Tlhaloso ea meriana ea methapo ea meriana mabapi le ho se tsube kapa ho itšoara ha boitšoaro (2017)

. SepNXX; 2017 (19): 3-281.

PMCID: PMC5741111

puo: English | Sepanishe | French

Marc N. Potenza, MD, PhD*

inahaneloang

Lilemong tse mashome a 'maloa tse fetileng, boitšoaro bo sa sebeliseng lithethefatsi joalo ka papali ea chelete, papali ea chelete le thobalano li fumane tlhokomelo e kholo ka moo ho ka khonehang e le sepheo sa ho lemalla. Sengoliloeng sena, ke tla hlahloba nalane ea morao-rao le boemo ba hajoale ba litheko kapa litloaelo tsa boitsoaro. Sepheo sa mantlha se tla kenyelletsa bothateng ba papali ea chelete le papali ea chelete, hobane ha e le hantle ke lona feela lekhoba la lithethefatsi le sa sebeliseng lithethefatsi le hlalositsoeng temaneng ea sehlooho ea (ea bohlano) ea sengoloa Buka ea ho hlahloba le ea Statistical of Disabilities (DSM-5). Bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete, bo teng ka har'a DSM-5 Karolo e sebetsanang le maemo a ka hlokang patlisiso e eketsehileng, le eona e tla shejoa, joalo ka mohopolo oa bokhoba ba marang-rang. Boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano (ho kenyelletsa tšebeliso e mpe ea bothata ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa) bo tla shejoa, haholoholo mabapi le hore na bokhoba ba boitšoaro bo ka nkuoa joang khatisong e tlang ea 11th Tlhophiso ea Machabeng ea Maloetse (ICD-11).

Keywords: ho tšoenyeha ka boiketsetso, DSM, ICD-11, tlhekefetso e seng ya nnete

Selelekela

Poleloana “bokhoba ba tahi” e ntse e fetoha ha nako e ntse e feta. Lentsoe lena le tsoa lentsoeng la Selatine, tlatsetso, e bolelang "tlameletsoe ho" kapa "lekhoba," le sebopeho sa eona sa pele, e ne e sa kopantsoe le boits'oaro ba lithethefatsi. Ho theosa le Mehla e Bohareng, e ne e lula e ikemetse litekanyetsong tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, tse amanang le "litloaelo" kapa "mekoloto." Ho li-1700, ho builoe ka litšupiso tsa lithethefatsi (mohlala, ho tsuba), 'me ho pholletsa le lekholo la 20th, polelo ena e ne e sebelisoa tšebeliso e mpe / e thata ea ts'ebeliso ea opium le lithethefatsi tse ling ho fihlela, ka nako ea lipuisano mabapi le ntlafatso ea khatiso ea boraro ea Buka ea Tlhahlobo le Tlhahlobo ea Bofokoli ba Kelello (DSM-III-R), Komiti ea Ts'ebeliso ea Ts'ebeliso ea Lithethefatsi (SUDs) e tšoere hore ho lemalla ho ka hlalosoa e le tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi., Le ha ho le joalo, ho tloha ka nako eo, batho ka bomong ba 'nile ba belaela hore na boitšoaro bo sa sebeliseng lithethefatsi (mohlala, papali ea chelete) bo ka nkuoa e le ho kenya letsoho tlhahong. Bangoli ba bang ba hlahisitse likarolo tsa mantlha tsa bokhoba ba ho lemalla, ho kenyelletsa ho ameha ho sa feleng ka boits'oaro leha ho e-na le litlamorao tse mpe, ho fokotsa taolo ea ho kenya letsoho liketsong, takatso ea takatso ea takatso kapa mmuso o lakatsang pele ho boitlamo ho joalo. Haeba motho a nka likarolo tsena e le likarolo tsa mantlha tsa bokhoba, sebopeho sa bokhoba se ka sebetsa maemong a mangata ho feta a amanang le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi.

Leshomong la pele la lilemo tsena tse sekete, ho bile le phetoho e hlakileng ea tšehetso ea conceptualizing e amanang le boits'oaro bo sa tsotelleng e le ho lemalla. Lingoloa tse peli ke Constance Holden tse phatlalalitsoeng ho Science tsamaisa liphetoho tsena., Khetlong la pele, o botsa hore na bokhoba ba boits'oaro bo teng le hore na mekhoa e mecha ea bo-ramahlale e joalo ka neuroimaging e ka fana ka bopaki bakeng sa li-circular tsa neural tse sebelisoang ho li-SUDs, mohlala, ho becha ka li-pathological (PG). Karolong ea bobeli, o pheta ho pheta-pheta hoa PG hammoho le li-SUD khaolong ea "Mathata a amanang le bokhoba ba tlhekefetso" le tlhekefetso. DSM-5. Pheta-pheto ena e ne e ipapisitse le karolo ea litlhahlobo tse hlophisitsoeng tsa lingoliloeng tse tsamaisitsoeng ho DSM-5 lihlopha tsa mosebetsi oa ho etsa lipatlisiso li bapisa le ho bapisa PG le SUD le PG le obsessive-activive disorder (OCD). Lintlha li bontšitse ho tšoana ho haufi pakeng tsa PG le SUDs, empa ha ho tlase hakalo lipakeng tsa PG le OCD, maemong a mangata ho kenyelletsa tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo, litšobotsi tsa kliniki, lintlha tsa sechaba, mathata a hlahang, litšobotsi tsa boitšoaro, mekhoa ea boitšoaro, biochemuit, neurocircuitry, genetics, le kalafo., Kahoo, PG (e reneketsoeng "bothata ba ho becha" [GD] bakeng sa ho fokotsa sekhobo se amanang le lentsoe "pathological") e ile ea hlophisoa bocha le SUDs ho DSM-5, athe mathata a mang a neng a thathamisitsoe sehlopheng sa "Mathata a ho Laola Tsamaiso e sa Ts'oaneng Le Ts'oaetsoeng Feela" a ile a lula a nkuoa e le mathata a taolo ea tšusumetso kapa a kopantsoe kae kae. Ka ho khetheha, trichotillomania e ile ea aroloa hape le OCD sehlopheng sa "Matšoenyeho a Tsietsang le a Nahanang." Ka nako e ts'oanang, sehlopha sa "Mathata a ho Laola Batho ba sa Ts'oaneleng Sebakeng se Seng Sebakeng se Ngotsoeng" se ile sa reoa lebitso la Disruptful, Impulse-Control and Conduct Disways ho hloka kelello. Ka mokhoa ona o fetisitsoeng ke datha le oa komiti, sehlopha se nang le mathata a taolo ea tšusumetso se ile sa ata haholo mabapi le ho kenyelletsa mathata a taolo a susumetsang a kenyeletsang ”boits'oaro bo hananang le litokelo tsa ba bang (mohlala, mabifi, tšenyo ea thepa) le / kapa. tlisa motho khoebong e kholo le litloaelo tsa sechaba. "

