Ho ata le ho ba le likamano tsa boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba bacha nakong ea pele ea bacha ba sekolong se phahameng (2014)

J Behav Addict. 2014 Apr 1;3(1):33-40.

Sussman S, Arpawong TE, Letsatsi P, Tsai J, Rohrbach LA, Spruijt-Metz D.

inahaneloang

MOSEBETSI LE LINAKO:

Mosebetsi oa morao-rao o ithutile ho lemalla makhetlo a mangata a sebelisa litekanyo tsa matrix, tse tlamang litlatsetso tse ngata ka likarabo tse le 'ngoe bakeng sa mofuta ka mong.

LITLHAHISO:

Boithuto ba hajoale bo batlisitse ts'ebeliso ea mokhoa oa ho lekanya matrix har'a bacha ba mehleng ba sekolo se phahameng (karolelano ea lilemo = lilemo tse 19.8) ba kotsing ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi. Nako ea bophelo le ea ho qetela ea matsatsi a 30 ea ts'ebeliso e le 'ngoe kapa tse ling tsa 11 tse hlahlobiloeng mosebetsing o mong (Sussman, Lisha & Griffiths, 2011) e ne e le sepheo sa mantlha (ke hore, lisakerete, joala, lithethefatsi tse ling / tse thata, ho ja, papali ea chelete, Marang-rang, mabenkeleng , lerato, thobalano, boikoetliso le mosebetsi). Hape, ho ile ha batlisisoa ketsahalo ea kopanelo ea tse peli kapa tse fetang tsena tsa boits'oaro ba 11. Kamora nako, ho ile ha hlahlojoa sebopeho sa sehlopha sa morao-rao sa lithethefatsi tsena, le likamano tsa tsona le mehato e meng.

LIKOTSO:

Re fumane hore ho ata le matsatsi a ho qetela a matsatsi a 30 a le leng la lithethefatsi tsena kapa tse ling e ne e le 79.2% le 61.5%, ka ho latellana. Ketsahalo e sa feleng le ea ho qetela ea kopano ea matsatsi a 30 ea tse peli kapa ho feta tsa lithethefatsi tsena e ne e le 61.5% le 37.7%, ka ho latellana. Tlhahlobo ea Sehlopha sa Latent e khothalelitse lihlopha tse peli: Sehlopha se seng se lemalloang ka kakaretso (67.2% ea sampole) le "Sebetsa ka Thata, Bapala ka Thata" - Sehlopha se lemaletseng lithethefatsi se neng se tseteloa haholo ho lemalleng lerato, thobalano, boikoetliso, inthanete le mosebetsi. . Liphuputso tse tlatselletsang li khothalelitse hore litlaleho tsa mofuta o le mong oa likarabo li kanna tsa lekanya litlamorao tseo ba ikemiselitseng ho li lekanya.

TLHOKOMELISO LE LITLHAKISO:

Re fana ka maikutlo a se boleloang ke liphetho tsena bakeng sa lithuto tsa nako e tlang le nts'etsopele ea mananeo a thibelo le kalafo, leha lipatlisiso tse ngata tsa netefatso li hlokahala ts'ebelisong ea mofuta ona.

Keywords: lithethefatsi tse ngata, ho ata, ketsahalo e kopaneng, tlhahlobo ea sehlopha sa morao-rao, lihlopha tse lemalloang, bonnete ba convergent

