Boitlhakiso ba ho reka ka mokhoa o qobelloang: Tšoantšiso ea meriana le mekhoa e meng ea mekhoa ea boitšoaro @

 

inahaneloang

Boitšoaro bo matla ba ho reka (CBB) bo amohetse e le bothata bo atileng ba bophelo bo botle ba kelello, leha ho le joalo mekhahlelo ea bona ea mekhahlelo ea mekhahlelo e lula e sa rarollehe. Morero oa thuto ena e ne e le ho lekola mefuta ea litaba tsa sechaba le bongaka tse amanang le sephetho sa CBB ha li bapisoa le lithahasello tse ling tsa boits'oaro. Bakuli ba likete tse tharo le makholo a mararo le mashome a mabeli ba batlang kalafo ba ne ba arotsoe ka lihlopha tse hlano: CBB, bokhoba ba thobalano, bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete, bokhoba ba marang-rang le bothata ba papali ea chelete. CBB e ne e tšoauoa ka karolo e phahameng ea basali, maemo a phahameng a psychopathology, le maemo a phahameng maemong a botho ba ho batla bocha, ho qoba ho senya, ts'epahalo ea moputso, ho phehella le tšebelisano-mmoho ho bapisoa le bokhoba bo bong ba boitšoaro. Liphetho li hlakisa ho heterogeneity lithutong tsa bongaka tsa bakuli ba fumanoeng ba na le litlatsetso tse fapaneng tsa boits'oaro mme ba fana ka leseli le lecha lits'ebetsong tse kholo tsa CBB.

Keywords: litloaelo tsa boits'oaro, mokhoa o qobelloang oa ho reka, bothata ba papali ea chelete, bosholu ba papali ea inthanete, bokhoba ba marang-rang, lithethefatsi tsa thobalano

Selelekela

Boitšoaro bo matla ba ho reka (CBB), bo tsejoang ka hore ke lekhoba la mabenkele, ho reka kapa ho reka ka mokhoa o qobelloang, ke boemo ba bophelo bo botle ba kelello bo khetholloang ke ho reka ho sa feleng ka lihlahisoa ho sa tsotellane ka ho teba kelellong, sechabeng, mosebetsing, licheleteng. litlamorao (Müller et al., ). Moo, bareki ba tloaelehileng ba seng lithethefatsi ba nka boleng le ho ba bohlokoa e le sepheo sa bona sa mantlha sa ho ea mabenkeleng, bareki ba qobelloang ho reka ba reka ka sepheo sa ho ntlafatsa maikutlo a bona, ho sebetsana le khatello ea maikutlo, ho fumana tumello / ho amoheloa sechabeng, le ho ntlafatsa boits'oaro ba bona (Lejoyeux le Weinstein, ; Karim le Chaudhri, ; McQueen et al., ; Roberts et al., ). Leha sephetho sa CBB se hlahelletseng se kenyelletsa maikutlo a ho ikoahlaea / ho ikoahlaela ho reka, lihlong, letsoalo le molato, mathata a molao le a lichelete, le mathata a ho ikopanya, batho ba nang le CBB ba hloleha boitekong ba bona ba ho emisa ho reka ka mokhoa o phehellang (Konkolý Thege et al., ).

Khafetsa ea CBB e eketsehile lefatšeng ka bophara lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse fetileng. Tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea meta e hakantse ho ata ha 4.9% ea li-sampole tsa baemeli ba baholo, ka litekanyetso tse phahameng bakeng sa baithuti ba univesithi, bao e seng setjhaba le barupeluoa ba itseng ba mabenkeleng (Maraz et al., ). Leha ho le joalo, likhakanyo tsa ho ba teng ha lipatlisiso tsa mafu a lefutso li fapana mme li ka tloha ho 1 ho isa 30% ho latela mofuta oa sampole e ithutoang (Basu et al., ).

Bothata bo bong bo boholo ba ho hakanya ho ata ha CBB ke hore ho hlophisoa ka mekhahlelo ea kelello maemong a khethollo ea machaba ho ntse ho phetoa le ho lumellana ka mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea mafu. Ha e le hantle, mohopolo oa "ho lemalla" ka boyona e ne e le taba e phehisanang ha ho etsoa tokiso ea Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Dis shida khatiso ea bohlano (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, ; Piquet-Pessôa et al., ). Hajoale litlhaloso tse fumanehang tsa ts'ebetso bakeng sa CBB li ts'episitse ho ts'oana le mathata a ho hlahlamanang ha taolo ea pompo (Potenza, ; Robbins le Clark, ), e amanang haholo le mathata a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (Grant et al., ), bokuli bo potelletseng (Weinstein et al., ), mathata a ho ja (Fernández-Aranda et al., , ; Jiménez-Murcia et al., ) le litlatsetso tse ling tsa boits'oaro tse kang boloi ba papali ea chelete (Black et al., ), Bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete (IGD) le bokhoba ba marang-rang (Suissa, ; Trotzke et al., ), le ts'oaetso ea thobalano (Derbyshire le Grant, ; Farré et al., ).

Etiology e ikhethang ea CBB e ntse e sa tsejoe. Ho hlahisitsoe lintlha tse fapaneng e le ba kenyang letsoho 'me lithuto tse' maloa tsa CBB tse entsoeng ho fihlela joale li thehiloe haholo linthong tse amanang le lefu la liphatsa tsa lefutso, le lipatlisiso mabapi le liphatsa tsa lefutso le hore CBB ha e eo. Joalo ka mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, lithuto tsa kelello tsa boko ho batho ba nang le CBB le litekanyetso tse ling tsa boits'oaro li fumane mokhoa o sa khaotseng libakeng tsa preoparietal, ts'ebetso ea meputso, le lisistimi tsa limbic (Raab et al., ; Baik, ; Leeman le Potenza, ; Haesere an van Eimeren, ; Vanderah le Sandweiss, ). Leha ho le joalo, bopaki bo teng ba methapo ea kutlo bo sa hlalose ka botlalo hore na mekhoa ea konkreite e sebetsang le ts'ebetso ea kelello e ka etsa joang hore boits'oaro bo tloaelehileng ba ho reka bo se ke ba eba le tšusumetso ea lithethefatsi tsa kantle ho naha (Clark, ; Engel le Caceda, ). Ho fapana le maemo a mang a ho lemalla, ho boletsoe hore nts'etsopele ea CBB e ipapisitse le ho ba teng hoa mekhoa e meng ea setso, joalo ka moruo o thehiloeng marakeng, thepa e fapa-fapaneng e fumanehang, chelete e ka fumanoang, le litheko tsa ho rata lintho tse bonahalang (Unger et al. , ).

Mabapi le phenotype ea CBB, lithuto tsa lipatlisiso li totobatsa likarolo tse tloaelehileng tse arolelanoang le litekanyetso tse ling tsa boitšoaro (El-Guebaly et al., ; Choi et al., ; Grant le Chamberlain, ; Di Nicola et al., ). Khopolo ea Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory, e sebelisitsoeng ho mathata a mang a boitšoaro bo hlephileng, e re maemo a phahameng a boits'oaro ba boits'oaro (BAS) a beha batho kotsing ea ho itšoara ka mokhoa o sa tsitsang (Franken et al., ). E boetse e sebelisitsoe ho hlalosa lits'ebetso tse tlatsetsang tse ka tlase ho CBB: lits'ebetso ka bobeli tsa ho matlafatsa-kotlo li bonahala li nka karolo ho qaleng le nts'etsopele ea bokuli bona (Davenport et al., ). Le ha e le mehlala ea lingaka, ho fumanoe kamano e kholo lipakeng tsa bothata bona le maemo a phahameng a ts'ebetso (Claes et al., ; Müller et al., ). Ho feta moo, taolo ea maikutlo a ho hloka taolo e boetse e bonahala e boleloa mohopolong oa litekanyetso tsa boits'oaro, haholo lithutong tse kang ho laola litakatso le matšoao a ho tlohela (Kellett et al., ; Williams le Grisham, ).

Qaleho ea pele ea boits'oaro ba mathata e boetse e nkuoa e le tšobotsi e tloaelehileng ea lits'ebetso tsena tsa bokhoba, 'me lipatlisiso tsa lefutso li fumane hore litloaelo tsa bokhoba ba tloaelo li fetoha bothata mathateng a bocha (Balogh et al., ; Maraz et al., ). Ke mothating ona oa nts'etsopele ha boitšoaro bo bobebe le boits'oaro bo kotsi li ka lumelloa haholo sechabeng kapa esita le ho khothaletsoa ke lithaka, tse ka bakang kotsi ea ho hlaolela bokhoba ba tahi (Dayan et al., ; Hartston, ). Ho tlameha ho hlakisoa leha ho le joalo hore lipatlisiso tse ling tsa baemeli Europe lilemong tsa morao tjena li bonts'itse keketseho ea kholo ea khakanyo ea litekanyetso tsa boitšoaro ho batho ba baholo ba baholo (Mueller et al., ).

