic [mohlala, Giedd et al., 1999]. Pampiri ea pele ea Giedd et al. [1999e bonts'itse mokhoa ona o bopehileng oa mofuta oa bohlootho oa nts'etsopele ea litaba tsa bohlooho ho pholletsa le li-lobes tsa pele, tsa nakoana le tsa parietal, leha e se lithuto tsohle tse latelang tse faneng ka phetisetso e hlakileng ea sebopeho sena (mohlala Shaw et al., 2008; Tamnes et al., 2009). Ho Giedd et al., Li-lobes tse ka pele le tsa parietal li fihlelle molumo o phahameng oa bohlooho ha o le lilemo li 11 ho banana le 12 ho bashanyana, pele a latellana ka tatellano e batsi ea ho ba motho e moholo. Lilemo tseo litlhoko tsena tse phahameng haholo li neng li bonoa li tsamaisana le lilemo tsa botona le botšehali tsa ho qaleha ha gonadarche, tse fanang ka maikutlo a tšebelisano lipakeng tsa lihormone tsa bongoana le khang ea taba e tsoetseng pele. Liphuputso tse ling tsa MRI li bonts'itse ho hlaha ha butle-butle ha litšebeletso tsa botona le botšehali ho kena bohlankaneng, ka keketseho ea bophahamo ba amygdala nakong ea bokhachane ho banna feela, le ho eketseha ha molumo oa hippocampus ho basali feela [Lenroot et al., 2007; Neufang et al., 2009]. Kahoo, hoa etsahala hore kholo ea neuroanatomical libakeng tse itseng tsa boko e hokahane haholo le ho kena bohlankaneng ho feta kamoo e leng kateng libakeng tse ling tsa boko. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho mekhoa e tobileng ea ho kena bohlankaneng e fumanoeng lithutong tsena.

Karolo ea Botsoa ho Ntšetso-pele ea Gray

Lilemong tsa morao tjena, liphuputso tse 'maloa tsa bongoana tsa MRI li batlile ka ho qaqileng haholoanyane likamano lipakeng tsa nts'etsopele ea boko, botona le botšehali. Boithuto ba MRI ba lilemong tsa bocha ke Peper et al. [2009b] e bonts'itse bopaki ba kamano e ntle lipakeng tsa maemo a testosterone le letsoalo la lefats'e la grey ho banna (mme eseng ho basali), athe basali ba bontšitse kamano e mpe lipakeng tsa maemo a estradiol le boemo ba lefatše ka bohlooho le botala ba naha. Hore na phapang ee ea bong e ka phetoa, le hore na e hlile e khethehile sebaka, e ntse e lokela ho bonahala. Kae kapa kae, ho bonts'itsoe bopaki bakeng sa litlamorao tse mabapi le tikoloho le bong ka litekanyetso tsa methapo ea bongoana. Mohlala, Neufang et al. [2009] e fuputse likamano lipakeng tsa bophahamo ba litaba tsa bohlooho, bong le mekhoa ea phatlalatso ho barupeluoa ba lilemo li 8-15. Mehato ea pubertal e ne e le litekanyetso tsa bongaka tsa Tanner tse entsoeng ka bongaka le boemo ba plasma ba gonadotropic (LH, FSH) le lihormone tsa gonadal (testosterone, estrogen). Ho sa tsotelloe bong, ho ne ho e-na le kamano e ntle pakeng tsa mehato ea pubertal (sethala sa Tanner le testosterone) le molumo oa litaba tsa grey ho amygdala, le kamano e mpe pakeng tsa mehato ena le bophahamo ba hippocampal. Ntle le moo, ho bile le litlamorao tse ikhethileng tsa bong: basali ba bonts'itse kamano e ntle lipakeng tsa estrogen le taba ea boea ba legic, mme banna ba bonts'itse kamano e mpe lipakeng tsa testosterone le parietal cortex greyex. Liphetho tsena kaofela ke tsa pele 'me li hloka hore motho a li phete, empa li bontša mohato oa bohlokoa sebakeng sena se secha sa lipatlisiso.