becha

Bakeng sa mabaka a hlokometsoeng, PG / GD e kanna ea nkuoa e le temallo ea boitšoaro bo tsoetseng pele. Kahoo, ho ithutoe haholo ho feta lithahasello tse ling tsa boits'oaro mme e tla ba maikutlo a tlhahlobo ena. Ke eona feela eo eseng SUD e kenyellelitsoeng ho DSM-5 Karolong ea "Mathata a amanang le tšebeliso ea litheko le tlhekefetso" bukeng ena. Ho latela pono ea bongaka, PG / GD le SUDs li bonts'a khafetsa mehlala ea tlhahlobo ea bongaka le ea sechaba, li bontša mekhoa e ts'oanang ea nts'etsopele ea polelo (ka litheko tse phahameng ho bacha le batho ba baholo le litefiso tse tlase ho batho ba baholo), bonts'a menehelo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso le tikoloho. lithutong tsa mafahla, 'me u bonts'a ho tšoana, le phapang, maemong a neurobiological.,, Phapang e amanang le thobalano mabapi le telescoping le eona e bonahala e hokahanya PG / GD le SUDs (Lebokose 1). ,

Lebokose 1. Telescoping boteng ba marang-rang / boteng ba papali ea chelete le mathata a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi:

Ketsahalo ea "telescoping", eo qalong e hlalositsoeng bakeng sa mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, e se e bonoe ho tse ling, empa eseng ho tsona kaofela, lithuto tsa ts'ebetso ea ho becha ha kelello kapa ho becha.- Ntho ena e hlalositsoe pele bakeng sa mathata a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi 'me e kenyelletsa hore ho be le nako e khuts'oane ho basali ho feta ho banna mahareng a ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ho lemalla le nts'etsopele ea bothata. The etiology ea phapang ena e amanang le thobalano ha e tsejoe, empa ho entsoe lipatlisiso tsa ketsahalo ena. Leha tlatsetso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso le tikoloho bothateng ba papali ea papali ea chelete e ka bapisoa le ho basali le banna,, Lintho tse arolelanoang tikolohong li bonahala li tlatsetsa le ho feta lilemong tsa ho qala papali ea papali ea chelete ho basali, 'me lintlha tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso li bonahala li kenya letsoho ho banna. Mokhoa o fapaneng o ile oa hlaha oa ho qala ts'ebeliso ea lino tse tahang ho banna bao lilemo tsa pele tsa seno li neng li amana le maemo a arolelanang tikoloho. Leha ho le joalo, ho basali, leha likarolo tse arolelanoang tsa tikoloho li ne li kenya letsoho botsofaling qalong, tsena ha lia ka tsa hokahanngoa le tse amanang le lilemo ho becha ka lekhetlo la pele, tse tšoanang le tse fumanoeng sampoleng ka kakaretso mabapi le tlatsetso ea lintho tse ikhethileng tsa tikoloho tse tlatselitseng botsofaling ba lilemo tsa bona. ho nooa pele le lilemo tsa ho becha ka lekhetlo la pele, 'me ho boetse ho na le lintlha tsena. Ka kopanelo, liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a tšoanang le phapano lipapatsong tse amanang le thobalano papaling ea papali ea chelete le litloaelo tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea joala, ka tlhoko ea ho etsa lipatlisiso tse ling mabapi le lipalo tse hlakileng tsa tikoloho tse amanang le liketsahalo tsena.

Ho tšoana pakeng tsa PG le SUDs ho tlalehiloe bakeng sa lipuisano tsa bongaka. Mohlala, Gamblers Anonymous, e etselitsoeng kamora Alcoholics Anonymous, e fumaneha lefatšeng ka bophara mme e hokahantsoe le liphetho tse ntle, haholo-holo hammoho le kalafo ea litsebi. Mekgwa ya kalafo ya boits'oaro ka katleho ya kalafo ya SUDs e fetotswe bakeng sa PG / GD. Mohlala, mokhoa oa ho sebelisa boits'oaro ba kelello (CBT) o sebelisitsoeng ka katleho kalafo ea SUDs o fetotsoe bakeng sa PG / GD mme o bonts'oa o sebetsa. Li-pharmacotherapies tse nang le tumello bakeng sa li-SUD li bonts'itse liphetho tse ntle litekong tsa bongaka tse laoloang ka mokhoa o sa sebetseng tsa PG / GD. Haholo, naltrexone, mohanyetsi oa opioid-receptor ea nang le matšoao a ts'oaetso ea joala le ts'ebeliso ea opioid, o bontšitse bophahamo ho feta placebo litekong tse 'maloa tse sa sebetseng tsa bongaka, joalo ka mohanyetsi e mong oa opioid-receptor, nalmefene. Le ha ho le joalo, ho na le phapang e le 'ngoe karabong e hlokang hore ho etsoe lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng hape li ka totobatsang lihokela tsa bohlokoa lipakeng tsa SUD. Mohlala, hara batho ba nang le PG, ba nang le nalane ea malapa ea joala ba ne ba ka ba le monyetla oa ho arabela ho bahanyetsi ba opioid-receptor ho feta ba se nang bona, ba fana ka maikutlo a hore ho ka ba le likarolo tse arolelanoang tsa likokoana-hloko ka mathata ohle a tšebeliso ea joala le PG tse shebiloeng hantle ke opioid -receptor antagonists. Liphumano tsena li lumellana le tse tsoang phuputsong ea barekisi ba US ba nang le mathata a ts'ebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso ea joala le mathata a kelello a batho ba nang le litšobotsi tsa PG ba neng ba fokola ho feta ba se nang litšobotsi tse joalo tsa ho bonts'a ntlafatso ea tleliniki ha ba phekoloa ka discriram, athe phello ena ha ea ka ea bonoa ho batho ka bomong ba tšoaroang ke naltrexone. Joalo ka mathata a ts'ebeliso ea joala, bahanyetsi ba opioidreceptor ba ka sebetsa ka ho fokotsa litakatso., Leha ho le joalo, tekong e laoloang hampe ea placebo e laoloang joalo ka naltrexone e hlokahalang bakeng sa kalafo ea PG, polymorphism ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e sebetsang ea gene coding bakeng sa μ-opioid receptor (A118G OPMR1 gene) e hokahaneng le sephetho sa kalafo se amanang le joala ho mathata a ts'ebeliso ea joala e ne e sa amane le litholoana tse amanang le papali ea chelete. Kahoo, liphumano li fana ka maikutlo a ho tšoana le ho fapana lipakeng tsa PG / GD le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea joala, joalo ka ha ho khothalelitsoe lithutong tsa boits'oaro bo sebetsang ba sebopeho sa sebopeho sa boko le tšebetso ea boko. Mohlala, lihlopha ka bobeli tsa batho ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea joala le papali ea chelete li fumanoe li fapana le lithuto tse phetseng hantle (HC) mabapi le mehato ea ho kena-kenana le ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi, athe batho ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea joala ba fumanoe ba bonts'a mathata a itseng ho likarolo tsa ho nahanisisa le ho hopola lintlha. Liphumano tsena li kanna tsa amana ka ho khetheha le lefu la neurobiological, joalo ka ha lipatlisiso tsa morao tjena li fumane hore batho ba nang le PG, joalo ka ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea koae (c) ea cocaine, ba bonts'itse phapang mehatong e amanang le litaba tse tšoeu e amanang le likhoele tsa sekepe (ho tšela), athe litlamorao tsa joala- mathata a tšebeliso a ne a boleloa haholoanyane lipampitšaneng tsa mantlha. Ntle le meriana, lisebelisoa tsa phepo e nepahetseng (litlatsetso tsa phepo e nepahetseng) li fumanoe ho PG le SUDs, ka -acetylcysteine ​​e ts'episang ts'episo bakeng sa ka bobeli (Lebokose la 2). -