Boithuto ba mofuta oa CBB phenotype le litšobotsi tse amanang le bona bo boetse bo hlahisitse liphetho tse tšoanang le litlatsetso tse ling tsa boitšoaro. Patlisiso e bontšitse hore ho reka ka mokhoa o qobelloang ho bontšoa ke lintlha tse phahameng tsa ho qhekella, ho batla bocha le ho qobella (Black et al., ; Di Nicola et al., ; Munno et al., ), mmoho le maemo a hloahloa litsong tse potlakileng le tse mpe tsa ts'ohanyetso (Rose le Segrist, ), e tsamaellanang le liphetho tse fumanoeng bothateng ba papali ea chelete (Janiri et al., ; Tárrega et al., ), IGD kapa bokhobeng ba boloi (Jiménez-Murcia et al., ; Farré et al., ).

Qetellong, CBB e amahanngoa le comorbidity ea bohlokoa, haholo le maemo a kelello le a atileng haholo litlamong tse ling tsa boits'oaro (Mueller et al., ; Aboujaoude, ), joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo, mathata a ho tšoenyeha, tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, mathata a mang a taolo a ho laola, le mathata a ho ja (Fernández-Aranda et al., , ).

Litšobotsi tsa Heterogenible litabeng tsa bongaka le tsa botho le tsona li tlalehiloe ha li bapisa CBB le litekanyetso tse ling tsa boits'oaro. Pele, lithuto tsa lefu la seoa li supa khahlano e matla ea thobalano (Fattore et al., ): athe CBB e atile haholo ho basali (Otero-López le Villardefrancos, ), bothata ba papali ea chelete (Ashley le Boehlke, ), le temallo ea thobalano (Farré et al., ) li atile haholo ho banna.

Mabapi le boemo ba kelello ba bakuli ba CBB, tsebong ea rona lithuto tse fokolang tse nang le mehlala ea bongaka li lekotse phapang e ikhethang lipakeng tsa CBB le litlatsetso tse ling tsa boits'oaro. Kahoo, sepheo sa phuputso ena ke: (a) ho netefatsa litšobotsi tsa sechaba le tsa bongaka tse amanang le CBB ka sampole e kholo ea bakuli ba lemalloang ke boits'oaro; le (b) ho bapisa boemo ba CBB le lithethefatsi tse ling tsa boitšoaro (bokhoba ba thobalano, IGD, bokhoba ba inthanete le bothata ba papali ea chelete).

Lisebelisoa le mekhoa

sampole

Bakuli bohle ba fihlileng Setsing sa Papali ea Lipapatso tsa Pathological Lefapheng la Psychiatry Sepetleleng sa Univesithi ea Bellvitge ho Barcelona (Spain), ho tloha ka Pherekhong 2005 ho fihlela Phato 2015, e ne e le karolo ho tlaleha thuto ena. Mekhoa ea ho kenyelletsa thuto e ne e le ho ba teng ha pherekano ea kelello, ho holofala kelellong, kapa ho ferekana kelellong. Sepetlele sa Univesithi ea Bellvitge ke sepetlele sa sechaba se netefalitsoeng e le setsi sa tlhokomelo ea maemo a phahameng bakeng sa kalafo ea litheko tsa boits'oaro mme se hlokomela kalafo ea linyeoe tse rarahaneng. Sebaka sa tlhokomelo ea sepetlele se kenyelletsa batho ba fetang limilione tse peli sebakeng sa litoropo tsa Barcelona.

Barupeluoa bohle ba ile ba fumanoa ho latela litekanyetso tsa DSM-IV (SCID-I; Pele et al., ) le ho sebelisa lipotso tse ikhethang bakeng sa pherekano e 'ngoe le e' ngoe. Lipuisano li ile tsa etsoa ke litsebi tsa kelello le litsebi tsa mafu a kelello tse nang le boiphihlelo ba lilemo tse fetang 15 lebaleng.

Mohlala oa ho ithuta o kenyelelitsoe n = Bakuli ba 3324, ba neng ba arotsoe ka lihlopha tse hlano ho latela tlhahlobo ea bona ea tlhahlobo: CBB (n = 110), temallo ea thobalano (n = 28), IGD (n = 51), temallo ea inthanete (n = 41), le bokuli ba ho becha (n = 3094). Boemo ba khethollo e kopanetsoeng bo ne bo hlokoa ho kenyelletsa bakuli ka lihlopha, ke hore, litlatsetso tse nkuoeng thutong ena ha lia ka tsa etsahala ka nako e tšoanang ho lumella tekanyetso le papiso ea boemo bo ikhethang ba kliniki ea mofuta o mong le o mong oa ts'ebeliso ea ts'oaetso (bakuli ba 39 e ne e le kantle ho litlhatlhobo tsa rona tsa ho kopana le litekanyetso tsa ho ba le ts'oaetso ea boitšoaro bo fetang e le 'ngoe.

Mehato

Teko ea mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa hajoale le bophelo bohle le boits'oaro bo amanang

Bakuli ba ile ba hlahlojoa ba sebelisa tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ea sefahleho le sefahleho e hlophisitsoeng kamora hore ho be le lipotso tse hlophisitsoeng tsa Clinical Clinical bakeng sa DSM-IV (SCID-I; Pele et al., ), e koahelang nako ea bophelo bohle ea boitšoaro bo sa susumetseng, e leng tšebeliso e mpe ea joala le lithethefatsi, mathata a taolo a tšusumetso ea comorbid (joalo ka CBB, bokhoba ba thobalano le IGD le bokhoba ba marang-rang).

Leseli la tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea marang-rang ea ho becha ho latela methati ea DSM (Stinchfield, )

Potso ena ea thepa ea 19 e lumella tlhahlobo ea DSM-IV (Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Psychiatric, ) tekanyetso ea tlhahlobo ea ho becha ha methapo ea methapo (thutong ea hona joale e bitsoang GD). Ho nepahala ha Convergent le lintlha tsa SOGS mofuteng oa mantlha ho ne ho le molemo haholo [r = 0.77 ea mohlala oa baemeli le r = 0.75 ea lihlopha tsa kalafo ea papali ea papali ea chelete (Stinchfield, )]. Ho lumellana ho kahare ho tloaelo ea Sepanishe e sebelisitsoeng thutong ena e ne e le α = 0.81 bakeng sa sechaba ka kakaretso le α = 0.77 bakeng sa mehlala ea kalafo ea papali ea papali ea chelete (Jiménez-Murcia et al., ). Thutong ena, palo ea litekanyetso tsa DSM-5 tsa GD e ile ea hlahlojoa. Alpha ea Cronbach sampoleng e ne e le ntle haholo (α = 0.81).

Screen sa oak papali ea oak South (SOGS) (Lesieur le Blume, )

Tlaleho ena ea boits'oaro, 20-ntho, tlhaiso-lipotso e hlahlobang e khetholla lipakeng tsa pathological, bothata, le bao e seng bothata ba papali ea chelete. Phetolelo e netefalitsoeng ea Sepanishe e sebelisitsoeng thutong ena e bontšitse ho tsitsipana ha ka hare (α = 0.94) le ho ts'epa-pheta ha litekor = 0.98; Echeburúa et al., ). Sistimi ea sampole ea mosebetsi ona e ne e lekane (α = 0.76).

Litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea theko e qobelloang ho latela Mcelroy et al. ()

Litekanyetso tsena li amohetse kamohelo e pharalletseng sechabeng sa lipatlisiso, leha ho tšepahala le ho nepahala ha tsona ho sa tsejoe (Tavares et al., ). Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore ha ho na litekanyetso tsa molao tsa ho hlahloba CBB tse amoheloang bakeng sa DSM kapa ICD-10. Hajoale, ho khothaletsoa hore tlhahlobo ea CBB e hlahlojoe ka lipuisano tse tobileng tsa sefahleho le sefahleho tse hlahlobang "maikutlo a ho reka, maikutlo a amanang, menahano ea mantlha, le boholo ba ho ameha ka ho reka le ho reka" (Müller et al., ).

Litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea IGD ho latela Griffiths and Hunt (, )

Ho lekola tlhahlobo ea lefu la IGD le ho theha boemo ba ho itšetleha ka lipapali tsa video, litsebi tsa kliniki li ile tsa etsa tlhahlobo ea sefahleho ea sefahleho ea sefahleho ho latela sekala se hlophisitsoeng ke Griffiths le Hunt (, ). Puisano ena e ile ea lekola likarolo tse kang khafetsa ha boits'oaro bo nang le mathata, tšitiso e hlahisoang ts'ebetsong ea letsatsi le letsatsi ka lebaka la tšebeliso e mpe ea lipapali tsa video kapa ho ba teng ha mamello le mathata a taolo ea thibelo ea litšila.

Litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea bokhoba ba thobalano ho latela DSM-IV-TR (Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Psychiatric, )

Ho lekola bokhoba ba thobalano, ho ile ha tsamaisoa betri ea lintho, e neng e thehiloe ka tlhaloso e boletsoeng ho DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association, ) Karolong ea Likhathatso tsa Thobalano e seng ka Tsela E 'ngoe e boletsoeng (302.9). Ha re etsa tlhahlobo ea rona, tlhaloso e latelang ea kliniki e ile ea fuoa boima bo khethehileng: "khatello ea maikutlo ka likamano tsa khafetsa tsa likamano tsa botona le botšehali tse kenyelletsang tatellano ea barati ba nang le boiphihlelo e le lintho feela tse lokelang ho sebelisoa."

Litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea bokhoba ba marang-rang ho latela Echeburúa ()

Ho lekola bokhoba ba marang-rang, tlhahlobo ea lipotso tsa bongaka e lumellanang le litekanyetso tse robong ho Echeburúa () ho e / ha ho likarabo tse sebelisitsoeng. Lipalo tse 'ne ho isa ho tse tšeletseng li supa kotsi ea ho ts'epahala le 7-9 bothata bo seng bo thehiloe. Ho khetholla batho ba lemaletseng inthanete ho shebane le tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang (marang-rang a sechaba, ho shebella livideo, letoto la thelevishene, le lifilimi tse fumanehang marang-rang, jj.). Lintho tsena li boetse li lekola tšusumetso ea ho etsa boitšoaro bona kapa liteko tse atlehileng tsa ho fokotsa khafetsa.

Moetso o ntlafalitsoeng oa mocheso le sebapali (TCI-R) (Cloninger, )

TCI-R ke lenane la lipotso le tšepahalang le le nepahetseng la lintho tse 240 le lekanyang litekanyo tse supileng tsa botho: boits'oaro bo bocha (ho batla lintho tse ncha, ho qoba kotsi, ho itšetleha ka moputso, le ho phehella) le litekanyo tse tharo tsa boits'oaro (boits'oaro, ts'ebelisano 'moho le boits'oaro) . Lintho tsohle li lekantsoe ka sekala sa mofuta oa Likert tse 5. Sekala sa mofuta o ntlafalitsoeng oa Spain se bonts'itse botsitso bo lekaneng ba kahare (alpha α ea Cronbach e bolelang boleng ba 0.87; Gutiérrez-Zotes et al., ). Cronbach's alpha (α) ho sampole e sebelisitsoeng thutong ena e maemong a matle ho isa maemong a holimo haholo (index ea sekala ka seng e kenyelelitsoe ho Lethathamo 2).

Lenane la tlhahlobo ea matšoao (SCL-90-R) (Derogatis, )

SCL-90-R e lekola mathata a fapaneng a kelello le matšoao a psychopathological. Lenane lena la lipotso le na le lintlha tsa 90 le litekanyo tsa matšoao a mantlha a robong: ho itlosa bolutu, ho qobelloa ho kenella, ho ba le kutloelo-bohloko pakeng tsa batho, khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha, bora, ho tšoenyeha ha phobic, mohopolo oa paranoid le psychoticism. E boetse e kenyelletsa li-indices tse tharo tsa lefats'e: (1) index ea matla a lefatše (GSI), e etselitsoeng ho lekanya khatello ea kelello ka kakaretso; (2) letšoao le letle la matšoenyeho (PSDI), ho lekanya matla a matšoao; le (3) palo e nepahetseng ea matšoao (PST), e bonts'ang matšoao a itlalehang. Sekala sa netefatso sa Spain se fumane li-index tse ntle tsa psychometrical, ka mokhoa o tšoanang oa ka hare oa 0.75 (alpha ea Cronbach; Martínez-Azumendi et al., ). Cronbach's alpha (α) ho sampole ea thuto ena e maemong a matle ho isa maemong a matle haholo (li-index tsa sekala ka seng li kenyelelitsoe ho Lethathamo 2).

Teko ea boitsebahatso ea tšebeliso ea tahi e nang le tahi (AUDIT) (Saunders et al., )

Teko ena e ile ea ntlafatsoa e le mokhoa o bonolo oa ho hlahloba tšebeliso ea joala haholo. AUDIT e na le lipotso tsa 10 tse hlahlobang maemo a tšebeliso ea joala, matšoao a ho ts'epa joala le litlamorao tse amanang le joala. Ts'ebetso ea ka hare e fumanoe e phahame, 'me tlhaiso-leseling ea ho khutlisa e khothalelitse ts'epahalo e phahameng (0.86) le kutloelo-bohloko ho potoloha 0.90; ikhethang ka litlhophiso tse fapaneng le bakeng sa litekanyetso tse fapaneng karolelano ea 0.80 kapa ho feta. Ho ile ha nkuoa likarolo tse tharo bakeng sa thuto ena, ho ipapisitsoe le likarolo tse hlalositsoeng ke Reinert le Allen (): null-low (lintlha tse tala tlasa 6 ea basali le tlasa 8 bakeng sa banna), tlhekefetso (lintlha tse tala lipakeng tsa 6 le 20 bakeng sa basali le lipakeng tsa 8 le 20 bakeng sa banna) le kotsi ea ho itšetleha (lintlha tse tala ka holimo ho 20).

Lintlha tse ling

Lipalo tsa sechaba, tsa bongaka, le tsa sechaba / tsa lelapa tse amanang le papali ea chelete li ile tsa lekanngoa ho sebelisitsoe tlhahlobo ea kliniki ea sefahleho ea sefahleho e hlalositsoeng kae kapa kae (Jiménez-Murcia et al., ). Tse ling tsa tse fapaneng tsa boitšoaro tsa CBB tse thathamisitsoeng e ne e le lilemo tsa ho qaleha ha CBB, chelete le chelete e ngata haholo ho tsetelo e le ngoe ea theko, le kakaretso ea mekoloto e bokelletsoeng.

Tsamaiso

Boithuto ba hona joale bo entsoe ho latela mofuta oa morao-rao oa Phatlalatso ea Helsinki. Sepetlele sa Univesithi ea Bellvitge Ethics of Clinical Research se amohetse thuto, mme tumello e saenneng e fumanoe ho bohle ba neng ba nkile karolo. Litsebi tsa kelello le litsebi tsa kelello li ile tsa etsa lipuisano tse peli tsa sefahleho tsa sefahleho le tsa sefahleho.

Tlhahlobo ea statistical

Tlhahlobo ea lipalopalo e ile ea etsoa le Stata13.1 ea Windows. Taba ea pele, papiso ea maemo a bophelo ba sechaba, ea bongaka le ea botho lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse nkiloeng e ne e thehiloe litekong tsa chi-mraba (χ2) bakeng sa mefuta-futa ea lihlopha le tlhahlobo ea phapang (ANOVA) bakeng sa litekanyo tsa bongata. Cohen'sd lekanya boholo ba phello ea lipapiso tse peli (|d|> 0.50 e ne e nkuoa e le boholo ba phello e itekanetseng le |d|> 0.80 boholo ba phello e phahameng). Khalemelo ea Bonferroni-Finner e laoloang bakeng sa phoso ea Type-I ka lebaka la lipapiso tse ngata tsa lipalo tsa mefuta e lekanyang boemo ba kliniki.

Taba ea bobeli, mofuta oa linaha tse ngata o ananetse bokhoni ba bong ba barupeluoa, lilemo tsa bona tsa ho qala, boemo ba thuto, boemo ba sechaba, le maemo a botho ho khetholla boteng ba CBB ha bo bapisoa le litloaelo tse ling tsa boitšoaro (papali ea chelete, marang-rang, IGD, le ho lemalla thobalano). Moetso ona o akaretsa kakaretso ea khatello ea thepa ho li-multiclass-nominal-criteria (mefuta e itšetlehileng ka maemo a fetang a mabeli). Meeli ea eona e hakanyetsoa ho bolela esale pele menyetla ea mekhahlelo e fapaneng ha e bapisoa le boemo ba sehlopha sa litšupiso. Thutong ena, ka sepheo sa ho fumana mofuta oa khethollo bakeng sa boteng ba CBB, mofuta ona o monyane oa ho hlahloba o ile oa hlalosoa e le boemo ba litšupiso. Ntle le moo, sete ea mefuta e ikemetseng e ne e kenyellelitsoe ka nako e le 'ngoe molemong oa ho fumana monehelo o khethehileng oa phapang e ngoe le e ngoe ho khethollang CBB. Bokhoni ba ho lekanya lefatše ba mohlala bo ile ba lekoa ho sebelisoa mohopolo oa McFadden-R2 ho lekana.

Taba ea boraro, mefuta e mengata ea ho khutla e ile ea ananela bokhoni ba ho nka karolo ba bong ba barupeluoa, lilemo tsa bona, lilemo tsa bona tsa ho qala, le botho ba bona maemong a matšoao a psychopathology a ngolisitsoeng ho khatello ea maikutlo ea SCL-90-R, matšoenyeho le sekala sa GSI. Tsamaiso ea ENTER e sebelisitsoe ka nako e le 'ngoe ho kenyelletsa sehlopha sa tse boletsoeng esale pele ho fumana monehelo o ikhethang oa ntlha ka' ngoe ho maemo a matšoao.