SELELEKELA

Mekhoa e fapaneng ea boitšoaro e se e nkoa e le lithethefatsi ke bafuputsi le litsebi (Demetrovics & Griffiths, 2012), e hlalositsoeng ke likarolo tse tloaelehileng (mohlala, ho tsepamisa mohopolo, tahlehelo ea taolo) mme, Kopano ea Pele ea Machabeng ea Litloaelo tsa Boitšoaro e etsahetse Budapest, Hungary ka Hlakubele, 2013 e bonts'itseng tumellano ea lipatlisiso mabapi le boteng ba mefuta e mengata ea tahi ( bona: http://icba.mat.org.hu/; e fihliloe ka la 25 Mmesa, 2013). Ho lemalla lithethefatsi ho amana le ho ja lintho tse ngata joalo ka lithethefatsi kapa lijo, athe litloaelo tsa boits'oaro li amana le boits'oaro (mohlala, mosebetsi, ho ea mabenkeleng kapa thobalano)Sussman et al., 2011). Liphuputso tse ling li phethetsoe ho leka ho netefatsa (a) ho ata ha lithethefatsi le boits'oaro le (b) ketsahalo e kopaneng ea lithethefatsi tse peli kapa ho feta, ho utloisisa hantle hore na litlamorao e ba bothata ba motho ho isa kae (ke hore, palo e fokolang ea lipalo) kapa ea mokhoa oa bophelo (ke hore, har'a batho ba bangata, ntle le ba seng bonolo). Ka mohlala, Sussman le ba bang. (2011) e hlahlobile tlhaiso-leseling e tsoang liphuputsong tse 83 tse nang le boholo ba mehlala ea bonyane 500, e eketsoa ke lithuto tse nyane, ho araba lipotso tsena tse mabapi le boits'oaro ba 11 bo lemalloang nakong ea likhoeli tse 12. Lithethefatsi tse ileng tsa hlahlojoa e ne e le lisakerete, joala, lithethefatsi tse ling tse thata, ho ja, ho becha, inthanete, ho ea mabenkeleng, lerato, thobalano, boikoetliso kapa mosebetsi. Ba fumane hore ho ata ha likhoeli tse 12 tsa lithethefatsi tsena tse 11 har'a batho ba baholo ba Amerika ho bile le karolelano ea 47% ea baahi, ka ketsahalo e kopaneng ea 23% (ea litlolo tse peli kapa ho feta). Ba khothalelitse hore ho lemalla lithethefatsi le tsona e kanna ea ba bothata ba mekhoa ea sejoale-joale ea ho lula fatše joalo ka ts'oaetso ea neurobiological.

Bakeng sa mabaka a mabeli a mantlha, liphuputso tse fokolang li hlahlobile bokhoba bo bongata bocheng bo sebelisang mehato e pharalletseng ea bokhoba bo bong le bo bong. Taba ea mantlha, tlhahlobo ka tšebeliso ea lihlahlobi tse ngata e nka nako e ngata haholo, e kanna ea se sebetse haholoholo mehlala e meholo ea lipatlisiso tsa bacha. Mehlala e joalo (hangata maemong a sekolo, empa hape le ka mefuta e romelletsoeng ka mohala kapa ka mohala), bafuputsi ka kakaretso ba fuoa metsotso e 50 feela ho etsa phuputso (Sussman, Dent, Stacy, Burton & Flay, 1995). Kahoo, ke lithethefatsi tse fokolang feela tse ka lekanyetsoang ka nako e le 'ngoe. Taba ea bobeli, ho na le phokotso e kholo tekanyong ea lithethefatsi tse fapaneng, tse ka arolelanang likarolo tse tšoanang tse kenyelletsang sepheo sa ho khotsofatsa (mohlala, monyaka, ho tsosoa kapa ho phomola, ho hlokomela), linako tse khutšoane tsa ho khora, ho tšoareha haholo, tahlehelo ea taolo, le ho bokella litlamorao tse fapaneng tsa bophelo (Sussman le Sussman, 2011). Ho hloka mosebetsi ho joalo ho boima ho lekanya. Kahoo, lithuto tse 'maloa tse fetileng li hlahlobile lithethefatsi tse ngata e le metrix. Ka mofuta ona oa boits'oaro ba boits'oaro, ho ts'oaroa lithethefatsi tse 'maloa, hangata ka ntho e le ngoe molemong oa bokhoba bo bong, bo hlophisitsoeng ka sebopeho sa matrix. Le ha litekanyo tsa matrix tsa tahi li sa lekanyetse bokhoba bofe kapa bofe, mme lithuto tsa netefatso tsa mehato e joalo ha li so ka li etsoa, ​​mokhoa ona oa sebetsa, oa boloka ebile o kanna oa tlanya mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho lemalla.

