J Behav Addict. 2017 Dec 1; 6 (4): 534-544. doi: 10.1556 / 2006.6.2017.086.
Estévez A1, Jáuregui P1, Sánchez-Marcos I1, López-González H1,2, Griffiths MD2.
inahaneloang
Background
Boitšoaro bo kotsi bo amana le taolo ea maikutlo le khokahanyo, e leng se ka bakang likotsi tsa ho theha boits'oaro bo lematsang. Le ha ho le joalo, ho ka ba le phapang lipakeng tsa litheko le litheko tse ling tse sa amaneng le lithethefatsi.
Merero
Phuputso ena e etselitsoe ho lekola kamano ea taolo ea maikutlo le ho ikamahanya le eona, le lithethefatsi (joala le tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi), le lithethefatsi tse sa amaneng le lithethefatsi (bosholu ba papali ea chelete, tšebeliso ea papali ea lipapali tsa video le tšebeliso e mpe ea bothata ba marang-rang) ho bacha le batho ba baholo ba hlahang. Phuputso e boetse e ikemiselitse ho lekola phapang ea bong ho ba boletseng esale pele.
mekhoa
Mohlala ona o ne o le liithuti tsa 472 tse lilemo li 13-21 tse qotsitsoeng likolong tse phahameng le litsi tsa thuto ea mosebetsi oa matsoho.
Results
Liphumano li bonts'itse hore melaoana ea maikutlo e ne e le ponelo-pele ea boitšoaro bohle bo lemallang thutong ena (tšebeliso e mpe ea joala le lithethefatsi, bothata ba papali ea papali ea chelete, tšebeliso ea papali ea video le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea bothata ba inthanete), empa setlamo se hasantsoe le lithethefatsi tse amanang le lithethefatsi (tšenyo ea papali ea chelete) , le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete). Ntle le moo, ho ile ha fumanoa phapang ea bong, basali ba bona ba phahame haholo ho khokahano ea bo-mme le basali, athe ba batona ba ipehile maemong a holimo ho tlhekefetso ea papali ea chelete le papatso ea lipapali tsa video.
fihlela qeto e
Liphumano li ka ba molemo lipuisanong tsa thibelo le tsa bongaka tse etsoang le bacha mabapi le boits'oaro bo eketsang.
LINKOTSO: temallo; joala; khokahano; litloaelo tsa boits'oaro; molawana wa maikutlo; bokhoba ba lithethefatsi
PMID: 29280395
Puisano
Phuputso ena e fuputse likamano lipakeng tsa boitšoaro bo ka bang le tšusumetso e ntle (lintho tse ka bobeli le boitšoaro), le kamano ea bona le taolo ea maikutlo le khokahanyo. Liphetho li bonts'itse hore bokhoba ba lithethefatsi (joala le lithethefatsi) le bokhoba ba litheko tse ling (Internet, lipapali tsa video le papali ea chelete) kaofela li ne li amana hantle. Mabapi le taba ena, liphuputso tse ngata li kile tsa fumana khokahano lipakeng tsa papali ea chelete le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (mohlala, Kausch, 2003). Ntle le moo, phuputso e entsoeng hara sampole ea bana (bolelele ba lilemo: lilemo tsa 12.5) e fumane hore karolo e kholo ea ba iphumanang ba le papali ea chelete ea ho becha e ne e le batho ba tsubang le ba tsubang joala.Míguez le Becoña, 2015), ho fumanoa ho tlalehiloeng lithutong tse ling (mohlala, Griffiths le Sutherland, 1998). Boithuto bona bo tlatselletsa lithuto tse joalo empa bo fana ka bopaki bo eketsehileng mabapi le kamano ea bokhoba ba lithethefatsi le boits'oaro bo bong bo sa ithuteheng, joalo ka tšebeliso e mpe ea inthanete le tšebeliso ea papali ea lipapali tsa video, tseo ke lithuto tse fokolang feela tse entseng lipatlisiso (mohlala, van Rooij et al., 2014). Lingoloa tse teng li supa hore batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi ba na le menyetla e mengata ea ho etsa litakatso tsa maikutlo (Quigley le Leonard, 2000), ka tšebeliso ea inthanete le papali ea video e le liketso tse peli tse ka lumellanang le profil e joalo. Hape ho lokela ho hopoloa hore har'a bacha, haholoholo, ha boitšoaro bo le bong ba bothata bo eketseha, menyetla ea ho ba teng ha mekhoa e meng ea boits'oaro e boetse e eketseha (Donovan & Jessor, 1985; Griffiths le Sutherland, 1998).