Results

Phetoho ea ho ata ha lipuisano bakeng sa bokhoba ba boitšoaro

Figure Figure11 e bonts'a ho ata ha bakuli ba kenang lefapheng le ikhethang bakeng sa kalafo ka lebaka la CBB ha ho bapisoa le lithahasello tse ling tsa boits'oaro (bothata ba ho becha, bokhoba ba thobalano, IGD kapa bokhoba ba marang-rang). Keketseho ea lipuisano ka lebaka la CBB e eketsehile ho tloha 2.48% ho 2005% ho 5.53% ho 2015, e fumana mokhoa oa bohlokoa oa tatellano (χ2= 17.3, df = 1, p = 0.006) 'me ha ho na khelohelo ea bohlokoa lipalo ho tsoa ho litekanyetso (χ2= 7.27, df = 9, p = 0.609). Liphetho tsa rona li bontša hore keketseho ea bosholu ba papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete e ne e phahame haholo ha e bapisoa le lits'ebetso tse ling tsa boits'oaro. Ka kakaretso, keketseho ea lipuisano e ne e phahame bakeng sa CBB ha e bapisoa le IGD, inthanete, le ts'oaetso ea thobalano (ntle le IGD ho 2015), empa liphapang tsena li ne li le tlase.

Setšoantšo sa 1 

Phetoho ea kholo ea lipuisano ka lebaka la bokhoba ba boitšoaro bo fapaneng.

Ho bapisa pakeng tsa CBB le tlatsetso e 'ngoe ea boits'oaro

Lethathamo Lethathamo11 e na le phapang lipakeng tsa li-subtypes tsa tlhatlhobo le mefuta ea bakuli ea maemo a bophelo, hammoho le tlhaiso-leseling ka tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi. Makhetlo a basali ba sehlopha sa CBB (71.8%) a ne a phahame ka ho hlaka ha a bapisoa le maemo a mang a tlhatlhobo (lipakeng tsa 3.6% ea bokhoba ba thobalano ho 26.8% ho lemalla inthanete). Ha ho nahanoa ka mefuta e meng, CBB e ne e khetholloa ka: (a) boemo bo phahameng ba thuto ha bo bapisoa le ho lemalla ho becha ha IGD; (b) ho ata ho hoholo ha ho nyaloa kapa ho lula le molekane ha ho bapisoa le lihlopha tse lemalloang tsa IGD le inthanete; (c) maemo a phahameng a mosebetsi ha a bapisoa le IGD; le (d) ha ho bapisoa le bothata ba papali ea chelete, ho ata ha koae le tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi.

Lethathamo 1 

Papiso lipakeng tsa subtypes tsa tlhahlobo bakeng sa mefuta e fapaneng ea tlhahlobo: tlhahlobo ea chi-mraba le phapanyetsano ea ho reka subtype vs. subtype e 'ngoe ea tlhahlobo.

Lethathamo Lethathamo22 e kenyelletsa papiso e bolelang lipakeng tsa CBB le li-subtypes tse ling tsa tlhahlobo ea maemo a ho lekanya boemo ba kliniki: lilemo tsa bakuli, lilemo tsa ho qala, le bolelele ba boits'oaro bo nang le mathata, matšoao a psychopathological (scL-90-R sekala) le litšobotsi tsa botho (sekala sa TCI-R) . Ha ho phapang ea lipalo-palo e hlahileng ha e bapisoa le CBB le sehlopha sa batho ba lemaletseng thobalano. Ha e bapisoa le IGD, bokhoba ba inthanete le bothata ba papali ea chelete, boemo ba bongaka ba CBB bo ne bo khetholloa ka: (a) lilemo tse phahameng le lilemo tsa ho qala ha li bapisoa le ho lemalla ha IGD le inthanete; (b) ka kakaretso, matšoao a phahameng a psychopathological (likala tse ngata tsa SCL-90-R li fumane lintlha tse phahameng haholo); le (c) lintlha tse phahameng tsa boleng ba botho bo batlang bocha, ho qoba kotsi (ha ho bapisoa le bothata ba papali ea chelete), ho itšetleha ka moputso (ha ho bapisoa le IGD le bothata ba papali ea chelete), ho phehella (ha ho bapisoa le ho lemalla ha IGD le inthanete), le ts'ebelisano ( ha e bapisoa le IGD le bothata ba papali ea chelete).

Lethathamo 2 

Papiso ea lipapatso tsa bongaka lipakeng tsa li-subtypes tsa diagnostic motheong oa mantlha: ANOVA le boholo ba phello bakeng sa papiso e habeli.

Figure Figure22 e kenyelletsa lichate tse peli tsa radar ho akaretsa ka bokhutšoanyane profiles ea bongaka le ea botho bakeng sa li-subtypes tse fapaneng tsa tlhahlobo lithutong tse amehang tsa thuto. Peresente ea basali e ne e reretsoe ho ajoa ka bong le lipalo tse emeng e le z ka tekanyo ea sampole bakeng sa mehato ea bongaka (ho emisoa ho entsoe ka lebaka la mekhahlelo e fapaneng-minimum ho fihlela boleng bo phahameng- ba lipapatso tsena).

Setšoantšo sa 2 

Litefiso tsa Radiar bakeng sa mefuta ea mantlha ea bongaka thutong le litšoanelehong tsa botho.

Mohlala oa khethollo bakeng sa boteng ba CBB ha o bapisoa le litlatsetso tse ling tsa boits'oaro

Lethathamo Lethathamo33 e na le liphetho tsa mofuta oa linaha tse ngata o lekanyang matla a khethollo a bong ba bakuli, lilemo tsa bona, lilemo tsa ho qala, boemo ba thuto, boemo ba lenyalo le boemo ba botho. Ha ho bapisoa le likarolo tse ling tsohle tsa tlhahlobo, monyetla oa CBB o phahame haholo ho basali le batho ka bomong ba nang le lintlha tse phahameng litabeng tsa botho tse batlang bocha, ho qoba kotsi le boits'oaro. Leha ho le joalo, hoa lokela ho hlokomeloa hore lintlha tsa boits'oaro li ne li le maemong a tlase a bongaka bakeng sa lihlopha tsohle ha ho nahanoa ka lintlha tse tloaelehileng tsa baahi. Mokhoa o fapaneng o hlaha molemong oa ho qoba likotsi, ka hore lihlopha tsohle tsa ho hlahloba li ne li le maemong a phahameng litleliniking, 'me ba nang le CBB ba fumana lintlha tse holimo ka ho fetisisa. Ntle le moo, botsofali bo bolela esale pele ka CBB ha e bapisoa le marang-rang le IGD, maemo a thuto e phahameng a ekelitse menyetla ea CBB ha e bapisoa le bothata ba papali ea chelete, 'me ho phehella ho itekanetseng (ho fapana le ho ba tlase) ho na le monyetla o moholo ho CBB ha ho bapisoa le Internet le IGD.

Lethathamo 3 

Bokhoni ba khethollo ea lilemo, lilemo tsa ho qaleha, boemo ba lithuto, boemo ba sechaba, le boemo ba botho boteng ba subtype ea ho hlahloba (n = 3.324).

Mefuta e boletsoeng esale pele ea matšoao a psychopathology bakeng sa sehlopha sa CBB

Lethathamo Lethathamo44 e na le mekhahlelo e meraro e mengata e lekanyang matla a ho tseba esale pele a thobalano ea bakuli, lilemo tsa bona, lilemo tsa ho qala, le sebopeho sa botho maemong a khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo le index ea GSI e lekantsoeng ka SCL-90-R bakeng sa sehlopha sa CBB (n = 110). Maemo a phahameng a khatello ea maikutlo a ne a amahanngoa le basali le bakuli ba nang le maemo a mangata ho batleng ho batla, ho qoba likotsi, le tšebelisano-mmoho, empa maemo a tlase a ho itšepa moputso le ho itaola. Ho tšoenyeha ho hoholo ho ile ha ngolisoa bakeng sa basali, mme bakuli bao ba nang le lintlha tse phahameng tsa ho qoba kotsi le likotsi tse tlase ba itlhomphile. Likolo tse phahameng tsa GSI li ne li hokahane le basali; ho fumana lintlha tse phahameng ho batleng boqhetseke, ho qoba likotsi le ho itaola; le lintlha tse tlase mabapi le ho itaola.

Lethathamo 4 

Bokhoni ba bokamoso, lilemo tsa ho qala, le litšobotsi tsa motho maemong a matšoao a psychopathology bakeng sa sehlopha sa CBB (n = 110).

Puisano

Phuputso ena e hlahlobile litšobotsi tse ikhethang tsa CBB ha li bapisoa le tse ling tse lemalloang ke boits'oaro: bothata ba papali ea chelete, bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete, bokhoba ba inthanete le ho lemalla thobalano. Liphetho tse fumanoeng ka sampole e kholo ea bakuli ba batlang kalafo li bonts'a hore leha CBB e kanna ea amana le boits'oaro bo bong bo lemalloang, phapang e kholo ea ts'ebetso ea eona e teng. CBB e khetholloa ke karolo e phahameng ea basali, botsofali le lilemo tsa ho qala, boemo bo futsanehileng ba psychopathological le maemo a phahameng a ho batla ho ncha le ho qoba likotsi le maemo a itekanetseng a ho itšetleha ka moputso, mamello le ts'ebelisano. Ka kutloisiso ena, bakuli ba CBB ba ka hlalosoa e le batho ba labalabelang ho tseba, ba tenang habonolo, ba potlakileng le ba batlang lintho tse ncha le moputso, empa ka nako e ts'oanang ba bontša ho hloka tšepo le ho tšoenyeha ka tebello ea liphephetso tse tlang. Bafani ba 'maloa ba setso le setso ba kanna ba nka karolo ho qala le ho boloka CBB, joalo ka boemo ba motho ba lichelete, litekanyetso tsa lintho tse bonahalang, le thepa e fapaneng e fumanehang (Dittmar, ). Motho o boetse o lokela ho nka taba ea hore ho holeha, e 'ngoe ea matšoao a tlalehiloeng ho feta pele ke ho ba le boitšoaro, le hore liphuputso tse ling li fumane liphapang tse ngata lipakeng tsa mafu a mabeli (Frost et al., ). Phapang ea maemo a bophelo e tlaase ha e bapisoa le bokhoba ba thobalano ebile e phahameng haholo ha e bapisoa le bothata ba ho becha, IGD le bokhoba ba inthanete.

