Liphetoho tse kenang ka tlaase ho nako le ho noa mathata: mekhoa ea ntlafatso le mekhoa pakeng tsa 10 le 15 ea lilemo li (2008)

Lingaka. 2008 Apr; 121 Suppl 4: S273-89.

Windle M, Spear LP, Fuligni AJ, Angold A, Brown JD, Pine D, Smith GT, Giedd J, Dahl RE.

mohloli o moholo

Lefapha la Mahlale a Bohlale le Thuto ea Bophelo, Univesithi ea Emory, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Kamore ea 520, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. [imeile e sirelelitsoe]

inahaneloang

Liphetoho tse ngata tsa nts'etsopele li etsahala maemong ohle a mokhatlo oa motho ka mong (mohlala, liphetoho tse amanang le ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsong, bokong le tšebetsong, le likamano tsa lelapa le lithaka) nakong ea lilemo tsa 10 ho isa lilemong tsa 15. Ho feta moo, ho qala le ho ata ha tšebeliso ea joala hangata ho etsahala nakong ena. Sengoloa sena se sebelisa lithuto tsa liphoofolo le tsa batho ho supa liphetoho tsena tsa nts'etsopele ea li-multilevel. Nako le phapang ea liphetoho tsa kholo e amanang le phapang e fapaneng ea tšebeliso ea joala. Ho khothalletsoa hore pono ena e kopanetsoeng ea nts'etsopele e sebeletsa e le motheo oa boiteko bo latelang ba ho thibela le ho phekola lisosa, mathata le litlamorao tsa tšebeliso ea joala.

Keywords: Ho qala ho kena lilemong tsa bocha, ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng

Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe sehloohong se ka pele ke Zucker le basebetsi mmoho, esita le bana ba ka tlase ho lilemo tsa 10 ba ka tseba joala, ba qala ho hlahisa maikutlo a mang mabapi le tšebeliso ea eona le litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso eo, mme ba bile le boiphihlelo ba bona ba pele ka joala. Ho feta moo, ho na le lintlha tse fapaneng tsa ho ipeha kotsing le ts'ireletso tse seng li le teng nakong ena ea nts'etsopele ea pele e ntlafatsang boitšoaro ba motho nakong ea bohlankana le botsofaling. Ts'ebetso tsena kaofela li tsoela pele nakong ea nts'etsopele ho tloha ho lilemo tsa 10 ho isa 15, e leng nako ea ha bacha ba bangata ba qala ho itlopa joala. Sengoliloeng sena se shebisisa kamano ea nako ea ntlafatso ho tloha ho lilemo tsa 10 ho 15 le tšebeliso ea joala. Khaolo e qala ka kakaretso ea kholo e tloaelehileng ea ntlafatso ea motho bakeng sa sehlopha sa lilemo (ke hore, se lebelletsoeng ka linako tse fapaneng le se tloaelehileng le sa atypical ka lilemo tse itseng). E boetse e bua ka tšebeliso ea joala nakong ea bohlankana ba pele le bohareng le kotsi le mabaka a ts'ireletso a amanang le ho nwa joala tlase le ts'ebeliso ea nako e tlang.

Eya ho:

Ntshetsopele ea tloaelo bakeng sa lilemo tsa 10-15: Kakaretso

Nako ea ho tloha lilemong tsa 10 ho isa ho lilemo tsa 15 e akaretsa nako ea bohlankana kapa boroetsana bo qalang. E tšoauoa ka liphetoho tse kholo mekhoeng ea tlhaho, ea kelello, ea maikutlo le ea sechaba, hammoho le tikolohong ea 'mele le ea sechaba. Ho kena bohlankaneng ke letšoao la nako ena. Habohlokoa le ho feta, lilemong tse lekholo tse fetileng, karolelano ea lilemo tsa ho kena bohlankaneng e fokotsehile, mme litlamorao bakeng sa ts'ebetso le boits'oaro ba bacha tsa lilemong tsa bocha. Nako ho tloha lilemong tsa 10 ho isa 15 le eona ea bohlokoa bakeng sa liphetoho tse kang ho tloha sekolong sa mathomo ho isa sekolong se mahareng le ho tloha sekolong se mahareng ho isa sekolong se phahameng. Ho feta moo, litaba tsa boitsebahatso e ba tsa bohlokoa nakong ena, joalo ka litebello tsa lithaka le sechabeng, ho kenyeletsoa tse amanang le tšebeliso ea joala. Ebile, ke nako eo bacha ba bangata ba qalang ho sebelisa lino tse tahang le ha ho nooa le ho itlopa joala ho ata. The tafoleng e akaretsa linako tsa nts'etsopele, phetoho, maemo, mesebetsi, le litaba tse tšoaeang sehlopha sa lilemo tsa 10-15.

Lethathamo

Metsotsoana ea Nts'etsopele le Phetoho, Contexta ea Nts'etsopele ea mantlha, le Mesebetsi ea Ntšetso-pele le Litaba tsa Botsofali ba Bana 10-15

Tšoaetso Phetoho ho Bofelong ba Bocha le Bohareng

Nako le thempleite ea mekhoa e fapaneng ea ntlafatso e fapana kahare ho batho ka bomong. Liphetoho tse ling tsa bohlankana ba pele le bo bohareng li amana haufi le lilemo tsa tatellano ea liketsahalo, tse kang sehlopha sa sekolo. Liphetoho tse ling li tsamaisana haholo le boemo ba nts'etsopele, bo kang ho kena bohlankaneng, ho khahloa ke batho ba bong bo fapaneng le bohlokoa ba bona ba lithaka.

Botsofali

Liphetoho mekhoeng ea lekunutu ea li -idsids tsa gonadal tse hlalosang ho qala ha ho kena bohlankaneng ka kakaretso li qala ka lilemo tsa 10. Li tsamaisana le liphetoho tsamaisong ea methapo ea kutlo le li-neurophysiology hammoho le liphetoho tse totobalang ponahalong ea 'mele (mohlala, bolelele, sebopeho sa' mele le ponahalo ea litšobotsi tsa bobeli tsa thobalano). Le ha ho le joalo, phapang e fapaneng ka bonngoe le phapang pakeng tsa merabe le merabe li teng lits'ebetsong tsena. Mohlala, nts'etsopele ea moriri le matsoele a banana ba banana bao e seng Basepanic White hangata e qala lilemong tsa 10.5, 'me selemo pele ho banana bao e seng ba Spain, le banana ba Spain ba oela pakeng. Karolelano ea lilemo tsa ho ilela khoeli hamorao, e qala ho pota lilemo tsa 12.5 ho banana bao e seng Basepanic White le likhoeli tse 'maloa pejana ho banana bao e seng ba Spain.

Le ha karolo ea kholo ea bongoana e hlaha hamorao ho bashanyana ho feta banana, maikutlo a akaretsang mabapi le ho kena bohlankaneng a ka khelosa. Bakeng sa li-whites tse seng tsa Hispanic, ho qaleha ha botsitso ba mofuta oa "pubic hair" ho fumanoe ho hlahile hamorao ho bashanyana ho feta banana (12.0 vs 10.6 years), athe ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kholo ea botona ho bashanyana e etsahetse pejana (lilemo tsa 10.0) ho feta ho qala ha matsoele nts'etsopele ho banana (lilemo tsa 10.4) (Letsatsi et al. 2002).