Phuputso ena e boetse e bonts'itse hore taolo ea maikutlo e ne e amana hantle le boits'oaro bo hlephileng (ke hore, bothata ba papali ea chelete, ts'ebeliso e nang le bothata ba inthanete, bokhoba ba papali ea video, tšebeliso e mpe ea joala le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi). Sena se tšehetsa liphuputso tse tsoang lipatlisisong tse fetileng tse amanang le taolo ea maikutlo le taolo ea maikutlo (Schreiber et al., 2012, mekhoa e lemaletseng (Coffey le Hartman, 2008, tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (Gardner, Dishion, le Connell, 2008), le bokuli ba ho becha (Elmas, Cesur, & Oral, 2017; Williams, Grisham, Erskine, le Cassedy, 2012). Ho thatafalloa ke taolo ea maikutlo ho tšoauoa ka ho kopana le mathata a ho laola maikutlo a fetelletseng maikutlong a fosahetseng, ho etsa lintho tse tataisoang ke sepheo, le ho fumana mekhoa e metle ea taolo ea maikutlo (Berking et al., 2011; Gratz le Roemer, 2004). Boithuto bo bong bo bontšitse hore batho ba nang le bothata ba taolo ea maikutlo ba kenella mekhoeng e tlatsetsang ho qoba kapa ho laola maikutlo le maikutlo a mabe (Aldao, Nolen-Hoeksema, & Schweizer, 2010; Ricketts & Macaskill, 2003). Ho boetse ho bonahala ho utloahala hore batho ba ka etsa boits'oaro bo atolosang kapa ba atolosa maikutlo a monate, haeba ba bontša taolo e tlase mabapi le maikutlo a bona kapa ba sa na le mekhoa e meng ea ho araba (Williams le Grisham, 2012).
Mabapi le khokahano, kamano ea ntate le mme e bile le kamano e mpe ka ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea Inthanete le papatso ea lipapali tsa video, athe ho khangoa ke lithaka ho hokahane hampe le ho lemalla papali ea video. Liphumano tsena li hokahana hantle le lithuto tsa pejana tse hlokometseng hore mekhoa ea khakanyo e khetholloang ka ho iketelletsa pele e amahanngoa le boits'oaro bo kotsing ho batjha (Kobak, Zajac, & Smith, 2009; Monacis, de Palo, Griffiths, & Sinatra, 2017), leha lipatlisiso tse joalo li sa ka tsa hlahloba kamano litlamong tsa boitšoaro. Mohlala, maemong a tšebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang, ho ka pheha khang ea hore bacha ba ka sebelisa Inthanete ka ho fetelletseng ka lebaka la ho ikamahanya le lipalo tsa motsoali oa bona. Ka lebaka leo, mahlale a macha a ka fana ka tikoloho e sireletsehileng bakeng sa bacha ho ntlafatsa boitšepo ba bona le boitsebahatso ba bona (Herrera Harfuch, Pacheco Murguía, Palomar Lever, le Zavala Andrade, 2009). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, joalo ka ha lipapali tsa video tse fumanehang marang-rang li thusa libapali ho nka karolo ho sebelisa boits'oaro bo bong, li etsa hore li ikutloe li le betere ho feta kamoo li hlileng li leng kateng (Gainsbury, 2015), ho ka ba joalo hore bacha ba nang le mathata ba sebelise lipapali tsa video e le setšabelo kapa pholoha (Vollmer, Randler, Horzum, le Ayas, 2014). Ka lebaka leo, litlamorao tse sa amaneng le lithethefatsi tse amanang le lithethefatsi li ka amana le tlhoko ea khotsofalo ea setsoalle bocheng.