Mabapi le bong, ho se utloane ho teng lipakeng tsa tlhahlobo ena: sehlopha sa CBB se kenyelelitse palo e phahameng ea basali ha e bapisoa le bokhoba ba boitshwaro bo bong. Sephetho sena se lumellana le lithuto tse ling, tse neng li boetse li tlaleha litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa thekiso e qobelloang ho basali (Fattore et al., ; Otero-López le Villardefrancos, ). Mabaka a ka bang teng a palo e phahameng ea basali ba nang le CBB a amana haholo le khafetsa ho ea mabenkeleng e le ketso ea boithabiso sehlopheng sena le lintlha tse ling tse amanang le setso le batho ba bang (Maraz et al., ).

Liphetho tsa phuputso ena li boetse li bonts'a hore karolo ea bakuli ba kenang lefapheng la rona le khethehileng la kalafo ea CBB e ne e na le tšekamelo ea ho eketseha lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng, ka mokhoa o ts'oanang o etsahalang inthaneteng, IGD le bokhoba ba thobalano. Le ha ho le joalo, tekanyo ena ea bakuli ba batlang kalafo e ne e le tlase haholo ha e bapisoa le palo ea likeletso tsa bothata ba ho becha. Mabapi le kholo ea kholo ea lipuisano tsa CBB nakong ea lilemo tse leshome tse fetileng, liphetho tsa rona li supa ho theoha pakeng tsa lilemo tsa 2010 le 2013, li tsamaisana le lilemo tse mpe ka ho fetisisa tsa koluoa ​​ea moruo Europe, mme, haholoholo Spain. Ho feta moo, ho fokotseha hona ho tsamaisana le sephetho sa ho fumana litekanyetso tse ling tsa boits'oaro tse hlokang chelete e ngata. Mabakeng a bothata ba papali ea chelete ea ho becha, ho theoha ho hoholo hoa ts'oaetso le hona ho fumanoe nakong ea koluoa ​​ea moruo oa Europe (Jiménez-Murcia et al., ), haholo-holo ho 2010.

Lilemo tsa bakuli le lilemo tse bolelang tsa ho qala ho ba le mathata a ho lemalla lithethefatsi li ne li fapane haholo lipakeng tsa tlhatlhobo ea tlhatlhobo, ka lilemo tse kholo li fumanoa ho CBB (lilemo tse bolelang hore e ne e le lilemo tse 43.3 mme e bolela ho qala ha 38.9, e batlang e lateloa ke bothata ba papali ea chelete le bokhoba ba thobalano) le lilemo tse nyane IGD (e bolelang lilemo tse 22.0 mme e bolela ho qala 19.9 thutong ena). Tlhahiso ena e amana le lithuto tse 'maloa tse tlalehang hore bocha bo hokahane le papali e thata ea video le ts'ebeliso ea inthanete (Griffiths le Meredith, ; Achab et al., ; Jiménez-Murcia et al., ). Mefuta e meng e fapaneng, joalo ka ho khothaletsoa hoa lithahasello tsa ho rata lintho tse bonahalang har'a bacha, e lokela ho nkuoa ho lingoliloeng tsa mahlale e le mokena-lipakeng oa lilemong tsa ho qala tsa bocha boits'oarong bo itseng bo bobebe, haholoholo ntlheng ea ho reka ka mokhoa o phehellang (Dittmar, ).

Liphapang tsa maemo a kelello le litsobotsi pakeng tsa li-subtypes tsa tlhahlobo li bohlokoa hape: CBB le bokhoba ba thobalano bo bonts'itse litlaleho tse ts'oanang, ka matšoao a bona a psychopathological le lintlha tsa botho ba bona li mpefetse ho feta papali ea chelete, IGD le lithethefatsi tsa inthanete. Leha e le litlamong tsa boitšoaro, ho se ts'oenyehe ho bonahala e le tšobotsi ea mantlha (Dell'Osso et al., ; Billieux et al., ; Lorena et al., ), lithuto tse ngata li boetse li bonts'a ho ba teng ha maemo a phahameng a ho qobelloa (Blanco et al., ; Fineberg et al., ; Bottesi et al., ). Ho susumetsoa le ho qobelloa ho bonahala ho khetholloa ke bofokoli bo maemong a boitšoaro. Leha ho le joalo, phapang ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa ho susumetsoa le ho qobelloa ke hore ea pele e amahanngoa le ho ikholisa hang-hang le ho batla moputso, athe ho qobelloa ho reretsoe ho fumana phomolo ho maikutlo a mabe.

Ka kakaretso, liphetho tse fumanoeng thutong ena li bonts'a hore motsoako ona oa matšoao (oa ts'usumetso / o qobelloang) o hlahella haholo ho CBB le bokhoba ba thobalano. Sena se re lebisa ho hatisa boteng ba phenotypical le mohlomong endophenotypical feta holim'a mathata ana. Liphetho li tšehetsa lipatlisiso tsa pejana tse fumaneng likarolo tse ngata tse arolelanoeng ho CBB le bokhoba ba thobalano (Müller et al., ) le bokhoba ba boitšoaro bo bong (Lejoyeux et al., ; Villella et al., ). Leha ho le joalo, ho na le phapano ea bohlokoa litabeng tsa botona le botšehali tsa mafu ana ka bobeli (palo e phahameng ea basali ba CBB le ea banna ba lemaletseng ho etsa thobalano) e teng. Taba ena e kanna ea hlalosa hore na hobaneng ho tšoana ho teng lipakeng tsa mathata ana ho sa fumanoe (Álvarez-Moya et al., ). Qetellong ebile mohlomong ka lebaka la tlhokomeliso e phahameng ea boemo bona, palo ea bakuli ba GD e ne e phahame haholo ho feta litekanyetso tse ling tsa boits'oaro tse hlahlojoang thutong ena. Lithuto tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho ikemisetsa ho sebelisa disampole tse kholo, tse fapaneng haholo ho hlola bothata bona. Karolo ea boleng ba ho rata lintho tse bonahalang le ho tsamaisa lintho ke lintho tse lokelang ho nahanoa. Leha ho le joalo, liphumano tsa rona li lokela ho tsotelloa ho latela mefokolo ea bona mme re hatella hore likarolo tsa bakuli ba batlang kalafo setsing se le seng sa lithethefatsi tsa boits'oaro ha se hlile li bonts'a hangata khahlano le tlatsetso ho batho ba hlahileng. Ho haella ha tumellano mabapi le litekanyetso tsa boits'oaro bakeng sa tlatsetso ea boits'oaro bo hlahlobiloeng thutong e boetse e sitisa kakaretso ea sephetho sa rona.

fihlela qeto e

Liphetho tsa thuto ena li bontša hore CBB e lokela ho nkoa e le tšenyo ea boits'oaro, ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le boits'oaro bo bong bo feteletseng (joalo ka bokhoba ba thobalano, papali ea chelete, IGD, kapa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete). Hajoale, mokhoa o kopanyang oa ho hlalosa mekhatlo e lebisang ho qalisong le nts'etsopele ea CBB ha o fumanehe. Ho hlokahala bopaki bo bong bo matlafatsang ho khetholla lintlha tse arohaneng tsa mantlha e le ho hlakisa hore na CBB e emela setho se ikhethang sa mafu a kelello kapa se tsebisoang hamolemohali e le epiphenomenon ea mafu a mang a kelello a tšoauoang ka boits'oaro bo bobebe le / kapa bo susumetsang. Joalo ka lits'ebetso tse rarahaneng ka ho fetisisa, tse nang le likarolo tse ngata tse fapaneng, lithuto tsena li lokela ho koahela libaka tse fapaneng: methapo ea kutlo (ho hlokomela libaka tse kenelletseng, marangrang le mesebetsi e meholo / ea kelello), tliliniki (ho lahla mofuta o felletseng oa mokuli le ho khetholla likarolo tse ikhethang tsa ntlafatso ea " boemo), le psycho-socio-setso (ho hlakisa seo tloaelo ea bareki le chelete e kenang le litšebelisano tsa kelello, motho ka mong, le botho ho lebisang keketseho ea boitšoaro ba ho reka).

Qetellong, kutloisiso e qaqileng ea CBB e tla lumella ho ntlafatsa liteko tsa thibelo le kalafo. Lithuto tse ncha tsa empirical li hlokahala ho fumana kutloisiso e ntlafalitsoeng ea etiology ea CBB le ho theha mananeo a atlehang haholoanyane.