Liphetoho ho Boko bo Hōlang

Nakong ea bocha, letoto la liphetoho tse bang teng matlong a kelello ka lebaka la liphetoho tsa lihormone le tšusumetso ea boiphihlelo. Keketseho ea litaba tsa bohlooho e bang teng ho fihlela lilemong tsa 11 ho banana le botsofaling ba 12 ho bashanyana e lateloa ke ho theoha butle hoa molumo oa litaba tsa bohlooho ka cortex ea "cerebral" (Giedd et al. 1997, 1999; Gogtay et al. 2004; Sowell et al. 2004; Toga le Thompson 2003). Ho fokotseha ho nahanoa ho hlahisoa ke lits'ebetso tsa nts'etsopele, joalo ka phokotso ea khokahano ea synaptic har'a li-neuron tse tsejoang ka hore ke "dunritic" pruning. "Nako pakeng tsa lilemo tsa 10 le 15 ea lilemo li kenyelletsa kholo e kholo lits'ebetsong tsa kelello, ho kenyelletsa le bokhoni ba ho rala, ho boloka tlhahisoleseling" marang-rang, "rarolla mesebetsi e rarahaneng ea ho lemoha, 'me u bonts'a taolo le taolo ea taolo (Luna le Sweeney 2004). Habohlokoa, lits'ebetso tsa taolo ea taolo li ntse li tsoela pele ho hola hantle XXUMX ea lilemo tse fetileng, e ba mashome a mabeli a motho.

Bacha ba tlaleha ho feto-fetoha ho hoholo ha maemo a bona a maikutlo (Larson et al. 2002), hangata o ba le liketsahalo tse tebileng haholo maikutlong, 'me a bonts'a likarolo tse ling tsa boitšoaro bo tlolang molao ho feta li-preadolescents (Moffitt le Caspi 2001). Mekhoa ea ho robala le tloaelo e monate ea bocha e boetse e fetoha haholo bohlankaneng, ka phetoho ea lipina tsa circadian e susumetsang batho hore ba lule ba falimehile nako e telele le ho robala ho fihlela hamorao ka letsatsi (Nelson et al. 2002). Liphetoho tsena li amana le liphetoho tse pharaletseng taolong ea boitšoaro, tse ka bang kotsing ea kholo ea nts'etsopele ea mefuta e fapaneng ea psychopathology. Ebile, litheko tsa li-psychopathologies tse ngata, ho kenyelletsa khatello ea maikutlo e kholo, khatello ea maikutlo ea sechaba, mathata a fapaneng a boitšoaro, le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi a eketseha haholo hara lilemo tsa bocha ba 10-15 (Angold et al. 1998; Costello et al. 2002).

Liphetoho likamanong tsa malapa, tsa lithaka le tsa baratani

Kamano ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa sechabeng bakeng sa bana bohle le bacha ke e nang le malapa a bona le lithaka tsa bona. Lipakeng tsa lilemo tsa 10 le 15, likamano tsena tsa bohlokoa li fetoha liphetoho tse kholo.

Kamano ea Lelapa

Tumelo ea hore bacha hangata ba arohantsoe le malapa a bona nakong ea bocha e fosahetse; leha ho le joalo, ho 'nile ha fanoa ka maikutlo a hore ho fihlela kholo ea ho ba le bana ho baka mokhoa oa ho iphetola ha lintho o khothalletsang karohano le lelapa la tlhaho (Steinberg 1989). Ho feta moo, ho arohana maikutlong pakeng tsa bana le batsoali ho ea eketseha, haholoholo pakeng tsa bana le bo-ntate (Fuligni 1998; Steinberg 1988). Bacha ba lilemong tsa pele ba qeta nako e fokolang haholo le batsoali ba bona le litho tse ling tsa lelapa, e leng se ka hlalosang lebaka leo khahlano le batsoali ka kakaretso e sa eketseheng lilemong tsena. Boholo ba likhang, leha ho le joalo, ha li etsahala, ho bonahala e le tse kholo (Laursen et al. 1998). Nakong ea karolo ena, bacha ba batla boiketlo bo boholo sechabeng le maikutlong le monyetla oa ho iketsetsa liqeto (Smetana 1988). Ba eketsa ho qeta nako e ngata le lithaka (boholo ba tsona bo sa hlomphuoe ke batho ba baholo) 'me ba susumetsoa ke tsona. Ntle le moo, ha matla a bona a ho nahana a sa khaotse, bacha ba khona ho pheha khang le ho nyatsa batsoali ba bona haholo, ba nahana kamoo ba lokelang ho ba ”Collins xnumx). Liphetoho tsena kaofela li ka fetola mofuta oa kamano ea motsoali le ngoana, empa ho bohlokoa ho tseba hore batsoali ba lula e le tšusumetso e kholo maphelong a bana ba bona.

Tšusumetso ea Lithaka

Tšusumetso ea lithaka ho pota lilemo tsa 11-13. Ona ke a lilemo ha bacha ba bangata ba Amerika ba le sekolong se mahareng (Berndt 1979; Steinberg le Silverberg 1986) mme ha khafetsa maemo a maemo a fetoha le nako e eketsehileng ea ho ba sieo sehlopheng e eketsa tlhahiso ea bona ea lithaka. Bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha, metsoalle, le batho ba bang ba haufi ba kenya letsoho haholo kholisong ea litumelo tsa hae, boits'oaro ba hae, khetho ea boithabiso le boithatelo ba hae (mohlala, ka liaparo le 'mino) ho feta kamoo ba entseng pele ho lilemo tsa 10. Tšusumetso ena e ka fetela ho boits'oarong bo kotsi le boits'ireletso (Berndt 1979). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, batsoali ba boloka tšusumetso ea bona litabeng tsa mantlha, tse kang bolumeli, boitšoaro le thuto.

Bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba nang le likamano tse thata le ba malapa a bona (mohlala, batsoali ba bona ba laola haholo kapa ba sa kopanele le bona) ba khona ho tjeka ho lithaka (Fuligni le Eccles 1993). Ba bang ba ikemiselitse ho tela mesebetsi e metle le likarolo tse ling tsa bophelo ba bona e le hore ba amoheloe ke, le ho ratoa ke lithaka. Sena se ka ba lebisa ho tloaelaneng le lihlopha tsa lithaka tse khelohileng le ho etsa boitšoaro bo kotsi haholoanyane, ho kenyelletsa tšebeliso ea joala, lilemong tsa sekolo se phahameng (Fuligni et al. 2001). Ho joalo, lihlopha tsa metsoalle le lihlopha tsa lithaka li fapane haholo (Brown 1990), mme ha se lihlopha tsohle tsa bacha tsa bacha tse kenang boits'oarong bo kotsi.

Ho kenella ka Lithaka le Bofetoheli ba Pubertal

Keketseho ea ho ba le karolo ea lithaka e tsamaisana le tlhalo ea tlhalo ea lithaka. Le ha hangata sena se etsahala lipakeng tsa 10 le 15, ho na le phapang e kholo tempeleng le nakong ea bocha. Ho fihlella kholo ea ho ba le bana le ho hlaha hoa litšobotsi tsa bong bo fapaneng tse khethollang nako ena e ka ba mohloli oa botumo le maemo le ho itšepa le ho ts'oenyeha ha bacha ba tloaela 'mele ea bona e holang' me ba ipapisa le ba bang. Mohlala, liphuputso li bonts'itse hore banana ba holang ka bokhutšoanyane ba na le kotsi e kholo ea mathata a kahare (ke hore, ho tšoenyeha kapa khatello ea maikutlo). Bakeng sa ba bang, sena se ka amahanngoa le ho eketseha ha mafura a 'mele hoo ho hlokahalang hore ho qala ho ea matsatsing (Ge et al. 1996; Peterson 1988). Ntle le moo, banana ba bang ba holang pejana ba kotsing e kholo ea ho pepesehela maemo a lithaka moo boits'oaro bo joalo ka joala bo bang teng ka lebaka la ho tloaelana le bashanyana ba baholo (Magnusson et al. 1985).