Karolo e boletsoeng esale pele ea taolo ea maikutlo le khokahanyo e boetse e fumanoe thutong ena. Taolo ya maikutlo e ne e le ponelopele bakeng sa boits'oaro bo bongata ba litekanyetso tse lekiloeng (ka bobeli le lintho tse sa amanang le ntho eo). Liphumano li boetse li bonts'a hore taolo e ne e le moetapele ea matla ka ho fetisisa. Phumano ena e ts'ehetsa lithuto tsa nakong e fetileng ho batho ba baholo ba nang le mathata a papali ea chelete eo molao oa tsamaiso, mme haholo-holo taolo, o boletseng esale pele ka ho becha ha mathata le tšebeliso e mpe ea tahi le lithethefatsi (Jáuregui, Estévez, & Urbiola, 2016). Patlisiso e bontšitse hore batho ba nang le maikutlo a tlase ba na le menyetla ea ho kenella liketsong tsa bokhoba, kapa ba thatafalloa ho khaotsa ho etsa joalo (Sayette, 2004). Taolo ea maikutlo e boetse e amahanngoa le papali ea chelete e le mokhoa oa ho baleha, haholoholo har'a ba nang le khaello ea nako e telele ea taolo ea maikutlo (Meteo le Miller, 2013). Liphuputso tse 'maloa li boetse li hlokometse hore maemo a maikutlo, joalo ka ho hloka cheseho (ke hore, ho se tsotelle), e ka ba motso oa bothata ba ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang (Esmaeilinasab, AndamiKhoshk, Azarmi, & SamarRakhi, 2014). Sena se lumellana le se fumanoeng ke tlhahlobo e hlophisehileng ea Kun le Demetrovics (2010), e bonts'ang hore boemo bo tlase ba bohlale ba maikutlo bo amana le ho tsuba haholo, tšebeliso e mpe ea joala le tšebeliso e seng molaong ea lithethefatsi. Ka lebaka leo, liphetho tsa lipatlisiso tsena li hokahana hantle le lingoliloeng tse seng li ntse li le teng mabapi le lithethefatsi, 'me li totobatsa bohlokoa ba taolo ea maikutlo ha ho bole esale pele boits'oaro le lintho tse sa amaneng le lithethefatsi.
Ho hokahanngoa hampe ho ile ha bolela esale pele bothata ba papali ea chelete, tšebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang le papatso ea lipapali tsa video. Liphetho tsena ha li na kutloisiso molemong oa tšebeliso ea litekanyetso tsa boitšoaro le ho ikamahanya le maemo, leha lithuto tse ling tsa pele li ne li se li supile kamano e joalo (mohlala, Monacis et al., 2017). Ho feta moo, Xu et al. (2014) e fumanoe mehlala ea bacha ba 5,122 ea hore boleng ba kamano ea batsoali le bacha le puisano bo ne bo amana haufi-ufi le nts'etsopele ea bokhoba ba marang-rang ba bongoaneng. Phuputsong e le 'ngoe, bangoli ba boetse ba fumane hore lintlha tsa khakanyo ea bo-mme li amana haufi haholo le ts'ebeliso ea tlhekefetso ea setho sa botšehali, e leng ntho e' ngoe e bonts'itseng thutong ena maemong a tlamahano ea basali le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang. Haeba mekhoa ea khokahano ea botsofaling e na le phello molemong oa likamano tsa bophelo ba batho ba baholo (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), Tšebeliso ea marang-rang e ka sebelisoa ho lefella tlhoko ea ho theha likamano tse ncha, ho putsa batho ba nang le tsebo ea ho ba karolo ea boits'oaro le sehlopha sa batho (Estévez et al., 2009), tseo kaofela li amanang haholo le khokahanyo. Batho ka bomong ba nang le kamano e sireletsehileng ba tšoauoa ka ho amohela ha bona litlhoko tsa bona tsa maikutlo (Wallin, 2015). Ho fapana le moo, batho ba nang le likhakanyo tse sa sireletsehang (mohlala, ba qobang ho tšoenyeha) ha ba ele hloko litlhoko tsa bona tsa maikutlo mme ha ba utloe hore ba ka ts'epa tšehetso ea motho e mong. Sena se ka ba susumetsa ho qoba likamano lipakeng tsa batho (Malik, Wells, le Wittkowski, 2015), hape e tiisa mohopolo oa hore tšibollo ea boitšoaro e ka utloisisoa e le mokhoa oa ho pholoha le puseletso ho tsoa likamanong tse sa khotsofatseng (Vollmer et al., 2014). Litšebelisano tse ferekaneng tsa motsoali le ngoana li baka mathata a amang melaoana, mathata a ho arohana / ho ikhetholla le mathata a batho. Ntle le moo, li nkuoa e le lintho tse feto-fetohang molemong oa ntlafatso ea bokhoba ba tahi (Markus, 2003). Haeba motho a ikutloa a sa ratoe a bile a sa tsotelloe 'me a bile le maikutlo a fosahetseng ka lebaka la likamano tse mpe nakong ea bongoana, motho eo a ka leka ho qoba sena ka ho etsa boitšoaro bo ka bang kotsi.Lebelo, Schimmenti, Zappulla, & Di Maggio, 2013). Ka har'a moralo oa bongaka, ho hlahisitsoe tlhahiso ea hore maikutlo a khokahanyo (Bowlby, 1973) e ka thusa ho hlakisa nts'etsopele ea boits'oaro bo lematsang, le hore mekhoa e lemalloang e ka nkoa e le mathata a khokahano (Schimmenti le Bifulco, 2015). Ho feta moo, patlisiso e bontšitse hore ba bechang ba kotsing ea ho becha le ho becha ka methapo ea methapo ba tlaleha maemo a phahameng a khokahano e ts'osang ho feta bathahaselli ba se nang bothata (Pace et al., 2013).
Morero o mong oa thupelo e ne e le ho hlahloba hore na bong bo hlalositse liphapang lipapatsong le linthong tse ling tse tlasa tlhahlobo. Liphetho li bonts'itse hore basali ba fumane lintlha tse phahameng haholo khokahanong ea basali le thobalanong ea lithaka, athe ba batona ba fumane lintlha tse phahameng haholo kamanong le tahi ea papali ea papali ea chelete le papatso ea lipapali tsa video. Patlisiso e fetileng e bontšitse hore bong bo na le tšusumetso liphatlalatsong tsa bocha tsa bongoana. Mohlala, bacha ba basali ba bonts'a ho nahana ka botebo ka tsela eo ba nahanang hore ba tla hlahlojoa le ho lemohuoa ke batho ba bang, ka ho ba leseling ka ho khetheha likhohlano tse ba potileng (Laursen, 1996). Ntle le moo, banana ba lilemong tsa bocha ba bonts'a ho se sireletsehe ho hoholo ka boits'ebetso ba bona ho rarolla likhohlano (Calvete le Cardeñoso, 2005).