Menehelo ea Mongoli

RG, FF, JM, ST, le SJ ba qapile tlhahlobo e ipapisitseng le liphetho tse fetileng le boiphihlelo ba bongaka ba AD, MB, LM, NA, NM, le MG. RG, GM, TS, FF, le SJ ba ile ba etsa tlhahlobo eo, ba sekaseka tlhaiso-leseling, 'me ba fana ka moralo oa pele oa buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho. SJ, TS, GM, RG, le FF li ile tsa boela tsa ntlafatsa moqolo.

dithuso tsa ditjhelete

Buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho le lipatlisiso li tšehelitsoe ke lithuso tse tsoang Instituto de Salud Carlos III (FIS PI11 / 00210, FIS14 / 00290, CIBERObn, CIBERsam, and Fondos FEDER) le PROMOSAM (PSI2014-56303-REDT). CIBERObn le CIBERSAM bobeli ke mohato oa ISCIII. Boithuto bona bo ile ba qopitsoa ke lichelete tsa FEDER / Letlole la Ntlafatso ea Kopano ea Europe (ERDF) - mokhoa oa ho aha Europe le thuso ea Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (PSI2015-68701-R).

Khohlano ea polelo ea thahasello

Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.

References

  • Aboujaoude E. (2014). Tlhatlhobo ea ho reka e qobelloang: tlhahlobo le ntlafatso. Borr. Bong. Des. 20, 4021-4025. 10.2174 / 13816128113199990618 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Achab S., Nicolier M., Mauny F., Monnin J., Trojak B., Vandel P., et al. . (2011). Lipapali tse ngata tsa papali tse bapaloang ka bongata tse fumanehang marang-rang: ho bapisa libapali tsa batho ba lemaletseng papali ea litheko ntle le litheko ho batho ba baholo ba Mafora. BMC Psychiatry 11: 144. 10.1186 / 1471-244-11-144 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Mokhatlo oa American Psychiatric Association (1994). Tlhatlhobo le Buka ea Bophatlalatsi ea Mathata a kelello, 4th Edn. Washington, DC: Mokhatlo oa American Psychiatric Association.
  • Mokhatlo oa American Psychiatric Association (2000). Buka ea Tlhahlobo le Tlaleho ea Bofokoli ba Kelello, 4th Edn, Tlhatlhobo ea Mongolo (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: Mokhatlo oa American Psychiatric Association.
  • Mokhatlo oa American Psychiatric Association (2013). Tlhatlhobo le Buka ea Bophatlalatsi ea Mathata a kelello, 5th Edn. Washington, DC: Mokhatlo oa American Psychiatric Association.
  • Álvarez-Moya EM, Jiménez-Murcia S., Granero R., Vallejo J., Krug I., Bulik CM, et al. . (2007). Ho bapisa maemo a kotsi a botho ho bulimia mothosa le papali ea methapo ea methapo. Compr. Psychiatry 48, 452-457. 10.1016 / j.comppsych.2007.03.008 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Ashley LL, Boehlke KK (2012). Ho becha ka tsela ea tlhaho: kakaretso. J. Psychoactive Lithethefatsi 44, 27-37. 10.1080 / 02791072.2012.662078 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Baik J.H. (2013). Dopamine ho supa ka boits'oaro bo amanang le moputso. Ka pele. Li-Circuits tsa Neural 7: 152. 10.3389 / fncir.2013.00152 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Balogh KN, Mayes LC, Potenza MN (2013). Ho nka likotsi le ho nka liqeto ho bacha: likamano tsa tlokotsing ea ho lemalla. J. Behav. Motlatsi. 2, 1-9. 10.1556 / JBA.2.2013.1.1 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Basu B., Basu S., Basu J. (2011). Ho reka ka mokhoa o qobelloang: mokhatlo o sa tsotelleng. J. Indian Med. Assoc. 109, 582-585. [E fetotsoe]
  • Billieux J., Lagrange G., Van der Linden M., Lançon C., Adida M., Jeanningros R. (2012). Patlisiso ea ho kenella ka har'a sampole ea batlana le ts'ebeliso ea methapo ea methapo ea maikutlo: pono ea multidimensional. Psychiatry Res. 198, 291-296. 10.1016 / j.psychres.2012.01.001 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • DW e ntšo, Shaw M., Blum N. (2010). Ho becha ka tsela ea tlhaho le ho reka ka mokhoa o qobelloang: na ba oela ka har'a pono e benyang? Clin ea Dialogues. Neurosci. 12, 175-185. 10.1097 / MJT.0b013e3181ed83b0 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • DW e ntšo, Shaw M., McCormick B., Bayless JD, Allen J. (2012). Ts'ebetso ea Neuropsychological, impulsivityity, matšoao a ADHD, le ho batla ho hongata bothateng bo qobelloang ho reka. Psychiatry Res. 200, 581-587. 10.1016 / j.psychres.2012.06.003 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Blanco C., Potenza MN, Kim SW, Ibáñez A., Zaninelli R., Saiz-Ruiz J., et al. . (2009). Boithuto ba sefofane ba ho ts'oenyeha le ho qobelloa ho ts'oasa papali ea methapo ea methapo. Psychiatry Res. 167, 161-168. 10.1016 / j.psychres.2008.04.023 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Bottesi G., Ghisi M., Ouimet AJ, Tira MD, Sanavio E. (2015). Ho qobelloa le ho se ts'oanelehe papaling ea papali ea papali ea methapo ea mali: na mokhoa oa "transgraphic-transdiagnostic" o eketsa ts'ebeliso ea bongaka ho sehlopha sa DSM-5? J. Gambl. Ithute. 31, 825-847. 10.1007 / s10899-014-9470-5 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Choi S.-W., Kim HS, Kim G-Y., Jeon Y., Park SM, Lee J.Y., et al. . (2014). Ho ts'oana le ho se tšoane lipakeng tsa sebapali sa marang-rang sa marang-rang, bothata ba papali ea chelete le bothata ba tšebeliso ea joala: sepheo sa ho susumetsoa le ho qobelloa. J. Behav. Motlatsi. 3, 246-253. 10.1556 / JBA.3.2014.4.6 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Claes L., Bijttebier P., Van Den Eynde F., Mitchell JE, Faber R., de Zwaan M., et al. (2010). Reacaction ea maikutlo le boitšoaro ho amanang le ho reka ka mokhoa o qobelloang. Pers. Motho ka mong. Phapang. 49, 526-530. 10.1016 / j.paid.2010.05.020 [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Clark L. (2014). Papali ea chelete e senyehileng: mohopolo o hlahisoang oa ho lemalla boitšoaro. Ann. NY Acad. Saense 1327, 46-61. 10.1111 / nyas.12558 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Cloninger CR (1999). The Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised. St. Louis, MO: Univesithi ea Washington.
  • Davenport K., Houston JE, Griffiths MD (2012). Ho ja ka mokhoa o feteletseng le boits'oaro bo khothalletsang ba ho reka ho basali: thuto e matla ea sefofane e lekolang maikutlo a meputso, ho tšoenyeha, ho hloka matla, boitšepo le ho lakatsa sechabeng. Int. J. Ment. Phekolo ea Bophelo. 10, 474-489. 10.1007 / s11469-011-9332-7 [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Dayan J., Bernard A., Olliac B., mailhes AS, Kermarrec S. (2010). Kholiso ea boko ba bongoana, ho ipeha kotsing le ho ba kotsing ea ho lemalla. J. Physiol. Paris 104, 279-286. 10.1016 / j.jphysparis.2010.08.007 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Dell'Osso B., Altamura AC, Allen A., Marazziti D., Hollander E. (2006). Lintlafatso tsa Epidemiologic le tsa bongaka mabapi le mathata a taolo ea tšusumetso: tlhahlobo ea bohlokoa. EUR. Arch. Kliniki ea mafu a kelello. Neurosci. 256, 464-475. 10.1007 / s00406-006-0668-0 [XNUMX / sXNUMX-XNUMX-XNUMX-XNUMX [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Derbyshire KL, Grant JE (2015). Boitšoaro bo matla ba thobalano: tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng. J. Behav. Motlatsi. 4, 37-43. 10.1556 / 2006.4.2015.003 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Derogatis L. (1990). SCL-90-Tsamaiso, R., Buka ea Meano le Mehato ea Ts'ebetso. Baltimore, MD: Patlisiso ea Psychometric ea Clinical.
  • Di Nicola M., Tedeschi D., De Risio L., Pettorruso M., Martinotti G., Ruggeri F., et al. . (2015). Ho ba teng ha bothata ba tšebeliso ea joala le bokhoba ba litakatso tsa boitsoaro: bohlokoa ba ho susumetsa le takatso. Lithethefatsi. 148, 118-125. 10.1016 / j.drugalcdep.2014.12.028 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Dittmar H. (2005). Na ho reka ka qobelloang ke ntho e ntseng e eketseha? Tlhahlobo ea bong, lilemo, le pheletso ea lithahasello tsa lintho tse bonahalang e le baphethahatsi. Br. J. Psychol. 96, 467-491. 10.1348 / 000712605X53533 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Echeburúa E. (1999). Adicciones Sin Drogas ?. Likarabo tsa Las Nuevas: Juego, Sexo, Comida, Compras, Trabajo, inthanete. Bilbao: Desclee de Brower.