Likamano tsa Baratani

Athe qaleho ea ho ratana e susumetsoa ke bong, morabe le tumelo (Collins xnumx), har'a lintho tse ling, bacha United States ka tloaelo ba qala ho intša ho pota lilemo tsa 13 kapa 14. Ho laetsana pele ho nako ea bohlankana ho nahanoa hore ke ntho ea botsoalle ho feta ho laoloa ka lerato le mokhoa oa ho qeta nako le metsoalle. Kamano e tebileng le e tšoarellang ea maikutlo a lerato hangata e ba teng hamorao bohlankaneng.

Ka kakaretso, bacha ba kajeno ba kopanela liketsong tsa thobalano ba sa le banyenyane haholo hangata ho feta nakong e fetileng. Joalo ka ho laetsana, ho na le liphapang tse fapaneng ho feta bong, morabe le tumelo, mme leha bongata ba bacha ba sa kopanele liketsong tsa thobalano pele ho lilemo tsa 15, ba etsang joalo ba ka ba kotsing e kholo ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le joala (Rosenthal et al. 1999).

Liphetoho litabeng tsa 'Mele le Lelapa le Litšusumetso tsa Sechaba le Setso

Bakeng sa sehlopha sa lilemo tsa 10-15, liphetoho maemong a tikoloho le maemo a bophelo li phahame haholo, li bonts'a ho atoloha ha tšusumetso ea tikoloho. Maemo a mang a nahana hore ke a bohlokoa haholo bophelong ba bocha ho feta pele, athe a mang a macha ho sehlopha sena sa lilemo. Lelapa le sekolo e lula e le tsona maemo a bohlokoa haholo, leha ho le joalo, joalo ka ha ho se ho boletsoe, bacha ba qeta nako e nyane le batsoali ba bona, 'me sena se tsoela pele sekolong se phahameng kaofela. Har'a bashanyana, nako le batsoali le malapa e nkeloa sebaka ke nako e sebelisoang a le mong, 'me har'a banana, ke nako ea hae o le mong le metsoalle (Larson le Richards 1991).

Boholo ba bana United States, ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng ho potlakisa phetoho ea ho tloha sekolong sa mathomo ho isa sekolong se mahareng kapa se phahameng. Ho ba bangata, ho fetola likolo feela ho ka sithabetsa. Ho tlatsetsa khatello ea maikutlo, tikoloho ea sekolo sa sekolo se bohareng e fapana haholo le ea sekolo sa mathomo (Molesu et al. 1993; Simmons le Blyth 1987). Ka lebaka la likolo tse kholo le lihlopha tsa baithuti, lihlopha tse ngata le matichere, maemo a thata, litekanyetso tsa ts'ebetso, litekanyetso tse fokolang tsa motho ka mong, le maemo a tlase a tšebelisano ea baithuti le matichere, bacha ba bangata ba lilemong tsa bocha ba lahleheloa ke tšusumetso e matla e amanang le sekolo. Ho ikopanya ha bona le sekolo le cheseho ea bona ea mesebetsi e ratoang ea nyamela. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, bacha ba bangata ba kenella mesebetsing ea mokhethoa, joalo ka lihlopha tsa lipapali kapa lihlopha tse khethehileng tsa lipapali. Ts'ebetso tsena li bula libaka tsa bohlokoa tsa tikoloho le lithaka le batho ba baholo ba sa tsotelleng (mohlala, bakoetlisi ba lipapali, baetapele ba baholo ba lihlopha tse amanang le sekolo, kereke, kapa lihlopha tsa mesebetsi ea sechaba, joalo-joalo). Liphetoho tsena tsa tikoloho li beha litlhoko tse ncha ho mocha, tse hlokang hore a tloaelane le maemo le taolo e kholo ea kelello, maikutlo le boiketlo ba sechaba.

Bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha hangata ba fuoa bolokolohi bo eketsehileng ke malapa a bona mme ba kenelletse tikolohong e kantle ho ntlo. Ba qeta nako e ngata ba haella tikolohong ea baahisani, libaesekopong tsa libaesekopo, lirapeng tsa boikhathollo le mabenkeleng (Steinberg 1990). Likarolo tse nang le mathata tsa libaka tse ling tsa tikoloho (mohlala, maemo a phahameng a bofutsana, botlokotsebe le ts'ebetso ea sechaba) li ka ba le phello e mpe ntlafatsong, haholoholo lilemong tsa bocha ha bana ba pepesetsoa lintlha tse joalo ntle le ho sefa kapa ho beha leihlo ho batsoali le malapa (Leventhal le Brooks-Gunn 2000). Tšusumetso e kholo ha ho se na mesebetsi ea boleng bo holimo kamora sekolo.Pedersen le Seidman 2005). Sena e kanna ea ba hobane bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba qetang nako e ngata e sa laoloang ba tikolohong ea tikoloho ba ka pepesehela bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha le batho ba baholo ba nang le boitšoaro bo kotsi, joalo ka joala le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi.

Bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba kenella ka matla ho ipatleng hore na ke bo-mang le hore na ba lumellana joang le boithabiso. Ho hlaha lipotso mabapi le litabatabelo tsa boits'oaro le boits'oaro tseo lithaka tsa bona le sechaba se seholo se ba le tsona. Morabe, bong le tumelo li fetoha bohlokoa haholo joalo ka mohloli oa boitsebahatso ba hau (Phinney 1990), hape, ho ipapisitse le lintlha tsena, bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba ka fumana tšoaro e fapaneng le litebello mme ba ka iphumana ba sutumelletsoa pele kapa ba le hole le mesebetsi e itseng (Greene et al. 2006). Ha bacha ba loana le litaba tsa boitsebahatso ba bona, ho ka etsahala hore ba tobane le likhetho mabapi le tšebeliso ea joala. Qeto ea ho nooa e kanna ea ba karolo ea ho leka likarolo tse fapaneng kaha ke qeto ea ho bona litlamorao tsa joala.

Bacha ba qeta boholo ba letsatsi la bona ba hlophiselitsoe mofuta o mong oa mecha ea litaba (ka karolelano, lihora tsa 6 ho isa ho 7 ka letsatsi bakeng sa 11- ho lilemo tsa 15)Roberts et al. 2004a). Mecha ea litaba ke tšusumetso e kholo ea sechaba le setso, 'me hangata e ba teng hole le batsoali ba nang le monyetla o fokolang oa ho shebella, ho qoqa, kapa ho fetolela melaetsa. Bacha ba bangata ba lilemong tsa bocha ba na le thelevishene ka kamoreng ea bona ea ho robala, 'me hoo e ka bang kaofela ba na le mofuta o itseng oa molumo oa molumo. Ba kena liphatlalatsong tse fapaneng tse amanang le lilemo tsa bona, hape, ba ea ho mecha ea litaba e etselitsoeng bacha ba baholo. Ntle le moo, sehlopha sena sa batho ba lilemo tse ngata se sebelisa mefuta e fetang e le 'ngoe ka nako e le' ngoe (mohlala, ho mamela 'mino ha u ntse u bala Inthanete). Bacha ba boetse ba qeta lihora tse ngata letsatsi le leng le le leng ba sebelisa theknoloji ho buisana le metsoalle ea bona le ho kopana le ba bacha (mohlala, ho romellana melaetsa, ho romellana melaetsa hanghang) (Roberts et al. 2004a,b)

Melaetsa ea joala e atile haholo mecheng ea litaba ea bacha. Joala ke lijo le lino tse hlahisoang khafetsa thelevisheneng. Hoo e ka bang likarolo tse peli ho tse tharo tsa mananeo a thelevishene a tšohanyetso a bontšang tšebeliso ea joala ka tekanyo ea liketso tse ka bang robeli tsa ho nooa ka hora (Mathios et al. 1998). Ho feta karolo ea bone ea livideo ho MTV le VH-1 e bontša tšebeliso ea joala; ka bobeli liteishene tsena tsa thelevishene ke litakatso tsa bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha (DuRant et al. 1997). Bacha ba bacha khafetsa ba bonts'oa joala lifiliming tse shebaneng le bacha, hangata e nang le litlamorao tse mpe (Stern 2005).