Tsoelo-pele ea Matsoalo a Bacha

Lithuto tse ngata tsa MRI li bonts'a keketseho e tsitsitseng ea molumo oa taba e tšoeu ea lefats'e pakeng tsa bongoana le bocha, ka keketseho ena e ea lieha le ho tsitsa ho ba motho e moholo [Giedd et al., 1999; Tamnes et al., 2009]. Keketseho ena e fapana lipakeng tsa botona le botšehali ho fihlela lilemong tsa bocha, 'moho le banna ba bonts'a keketseho e nyane haholo ea lilemo tse amanang le lilemo tse tšoeu ho feta tsa basali [mohlala, Perrin et al., 2008, 2009]. Keketseho ea molumo oa litaba tse tšoeu e hlahisitsoe ke tsoelopele e amanang le lilemo e amanang le lilemo tse bonoang li-sampole tsa nalane [Benes et al., 1994; Yakovlev le Lecours, 1967], kapa ka mokhoa o mong, ho eketsa axonal caliber [Paus et al., 2008].

Ntle le liphetoho tsa bophahamo ba litaba tse tšoeu, liphuputso li bonts'itse liphetoho tse ts'oanang ho micostructure e tšoeu. Fractional anisotropy (FA) ke mohato oa MRI o hlalosang hore na phapang ea limolek'hule tsa metsi bokong ke anisotropic (e sa lekanang ka hohle-hohle). Litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa FA tse bonts'itsoeng ho li-infusion tensor imaging (DTI) -MRI lithuto ho nahanoa hore li bonts'a tlhophiso e ntseng e eketseha ea lipampitšana tsa litaba tse tšoeu, ka lebaka la lits'ebetso tse kenyeletsang myelination. Boithuto bo lula bo bontša keketseho ea FA nakong ea bohlankana, mohlala, libakeng tsa pele tsa bophelo [Barnea-Goraly et al., 2005]. Ho fihla joale, lithuto ha li so bonts'e bopaki ba tlhaiso-leseling ea litaba tsa botona le botšehali tsa FA.

Tekanyo e 'ngoe ea MRI e sebelisitsoeng nts'etsopele ke karolelano ea phetoho ea myelin [MTR: Perrin et al., 2008, 2009]. MTR e fana ka leseli ka litaba tsa macromolecular (mohlala, litaba tsa myelin) tsa lisele tse tšoeu tsa taba. Ho fapana le FA, ho na le bopaki ba li-trajectories tsa nts'etsopele tsa botona le botšehali tsa MTR. Ka ho khetheha, MTR e bontšitsoe hore e fokotseha le lilemo ho isa lilemong tsa bocha ho banna feela [Perrin et al., 2008, 2009]. Ho 'nile ha fanoa ka tlhahiso ea hore phokotseho ena ea MTR e bonts'a khalone ea "axonal", kaha kholumolara e kholo, le li-axon tse nyane li tla lekana ka bongata bo boholo ba setšoantšo mme sena se tla fokotseha ka sekhahla sa myelin [Paus et al. , 2008]. Lipotso li ntse li le teng mabapi le liphumano tsena tse khahlisang tse sebelisitsoeng ho MTR: mohlala, hore na liphapang tsena tsa thobalano li hlaha pele ho bohlankana kapa boroetsaneng.

Karolo ea Bofetoheli ho White Matter Development

Lits'ebetso tsa litaba tse tšoeu tsa ntšetso-pele li fapana joalo ka ts'ebetso ea methati ea phatlalatso. Phuputso e 'ngoe e tlalehile kamano e ntle lipakeng tsa LH mahlaseli le litaba tsa basoeu ha a le lilemo li robong; kamano ena e ne e sa fapana lipakeng tsa bong ba [Peper et al., 2009a]. Leha ho le joalo, ho bontšitsoe hore nakong ea bocha, li-trajectories tsa nts'etsopele tsa bosoalo ba litaba tse tšoeu, hammoho le MTR, li fapana lipakeng tsa bong. Lithuto tsa morao-rao ke Perrin et al. [2008, 2009] ba fuputsetse hore na phapang ee e kanna ea bakoa ke ho tsofala ha lihormone ho theoha tlase ho LH. Perrin et al. [2008] a fuputsa likamano lipakeng tsa maemo a polelo a mofuta o kentsoeng androgen (testosterone) receptor, le nts'etsopele ea litaba tse tšoeu, ho banna. Liphetho li bonts'itse hore phapang e bakoang ke taba ea ntlafatso ea litaba tse tšoeu ho banna e ne e hlile e amana le maemo a puo, a fana ka maikutlo a hore litlamorao tsa testosterone li ka ikarabella likamanong tsa botona le botšehali pakeng tsa lilemo le bosoalo le taba e tšoeu. Ho Perrin et al. [2009], bopaki bo ile ba hlahisoa bakeng sa dimorphism ea thobalano mo molemong oa keketseho ea bongoana ka bokhuts'oanyane ba litaba tse tšoeu.