Lebokose 2. N-acetylcysteine ​​kalafong ea methapo ea kelello ea ho becha kapa ho becha le mathata a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi:

Tlatsetso e 'ngoe ea bongaka e fanang ka maikutlo a tšoanang lipakeng tsa methapo ea methapo ea ho becha / ho becha le mathata a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi e kenyelletsa phepo e nepahetseng N-acetylcysleine (NAC), amino acid e tlatselletsang phepelo ea lijo tse fetang tekano. NAC e tlaleha hore e na le mokhoa oa ts'ebetso oa ts'ebetso ho phekola bokhoba ka tšusumetso lits'ebetsong tsa glutamatergic, haholo-holo mGluR2 le mGluR3 receptors.- Phuputsong e nang le mabitso e bulehileng e lateloang ke ho khaoloa ha mahlo a laoloang ke mahlo ka bobeli, NAC e mafolofolo e ne e phahame ho feta placebo ho boloka botebo ba bothata ba papali ea chelete. Boithuto bo latelang ba batho ba nang le koae ea koae ea koae le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea koae ba ile ba lekola katleho le mamello ea ho fokotsa ho becha le mathata a ho tsuba. Thutong ena, bohle ba neng ba nkile karolo ba ile ba fumana kalafo ea boits'oaro e kenyeletsang likarolo tsa kalafo ea boits'oaro ea kelello, takatso ea kelello, le lipuisano tse susumetsang tse mabapi le ho becha ka methapo le kalafo ea boitšoaro bakeng sa ho tlohela ho tsuba. Ntle le moo, NAC e ne e tsamaisoa ka mokhoa o laoloang ke placebo, o sa boneng mahlo ka bobeli. Se fumanoeng se bonts'a hore NAC e sebetsang e ne e phahame ho feta ho tsubella ka nako ea beke ea 12 beke le beke mme e ne e phahame ho feta placebo ho fokotsa boima ba bothata ba papali ea chelete ea tlhahlobo ea beke ea 24. Sena se hlahisa potso ea hore na NAC e ka thusa ho ntlafatsa sephetho sa kalafo bakeng sa papali ea papali ea methapo ea methapo ka ho khothaletsa "boroko" bo tlalehiloeng bakeng sa litlhare tse itseng tsa boits'oaro, haholo kalafo ea boitsoaro bo botle kalafong ea lithethefatsi. Ka mantsoe a mang, kalafo ea boits'oaro ea kelello e bonahala e tšoarella nako e telele, mohlomong hobane batho ba kanna ba tsoela pele ho ikoetlisa le ho sebelisa mekhoa ea ho thibela pelehi. Monyetla o mong o ke keng oa khetholoha ke hore NAC, joalo ka bahanyetsi ba opioid-receptor, e ka thusa ho fokotsa litakatso tsa mafu a ho lemalla, ho lumellana le se fumanoeng lipatlisisong tsa bohlasoa ba methapo ea methapo le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Mohlala, NAC e ne e phahame ho placebo ho fokotsa mehopolo le litabatabelo tse amanang le papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete, e lumellanang le liphumano tsa boithuto lithutong tse nyane tse fetileng le liphumano tse tlalehiloeng bakeng sa mathata a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Mohlala, tlhahlobisong ea lithuto tsa NAC bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea koae, NAC e ile ea hokahanngoa le takatso e fokotsang takatso le takatso ea ho sebelisa koae. Phuputsong e batlisisang mekhoa ea methapo ea kutlo bakeng sa litlamorao tsa NAC ho liketsahalo tse amanang le koae ho batho ba tsubang, tsamaiso ea NAC khahlanong le placebo ka matsatsi a 'maloa e ne e amahanngoa le takatso e fokolang, tšusumetso e ntle le khokahano e matla ea phomolo ea mmuso libakeng tse kenyeletsang ventral striatum, prefrontal cortex e bohareng, precuneus le cerebellum. Boithuto bo eketsehileng boa hlokahala ho hlahloba litlamorao tsa nako e telele tsa NAC ho lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa batho ba nang le lithethefatsi, ho kenyelletsa le bothata ba ho becha. Ho feta moo, hore na ho na le mathata a ts'ebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi a ka sebelisoang ho tataisa litlhare ho batho ba nang le bothata ba ho becha ho hloka tlhahlobo e ngoe hape.