Mecha ea litaba e ka sebetsa e le mofuta oa "lithaka tse ntle haholo" bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea joala ka ho latela mohlala oa boitšoaro le boits'oaro bo amanang le ho noa. Boithuto mabapi le litlamorao tsa ho shebella pefo thelevisheneng ho ka thusa ho tsebisa kutloisiso ea rona ea hore na bacha ba angoa joang ke lits'oants'o tsa joala mecheng ea litaba. Liphuputso tseo li bontšitse hore bacha ba ka khona ho etsisa boitšoaro bo mabifi haeba bo etsoa ke batho ba ratehang ba sa utloeng litholoana tse mpe. Mokhoa ona o tšoanang o ka sebetsa le litšoantšong tse ntle tsa joala mecheng ea litaba. Ho pepesetsoa haholo thelevisheneng, livideo tsa 'mino, le papatso ea joala lilemong tsa bocha ho amana le lithuto tse ling, ka ho qaleha ha tšebeliso ea lino tse tahang le biri e boima ho feta lilemong tsa bocha ba morao (Stacey et al. 2004).

Eya ho:

Tšebeliso ea Joala ho 10-to 15-Year-Old Age-Group

Bokapele ba Ts'ebeliso ea Joala

Lintlha tsa tlhahlobo ea boemeli ba naha ka bophara mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea joala ha li fumanehe ho bana ba ka tlase ho lilemo tsa 12. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lipatlisiso tsa boemeli ba naha ka bophara li bokella tlhahisoleseling mabapi le tšebeliso ea joala ke bacha ba lilemo tsa 12 le ho feta, ho kenyelletsa le Monitoring the future (MTF), Lipatlisiso tsa Naha ka Ts'ebeliso ea Lithethefatsi le Bophelo bo botle (NSDUH), le Sekhahla sa Ts'ebetso ea Boahloli ba Bacha ( YRBSS). Lintlha tse tsoang thutong ea 2005 MTF (Johnston et al. 2006) e bontša hore liperesente tsa 41.0 tsa li-graders tsa 8th tse hlahlobiloeng li sebelisitse joala bophelong bohle ba bona, joalo ka liperesente tsa 63.2 tsa li-graders tsa 10th. Litefiso tsa prevalence bakeng sa ts'ebeliso likhoeling tsa ho qetela tsa 12 le matsatsi a ho qetela a 30 e ne e le liperesente tsa 33.9 le 17.1, ka ho latellana, bakeng sa li-graders tsa 8th le 56.7 le liperesente tsa 33.2, ka ho latellana, bakeng sa li-graders tsa 10th. Lino tse tahiloeng tse nang le tahi (mohlala, li-alcopops) li bonahala li ratoa ke sehlopha sena sa lilemo; Karolo ea 35.5 ea liperesente tsa 8th le 57.0 lekholong ea li-graders tsa 10th li tlalehiloe hore li li ja ka nako e itseng bophelong ba tsona.

Ho latela data ea MTF, liperesente tsa 19.5 tsa li-graders tsa 8th le liperesente tsa 42.1 tsa li-graders tsa 10th li tlalehiloe hore li ne li tahiloe bophelong ba tsona, mme liperesente tsa 10.5 tsa li-graders tsa 8th le liperesente tsa 21 tsa li-graders tsa 10th li tlaleha hore li qetile lino tse hlano kapa ho feta ka nako e le 'ngoe ho Libekeng tsa ho qetela tsa 2. Lintlha tsena li fana ka maikutlo a monyetla oa ho noha har'a bacha lilemong tsa bocha. Ka mantsoe a mang, ha bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba e-noa, hangata ba noa haholo le hoja boholo ba ba noang ba sa noe letsatsi le leng le le leng. Mokhoa ona oa ho nooa o kotsi haholo 'me o ka ama bophelo bo botle le nts'etsopele.

Lintlha tsa boithuto tse tsoang MTF li bonts'a hore maikutlo le maikutlo a fetoha nakong ena ea bongoana ho ea ho tumello e tlase ea ts'ebeliso ea joala. Ho nyatsa ka matla tšebeliso ea joala (joala bo le bong kapa tse peli) e ne e le phahameng haholo pakeng tsa li-graders tsa 8th (liperesente tsa 51.2) empa e le tlase tlase hara li-graders tsa 10th (liperesente tsa 38.5). Liperesente tse ka bang 57.2 tsa li-graders tsa 8th le liperesente tsa 53.3 tsa li-graders tsa 10th li kentse li-lino tse hlano kapa ho feta tsa joala hanngoe kapa habeli beke e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e le "kotsi e kholo" ea likotsi. Leha ho le joalo, ha ba botsoa hore na ba nahana hore batho ba ipeha kotsing e kae ea ho intša kotsi 'meleng kapa ka litsela tse ling ka ho nwa e le' ngoe ho isa ho tse peli letsatsi le letsatsi, liperesente tsa 31.4 tsa li-graders tsa 8th le liperesente tsa 32.6 tsa li-graders tsa 10th li kentse sena e le "kotsi e kholo." Ntle le moo, liperesente tsa 64.2 tsa li-graders tsa 8th le liperesente tsa 83.7 tsa 10th graders li lekantsoe joala e le bonolo kapa bo bonolo haholo ho bo fumana (Johnston et al. 2006).

Liphello tsa Tšebeliso e Mpe ea Joala ea Bacha

Le ha liphuputso tse mabapi le litlamorao tsa ho noha ha bacha li sa tsepamisa maikutlo ho batho ba lilemong tsena tse nyane, tse ling li kenyeletsa bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha. Mohlala, thutong e 'ngoe e joalo moo lilemo li neng li bolela hore ke lilemo tsa 16.9, bacha ba tlaleha litlamorao tse fapaneng tsa ho noa ha bona, joalo ka ho fetela, ho etsa lintho tseo ba ikoahlaelang tsona ka letsatsi le hlahlamang, le ho loana le motho eo ba sa mo tsebeng (Windle le Windle 2005). Tšebeliso ea joala ea bongoana e ka senya ts'ebetso ea sekolo, e tsamaisana le koae le tšebeliso e seng molaong ea lithethefatsi, mme e ka baka lintlafatso mohopolong le tšebetsong ea boko bo ntseng bo hola. Ntle le moo, ho qala ho nooa pele ho nako ho amana le mathata a nako e tlang, ho kenyeletsoa ho ts'oaroa ke joala le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi (Grant le Dawson 1997; Labouvie et al. 1997).