Ka kakaretso, lithuto tse 'maloa li bontšitse bopaki ba hore li-hormone tsa gonadotropic le gonadal ho kena bohlankaneng li susumetsa kholo ea sebopeho sa boko. Ho hlokahala mosebetsi o mong hape oa ho etsa lipatlisiso litšebelisanong tse ikhethang tsa tikoloho le bonohe ba botona le botšehali kamanong e lipakeng tsa li-hormone tsa ho kena bohlankaneng le kholo ea bokong. Kamora nako, lithuto ho fihlela joale ha li so lekola tšebelisano lipakeng tsa nako ea liketsahalo tsa pubertal le nts'etsopele ea sebopeho sa boko; hona ke sebaka sa lipatlisiso tse tlang.

Eya ho:

MOLEMO OA PUBERTY TSOHLE EA BOPHELO

Ke palo e fokolang feela ea lithuto tsa boits'oaro tse susumetsang tse lebisang tlhokomelo liphellong tsa boroetsana ts'ebetsong e itseng ea kelello. Tse ling tsa lithuto tsa pele-pele li ne li shebane le ts'ebetso ea sefahleho. Phuputso e entsoeng ke Carey et al. [1980] e bonts'itse hore, leha ts'ebetso ea mosebetsi oa boitsebahatso ba sefahleho e ntlafala ka mokhoa o ts'oanang lilemong tse leshome tsa pele tsa bophelo, sena se ile sa lateloa ke ho fokotseha ha ts'ebetso ho hoo e ka bang lilemo tsa 12. Ho theoha hona ho kanna ha bakoa ke ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng, ho fapana le ho latela lilemo, hobane lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao li bonts'itse hore basali nakong ea bokhachane ba etsa hampe le ho feta nakong ea pelehi kapa nakong ea ho beleha, ha lihlopha tsena li ne li bapisoa le lilemo. Haufinyane tjena, ho bontšitsoe bopaki ba hore o "ngola" ka sebatli ha a sebetsana le maikutlo a sefahleho [McGivern et al., 2002]. Thutong ena, barupeluoa ba banna le ba basali ba nang le lilemo tse 10-17 ba ile ba etsa mohlala-papaling eo ho eona lifahleho tse bonts'ang maikutlo li amanang le mantsoe a maikutlo. Keketseho ea nako ea karabelo ea ha motho a le haufi le 10-20% e bonts'oa a le lilemong tse lekanang le ho qala ho kena bohlankaneng (lilemo tsa 10-11 lilemo tse ho basali, 11-12 ho banna), e ileng ea theoha lilemong tsa bocha ho fihlela maemo a pelehi ka lilemo tsa 16-- 17. Leha ho le joalo, thuto ena ha ea ka ea lekola boemo ba ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroaneng. Liphetho tsena li se li lokela ho phetoa, ho etsa mohlala, le mehato e nepahetseng haholoanyane ea li-hormone ea ho kena bohlankaneng, le ho sebelisa li-cohorts tse hlahlojoang nako e telele. Boithuto bo tsoelang pele bo boetse bo lokela ho etsa lipatlisiso hore na liphetho tsena li batla li sebetsoa hantle sefahlehong kapa ke tšusumetso e akaretsang ea ntlafatso ea kelello ea mocha.