Lintlha tse ka 'nang tsa hokahanya PG / GD le SUD li kenyelletsa liphatsa tsa lefutso le / kapa tikoloho,' me lithuto tsa mafahla li bontša hore ka bobeli li kenya letsoho ho ba teng ha PG / GD le SUDs (Lebokose 3). - Joalo ka li-SUD, li-neurotransmitter tse ikhethang li hlahisitsoe ho kenya letsoho ho PG, ka serotonin hypothesised ho hokela ho laola taolo; dopamine, ho putsa mekhoa e amanang le moputso; norepinephrine, ho tsosa le ho nyakalla; le li-opioids, ho li susumetsang le likhothaletsong. Le ha data e 'ngoe e ts'ehetsa tse ling tsa likamano tsena, menehelo ea li-neurotransmitter e bonahala e rarahana haholo mme e ka fapana ka likamano ho li-SUD. Mohlala, ho fanoe ka lintlha tse ngata tsa bopaki bo kenyeletsang ho ba sieo ha liphapang lihlopheng tsa GD le HC ho [11C] -raclopride mehato ea D2- ho fumaneha ha receptor, karolo e bohareng ea dopamine ho pathophysiology ea GD e belaelitsoe. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho hlahisitsoe lipotso mabapi le ho lumellana ha [11C] -raclopride liphumano li fumaneha ho li-SUD, ka liphetho tsa bohlokoa tse sa fetoheng haholo tse tsoang lipatlisisong tsa mathata a tšebeliso ea tšusumetso. Fumana lipatlisiso tsa lithuto tse sebelisitsoeng D3-Ko fokotsa radioligand [11C] -propyl-hexahydronaphtho-oxazin ([11C] -PHNO) e boetse e supa phapang lipakeng tsa batho ba nang le mathata a tšebeliso ea matla le PG / GD. Ka ho khetheha, liphuputso tse 'maloa li lemohile liphapang tse pakeng tsa sehlopha sa batho ba nang le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea matla (haholo CD) mabapi le [11C] -PHNO fumaneha ka har'a mofuta oa nigra,- athe litlamorao tsena li ne li sa bonoe ho batho ba nang le PG / GD. Hammoho, liphuputso tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore tse ling tsa liphetho tse amanang le dopamine ho litekanyetso li ka amana le lintho tse ikhethileng, ka litlatsetso tse kang cocaine e kanna ea ba le litlamorao tse tobileng litsing tsa dopamine. Ntle le moo, liphetho tsa phapang [11C] -raclopride binding, haholo-holo ho ventral striatum (VS), ho tlalehiloe ho batho ka bomong ba nang le lefu la Parkinson (PD) le nang le PG. Ha liphumano tse joalo li sa bonoe ho batho bao e seng PD ba nang le PG, e phahamisa lipotso mabapi le hore na lintlha tse amanang le PD (mohlala, dopamine-pathology) li ka susumetsa mekhoa ea neural e thehiloeng PG ho PD le tlhokomeliso khahlanong le kakaretso e fumanoeng ho PD ho batho bao e seng PD. Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore lipatlisiso tse ling tsa li-neurotransmitter waranti lipatlisiso ho PG / GD, le lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao li hlokometse phapang lipakeng tsa batho ba nang le ntle le GD mabapi le phihlello ea opioidergic le γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) -ergic receptor.,

Lebokose 3. Tlatsetso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso le tikoloho bothateng ba marang-rang ba ho becha kapa ho tsuba: le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi:

Mohlala oa mafahla a banna, liphatsa tsa lefutso le tikoloho li fumanoe li kenya letsoho ho kopantseng ha koluoa ​​ea methapo ea mali ea ho becha / ho becha ka tšebeliso ea joala, tšebeliso ea koae, le mathata a tšebeliso ea matekoane, athe tšebeliso ea tšebeliso ea papali ea papali ea methapo ea mali / Boloetse ba ho becha bo nang le mathata a tšebeliso ea tšusumetso e ne e le liphatsa tsa lefutso ka tlhaho., Liphumano tsena li hlahisa monyetla oa hore lintho tse amoheloang sechabeng li hokahane le tšubuhlellano ea ho becha kapa ho becha ka tsela e amanang haholo le tšusumetso ea tikoloho. Litšusumetso tse joalo tsa tikoloho li ka ba tsa bohlokoa ka ho khetheha ho basali, athe ho banna, liphallelo tse kholo tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso li ka hlaha. Lintho tse ikhethileng tsa tikoloho tse ka bakang bothateng ba papali ea chelete, li ka kenyelletsa ho sithabela le ho senyeha ha sechaba. Mohlala, ts'oenyeho e hokahane le ts'ebetso ea papali ea chelete ea maiketsetso. haholoholo basali. Litšebelisano tsa tikoloho ea tikoloho e bonts'a khafetsa ho becha ha papali ea papali ea papali ea chelete ho banna le basali le matšoao a khaello ea papali ea papali ea chelete ho basali ho tlalehiloe ka tekanyo e mpe ea tikoloho ea sechaba. Ka mantsoe a mang, liphumano li fana ka maikutlo a hore likotsi tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete li ka bontšoa ka mokhoa o phahameng haholoanyane ho batho ba pepesetsoeng tlokotsi ea sechaba. Litšusumetso tse ikhethang tsa epigenetic li sa tsoa fumanoa lipatlisiso tsa mathata a ho becha, ka liphuputso tsa mantlha tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore methylalion ea DRD2 (mofuta oa ho ngola mofuta oa dopamine D2 receptor e khothalelitsoeng ho hokahana le boits'oaro bo bobebe le lits'oants'o tse kenyelletsang papali ea papali ea chelete, leha litlamorao tse joalo li 'nile tsa botsoa joalo ka ha ho le joalo ka "linkage Illquilibrium" le ANKK1, e hlahang e amana haufi-ufi le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea tahi le koae., mohlomong ka karolo ea litšusumetso ho β2-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors) e ka itšetleha ka boemo ba kalafo le litšobotsi tsa transdiagnostic, ka methylalion e tlase e bonoang ho batho ba thibeloang kalafo le liphetho tse khannoang haholo ke batho ba sa ts'oaneng., Patlisiso e eketsehileng ea hlokahala bakeng sa ho khetholla mefuta e ikhethileng e amanang le bothata ba papali ea chelete le hore na polelo ea bona e ka susumetsoa joang ke ho senoloa ha tikoloho ho khetholla lintlha le litsela tse amanang le tlokotsi le boits'oaro. Ho fihla joale, lithuto tse peli tsa mokhatlo li sa tšoaea likarolo tse ikhethang tsa genomic tse fihletseng bohlokoa bo boholo bakeng sa bothata ba papali ea chelete., Leha ho le joalo, thutong e le ngoe, lintlha tsa kotsi tsa polygenic bakeng sa mathata a tšebeliso ea joala le bothata ba ho becha li ile tsa lumellana. e tsamaellanang le liphumano tsa pejana tse khothaletsang liphallelo tse arolelanoeng bothateng bona.