Ts'ebeliso ea joala ke bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha le eona e amana le mekhoa e mengata ea ho ipolaea, ho kenyelletsa maikutlo, liteko le ho phethela. Lintlha tse tsoang ho Tlhahlobo ea Sechaba sa Bophelo ba Baithuti ba Bacha (Windle et al. 1992) e bonts'a hore hara basali ba tlohelang basali ba sehlopheng sa 10th (ke hore, ba neng ba sa noe joala matsatsing a 30 a fetileng), liperesente tsa 33.5 li kile tsa nahana ka ho ipolaea mme liperesente tsa 12.3 li ne li lekile; hara ba noang bobebe (ke hore, ba noang joala ka makhetlo a le mong ho isa ho a mahlano matsatsing a 30 a ho qetela), liperesente tsa 52.0 li ne li kile tsa nahana ka ho ipolaea mme liperesente tsa 21.4 li ne li lekile; mme hara ba noang haholo / haholo (ke hore, ba noang ka makhetlo a tšeletseng kapa ho feta matsatsing a 30 a fetileng) liperesente tsa 63.1 li ne li kile tsa nahana ka ho ipolaea mme liperesente tsa 38.8 li ne li lekile.

Tšebeliso e mpe ea tahi har'a bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha le eona e amahanngoa le ho etsa thobalano le likotsi tsa thobalano (mohlala, ho ba le balekane ba bangata ba thobalano). Har'a bacha ba etsang thobalano, liperesente tsa 26.2 tsa li-graders tsa 9th le liperesente tsa 21.1 tsa li-graders tsa 10th thutong ea YRBS li tlalehile joala kapa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi nakong ea thobalano ea ho qetela (Eaton et al. 2006).

Bacha ba Ikutloa Joala

Litaba tsa boitšoaro li thibela ho tsamaisa joala ho bacha bakeng sa lipatlisiso, ho etsa hore ho be thata ho rala lithuto tse hlahlobang maikutlo a tlhaho ea bacha ba ho joala. Leha ho le joalo, phuputsong e le 'ngoe e entsoeng lilemong tse mashome tse' maloa tse fetileng, bashanyana ba lilemo li 8- ho ea 15 ba ile ba fuoa lethaline la 0.5 ml / kg pure ethanol, e ileng ea kenya litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa joala ba mali (BAL) tse neng li le kahara bongata ba joala. (Eckardt et al. 1998). Leha ho le joalo, bafuputsi (Behar et al. 1983) ha a ka a fumana matšoao a botahoa ho bacha bana, a hlokomela hore ho na le liphetoho tse ngata tse mpe tse mpe tse etsahetseng ho bana kamora hore ba fuoe tekanyetso ea joala e ka bakang ho tahi ho batho ba baholo.

Patlisiso ea morao-rao ea liphoofolo e fane ka tšehetso bakeng sa ho bona hore bacha ha ba na taba le litlamorao tsa joala ho tepelletsong ea makoloi. Boithuto bo boetse bo supa hore liphoofolo tsa lilemong tsa bocha li bonts'a ho fokotseha ha maikutlo ho litlamorao tse ling tsa joala tse ka sebeletsang e le mekhoa ea ho fokotsa ho ja, ho kenyelletsa ho senyeha ha sechaba le ho kenella mokokotlong (Spear le Varlinskaya 2005). Ntle le moo, ha ba na taba le litla-morao tse itseng tsa "hangover" tsa postintoxicationDoremus et al. 2003). Melemo ena ea ho itlopa joala e ka phatlalatsoa ka ho khetheha nakong ea bohlankana.Varlinskaya le Spear 2004).

Ho fapana le ho se tsotelle ho tlisoang ke litlamorao tse ngata tse bakiloeng ke joala, liphoofolo tse lilemong tsa bocha li na le maikutlo a tebileng ho feta batho ba baholo ka tse ling tsa litlamorao tsa eona, ho kenyelletsa le ts'ehetso ea sechaba e bonoang ka tekanyetso e tlase.Varlinskaya le Spear 2002). Ho tlatsa sephetho sena bathong ho fana ka maikutlo a hore kutloelo-bohloko e tlase ho litlamorao tse mpe tsa joala tse ka sebeletsang e le mekhoa ea batho ba baholo ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea bona, hammoho le maikutlo a tebileng a litlamorao tsa joala, e ka khothaletsa tekanyo e phahameng ea ho noa ho batjha. Phello ena, e ka 'na ea hlalosa maemo a phahameng a ho itlopa joala a bonoang ho bacha ba batho (Tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi le taolo ea lits'ebeletso tsa bophelo ba kelello 2003).

Ho joalo, batho ba nang le nalane ea malapa ea joala le bona ha ba na taba le joala, e leng se ka hlalosang kotsi ea bona e kholo ea ho lemalla joala.Schuckit et al. 2004). Bakeng sa bana ba lino tse tahang, ho hloka kelello hona ho ka eketsa kotsi ea bona ea ho sebelisa joala haholo lilemong tsa bocha.

Ntle le liphapang tsa litlamorao tsa joala ea merianaWhite le Swartzwelder 2005), ka phello ea morao-rao e tlalehiloeng ho bacha ba batho le (Acheson et al. 1998). Ho feta moo, bopaki bo tsoang liphuputsong tse ngata tse sebelisang mofuta oa "ho itlopa joala" bo pepesa joala bo bontša hore bacha ba kotsing e kholo ho feta ea batho ba baholo ho lemala ha boko libakeng tse itseng, ho kenyeletsa le kotloloho ea pele (Crews et al. 2000). Lithuto tsena li bonts'itse hore ho pepesetsoa joala ba bongoana ho ka ba le litlamorao tse sa feleng mosebetsing oa neural le boits'oaro ho liphoofolo.

Litlamorao Tse Amanang le Ts'ebeliso ea Ts'ebeliso ea Tai Joala

Liphetho ho Maemo a Hormone

Patlisiso ea liphoofolo e bontšitse hore tšebeliso ea lino tse tahang ea bongoana e ama maemo a lihormone. Mohlala, ho pepesetsoa joala haholo mathoasong a bocha ho eketsa maemo a testosterone ho likhoto tsa banna (Little et al. 1992), ha e na phello maemong a testosterone nakong ea bohareng ba bocha (Boemo et al. 1997), hape e hatella maemo a testosterone maemong a morao a morao le likhoto tse kholo (Little et al. 1992; Boemo et al. 1997). Patlisiso e eketsehileng ea liphoofolo e bonts'a hore ho pepesetsoa joala nako e telele nakong ea bokhachane ho fetoha le maemo a amanang le ho kena bohlankaneng empa nako ea litlamorao e fapana ho ba batona le ba batšehali.Cicero et al. 1990; Emanuele et al. 2002; Ferris et al. 1998; Hernandez-Gonzalez le Juarez 2000; Hiney et al. 1999; Dees et al. 1990).