  • Echeburúa E., Báez C., Fernández J., Páez D. (1994). Cuestionario de juego patológico de South Oaks (SOGS): validación española. [Sekepe sa Papali ea Papali ea Oaks ea Boroa (SOGS): Setifikeiti sa Spain]. Anális Modif. Boemo. 20, 769-791.
  • El-Guebaly N., Mudry T., Zohar J., Tavares H., Potenza MN (2012). Lintlha tse qobelloang litabeng tsa bokhoba ba boitšoaro: nyeoe ea papali ea papali ea chelete. Tlatsetso 107, 1726-1734. 10.1111 / j.1360-0443.2011.03546.x [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Engel A., Caceda R. (2015). Na lipatlisiso tse nkang liqeto li ka fana ka kutloisiso e ntlafatsang ea lits'oaetso tsa lik'hemik'hale le tsa boitšoaro? Borr. Ts'ebeliso e Mpe ea Lithethefatsi Motsoako 8, 75-85. 10.2174 / 1874473708666150916113131 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Farré JM, Fernández-Aranda F., Granero R., Aragay N., Mallorquí-Bague N., Ferrer V., et al. . (2015). Bokhoba ba botona le botšehali: ho ts'oana le ho se tšoane. Compr. Psychiatry 56, 59-68. 10.1016 / j.comppsych.2014.10.002 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Fattore L., Melis M., Fadda P., Fratta W. (2014). Phapang pakeng tsa thobalano le mathata a ho lemalla. Ka pele. Neuroendocrinol. 35: 3. 10.1016 / j.yfrne.2014.04.003 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Fernández-Aranda F., Jiménez-Murcia S., Alvarez-Moya EM, Granero R., Vallejo J., Bulik CM (2006). Phokotso ea taolo ea tšusumetso ho mathata a ho ja: litlamorao tsa kliniki le kalafo. Compr. Psychiatry 47, 482-488. 10.1016 / j.comppsych.2006.03.002 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Fernández-Aranda F., Pinheiro AP, Thornton LM, Berrettini WH, Crow S., Fichter MM, et al. . (2008). Tšusumetso ea taolo ea maikutlo ho basali ba nang le mathata a ho ja. Psychiatry Res. 157, 147-157. 10.1016 / j.psychres.2007.02.011 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Fineberg NA, Potenza MN, Chamberlain SR, Berlin HA, Menzies L., Bechara A., et al. . (2010). Ho batla boits'oaro bo qobelloang le bo sa susumetseng, ho tloha mehlaleng ea liphoofolo ho ea ho endophenotypes: Tlhahlobo ea nalane. Neuropsychopharmacology 35, 591-604. 10.1038 / npp.2009.185 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Pele M., Gibbon M., Spitzer R., Williams J. (1996). Tataiso ea Basebelisi bakeng sa Puisano ea Clinical ea Clinical e hlophisitsoeng bakeng sa DSM IV Axis I Disorders-Research Version (SCID-I, mofuta 2.0). New York, NY: Setsi sa Psychiatric sa New York State.
  • Franken IHA, Muris P., Georgieva I. (2006). Mohlala oa Grey oa botho le tahi. Lekhoba. Behav. 31, 399-403. 10.1016 / j.addbeh.2005.05.022 [XNUMX / j.addbeh.XNUMX [XNUMX / j.addbeh.XNUMX [XNUMX / j.addbeh.XNUMX [XNUMX / j.addbeh.XNUMX [XNUMX / j.addbeh.XNUMX [[e ea holimo].E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Frost RO, Steketee G., Williams L. (2002). Ho reka ka mokhoa o qobelloang, ho hoama ka mokhoa o phehellang, le bokuli bo potelletseng. Behav. Ther. 33, 201-214. 10.1016 / S0005-7894 (02) 80025-9 [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Grant JE, Chamberlain SR (2014). Ketso e susumetsang le khetho e sa potlakileng ho litheko tsa litheko le boits'oaro: sesosa kapa litholoana? Motlatsi. Behav. 39, 1632-1639. 10.1016 / j.addbeh.2014.04.022 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Grant JE, Schreiber LRN, Odlaug BL (2013). Phenomenology le kalafo ea litlamorao tsa boitšoaro. E ka khona. J. Psychiatry 58, 252-259. [E fetotsoe]
  • Griffiths MD, Hunt N. (1995). Papali ea k'homphieutha e bapaloang bocheng: matšoao a tšoaetso le a demografiki. J. Sehokelo sa Sechaba. Motsoalle Psychol. 5, 189-193. 10.1002 / Casp.2450050307 [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Griffiths MD, Hunt N. (1998). Ho itšetleha ka lipapali tsa k'homphieutha ke bacha. Psychol. Rep. 82, 475-480. 10.2466 / pr0.1998.82.2.475 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Griffiths MD, Meredith A. (2009). Videogame lekhoba la eona le kalafo ea lona. J. Contemp. Kelello. 39, 247-253. 10.1007 / s10879-009-9118-4 [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Gutiérrez-Zotes JA, Bayón C., Montserrat J., Valero J., Labad A., Cloninger CR, et al. (2004). Inventario del Temperamento y el Carácter-Revisado (TCI-R). Baremación y datos standardativos en una muestra de población kakaretso. Actas Españolas Psiquiatr. 32, 8-15. [E fetotsoe]
  • Hartston H. (2012). Nyeoe ea mabenkele a qobelloang joalo ka bokhoba ba tahi. J. Psychoactive Lithethefatsi 44, 64-67. 10.1080 / 02791072.2012.660110 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Janiri L., Martinotti G., Dario T., Schifano F., Bria P. (2007). Boemo ba botho ba The Gamblers 'Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). E ka tlase. Sebelisa Tšebeliso e Mpe ea 42, 975-984. 10.1080 / 10826080701202445]E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Jiménez-Murcia S., Aymamí-Sanromà M., Gómez-Peña M., valvarez-Moya E., Vallejo J. (2006). Protocols de Tractament Cognitivoconductual pel joc Patològic i D'altres Addiccions Ha ho Tòxiques. Barcelona: Sepetlele sa Univesithi ea Bellvitge, Lefapha la Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya.
  • Jiménez-Murcia S., Fernández-Aranda F., Granero R., Chóliz M., La Verde M., Aguglia E., et al. . (2014a). Papatso ea papali ea video bothateng ba papali ea papali ea chelete: likliniki, psychopathological, le botho ba setho. Mefuta e Lefiloeng. Int. 2014, 315062. 10.1155 / 2014 / 315062 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Jiménez-Murcia S., Fernández-Aranda F., Granero R., Menchón JM (2014b). Papali ea chelete papali ea Spain: ntjhafatso mabapi le boiphihlelo, lipatlisiso le leano. Tlatsetso 109, 1595-1601. 10.1111 / eketsa.12232 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Jiménez-Murcia S., Fernández-Aranda F., Kalapanidas E., Konstantas D., Ganchev T., Kocsis O., et al. . (2009). Porojeke ea playmancer: videogame e tebileng e le sesebelisoa se eketsehileng sa kalafo bakeng sa ho ja le mathata a taolo a ho lahla. Ithute. Health Technol. Tsebisa. 144, 163-166. 10.3233 / 978-1-60750-017-9-16 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Jiménez-Murcia S., Granero R., Moragas L., Steiger H., Israel M., Aymamí N., et al. . (2015). Phapang le ho tšoana ho teng lipakeng tsa bulimia mothosa, ho qobella ho reka le bothata ba papali ea chelete. EUR. E jang. Khahlano. Moruti 23, 111-118. 10.1002 / erv.2340 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Karim R., Chaudhri P. (2012). Boitlhotlhollo ba boitšoaro: kakaretso. J. Psychoactive Lithethefatsi 44, 5-17. 10.1080 / 02791072.2012.662859 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Kellett S., Bolton JV (2009). Ho reka ka mokhoa o qobelloang: mohlala oa boits'oaro. Clin. Psychol. Kelello. 16, 83-99. 10.1002 / cpp.585 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Konkolý Thege B., Woodin EM, Hodgins DC, Williams RJ (2015). Khoso ea tlhaho ea lithethefatsi tsa boits'oaro: thuto ea nako e telele ea 5. BMC Psychiatry 15: 4. 10.1186 / s12888-015-0383-3 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Leeman RF, Potenza MN (2013). Tlhahlobo e lebisitsoeng ho neurobiology le genetics ea litekanyetso tsa boits'oaro: sebaka se hlahang sa lipatlisiso. E ka khona. J. Psychiatry. 58, 260-273. 10.1016 / j.biotechadv.2011.08.021 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Lejoyeux M., Avril M., Richoux C., Embouazza H., Nivoli F. (2008). Boiteko ba ho ikoetlisa le ho ts'oara litakatso tse ling tsa boits'oaro har'a bareki ba phaposi ea boikoetliso ea Paris. Compr. Psychiatry 49, 353-358. 10.1016 / j.comppsych.2007.12.005 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Lejoyeux M., Weinstein A. (2010). Ho reka ka mokhoa o qobelloang. Am. J. Ts'ebeliso e Mpe ea Joala Joala 36, 248-253. 10.3109 / 00952990.2010.493590 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Lesieur HR, Blume SB (1987). Sesebelisoa sa papali ea chelete ea South Oaks (SOGS): sesebelisoa se secha sa ho tsebahatsa ba bechang. Am. J. Psychiatry 144, 1184-1188. 10.1176 / ajp.144.9.1184 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Liforishi FK, Stout JC, Bradshaw JL, Dowling NA, Enticott PG (2014). Boitšoaro bo ikemetseng le taolo ea thibelo ho barekisi ba mathata. J. Clin. Hlakola Neuropsychol. 36, 144-157. 10.1080 / 13803395.2013.873773 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Maraz A., Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z. (2015). Ho ata ha theko e qobelloang: tlhahlobo ea meta. Ho lemalla. 111, 408-419. 10.1111 / eketsa.13223 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Martínez-Azumendi O., Fernández-Gómez C., Beitia-Fernández M. (2001). [Factorial fapana ea SCL-90-R mohlaleng oa mafu a kelello a mokuli oa Spain]. Actas Españolas Psiquiatr. 29, 95-102. [E fetotsoe]