Litlamorao tsa Hormone ea Thobalano mabapi le Ts'ebetso ea Kelello

Ho na le bopaki ba hore lihormone li ka ba le litšusumetso tse fapaneng boits'oarong nakong ea bongoaneng ho feta ho ba motho e moholo. Mohlala, mohlala oa phephetso ea mekhatlo ea testosterone-sesole e fana ka maikutlo a hore le ha maemo a testosterone a eketseha nakong ea ho kena bohlankaneng, boitšoaro bo mabifi ha bo bontše kamano efe kapa efe e bonolo ea testosterone nakong ea bocha [Archer, 2006]. Ho fapana le hoo, ho na le bopaki bo hlahang bo tsoang lithutong tsa pele tsa batho le tse seng tsa botho tsa hore testosterone e eketsa ts'usumetso ea ho fumana maemo a holimo, empa litlamorao tse tobileng tsa boits'oaro li its'etleha holima boemo ba bophelo le ntlafatso. Ho bohlokoa ho totobatsa ho rarahana ha litaba tsena-ke hore, re sa le qalong haholo ho hokahanya lipatlisiso tsa liphoofolo (moo liteko li ka etselitsoeng ho hlakisa litlamorao tse ikhethileng tsa li-hormone lits'ebetsong tse khethehileng tsa neural) le lithuto tsa batho, ho sebetsana le tsa bohlokoa empa litaba tse thata tse mabapi le liphetoho tsa kelello, maikutlo le sepheo tse amanang le ho kena bohlankaneng ka kotloloho [bona Dahl le Gunnar, 2009, bakeng sa lipuisano tse ling tsa litlamorao tsa bophelo bo botle ba bongaka le tsa sechaba].

Leha ho le joalo, ho na le libaka tse 'maloa tsa khokahano tse tsoang lipatlisisong sebakeng sena tse totobatsang libaka tse ts'episang tsoelo-pele. Mohlala, ho na le bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha ba hore liphetoho tsa bohlankana lilemong tsa ho batla takatso ea maikutlo tsa bocha li ka kenyelletsa liphetoho tse ikhethileng tsa ho kena bohlankaneng, hape li ka fana ka temohisiso e ncha ho holeng kotsi ea bacha. Ho batla ho ba le maikutlo ke e 'ngoe ea tse eketsang nts'etsopele ea boitšoaro bo kotsing' me ho ka hlaha hangata nakong ea bocha ho feta nako e fe kapa e fe [mohlala, Arnett le Balle-Jensen, 1993]. Litloaelo tsa ho batla ho nyalanya li bonahala li hokahane haholo le ho kena bohlankaneng ho feta botsofaling [Spear, 2000]. E 'ngoe ea lithuto tsa pele tse bonts'ang khokahano e tobileng lipakeng tsa ho batla maikutlo le ho kena bohlankaneng ho tsepamisitsoeng ho bacha lilemong tse pakeng tsa lilemo tsa 11-14. Bashemane le banana ba nang le tsoelo-pele e phahameng haholo ba ne ba e-na le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa maikutlo le ts'ebeliso e kholo ea lithethefatsi [Martin et al., 2002]. Haufinyane tjena, Steinberg le Monahan [2007] ba fumane bopaki ba hore ho batla ho khahlisoa ke maikutlo ho tsoa ho moralo o pharaletseng oa ts'usumetso (eo ka linako tse ling e kopakanngoang le ho batla maikutlo) ho bonts'a mokhoa o ntlafalitsoeng oa mofuta oa U, o phahame ka nako ea ho fetoha ha mmele, 'me o hokahane haholo le mehato ea ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng. ho bashanyana. Dahl le Gunnar [2009, bakeng sa lipuisano tse ling] ba tlalehile liphetoho tse ngata tse amanang le ho kena bohlankaneng, ka mohlala, maikutlo ka karabelo maemong a sechaba.

Ka kakaretso, lithuto tse fokolang tse seng li ntse li fuputse khokahano lipakeng tsa boroetsana le kholo ea kelello, 'me sebaka sena e tla ba mohopolo o khahlisang bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang.

Eya ho:

MOLEMO OA PUBERTY TSOHLE EA TSOHLE MAHALA

Palo e fokolang haholo ea lithuto tse atlehileng tsa ho ithusa ho fihlela joale e kenyelletsa mehato ea boroetsana. Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tse 'maloa tsa batho ba baholo le ba lilemong tsa bocha tse sebetsang tsa MRI (fMRI) li bonts'a phapang ea bong mesebetsing ea neural ka tatellano e fapaneng ea tlhaiso-leseling (tlhahlobo e felletseng ea liphumano tsena e ka nq'ane ho boemo ba sengoloa sena). Liphapang tse ling tsa botona le botšehali li ka bakoa ke litlamorao tsa li-hormone tsa thobalano tsa botona kapa botšehali, litlamorao tse ikemetseng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse fumanehang ho li-chromosome tsa thobalano, kapa litlamorao tse ikhethileng tsa bong ka nako eohle bophelo. Leha ho le joalo, tse ling tsa litlamorao tsena li ka bakoa ke ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng. Litlamorao tsena li ka kopanngoa ke litlamorao tsa ho kopanya ka neural-to-hemodynamic, ka ho hlophisa kapa ho hlahisa tšebetso mabapi le karabelo ea neural, tšusumetso ts'ebetsong ea kelello, kapa ka tšusumetso e sa tobang ea liphetoho tsa bongaka mabapi le ts'ebetso ea kelello ka bo-ralitaba le boitsebahatso. Ho hlokahala lithuto tse ling ho hlakisa likamano tsena tse ka bang teng.