Cook (1987) e ne e le mofuputsi oa pele oa ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa ts'ebeliso ea metrix ho supa ho ata le ketsahalo e kopaneng ea boits'oaro bo lemalloang. Mohlala oa barutoana ba 604 ba koleche ea Amerika, o ile a hlahloba tse 10 ho tse 11 tse itšoereng hantle (e leng lisakerete, joala, lithethefatsi tse seng molaong, mathata a ho ja [botenya, anorexia le bulimia], papali ea chelete, mabenkeleng, likamano / lerato, thobalano, boikoetliso [ho matha], le ho sebetsa), hammoho le litlatsetso tse ling (mohlala, k'hafeine), pefo le pherekano ea maikutlo. Ha a ka a hlahloba bokhoba ba inthanete, ka lebaka la selemo seo thuto e phethetsoeng ka sona (ke hore, marang-rang kamoo re e tsebang kajeno a ne a le sieo ka nako eo). Lithethefatsi tse atileng ka ho fetesisa tse tlalehiloeng ke: likamano / lerato (25.9%), k'hafeine (20.1%), mosebetsi (17.5%), thobalano (16.8%), mabenkeleng (10.7%), joala (10.5%) le lisakerete (9.6% ). O fumane hore hoo e ka bang kotara ea sampole (23.8%) e arabile ka "che" mekhoeng eohle e lemalloang, pefo, kapa pherekano ea maikutlo, e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho na le palo e phahameng ea boitšoaro bo lemalloang. Leha ho le joalo, ho lokela ho hlokomeloa hore ha a ka a arohana lipakeng tsa boitšoaro bo lemalloang, pefo ea balekane le pherekano ea maikutlo ha a tlaleha lipalo-palo tseo. Ntle le moo, kamora ho theha "lihlopha tse utloahalang", o fumane hore litlhare tsohle li amana haholo ntle le ho matha / ho sebetsa / ho reka ka joala / lithethefatsi tse seng molaong. Motho a ka nahana hore na phapang e ne e bonts'oa kapa che lipakeng tsa litloaelo tsa mofuta o mong le o mong oa ketso ea letsatsi le letsatsi khahlanong le lithethefatsi tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi.

Alexander le Schweighofer (1989), boithutong bo ikatisang bo sa reroang ba baithuti ba koleche ba Canada ba 136, ba fumane lintlha tse tšoanang tsa ho ata joalo ka Cook (1987) litlamong tse peli (likamano le mosebetsi), empa ho ata ho ne ho le tlase haholo ho mekhahlelo e meng (ho ipapisitsoe le ts'ebeliso e hlalosoang [joalo ka bokhoba, bokhoba bo seng bobe, ts'ebeliso kapa ts'ebeliso e tloaelehileng]). Ho ata feela joalo ka ts'ebeliso e tloaelehileng, ho ata ho ne ho hlile ho phahame ho feta sampole ea Cook ho mefuta eohle ea tahi. Greenberg, Lewis le Dodd (1999), ho sampole ea baithuti ba 129 ba koleche, ba fumane likamano tse kholo lipakeng tsa lithethefatsi tse robong (joala, caffeine, chokolete, lisakerete, boikoetliso, papali ea chelete, ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, thelevishene le lipapali tsa video) ntle le boikoetliso ka ho tsuba joala le sakerete, ho tsuba koae. ka chokolete, le lipapali tsa video le chokolete le boikoetliso. Lithethefatsi tse atileng ka ho fetesisa e ne e le boikoetliso (30%), caffeine (29%), thelevishene (26%), joala (26%), lisakerete (23%), le chokolete (23%), tse neng li phahame ho feta Cook hara lithethefatso tse tšoanang lekantsoe.