Boithuto bo bongata bo hlokometse phapang ea botona le botšehali ho atileng hoa bothata ba ho becha (mohlala, Shaffer, Holo, & Bilt, 1999; Stucki le Rihs-Middel, 2007). Litlhaloso tse ling bakeng sa phapano ena li kenyelletsa sepheo sa banna sa ho lula taolong, karolo ea bohlokoa ea papali ea chelete, ho batla maikutlo, le tebello ea ho hapa chelete e ngata. Leha ho le joalo, basali ba sebelisa mokhoa oa ho becha e le mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le mathata a bona, joalo ka ho ba boinotšing, ho jeoa ke bolutu le boemo ba maikutlo bo bobe ba (Ruiz, Buil, & Moratilla, 2016). Litšobotsi tsena li ka thusa ho hlalosa ho ata ha banna papaling ea ho becha. Mabapi le taolo ea maikutlo, ha ho liphapang tse kholo tse fumanoeng pakeng tsa banna le basali ntle le tlhokomeliso. Liphetho tsena li fapana le lithuto tsa pejana tse bonts'ang hore basali ba ts'epa maano a ts'ehetso ea sechaba le maikutlo a mangata, athe banna ba rata ho qoba ho iphaphatha le ho hatella maikutlo (Blanchard-Fields & Coats, 2008; Schmitt, 2008; Vierhaus, Lohaus, & Ball, 2007). Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tse ling li hlokahala ho utloisisa ho iphetola ha maano a ho laola maikutlo nakong eohle ea bongoaneng (Zimmermann le Iwanski, 2014), haholo hobane bacha ba hloka ho tobana le mathata a maikutlo ntle le hore ba be le lisebelisoa le maikutlo a ho sebetsana le bona hantle (Calvete le Estévez, 2009; Steinberg, 2005).
Boithuto bona ha bo na meeli. Taba ea mantlha, moralo oa likarolo tse fapaneng o beha moelelo oa lisosa tse tsoang thutong, ho fapana le moralo oa bolelele, o kanna oa fana ka setšoantšo se hlakileng sa tšusumetso ea nakoana ea phapang e ngoe le e ngoe. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, bocha ke nako ea ho aha boits'oaro eo ho eona bana ba fumanang boipuso le boipuso ho tsoa ho batsoali ba bona. Kahoo, likamano tsa lelapa li ka ba le litšobotsi tse sa tloaelehang nakong ena. Ntle le moo, sampole e ne e le sehlopha se seng sa bongaka se khethiloeng ho bacha ba Spain ka kakaretso, ka hona, barupeluoa ha ba ka ba fumana lintlha tse phahameng ho feta karolelano ho tse ling tsa litloaelo tsa boitšoaro. Mohlala o nang le barupeluoa ba tsa bongaka ba ka bonts'a haeba liphetho tse tlalehiloeng mona li ka phetoa ho bakuli ba fumanoeng ba na le mathata a boitšoaro bo hlephileng. Ntle le moo, phuputso ena e ne e its'etleha ho mehato e itlalehang ka hona e pepesetsoa leeme le tsebahalang (mohlala, hopola leeme le ho ba le khethollo sechabeng). Ntle le moo, lintlha tsa morao-rao joalo ka sephutheloana ke liketsahalo tse rarahaneng tseo ho leng thata ho li emela ka lipotso tse tloaelehileng, 'me ts'ebeliso ea mekhoa e tlatselletsang ea ho khetholla li-attachment li ka thusa ho matlafatsa sephetho sa lithuto tsa nako e tlang. Ho bohlokoa hape ho hlokomela hore ts'ebeliso ea SOGS-RA bakeng sa ho lekola bothata ba papali ea chelete ha e lumelle phapang pakeng tsa lithuto tse sebelisitseng lisebelisoa tse ling tsa tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo. Ntle le moo, liphuputso tse 'maloa li tlalehile mathata a amanang le sesebelisoa sena ho lekola ka nepo bothata ba papali ea chelete bathong ba lilemong tsa bocha (Ladouceur et al., 2000; Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Rohling, Rohde, le Seeley, 2004).
Nahanisisa
Leha ho sa na le meeli e boletsoeng ka holimo, thuto ena e bonts'itse hore mathata a tlisoang ke maikutlo a motho a hakanya litheko tsa litheko le lintho tse sa amanang le litheko, athe ho khomarela ka mokhoa o fosahetseng ke polelo ea bokhoba ba litheko tse seng liteng ho bacha. Ntle le moo, phapang ea bong e hlalosa phapang lipakeng tsa litheko tse seng tsa lithethefatsi, ho kenyelletsa khokahanong ea lithaka le khokahanyo ea bo-mme. Boithuto bona bo fana ka bopaki ba morao-rao bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang mabapi le kotsi le mabaka a ts'ireletso a amehang litlamong tsa lithethefatsi le boits'oaro.
;