Liphumano tse sebetsang tsa matla a tšebetso ea maqhubu a matla (fMRI) li fana ka maikutlo a tšoanang ho PG / GD le SUD, hammoho le phapang, mabapi le libaka tse ikhethang tsa tlhahlobo-leseling, ho kenyelletsoa ts'ebetso ea moputso, taolo ea kelello le ho lakatsa.,, Mabapi le ts'ebetso ea moputso, ts'ebetso e tlotsitsoeng ea VS nakong ea karolo e lebelletseng ea ts'ebetso ea moputso e bonoe ka makhetlo a mangata,, empa eseng kaofela, lithuto tsa PG, ka liphetho tsa pele tse ts'oanang le tse fumanoeng ho li-SUD tse ling tse kenyelletsang joala le ts'ebeliso ea koae. Ho susumetsa ho ka ba sesosa se kopanyang PG / GD le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea joala nakong ea ts'ebetso ea moputso, kaha e ne e amana ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le ts'ebetso ea VS nakong ea ts'ebeliso ea moputso o lebelletsoeng litsing tseo ka bobeli., Nakong ea sephetho sa ts'ebetso ea moputso, ts'ebetso e fokotsang ts'ebetso ea "cm" ea "ventmaticial" e ile ea bonoa lithutong tsa PG, e tsamaellanang le liphumano tsa ts'ebetso e fokotsitsoeng ea sebaka sena lithutong tsa PG maemong a mang, ho kenyelletsa taolo ea kelello, ho lakatsa, ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi le papali ea chelete. Phuputso ea morao-rao ea takatso ea papali ea papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete e bonts'itse ts'ebetso ea boemo bo phahameng ea ts'ebetso le ho ts'oara CDAL / Dorsal PFC bathong ba nang le GD, ka takatso ea ho becha ho amahanngoa hantle le ts'ebelisano e sebetsang pakeng tsa insula le VS mme e fosahetse ka kamano e sebetsang pakeng tsa VS le medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Liphumano tsena li lumellana le patlisiso e sa tsoa etsoa ea PG e bonts'ang keketseho e makatsang ea papali ea chelete, le ts'ebetso e kenelletseng ea basali ba nang le PG. Patlisiso ea hore na phapang ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e ka amana joang le tšebetso ea boko le boitšoaro bo qalile bakeng sa PG / GD (Box 4).-

Lebokose 4. Patlisiso ea mantlha mabapi le tšusumetso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso mabapi le ts'ebetso ea neural ho ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ho tsuba ea ho tsuba / ho tsuba:

Liphuputso tse 'maloa tse sebelisang likhetho tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse lebisang ho mefuta e mengata ea allelic e nang le tšusumetso e tsebahalang ea ts'ebetso li entsoe. Mohlala, phuputso ea fMRI ea lithuto tse nang le papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete le papiso e ntle (IIC) e ile ea etsoa ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa hore na ts'ebetso ea maikutlo le ts'usumetso e ka fetoloa joang ke allelic polymorphism (rsl61115)> DBH, liphatsa tsa lefutso tse kenyang enzyme dopamine-β hydroxylase (DBH), e ikarabellang bakeng sa 35% ho isa ho 52% ea ts'ebetso ea enzyme ea DBH phetohong ea dopamine / norepinephrine. Lithutong tsa pele, T allele e kopantsoe le ts'ebetso e fokolang ea enzymatic, kutloelo-bohloko e tlase, letsoalo le tlase, ho batla ho hongata ka ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, ho lebisang ho kenngoeng ha hypothesised likarolo tsa boko ba corticostriatolimbic le tšusumetso ts'ebetsong e sebetsang ho lihlopha tsohle tsa tlhahlobo ea mafu. Likarabo tsa boitšoaro le bocha tsa bongoana li ile tsa bonts'oa, 'me li-T-carriers tse bonts'a litlaleho tse tlase tsa mahlomola a arabelang likhethong tse bohloko le ts'ebetso e nyane ea libaka tsa boko ba corticostriatolimbic, haholoholo nakong ea likotsi tse bohloko. Phuputsong e arohaneng, alamo e sebetsang (Val-158-Met, e nang le Met allele e amanang le 40% tlase mesebetsi) ea COMT, gene encoding enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), ho ile ha etsoa lipatlisiso ho batho ka bomong ba fumanang kalafo bakeng sa papali ea papali ea chelete. Met allele e ne e amahanngoa le phello ea kalafo e futsanehileng le COMT inhibitor tolcapone. jwalo ka COMT Metot / Met genotype e hokahane le mathata a bakoang ke papali ea chelete le mathata a ho noesa, e kanna ea ba le litlamorao tsa bohlokoa kalafong ea ts'ebeliso ea 'mele ea ho becha kapa ea ho becha le mathata a tšebeliso ea joala.