MacLaren le Best (2010), ka sampole ea baithuti ba koleche ba 948, ba hlahlobileng sebopeho sa lintlha tse 16 tse lemalloang. Ho ile ha suptjoa lintlha tse tharo: , koae, le thobalano) mabaka, le (c) ntlha e 'ngoe e tšoanang le hedonistic (lithethefatsi tse fanoang ke ngaka, papali ea chelete, caffeine). Lithethefatsi tse atileng ka ho fetesisa e ne e le boikoetliso (25.6%), ho ea mabenkeleng (21.8%), likamano tse matla le tse ikokobelitseng (17% le 11.9%), caffeine (16.5%), tlala e lapisang lijo le ho betha (16.4% le 14.9%), ho qobella ho thusa haholo boikokobetso (12.5% ​​le 12.1%), mosebetsi (12.4%), lithethefatsi tsa ngaka (12.2%), thobalano (10.3%), le joala (10.2%). Le ha e sa phetoa ke MacLaren le Best (2010), mosebetsi oa pejana oa sehlopha sona sena sa lipatlisiso hape o ne o hlalositse lintlha tse kholo le tse ikokobelitseng tse lutseng kahare ho mabaka a phelisang le a boithati (Christo et al., 2003; Haylett, Stephenson & Lefever, 2004). Tse peli tsa lithuto tsena li ne li khannoa le baithuti ba pele ba koleche, empa Haylett et al. (2004) o ithutile ho amoheloa ha batho ba 543 ka tatellano Setsing sa Pholoso sa PROMIS (lilemo tse bolelang = lilemo tse 35). Mohlomong, lintlha tse ling li hlaha e le tšebetso ea bokhoba ba tahi kapa lilemo tsa sampole e ithutoang.

Boithuto ba hajoale ke ba pele ba ho lekola ts'ebeliso ea mohato oa bokhoba ba matrix le mocha oa mehleng oa sekolo se phahameng. Bacha ba bang ba sekolo se phahameng, ka kakaretso, ha ba khone ho lula lithutong tse tloaelehileng ka lebaka la ho se khone ho fumana mangolo a kabo ea mangolo ka nako e loketseng ka lebaka la mathata a teng (mohlala, ho ba sieo mosebetsing, ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi). Sekolo se phahameng sa "Tsoelo-pele" ke lebitso la sistimi e ngoe ea likolo California (USA). Ho tsoelapele likolo tse phahameng ho phetha taelo ea Naha ea hore bacha bohle ba lilemo li 16 kapa ho feta ba fumane thuto ea nakoana ho fihlela ba le lilemo li 18 (California Educational Code Karolo 48400; e thehiloe ka 1919), seterekeng sa sekolo se phahameng moo ba lula. Bacha bana ba tlaleha ho ata ha koae le ts'ebeliso e ngoe ea lithethefatsi ho feta lithaka tsa bona tse tsoang litsing tse tloaelehileng (tse felletseng) tsa sekolo se phahameng mme ba kanna ba tlaleha ho ata ha lithethefatsi tse ling hape (Sussman, Dent & Galaif, 1997).

Thutong ena, re ile ra lekanya bocha ba pele ba sekolo se phahameng lilemong tse tharo kamora ho nka karolo morerong oa thibelo ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi (bona Sussman, Letsatsi, Rohrbach le Spruijt-Metz, 2012). Re tsepamisitse maikutlo ho li lemallo tse 11 tse khethiloeng ke Sussman le ba bang. (2011). Re ile ra lekola ho ata ha lits'oants'o tsena tse 11 (ka har'a sehlopha se seholo sa litlolo tse 22), re sebelisa litekanyo tsa matrix tse lemalloang. Re boetse re hlahlobile ho ata ha ketsahalo e kopanetsoeng ea tse peli kapa ho feta tsa lithethefatsi tsena hara sechaba sena.

Ntle le moo, re sebelisitse mokhoa o ikhethileng oa motho oa ho sheba mekhoa e metle ea boitšoaro ho khetholla lihlopha tsa bacha. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) ke mokhoa o ikhethileng, o nahanang hore phapano ea mantlha ea sekhetho e khetholla setho sa sehlopha mme e hlahisa lintlha tse ikhethileng tse ipapisitseng le likarabo tsa baithuti sethaleng sa lintho (Hagenaars le McCutcheon, 2002; Lazarsfeld, 1950; McCutcheon, 1987). Molemo o mong oa ho sebelisa mefuta ea LCA ke hore li-indices tsa lipalo li ka sebelisoa ho lekola mefuta e loketseng le ho thusa ho nka qeto ka palo ea litlelase tse lumellanang hantle le data, hammoho le lintlha tsa bohlokoa.