Kamano ho Tloha Kamoso

Lithuto tseo ka bobeli tse ka etsahalang le tsa ho pheta-pheta tsa batho li bonts'a hore ho qaleha hoa ho nooa ho amana le mathata a morao a joala, ho kenyelletsa ho ts'epahala le tlhekefetso ea lintho tse ling (Grant le Dawson 1997; Labouvie et al. 1997). Mohlala, tlhahlobo ea boemeli ba naha e bonts'itse hore liperesente tsa 40 tsa batho ba tlalehileng ba noang pele ho lilemo tsa 15 le bona ba hlalositse mokhoa oa bona oa ho nwa ka nako e itseng maphelong a bona ka tsela e lumellanang le tlhahlobo ea ts'ebeliso ea lino tse tahang ha li bapisoa le liperesente tsa 10 tsa batho ba tlalehileng ho qala ho noa a le lilemo li 21 kapa hamorao (Grant le Dawson 1997). Ha ho hlake, leha ho le joalo, hore na tšebeliso e mpe ea lino tse tahang ke sesosa se ikhethileng sa tšebeliso ea mathata hamorao kapa e mpa e le sesupo sa eona.

Boithuto ba lipatlisiso bo sebelisang meetso ea liphoofolo bo se bo qalile ho hlahloba hore na ho na le kamano e teng pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea joala pele le tšebeliso ea joala kamora nako le hore na ho pepesetsoa joala ho noha ho na le litlamorao tse sa feleng. Ka nako ena, liphetho li kopantsoe (Spear 2002). Lithutong tse ling, ho itlopa joala ka boithaopo nakong ea bocha ho ama boitšoaro bo amanang le joala ho liphoofolo tse kholo. Mohlala, ha liphoofolo tse kholo li fuoa khetho ea metsi kapa joala, li ne li khetha joala. Ntle le moo, liphoofolo tse baholo tse fuoeng joala nakong ea bocha li bontšitse keketseho ea boits'oaro ba "ho lakatsa", monyetla o moholo oa ho khutla hape (McBride et al. 2005), ho ja joala bo bongata ho arabela khatello ea maikutlo (Siegmund et al. 2005). Ho liphoofolo, ho pepesetsoa joala nako e telele nakong ea bohlankana ho etsa hore motho a mamelle ka nako e telele e "ferekanyang" bohlanya bo amanang le bongoana.Slawecki 2002) le ho fofisa koloi (White et al. 2000) litlamorao tsa joala. Mamello ena e phehella ho ba motho e moholo ebile e ka thusa maemong a phahameng a tšebeliso ea joala ea batho ba baholo.

Patlisiso ea liphoofolo e hlalositsoeng ka holimo e bonts'a monyetla oa hore ho pepesetsoa joala kapele ho ka fetola ts'ebetso ea bongoana, ho baka litlamorao tsa nako e telele tse eketsang tekanyo ea tlhekefetso ea morao. Tumellanong le khopolo ena, lithuto tsa batho li bonts'a hore tšebeliso e mpe ea joala e sa foleng bongoaneng e amana le bofokoli ba kelello le liphetoho lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea boko (Tapert le Schweinsburg 2005) le morphologyDe Bellis et al. 2000). Ha ho hlake hore na liphoso tsena tsa methapo ea kutlo li bakoa ke tšebeliso ea lino tse tahang kapa hore na li bile teng pele ho ts'ebeliso ea lino tse tahang ebile li kanna tsa kenya letsoho tšebelisong e mpe ea tahi (Hill xnumx).

Eya ho:

Lintho tse sa Neng kotsi le Tse Sireletsehileng

Ha o nahana ka kamano lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea joala ba pele le mathata a joala ba morao-rao, ho kenyelletsa le ho its'etleha, ho bohlokoa ho hopola hore litsela tse ngata li ka lebisa ho ts'ebeliso e mpe ea joala. Ho na le lintlha tse felletseng tsa lintlha tse ikhethileng tse eketsang kotsi ea tšebeliso ea joala har'a bana le bacha.Hawkins et al. 1992; Windle 1999). Mabaka a kotsi a se nang letho ke ao a ka amang mefuta e mengata ea psychopathology le boits'oaro ba mathata (mohlala, mathata a kantle ho naha le mathata a amanang le ho tšoenyeha) ho kenyelletsa tšebeliso ea joala, bothata ba ho noa, le mathata a tšebeliso ea joala. Lintlha tse khethehileng tsa kotsi ke tse amanang ka kotloloho le tšebeliso ea joala. Ha ho na ntho e ikhethang kapa e sa nahaneng e ka bolelang esale pele boitšoaro bo amanang le boloi ba lilemong tsa bocha. Sebakeng seo, ho kopanya lintho ho etsa hore ho bole esale pele ho hlahise mathata ka joala. Joalo ka ha ho na le mabaka a mangata a kotsi a ts'ebeliso ea joala, ho na le lintlha tse fapaneng tsa ts'ireletso tse fokotsang kotsi (Werner le Smith 1992).

Lintlha tsa kotsi tsa kotsi

Tšusumetso e lekanyelitsoeng ea lintlha tse ka bang kotsi (mohlala, tlhaho, kelello, tikoloho le setso) e fapana ho batho ka bomong le ka nako e le 'ngoe ka nako e telele.

Mathata, Botho, le Mathata a ho Beha bongoana

Litšobotsi tsa mofuthu le botho bo amanang le ho fetoha hoa maikutlo le taolo ea boitšoaro li hlahella li sa tloha, li susumetsoa ka liphatsa tsa lefutso ebile li tsitsitse. Joalo ka sehlopha sa lilemo tsa 10 tsa tsoalo, tse 'maloa tsa litšobotsi tsena, ho kenyelletsa le moea o thata ho feta (o hlalosoa e le ho bonts'a maemo a holimo a mosebetsi, ho shebella mesebetsi e tlase, ho fetoha habonolo, ho sekamela, le maikutlo a fokolang); ho batla ho hongata haholo tebello e kholo ea moputso; ho qoba likotsi tse tlase; mabifi; le boitšoaro bo tlase (mohlala, ts'ebetso ea botšosi, ho qhekella, le mathata a ho thibela likarabo) tse boletsoeng esale pele ho qalella ho nooa, maemo a holimo a mathata a joala bo lilemong tsa bocha le botsofaling, le tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le mathata a kelello a kelello.Brown et al. 1996; Cloninger et al. 1988; Dobkin et al. 1995; Johnson et al. 1995; Tubman le Windle 1995; Zucker 2006).

Lintlha tsa Lelapa

Litšobotsi tse ling tsa lelapa li amahanngoa le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa tšebeliso ea joala ea bongoana le boits'oaro bo bong ba mathata (Hawkins et al. 1992). Mohlala, likhohlano tse kholo tsa lenyalo le ho se khotsofale li kopantsoe le tšebeliso e mpe ea boloi ba bacha (Windle 1999). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, liketsahalo tse sithabetsang le pefo kahare ho lelapa li amahanngoa le ho qaleha ha tšebeliso ea lino tse tahang tsa bongoana le tšebeliso e ngata le ho feta (Werner le Smith 1992).

Dyssynchronies in Ts'ebetso ea Nts'etsopele

Nts'etsopele ea tlhaho e bua ka moelelo oa hore lits'ebetso tse ikhethang tsa ntlafatso li etsahala kahare ho lilemo tse itseng. Nts'etsopele eo e seng ea nnete e bua ka kholo e fapaneng le ea lithaka tse ngata tse lekanang. Har'a maemo a lilemo a fanoeng, ho fapana ho fapaneng ha ho na monyetla oa ho bonts'a ho lieha ha nts'etsopele kapa ho ama sephetho sa kamoso. Ho batho ba bang, leha ho le joalo, nts'etsopele ea nako e seng ea nako e ka kenya letsoho likhatisong tse sa sebetseng. Mohlala o bohlokoa ho noeng e tlisoang ke tlolo ke tlhekefetso ea pele ea thobalano ea banana ba bang e amanang le boholo ba lithaka tsa bona. Bakeng sa ba bang, tsebo ea ho lemoha le ea ho ba le botsoalle e kanna ea se ke ea holisa ka lebelo le le leng. Ka lebaka leo, banana bana ka ho tloaelana le bashanyana ba baholo, ba ka iphumana ba le maemong ao ba sa ikemiselitseng ho sebetsana le ona, joalo ka ha ba hatelloa hore ba noe kapa ba kopanele liketsong tsa thobalano.