  • McElroy SL, Keck PE, Mopapa HG, Smith JM, Strakowski SM (1994). Ho reka ka mokhoa o qobelloang: tlaleho ea linyeoe tsa 20. J. Clin. Psychiatry 55, 242-248. [E fetotsoe]
  • McQueen P., Molding R., Kyrios M. (2014). Bopaki ba boithuto ba tšusumetso ea likhopolo tsa ho reka ka matla. J. Behav. Ther. Hlakola Psychiatry 45, 496-501. 10.1016 / j.jbtep.2014.07.003 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Mueller A., ​​Mitchell JE, Crosby RD, Gefeller O., Faber RJ, Martin A., et al. . (2010). Keketseho e kholo ea theko e qobelloang Jeremane le kamano ea eona le litšobotsi tsa sechaba le matšoao a nyahamisang. Psychiatry Res. 180, 137-142. 10.1016 / j.psychres.2009.12.001 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Müller A., ​​Claes L., Georgiadou E., Möllenkamp M., Voth EM, Faber RJ, et al. . (2014). Na ho reka ka tieo ho amana le lerato la lintho tse bonahalang, khatello ea maikutlo kapa mofuthu? Liphumano ho tsoa mehlala ea bakuli ba batlang kalafo ba nang le CB. Psychiatry Res. 216, 103-107. 10.1016 / j.psychres.2014.01.012 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Müller A., ​​Loeber S., Söchtig J., Te Wildt B., De Zwaan M. (2015a). Kotsi ea ho itšetleha ka boikoetliso, bothata ba ho ja, bokuli ba tšebeliso ea joala le boits'oaro bo bobebe har'a bareki ba litsi tsa bophelo bo botle. J. Behav. Motlatsi. 4, 273-280. 10.1556 / 2006.4.2015.044 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Müller A., ​​Mitchell JE, de Zwaan M. (2015b). Ho reka ka mokhoa o qobelloang. Am. J. Addict. 24, 132-137. 10.1111 / ajad.12111 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Munno D., Saroldi M., Bechon E., Sterpone SCM, Zullo G. (2015). Boitšoaro bo hlephileng le litšoaneleho tsa botho ho bacha. CNS Spectr. 13, 1-7. 10.1017 / S1092852915000474 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Otero-López JM, Villardefrancos E. (2014). Bokapele, lintho tse amanang le litaba tsa sechaba, khatello ea kelello, le maano a ho sebetsana ka katleho le theko e qobelloang: thuto ea sefapano se Galil, Spain. BMC Psychiatry 14: 101. 10.1186 / 1471-244-14-101 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Piquet-Pessôa M., Ferreira GM, Melca IA, Fontenelle LF (2014). DSM-5 le qeto ea ho se kenyeletse thobalano, ho reka kapa ho utsoa joalo ka lithethefatsi. Borr. Motlatsi. Rep. 1, 172-176. 10.1007 / s40429-014-0027-6 [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Potenza MN (2014). Boitšoaro bo sa sebeliseng litheko litabeng tsa DSM-5. Motlatsi. Behav. 39, 1-2. 10.1016 / j.addbeh.2013.09.004 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Cestst CC, van Eimeren T. (2013). Anatomy e sebetsang ea mathata a taolo ea tšusumetso. Borr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 13, 386. 10.1007 / s11910-013-0386-8 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Raab G., Elger CE, Neuner M., Weber B. (2011). Phuputso ea methapo ea boitšoaro bo qobelloang ho reka. J. Consum. Pholisi ea 34, 401-413. 10.1007 / s10603-011-9168-3 [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Reinert DF, Allen JP (2002). Teko ea Boitsebiso ba Boitsebiso ba Ts'ebeliso ea Tai Joala (AUDIT): tlhahlobo ea lipatlisiso tsa morao tjena. Joala. Clin. Hlakola Res. 26, 272-279. 10.1111 / j.1530-0277.2002.tb02534.x [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Robbins TW, Clark L. (2015). Ho lemalla boitšoaro. Borr. Opin. Neurobiol. 30, 66-72. 10.1016 / j.conb.2014.09.005 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Roberts JA, Manolis C., Pullig C. (2014). Ho itšepa ho tlatselletsang, ho tšoenyeha ka boiketsetso le ho reka ka potlako. Psychol. Mareka. 31, 147-160. 10.1002 / mar.20683 [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Rose P., Segrist DJ (2014). Ho potlaka ho fosahetseng le ho khothatsang ka bobeli e ka ba lisosa tsa kotsi bakeng sa ho reka ka matla. J. Behav. Motlatsi. 3, 128-132. 10.1556 / JBA.3.2014.011 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, Grant M. (1993). Nts'etsopele ea tlhahlobo ea boits'oaro ba tšebeliso ea lino tse tahang (AUDIT): morero o sebelisanang molemong oa ho fumana batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea joala-II. Tlatsetso 88, 791-804. 10.1111 / j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Stinchfield R. (2003). Ho ts'epahala, ho nepahala, le tlhaiso-leseling ea litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea DSM-IV ea ho becha ha methapo ea methapo. Am. J. Psychiatry 160, 180-182. 10.1176 / appi.ajp.160.1.180 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Suissa AJ (2015). Litlamorao tsa cyber: ho ea ka pono ea kelello. Motlatsi. Behav. 43, 28-32. 10.1016 / j.addbeh.2014.09.020 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Tárrega S., Castro-Carreras L., Fernández-Aranda F., Granero R., Giner-Bartolomé C., Aymamí N., et al. . (2015). Videogame e tebileng joalo ka sesebelisoa se eketsehileng sa kalafo bakeng sa ho koetlisa taolo ea maikutlo le taolo ea ho potlaka ho tsietsing e matla ea papali ea chelete. Ka pele. Psychol. 6: 1721. 10.3389 / fpsyg.2015.01721 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Tavares H., Lobo DSS, Fuentes D., Black DW (2008). [Boloetse bo tlamang ba ho reka: tlhahlobo le vignette ea linyeoe]. Moruti Bras. Psiquiatr. 30 (Suppl. 1) S16-S23. 10.1590 / S1516-44462008005000002 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Trotzke P., Starcke K., Müller A., ​​Brand M. (2015). Ho reka ka marang-rang marang-rang e le mokhoa o itseng oa ho lemalla marang-rang: tlhahlobo ea liteko e thehiloeng ho mohlala. PloS ONE 10: e0140296. 10.1371 / journal.pone.0140296 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Mocha A., Papastamatelou J., Yolbulan Okan E., Aytas S. (2014). Boemo ba moruo bo lekola tšusumetso ea chelete e teng ka theko e tlase ea ho reka baithuti - Phuputso e bapisang lipakeng tsa Turkey le Greece. J. Behav. Lekhoba. 3, 173-181. 10.1556 / JBA.3.2014.018 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Vanderah T., Sandweiss A. (2015). Pharmacology ea li-receptor tsa neurokinin ka ho lemalla: litebello tsa kalafo. Qaqisa. Tlhabollo ea Tlhekefetso. 6, 93-102. 10.2147 / SAR.S70350 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Villella C., Martinotti G., Di Nicola M., Cassano M., La Torre G., Gliubizzi MD, et al. . (2011). Litlhahiso tsa boitšoaro ho bacha le ho batho ba baholo ba baholo: litlamorao ho tsoa tlhahlobong e atileng. J. Gambl. Ithute. 27, 203-214. 10.1007 / s10899-010-9206-0 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Weinstein A., Mezig H., Mizrachi S., Lejoyeux M. (2015). Phuputso e neng e etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le setsoalle lipakeng tsa ho reka ka tieo ka mehato ea matšoenyeho le boits'oaro bo hlokisang botsitso har'a bareki ba marang-rang. Compr. Psychiatry 57, 46-50. 10.1016 / j.comppsych.2014.11.003 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Williams AD, Grisham JR (2012). Ho susumetsoa ke matla, taolo ea maikutlo, le ho tsepamisa mohopolo ho rekeng ka matla. Lemohang. Ther. Res. 36, 451-457. 10.1007 / s10608-011-9384-9 [Ref Ref Cross]