Kamora nako, re ile ra fuputsa hore na lintho tsena tsa karabelo e le 'ngoe tse fumanehang kahar'a tekanyo ea matrix ea tahi li amana le mehato e meng ea boits'oaro bona bo lemalloang; sena se ka fana ka maikutlo a bonnete ba phetoho bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea metrix. Haholo-holo, re ile ra lekola mekhatlo ea sakerete, joala, ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, thobalano, Marang-rang, le ho ikoetlisa ka mekhoa e meng e fumanehang ho tsoa lenaneng la lipotso le lekantseng lithethefatsi tsena ka litsela tse ling.

METHODA

Lihlooho

Lihlooho e ne e le bacha ba 717 ba neng ba tsoela pele ho kena sekolong se phahameng boroa ho California, ba neng ba kene likolo tse 24 ho tse 3 lilemong tse fetileng, e le karolo ea lenaneo la thibelo ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi (Sussman et al., 2012). Barupeluoa ba bile le lilemo tse 19.8 (SD = Lilemo tse 0.8), 52.4% e ne e le banna, 66.5% e ne e le tšabo ea hae, 10.8% e ne e se White Hispanic, 22.7% e ne e le morabe o mong, mme hoo e ka bang 64.9% ba tlalehile hore bonyane motsoali a le mong o qetile sekolong se phahameng.

Pokello ea lintlha

Lintlha li ile tsa bokelloa e le tatellano ea lilemo tse 3 ea morero oa thibelo ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi (Sussman et al., 2012) ka mekhoa e meraro: mohala, mangolo a tsoang ofising, le ho etela malapeng (lipatlisiso tse tsamaisoang lapeng ebe li phetheloa hanghang kapa li romelloa ofising). Pele re lekile ho bitsa lihlooho. Bakeng sa bao re ba fihletseng ka mohala, re ka phethela phuputso eo ka mohala kapa ra romella lipatlisiso malapeng haeba motho a ka rata mokhoa oo. Haeba re ne re sa khone ho fihlela litaba ka mohala kamora ho leka makhetlo a mangata, re ne re romella lipatlisiso ho ntlo ea motho eo. Re boetse re lekile ho fihlela lithuto ka ho etela lapeng la sehlooho. Lithuto tse ling li ile tsa phethela lipatlisiso hang-hang hae; lithuto tse ling li ne li khetha ho tšoarella phuputsong ebe li re romella tsona Lipatlisisong tse 717 tse phethetsoeng, 58% li phethetsoe ka mohala, 16% li phethetsoe ka ho etela malapeng (halofo ea tsona li phethetsoe hanghang, halofo e rometsoe ka poso nakong ea libeke tse peli tsa ketelo), mme 26% e khutlisitsoe ka mangolo a rometsoeng ntlo e tsoang ofising.

Mehato

Litšitiso

Phuputso ea hajoale e sebelisitse litekanyo tsa matrix tsa lithethefatsi tse ngata. Tekanyo ena e qalile ka mekhahlelo e ntlafalitsoeng ke Cook (1987), e lateloang ke maikutlo a fanoeng mananeong a lifofane le sehlopha se le seng sa bacha ba bang sekolong se phahameng le lihlopha tse peli tsa baithuti ba pele ba koleche. Lihlooho li ile tsa amohela mefuta e meng ea matsatsi a 30 e lemalloang e ba sebelisitseng, mme ba ka ngola ka litlatsetso tse ling tseo ba utloileng ba na le tsona. Mofuta oa hoqetela oa tekanyo ea matrix o kenyelelitse likarabo tse tlalehiloeng bonyane lithuto tse 10 thutong ea lifofane. Kamora ho qeta tekanyo eo, ba ile ba botsoa karabo mabapi le mantsoe a lisebelisoa tsa litekanyo ho thusa ho ntlafatsa ho hlaka ha eona.