Lintlha Tse Sirelelitseng

Khokahano e rarahaneng ea kholo ea kholo ea tlhaho, likamano tsa motho, le maemo a 'mele le a bophelo li khetholla tsela e ikhethileng ea motho ea ho ba motho e moholo. Ha bacha ba ntse ba hola, ba bapala karolo ea bona haholo ho khethoeng likamanong tsa bona tsa bophelo bo botle le tikoloho, 'me likhetho tsena li eketsa kotsi le / kapa mabaka a ts'ireletso bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea joala. Kutloisiso ea se tsamaisang mekhoa le liphetho tse ntle le seo u se etsang, ho kenyelletsa le lipuisano, se ka khutlisetsa litsela tse mpe ponong ea ntlafatso e bohlokoa.

Temperament

Joalo ka ha litšobotsi tse ling tsa moea tse bobebe e ka ba maemo a kotsi bakeng sa boits'oaro bo amanang le joala, tse ling li ka re sireletsa. Phuputsong e telele ea bana ba boemo bo tlase ba sechaba sa joala ba joala joala, bafuputsi ba tlaleha hore ka mokhoa o makatsang, bana ba lerato le bana ba banyenyane ba na le kotsi e fokotsehileng ea litlamorao tse amanang le joala bo lilemong tsa bocha le ho ba batho ba baholo.Werner le Smith 1992). Bana ba nang le maikutlo a joalo ba nahanoa ba etsa hore ba be le tšehetso e matla le ea khafetsa ea sechaba le ea maikutlo, e thusang ho hola.

Bolumeli

Ho hloka taolo hangata ho 'nile ha bonoa e le mokhoa o pepesang ho tloha tšimolohong ea pele, le tsoelo-pele ho kenya letsoho ho tebileng ho keneng bosetsing bongoaneng. Le ha ho le joalo, tumelo ho e 'ngoe e ka ba sesupo sa likamano tse matla tsa lelapa le likamano tsa sechaba ho fapana le ho itšireletsa.

Lintlha tsa Botsoali

Moea o motle oa botsoali le ho ba motsoali hantle li ka etsa hore ngoana a be kotsing ea ho sebelisa joala ho feta tekano. Ho sibolotsoe likarolo tse 'ne tse amanang le mekhoa ea ho ba motsoali, tseo kaofela li ka bonts'ang boemo ba ho nka karolo ha motsoali' me bo ka susumetsa boemo ba bocha ba ho kenyelletsa litloaelo tsa botsoali ho kenyeletsa tse latelang (Windle et al. 2008):

  • Kholiso ea motsoali (ke hore, boemo ba mofuthu oa maikutlo le tšehetso). Mefuta e phahameng ea phepo e sa fetoheng e amana le maemo a tlase a ts'ebeliso ea lino tse tahang tsa bongoana. Bacha ba nkang batsoali ba bona e le ba tsotellang haholo, ba amehileng le ba tšehetsang ba tloaetse ho lieha ho qala ts'ebeliso ea lino tse tahang mme ba noe joala bo fokolang ho feta bacha ba sa etseng.
  • Tlhahlobo ea motsoali (ke hore, ho theha le ho tiisa melao e loketseng boits'oaro ba bocha). Maemo a phahameng a ho beha leihlo a amana le litekanyetso tse tlase tsa ts'ebeliso ea joala ea bongoana. Ha batsoali ba theha melao le litekanyetso tse hlakileng tsa bocha tsa bocha, joalo ka nako ea ho fihla lapeng le nako e fokolang ea lihora tsa ho ithuta ka letsatsi, 'me ha ba beha mabaka ka mokhoa o loketseng le o sa fetoheng, ba etsa litlolo tsa tlolo ea molao, bacha ba tloaetse ho qala ho sebelisa joala hamorao le ho sebelisa joala khafetsa.
  • Nako e sebelisitsoeng hammoho. Nako e eketsehileng e sebelisoang hammoho ke bacha le batsoali ba bona e amahantsoe le maemo a tlase a ts'ebeliso ea lino tse tahang tsa bongoana.
  • Puisano ea motsoali le mocha. Puisano e ntle e kopantsoe le maemo a tlase a ts'ebeliso ea lino tse tahang tsa bongoana.
Eya ho:

Kotsi e Khethehileng ea Joala le Litsela Tse Sireletsang

Le ha maemo a sa reroang a kotsi le a ts'ireletso a amanang le boits'oaro bo bongata ba mathata, mabaka a amanang le joala a amana ka kotloloho le ts'ebeliso ea joala. Ho fumanoe lintlha tse fapaneng tse joalo.

Nalane ea Lelapa ea Joala

Nalane ea lelapa ea joala e eketsa kotsi ea joala ho bana (Russell 1990). Phuputso e 'ngoe e hakantse hore bara ba batho ba lemaletseng tahi ba banna ba na le monyetla oa ho ba le bothata ba tšebeliso ea lino tse tahang ka makhetlo a mane ho isa ho a robong ho feta bara ba banna ba sa noeng joala, athe barali ba bona ba na le monyetla oa ho ba le AUD makhetlo a mabeli ho isa ho a mararo. Boithuto ba liphuputso le li-adopt le mafahla bo boetse bo supile mofuta oa tlhaho oa li-AUDs. Nalane ea lelapa ea joala e boetse e amahanngoa le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa tšebeliso ea joala le boitšoaro bo khelohileng bongoaneng le tšimolohong ea tšebeliso ea lino tse tahang.

Tšebeliso e mpe ea joala ka lelapeng e amahanngoa le boemo ba tšebeliso ea joala ea bongoana haholo ha e nyenyefatsa ho ba teng ha tikoloho e tsitsitseng, e tšehetsang maikutlo a lelapa. Malapeng a nang le motsoali ea lemaletseng joala, ho se lumellane ho teng ho motsoali; likhohlano tsa lenyalo; tlhekefetso ea monna le mosali; le khatello ea kelello ka kakaretso, ho kenyeletsoa khatello ea lichelete. Lintho tsena li ka tlatsetsa ho noeng ha pejana le ho kenelletseng joeng ho feta ho bacha ba batlang ho baleha malapa a bona. Hangata, bacha bana ba tšepela sehlopha sa lithaka se khelohileng ho feta ho fana ka tšehetso ea sechaba le ea maikutlo e haellang lapeng.

Tšusumetso ea bana ba motho

Patlisiso e bonts'a hore banab'eno ba tsofetseng ba sebeletsa e le mehlala ea batho mme ba ka susumetsa boits'oaro ba bana ba bona ba banyane. Mohlala, boithuto ba malapa a 508 a nang le ngoana ea lilemong tsa bocha ea 11-13 le ngoan'eso e moholo ea lilemo li 14-18 ba fumane likamano tse bohlokoa pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea joala ea banab'abo ba baholo le ba banyenyane (Sinding et al. 1986). Haeba banab'eno ba baholoanyane ba ne ba sa ka ba sebelisa joala selemong se fetileng, liperesente tse fetang 90 tsa banab'abo ba banyenyane ba boletse hore ha ba noe selemong se fetileng. Haeba, ka lehlakoreng le leng, bana ba motho ba baholoanyane ba tlalehetse ba sebelisang joala 20 kapa makhetlo a mangata selemong se fetileng, liperesente tse fetang tsa 25 tsa banab'abo ba banyenyane ba tlalehile hore ba noele.