Boithuto ba morao-rao bo se bo qalile ho etsa lipatlisiso ka ho toba le ho tšoana le ho fapana ha tšebetso ea bokong le sebopeho lihlopheng tsa PG / GD le SUD. Mohlala, phuputso e entsoeng ka sepheo sa ho lapa e bonts'itseng sehlopha (PG, CD, le HC) ka maemo (papali ea papali ea chelete, e amanang le koae, le litso tse bohloko) ts'ebelisano e kenang mPFC ea hare le ea dorsal, ka papatso ea pele e matlafatsang lithutong tse lemaletseng. Karabelo ea lik'hok'heine tsa koae le tsa morao-rao li bonts'a ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ka mokhoa o ikhethileng oa ho tsebahala (PG ha a araba likotsi tsa papali ea chelete; CD, likotsi tsa koae; Phuputsong ea ho sebetsana le ho hloloa, tahlehelo le liketsahalo tse ling nakong ea mosebetsi oa fMRI oa slot-slot, PG e bonts'itse ts'ebetso e kholo ea VS ho feta lithuto tsa HC nakong ea liketsahalo tse nang le moputso (ke hore, ha li-slot-maching tse peli li se li kopane), athe lihlooho tsa CD e bonts'itse ts'ebetso e fokolang ea VS ho feta lithuto tsa HC ha e sebetsana le tahlehelo ea 'nete (ke hore, ha li-reels tse peli tsa pele li sa lumellane). Nakong ea ts'ebetso ea "li-misses" (ha li-reels tse peli ho tse tharo li ts'oana) le tahlehelo e felletseng (ke hore, ha ho se letho le tšoanang), mokhoa o tšoanang o hlahile vmPFC. Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso ea meputso e amanang le papali ea chelete e ka shebana haholo le katleho ea lithuto tsa PG le tahlehelo e ka bang lithutong tsa CD. Nakong ea mosebetsi oa ho lelekisa tahlehelo (ho kenyelletsa ho qala ka tahlehelo le ho ba le likhetho tsa ho iketsetsa morusu oa "ho se sebetse" kapa ho amohela tahlehelo), lithuto tsa CD le PG li bonts'itse phapang ho tsoa lithutong tsa IIC ka linako tse fapaneng tsa ho etsa liqeto. Ka ho khetheha, lithuto tsa PG li bonts'itse karolo e kholo ea potoloho ea mPFC ho feta lithuto tsa HC le CD pele li etsa liqeto tsa ho khaotsa ho lelekisa, athe lithuto tsa CD li bontšitse boitlamo bo fokolang ho feta lithuto tsa HC tsa potoloho ea amygdalar-striatal. Liphumano tsena li totobatsa ho tšoana ho hongata le phapang e teng lithutong tse amanang le khothatso le moputso / tahlehelo ho PG le CD.

Boithuto ba boiphihlelo ba maiketsetso bo hlokometse phapang e tšoanang lithutong tsa PG le CD (joalo ka ha ho bapisoa le lithuto tsa HC) likotorong tsa bobeli (tse tšelang) lipampitšana tsa corlicostriatal le tsa parieto-occipital, tse fanang ka maikutlo a tšoanang a ho ts'epahala ha taba e tšoeu ea lihlopheng tse lemaletseng lihlopha tse lemaletseng lipampitšana. pele e ne e susumetsoa ke ho hokahanya libaka tsa boko tse kenyelletsang ts'ebetsong ea meputso le litheko. Patlisiso ea bophahamo ba litaba tsa bohlooho ho PG, CD, le IIC li fumane hore ha ho bapisoa le lihlopha tsa PG le HC, sehlopha sa CD se bontsitse palo ea methapo ea kutlo, athe ho itšunya-tšunya ho lihlopha tsohle tse tharo ho ile ha hokahanngoa ka tsela e sa lekanyetsoang le lipalo tsa insula le subcortical libaka (amygdala, hippocampus). Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore liphumano tse ling tsa neurobiological li hokahana haufi le li-diagnostic tsa sehlopha (tseo ka sena e ka amanang le litlamorao tsa koae). leha monyetla ona e le o inahaneloang le tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo lithutong tse telele), athe tse ling li hokahana haholoanyane le mehato ea transdiagnostic, kamora tse ling li tsamaellana le maikutlo a RDoC (Research Domain Criteria).,

Leha mefuta e mengata ea li-SUD e kile ea sebelisoa ho PG / GD, motho o lokela ho ba hlokolosi ts'ebetsong ena. Mohlala le joalo ka ha ho hlokometsoe pejana, khakanyo e atileng ea makhaola-khang ea dopamine ho litheko li belaelloa bakeng sa PG / GD le mefuta e mengata ea li-SUD., le lipatlisiso tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa SUD hangata li bonts'itse mefuta ea lihlahisoa tsa metabolism ea lithethefatsi. Kahoo, mohlala o akaretsang oa tlhaho le / kapa oa neural bakeng sa PG / GD le phapang ho tseo tsa li-SUD hajoale e ka ba tsa pele ho nako kapa tsa ba tsa morao-rao. Seo se boletse hore, lintlha tsa lithuto tse bapisang ka kotloloho le ho bapisa PG / GD le SUD li tla fana ka temohisiso ea bohlokoa, haholo ha ho etsoa lithuto tse nkang mehlala e meholo ea mehlala mme ho sebelisoa mekhoa ea bohlahlobo e hlahisang liphetho tse tsitsitseng le tse sebetsang. Ts'ebetso e joalo e lokela ho thusa ho hlakisa hantle liphapang tsa neural le neurochemical le phapang lipakeng tsa PG / GD le SUDs.