Sehloho sa ho qetela ke: “Ka linako tse ling batho ba lemalla sethethefatsi se itseng kapa ntho e ngoe kapa ketso e itseng. Bokhoba bo hlaha ha batho ba hlaheloa ke tse latelang: ba etsa ho hong khafetsa ho leka ho ikutloa ba le monate, ho nyakalla kapa ho emisa ho hlonama; ba ka se emise ho etsa ntho ena, leha ba ne ba batla; lintho tse mpe li ba etsahalla kapa batho ba ba tsotellang ka lebaka la seo ba se etsang. ” Haufi le lihlooho tsa litaba ho ile ha botsoa: "Na u kile ua lemalla lintho tse latelang?" 'Me "Na u utloa eka u li lemaletse joale (matsatsing a 30 a ho feta)?" Likarolo tse mashome a mabeli a metso e 'meli tsa litlatsetso li fanoe hammoho le ea 23 e lumellang bankakarolo ho bonts'a karabo e bulehileng ho "Ho lemalla eng kapa eng? Ka kopo hlwaya: ____ ”

Likarolo e ne e le: ho tsuba sakerete; ho noa joala; tšebeliso ea matekoane; lithethefatsi tse ling (joalo ka k'hok'heine, tse hlasimollang, hallucinogens, inhalants, XTC, opiates, valium kapa tse ling); caffeine (kofi, kapa lino tse tahang tse kang Red Bull); ho ja (lijo tse ngata haholo ka letsatsi, ho itlopa joala); papali ea chelete; Ho bala inthaneteng (ho phenya web); Facebook, Myspace, twitter, MSN, YM, kapa liwebsaete tse ling tsa marang-rang; ho romellana melaetsa (tšebeliso ea selefouno); Inthaneteng kapa inthaneteng lipapali tsa video (PS3, Xbox, Wii); mabenkeleng a marang-rang; ho reka mabenkeleng; lerato; thobalano; ikoetlisa; sebetsa; ho utsoa; bolumeli; ho itšeha (ho itšeha, ho khetha letlalo, ho hula moriri); ho khanna koloi; lesebo; kapa tahi efe kapa efe. Bakeng sa sepheo sa thuto ea hajoale, ke likarolo tsa 11 feela tse ileng tsa hatisoa bakeng sa litlhahlobo tse ngata, ho hakanyetsa likarolo tse hlahlobiloeng ho Sussman le ba bang. (2011) ho ithuta. Matekoane a kopantsoe le sehlopha se seng sa karabelo ea lithethefatsi ho bonts'a lithethefatsi tse ling / tse thata (tse seng molaong) tsa lithethefatsi. Ho bala marang-rang le mekhahlelo ea Facebook ho kopantsoe ho theha sehlopha sa ho lemalla marang-rang. Sehlopha sa lipapali tsa inthanete kapa sa inthanete ha sea ka sa kenyelletsoa sehlopheng sa ho lemalla Inthanete hobane lipapali li kanna tsa ba ntle ho naha. Ho reka mabenkeleng le mabenkeleng a marang-rang ho kenyelelitsoe ho lekola bokhoba ba ho reka.

Boemo ba palo ea batho

Tlhahisoleseling ea batho e ile ea bokelloa ka lilemo (ka lilemo), bong, morabe (o ngotsoe ka lebitso la Latino / His-panic, White / Caucasian, kapa tse ling [African American, Amer-ican Indian / Native American, tse tsoakaneng kapa tse ling], le boemo ba thuto ea botsoali Thuto ea motsoali e ne e lekantsoe ho batsoali ka bobeli, e nkiloe ho maemo a 6 ho tloha "ha a ka a qeta sehlopha sa bo8" ho ea "ho kena kapa ho qeta sekolong", mme a ngolisoa hore na bonyane motsoali e mong o qetile sekolong se phahameng kapa che.