Ho entsoe lithuto tse 'maloa tsa FMRI ka bongata bo nang le pherekano ea endocrine. Le ha litholoana li le thata ho li hlalosa mabapi le ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng (lipalo tsena ke tlhekefetso ea mahlale pele ho nako ea ho kena bohlankaneng), li fana ka bopaki bo fetotseng ba hore lintho tse reriloeng kapa tse amanang le bosehla li susumetsa tšebetso ea boko bo sebetsang. Mohlala, thuto ea fMRI ea Mueller et al. [2009] bapisa tšebetso ea boko nakong ea tšebetso ea maikutlo a sefahleho pakeng tsa banna ba lilemong tsa bocha le hyperandrogenism ea lelapa (e bakang testosterone e ngata ho tloha bonyenyaneng). E amanang le taolo, sehlopha se nang le testosterone e ngata se bontšitse ts'ebetso e phahameng ea hippocampal nakong ea ts'ebetso ea ts'abo, le karabelo e potlakileng ea boitšoaro ho lifahleho tse bonts'ang lipuo tse tšosang. Thutong ea fMRI ea Ernst et al. [2007], bacha ba supileng ba batona le ba supileng ba lilemong tsa bocha ba nang le congenital adrenal hyperplasia (e hlahisang testosterone e feteletseng ka utero) li ne li bapisoa le taolo ea lilemo le bong ka mosebetsi o ts'oanang oa sefahleho. Ho fapana le thuto ke Mueller et al., Ha ho liphapang tse tlalehiloeng sehlopha tse tlalehiloeng hippocampus. Leha ho le joalo, sehlopheng sa basali ba bongaka, ho bile le tšebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea amygdala nakong ea ts'ebetso ea tšabo le ea khalefo, e amanang le taolo ea basali. Ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea amygdala sehlopheng sa baoki ba basali e ne e tšoana le ea taolong ea banna, e fanang ka maikutlo a phello e kopanyang ea testosterone.

Eya ho:

QETELLO

Ho kena bohlankaneng ho emela nako ea phetoho e kholo mabapi le lits'oants'o, maikutlo, maikutlo, maikutlo le bophelo ba sechaba. Bopaki ba mantlha ba pelehi bo tsoang lithutong tsa MRI tsa nts'etsopele bo bontšitse hore sethala sa ho kena bohlankaneng se kanna sa nka karolo ea bohlokoa kholong ea bongoaneng, mohlomong ho feta lilemo tsa tatellano ea liketsahalo. Boithuto bo eketsehileng ba boits'oaro bo botle le bo botle ba 'mele bo hlokahala moo ho nkeloang mehato e nepahetseng le e tšepahalang ea ho kena bohlankaneng ho fana ka leseli la hore na lihormone tsa ho kena bohlankaneng li susumetsa joang kholo ea tšebetso ea boko le tšebetso. Ho hlakile hore ho na le bohlokoa bo boholo ba ho fihlela kutloisiso e ntle ea likamano lipakeng tsa boko, kelello, boits'oaro le ho kena bohlankaneng. Leha ho le joalo, lipheo tsena li tla hloka tsoelo-pele ea mohopolo le mokhoa oa ho tsepamisa mohopolo tseleng e nepahetseng ea ho hokahanya mehato e fapaneng ea phatlalatso lithutong tsa nts'etsopele ea bongoana ba bocha le boits'oaro ba boits'oaro.

Eya ho:

lumela hore baa fokola

SJB ke Royal Society University Fellow Fellow. SB e ne e tšehelitsoe ke lenaneo la Wellcome Trust 4-lilemo tsa PhD ho neuroscience ho UCL.

Eya ho:

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