Ts'ebeliso ea inthanete le lipapali

Ha marang-rang a ntse a eketseha kahara ts'ebeliso le ts'ebeliso, tekanyo eo boits'oaro bo itseng ho Marang-rang e kanna ea ba mathata kapa ea lemalla e se e lekantsoe. Le ha lithuto tsa pele li ne li shebile haholo ka mefuta le mekhoa ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete haholo (ke ho re, "temallo ea inthanete")), tsepamisitse maikutlo haufinyane e bile mefuta ea boitšoaro bo entsoeng inthaneteng. Ntho ea bohlokoa ke papali. The DSM-5 Sehlopha sa basebetsi sa SUD se hlokometse ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang le lipapali tsa lipapali mme sa etsa tlhahiso ea hore lintlha tsa nakoana bakeng sa bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete (IGD) li kenyeletsoe karolong ea 3 ea DSM-5, karolo e reretsoeng ho sebetsana le maemo a netefatsang lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng. Qeto ea ho shebella papali e entsoe ha ho fanoa ka hore data e ngata e ne e le teng ka mathata a lipapali tsa inthanete ho feta ka mefuta e meng ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ka nako eo, leha ho le joalo, lenane la boitšoaro bo amanang le inthanete (mohlala, marang-rang, ho becha, ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ,, ho reka) hajoale ho ntse ho etsoa lipatlisiso. Mekhoa ea IGD e na le lintho tse tšoanang le tsa GD mme e kenyelletsa ho senyeha kapa khatello ea maikutlo ho amanang le ho kopana le tse hlano (kapa ho feta) tsa mekhoa e leshome ea kenyelletso e amanang le likarolo tse kang ho mamella, ho tlosa, ho nahana ka pele le ho kena-kenana le likarolo tse kholo tsa tšebetso ea bophelo. Leha mokhatlo o reriloeng oa tlhahlobo ea lihlahisoa o tlisitse tlhatlhobo e eketsehileng ea IGD, lipuisano li ntse li le teng. Mohlala, litsebi tse ling li lumela hore ho amohela IGD joalo ka sesosa sa ts'oaetso ho na le litlamorao tse mpe ho batho ba nkang karolo lipapaling, athe ba bang ba lumela hore ho ba le mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa tlhahlobo ea mafu ho tla thusa ho khothaletsa liteko tsa bophelo ba sechaba tse amanang le maano, thibelo, le kalafo. Litekanyetso tse reriloeng tsa bothateng ba lipapali tsa lipapali tse ntseng li nkuoa bakeng sa khatiso ea 11th ea Tlhophiso ea Machabeng ea Maloetse (ICD-11) li fumaneha marang-rang (ka nako ea sengoloa sena; . Litšobotsi tsa bohlokoa li kenyelletsa ho kena-kenana le libaka tse kholo tsa ts'ebetso e amanang le papali (ke ho re, videogaming), e nang le papali e phehellang le nako e telele ho feta bonyane likhoeli tsa 11 tse tsoelang pele ho sa na le litlamorao tse mpe le ho hlophisoa ha taolo e senyehileng ea lipapali. Ho hlalositsoe litsebi tse ikhethang tsa marang-rang (tseo boholo ba marang-rang le tse fumanehang ntle ho marang-rang), joalo ka ha ho bapaloa papali e kotsi ea ho bapala batho ba etsang mefuta le mekhoa ea papali e ka ba behang kotsing e kholo ea mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello kapa ba mmele empa ba na le e ntse e le ho fihlela boemo ba bothateng ba papali (http://apps.who.int/classication/icdll/briking/f/en#httpanuel3aanuel2fanuel2fid.who.intanuel2ficd% 2fentity% 2f1448597234). Likarolo tsena, litlatsetso le boits'oaro bo ikhethileng bo fumaneha hona joale ka sebopeho sa beta bakeng sa litekanyetso tse reriloeng tsa GD ho ICD-11, ka tatellano ea mathata 'ohle a nang le li-SUD sehlopheng se khothalletsoang sa "Lits'oaetso Ka lebaka la Ts'ebeliso ea Lithethefatsi kapa Behaviors ea Tlatsehang."

Leha ho le lipuisano,, lipatlisiso tse ngata li ntse li etsoa ho IGD, ho kenyelletsa le lipatlisiso tsa kalafo tse sebetsang le liphapang tsa neurobiological, ka ho tšoana le liphapang pakeng tsa IGD, GD, le SUDs li hlokometsoe. Leha ho le joalo, lithuto li ntse li sa le qalong, hangata li na le mehlala e meholo le mefokolo e meng. Mabapi le kalafo, ke ba 'maloa ba ileng ba lekoa ka mokhoa o ikhethang, ka lithuto tsa pele tsa mekhoa ea boits'oaro ea kelello e bonts'ang ts'episo ea IGD le ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e pharalletseng haholoanyane., Lithuto tsa pele li se li qalile ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa mekhoa ea mekhoa ea neural e sebelisang kalafo e sebetsang ea IGD. Mohlala, ho lakatsa ho kenella hoa boitšoaro (CBI) ho kenyelletsa likarolo tsa kalafo ea boits'oaro bo botle le kelello, ha ho bapisoa le boemo ba tlhahlobo-leseling, ho fumanoe ho lebisa ho fokotsa lipakeng tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete, nako eo a e sebelisang papali ea papali, le papali e tsosang takatso- litakatso tse amanang. Sehlopha sa ho kenella sa CBI se amanang le sehlopha sa liteko se boetse se bonts'itse ts'ebetso e matla ea ts'usumetso ho tsoa liketsong tse amanang le papali kamora ho kenella, ka ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng ea ts'ebetso lipakeng tsa insula le gernus ea ling le tse ling le tsona li hlokometse kamora kalafo. Ho kenyelletsa moo, liphuputso tsa mmuso oa phomolo li khothalelitse hore CBI e fokotse khokahanyo lipakeng tsa orbitofrontal cortex le hippocampus le lipakeng tsa posoana ea bohloekisi le likarolo tse amanang le boko. Liphumano tsena li bonts'a hore CBI e ka sebetsa ka ho fokotsa matla a khokahanyo nakong ea ho pepesoa ha cue le phomolong lipakeng tsa libaka tse kenelletseng litakatsong tsa cue-SUDs le GD. Liakhetse tse ling (mohlala, taolo ea kelello, ho etsa liqeto tse kotsi) li hlahisitsoe e le lipheo tsa kalafo tse ka bang teng ho IGD, le lipatlisiso tsa fMRI li bontsitse phapang lipakeng tsa neural amanang le lits'ebetso tsena ho batho ba nang le ntle le IGD., Kahoo, sepheo sa bona sa tlhahlobo ea lipatlisiso tsa bongaka se tiisa hore ho hlahlojoa ka kotloloho.

Sex

Mefuta ena ka bobeli e thehiloeng marang-rang le e seng marang-rang ea boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho etsa thobalano e netefatsa hore ho nahanoa ka lipatlisiso le lipatlisiso. Hypersexual disorder e ile ea nkoa e le ho kenyelletsa ho DSM-5 hape, le ha tlhahlobo ea tšimo e se e entsoe, ha ea ka ea kenyelletsoa. Hajoale, ho na le mofuta oa beta-rasemente oa setho sa tlhahlobo ea mafu a bosoasoi se bitsoang "khothalletso ea boitšoaro ba thobalano" se khothalletsoang ho kenyeletsoa ho ICD-11 (http://apps.who.int/classication/icdll/brgins/f/en#/httpanuel3aanuel2fanuel2fid.who.intanuel2ficdanuel2fentity%2fl630268048). Likarolo tsa bothata bona bo khothalletsoang li kenyelletsa "mokhoa o sa khaotseng oa ho se khone ho laola maikutlo kapa litlhaselo tse matla" tse amanang le thobalano, liteko tse sa atleheng tsa ho laola boitšoaro ba thobalano, le boitlamo ba thobalano le ha o na le litlamorao tse mpe, ka nako e boletsoeng ea bonyane likhoeli tsa 12 le kopano le khatello ea maikutlo kapa ho senyeha hoa bohlokoa likarolong tse kholo tsa bophelo. Leha ho tšoana ka litlhaloso tsa CSB le GD, bothata ba lipapali, le li-SUD le ho kenyelletsoa ha likarolo tsa mantlha tsa lithethefatsi ho CSB, CSB hajoale e ntse e etsoa tlhahiso ea ho khetholloa e le "Phello ea Taolo ea Ts'usumetso" ho ICD-11, hammoho le pyromania, kleptomania, le lefu la ho phatloha ha nakoana. Mokhoa ona o ka supa lipuisano tse tsoelang pele mabapi le karohano e nepahetseng ka ho fetisisa ea CSB, hammoho le palo e lekanyelitsoeng ea data mabapi le CSB libakeng tse ngata, ho kenyelletsa kalafo e sebetsang le litekanyetso tsa ho ata.,