Lintlha tsa Lithaka

Litšusumetso tsa lithaka li bonahala li hlahisoa ke ts'ebetso ea bohlankana ea lilemong tsa bocha ea ho khetha lithaka le ho thabela botsoalle le sehlopha seo. Khetho ea lithaka hase ntho e iketsahallang feela; ho fapana le moo, bacha ba khetha sehlopha sa lithaka se ipapisitse le lithahasello le mesebetsi e tloaelehileng. Ka lipuisano tse ngata tse rarahaneng, ba ka lula le sehlopha seo kapa ba fetela ho se fapaneng. Ts'ebetso tsena li tsoana le ha lithahasello tse tloaelehileng li kenyelletsa merero e metle kapa mesebetsi e khelohileng.

Tšusumetso ea lithaka e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa tšebelisong ea joala ea bongoana. Ebile, palo kapa liperesente tsa metsoalle e noang joala ke eona e bolelang pele tšebeliso ea joala ea bongoana. Ha sehlopha sa lithaka se leka joala kapa se eketsa tšebeliso ea sona, kamano ea lithaka tse ling ea matlafala, athe litho tse ling li ka khetha ho tlohela sehlopha.

Nts'etsopele le Karolo ea Litebello tsa Joala

Ho latela boiphihlelo ba bona, khafetsa batho ba theha litebello ka litlamorao tse ka bakoang ke boitšoaro ba bona, ho kenyelletsa le ho noa joala (Tolman 1932). Litebello tsena, tse boletsoeng ke bo-ramahlale e le litebello, boitšoaro bo nang le tšusumetso, li ka ba ntle kapa tsa ba mpe, 'me tsa fetoha ha nako e ntse e feta (Bolles 1972; MacCorquodale le Meehl 1953; Tolman 1932).

Tlhokomeliso ea joala e qala kapele le lisosa tsa ho thehoa ha litebello tsa joala. Phuputsong e 'ngoe, bana ba ka tlaase ho lilemo tsa 3-5 ba neng ba bontšoa setšoantšo sa batho ba baholo ba noang joala hangata ba ne ba nahana hore batho ba baholo ba jella joala. Bana bao ba neng ba nka hore batho ba baholo ba hlalosoang ba ne ba e-noa joala ba ne ba ka ba lilemo tse ngata tsa 9 hamorao ba ka noella bona (Donovan et al. 2004). Boithuto bo bong bo supa hore ka lilemo tsa 9 kapa 10, bana ba bangata ba thehile litebello tsa ho sebelisa joala, tseo ka kakaretso li leng mpe (Dunn le Goldman 1996, 1998, 2000; Kraus et al. 1994; Miller et al. 1990). Lithuto tse nang le bana ba seng ba holile hanyane li bonts'itse hore ba ikemiselitse ho tšehetsa litebello tse ntle haholoanyane (Dunn le Goldman 1996, 1998; Kraus et al. 1994; Miller et al. 1990). Ho feta moo, lithuto tse 'maloa li bontšitse khokahano lipakeng tsa litebello mabapi le joala bo lilemong tsa bocha le boits'oaro ba hona joale le ba nako e tlang ba ho nwa (Christianen et al. 1989; Goldberg et al. 2002; Smith 1994; Smith et al. 1995).

Ho na le mabaka a mangata a etsang hore ho be le tebello ea bohlankana lilemong tsa bocha, ho kenyelletsa nalane ea lelapa ea botaoa, litekanyetso tsa ho nooa ke motsoali, boiphihlelo ba pele ba joala, maikutlo a ho noha ha lithaka, maikutlo a baki a lino tse tloaelehileng tsa bacha lilemong tsa bocha (ke hore, moatlelete, seithuti se tummeng, bolutu, bohlola, joalo-joalo). le boiphihlelo ba motho ba pele ba ho noha (Oullette et al. 1999; Smith 1994). Patlisiso ka li-preadolescents e bonts'a hore litebello tsa bona li ka fetoloa ka ho kenella ho tsepamisitsoeng (Cruz le Dunn 2003; Kraus et al. 1994). Lintlha tsa botho li boetse li susumetsa sebopeho sa litebello tse kotsing e kholo (Anderson et al. 2003; McCarthy et al. 2001a,b; Smith le Anderson 2001; Smith et al. 2006).

Eya ho:

fihlela qeto e

Nako ho tloha lilemong tsa 10 ho isa ho 15 e tšoauoa ka liphetoho tse kholo litabeng tsa bocha tsa 'mele, thuto, le kamano, hammoho le ts'ebetsong ea tlhaho, ea kelello, ea maikutlo le ea kahisano. Nakong ena ea khōlo, ngoana e ba mocha, liphetoho tse tsoang sekolong sa mathomo ho isa sekolong se mahareng le ho fetela sekolong se phahameng, 'me ho ka etsahala hore a se ke a qala ts'ebeliso ea joala. Sengoliloeng sena se ile sa hlahloba tse ling tsa lits'ebetso tse kholo tsa ntlafatso sehlopheng sena sa lilemo ha li ntse li amana le tšebeliso ea joala, ho kenyelletsa lithaka, lelapa, litebello, lintlha tse ikhethang le tse sa tobang tsa kotsi le ts'ireletso, le litlamorao tsa tšebeliso ea joala tsoelo-peleng ea bocha. Sengoloa se latelang se ngotsoeng ke Brown et al. e hlahloba nako ho tloha lilemong tsa 16 ho isa ho 20, ha tšebeliso ea joala e nyoloha 'me ea lilemong tsa bocha a atamela ho ba motho e moholo.

"Liphuputso li bontša hore ho qala ho nooa ho amana le mathata a morao a joala, ho kenyelletsa ho ts'epa le ho sebelisa lintho tse ling hampe."

Eya ho:

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

Phatlalatso ea Lichelete Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ba na thahasello ea tlholisano ea lichelete.

Eya ho:

Boitsebiso ba bafani

Michaela Windle, Lefapha la Saense ea Boitšoaro le Lithuto tsa Bophelo, Univesithi ea Emory, Atlanta, Georgia.

Linda P. Spear, Lefapha la Psychology, Univesithi ea Binghamton, Univesithi ea Naha ea New York, Binghamton, New York.

Andrew J. Fuligni, Lefapha la Psychology, Univesithi ea California, Los Angeles, California.

Adrian Angold, Lefapha la Psychiatry le Behaeveal Science, Duke University, Durham, North North.

Jane D. Brown, Sekolo sa Bongoli le Puisano ea Mass, Univesithi ea North Carolina ho Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

Daniel Pine, Nuroscience ea Ntšetso-pele le ea Lekala lekaleng la bana la Psychiatry, Setsi sa Naha sa Bophelo bo Botle ba kelello, Bethesda, Maryland.

Greg T. Smith, Lefapha la Psychology, Univesithi ea Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.

Lisa Giedd, Ho Qhekelloa ha Brain ka Lekala la Psychiki ea Bana, Setsi sa Naha sa Bophelo ba Kelello, Bethesda, Maryland.

Ronald E. Dahl, Mafapha a Psychiatry le Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Eya ho:

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