Sebaka se seng se fumaneng tlhahlobo e batsi ea kelello ke neurobiology ea CSB. Mohlala, papisong ea banna ba nang le bong bo fapaneng ba nang le CSB, ba nang le CSB ba bontšitse ts'ebetso e kholo ho amygdala, VS, le cterate ea anterior ho li-cue tse pepesitsoeng ka thobalano, ka ts'ebelisano e sebetsang libakeng tsena tse amanang le takatso ea thobalano ho isa tekanyong e kholo. ho CSB khahlanong le banna bao e seng CSB. Ho banna ba ratanang le ba bong bo fapaneng ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa kapa ba nang le tsona ntle le mathata, ba nang le PPU ba bontšitse ts'ebetso e kholo ea VS ho litekanyetso tse boletsoeng esale pele ka meputso e makatsang ho feta ba bolelang esale pele moputso oa chelete. Lithutong tsena ka bobeli, ho ile ha hlalosoa ho lumellana le likhopolo tsa tšusumetso ea ho lemalla. Boithuto bo bong bo fana ka maikutlo a khethollo e hlokoang ho CSB e ts'oanang le e tlalehiloeng ho lemalla., Lintlha tsa pele li fana ka maikutlo a hore naltrexone e ka ba molemo bakeng sa ho fokotsa litakatso / litakatso tsa kalafo ea PPU. Le hoja e le banna ba ratanang le balekane ba bona pele, ba fana ka lintlha tse ngata lipakeng tsa CSB le likhathatso tse tlatsetsang joalo ka GD le SUDs.

Qeto le lintlha tsa nako e tlang

Leha lefapha la bokhoba ba boits'oaro le ntse le tsoela pele ho hola, le sa le monyane, 'me ho na le likheo tse ngata tse setseng ho se tsejoang hajoale le ts'ebetsong ea bongaka. Leha ho na le keketseho ea kutloisiso ea tlholeho ea tlhaho ea PG / GD lilemong tse mashome a 'maloa tse fetileng, phetolelo ea tlhahisoleseling ena ho leano le ntlafalitsoeng la thibelo le kalafo e ntse e tsamaea butle, ho se na meriana e amohetsoeng ke US Food and Drug Administration ka nako ea sena ho ngola. Ntle le moo, ha ho fanoa ka sebopeho sa hajoale sa US Institutes of Health ea US, e kenyeletsang litsi tse ikemetseng tse shebaneng le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le joala 'me ha ho na tse tsepamisang maikutlo bokhobeng bo bong, ha ho na setheo se nang le litlatsetso tsa boits'oaro e le se tlang pele ho lipatlisiso. Kahoo, United States, tsoelo-pele ea ho utloisisa mekhoa ea likokoana-hloko e tsamaisang litekanyetso tsa boits'oaro e kanna ea lieha ho feta bakeng sa mafu a mang a kelello, ka monyetla oa ho lebisa khaellong ea bophelo bakeng sa batho ba nang le boits'oaro ba boits'oaro (le ba bang ba anngoeng, joalo ka litho tsa malapa) . Leha ho le joalo, ha lipatlisiso li ntse li etsoa lefatšeng ka bophara le tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji e lebisang kutloisisong e ntlafalitsoeng ea liphapang tse amanang le nts'etsopele le ho phehella le ho hlaphoheloa litlamong tsa boits'oaro, ho na le lebaka la ho lula re ts'epa hore tsoelo-pele e lebisang tlhokomelo e khethehileng e tla etsoa, hape le hore ho tla ba le mekhoa e ntlafalitsoeng ea thibelo, kalafo ea, le maano a mabapi le bokhoba ba boitšoaro nakong e tlang.

lumela hore baa fokola

Dr Potenza o phatlalatsa hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa lithahasello. Ngaka Potenza o rerile le ho eletsa INSYS, Shire, RiverMend Health, Opiant / Lakelight Therapeutics, le Jazz Pharmaceuticals; o fumane ts'ehetso ea lipatlisiso ho tsoa Mohegan Sun Casino, Setsi sa Naha sa Lipapali tse Ikarabellang, le Pfizer; o nkile karolo lipatlisisong, posong, kapa lipuisanong tsa mohala tse amanang le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, mathata a ho laola maikutlo, kapa litaba tse ling tsa bophelo bo botle; e rerile bakeng sa papali ea chelete le mekhatlo ea molao litabeng tse amanang le taolo ea maikutlo le mathata a lemalloang; e fana ka tlhokomelo ea bongaka Lefapheng la Connecticut la Bophelo bo Botle ba kelello le Litšebeletso tsa Lithethefatsi Lits'ebeletso Lenaneo la Litšebeletso tsa Ho becha; e phethile litlhahlobo tsa lithuso bakeng sa Mekhatlo ea Naha ea Bophelo le mekhatlo e meng; o hlophisitse likoranta kapa likarolo tsa litaba; o fane ka lipuo tsa thuto lipapaling tse kholo, liketsahalo tsa CME, le libaka tse ling tsa bongaka kapa tsa mahlale; mme e hlahisitse libuka kapa likhaolo tsa libuka bakeng sa baphatlalatsi ba litemana tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Ho nka karolo ha Ngaka Potenza ho ile ha ts'ehetsoa ka Setsi sa Naha sa Setsi sa Naha sa Boikarabello ba Lipapali se Ikarabellang le ho tsoa Setsing sa Naha sa Tlhekefetso le Tlhekefetso ea Lithethefatsi. Likahare tsa buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho ha se hakaalo hore li bonts'a maikutlo a efe kapa efe ea mekhatlo ea lichelete.

Likarolo tse khethiloeng le litlhaloso

CDHo itšetleha ka koae
GDbothata ba ho becha
HCbapisoa hantle
IGDBothata ba ho bapala Inthanete
PGpapali ea papali ea chelete
Sudtlhekefetso ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi
VSventral striatum
 

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