Tšebeliso ea Inthanete e Qobelloang (CIU)

Lenane la lintlha tsa 4 le ne le sebelisetsoa ho lekola tšebeliso e thata ea Marang-rang (Davis, Flett & Bes-ser, 2002). Sethala sa lintho tse lekanyang taolo e fokotsang ea tšusumetso se sebelisitsoe thutong ea hajoale; e mabapi le hore na ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata e etsahetse hangata hakae. Lintho li ne li re "Ke sebelisa Marang-rang ho feta kamoo ke neng ke lokela", "Hangata ke lula marang-rang nako e telele ho feta kamoo ke neng ke rerile", "Leha ho na le linako tseo nka ratang ho li sebelisa, ha ke khone ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea ka. ea inthanete ”, le“ Ts'ebeliso ea ka ea inthanete ka linako tse ling e bonahala e le kaholimo ho taolo ea ka ”. Likhetho tsa karabelo ea mofuta oa Likert e ne e le (1) Le ka mohla, (2) Ka sewelo, (3) Ka linako tse ling, (4) Boholo ba nako, le (5) Kamehla. Moralo oa CIU o bonts'itse botsitso bo botle ba ka hare (Cronbach's alpha = 0.81). Moelelo oa lintho tsohle tsa 4 o sebelisitsoe e le mohato o tsoelang pele oa CIU.

Boitšoaro bo kotsi ba thobalano

Barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa lintho tse tharo ka boits'oaro bo kotsi ba thobalano bo ileng ba tšoaea khafetsa (joalo ka Griffin, Botvin & Nichols, 2006; Sussman et al., 2012). Ba ile ba botsoa lintho tse peli tse amanang le "likhoeli tse 12 tse fetileng" le "matsatsi a 30 a ho qetela": "… u kile oa etsa thobalano le batho ba bakae?". Likarabo e ne e le "0", "1", "2", ka keketseho e eketsang ea 1 ho fihlela "ho batho ba fetang 10" (likarolo tsa likarabo tse 11). Ba botsoa hape hore "Matsatsing a 30 a fetileng, u kile oa kopanela liphate ka makhetlo a makae?" Likarabo e ne e le "0", "1 ho isa makhetlo a 5", "6 ho isa makhetlo a 10", "11 ho isa makhetlo a 15", ho fihlela "makhetlo a fetang a 30" (likarolo tse robeli tsa likarabo).

ho ikoetlisa

Ho kentsoe lintho tse tharo tsa ho ikoetlisa tse se nang letho, e le ngoe bakeng sa boikoetliso bo "boima", "bo itekanetseng" le "bonolo". Mohlala, ntho e boima ea ho ikoetlisa e ne e baleha tjena: "Matsatsing a 7 a fetileng, na u kile ua ikoetlisa ka thata e ileng ea etsa hore pelo ea hau e otle ka lebelo ho feta metsotso e 15 joalo ka ho matha, ho palama baesekele, bolo ea maoto, kapa ho nka mabokose kapa thepa ea ka tlung?" Lihlooho li bontšitse makhetlo a 'maloa matsatsing a 7 a fetileng, e le ntho ea mofuta o tlatsitsoeng. Lintho tsena tse tharo li nkiloe ho Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ; Molimoin & Shephard, 1985).

Tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi

Barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa, ​​"O sebelisitse makhetlo a makae khoeling e fetileng…" karolo ka 'ngoe ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (mohlala, lisakerete, joala, ho noa joala, matekoane, k'hok'heine, hallucinogen, jj.). Likhetho tsa likarabo li fanoe ho bonts'a makhetlo a 0 ho isa ho a fetang 100 (1 = 0 makhetlo a, 2 = 1-10 makhetlo, 3 = makhetlo a 11-20,…, 12 = makhetlo a fetang 100). Boithuto ba hajoale bo sebelisitse mekhahlelo e mene ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi: lisakerete, joala, joala joala, le ts'ebeliso e ngoe ea lithethefatsi (matekoane, cocaine, hallucinogens, li-stimulants, inhalants, ecstasy, killers pain, tranquilizers, kapa lithethefatsi tse ling tse thata; alpha ea Cronbach = .83 ), Ho theha lintlha tse tsoelang pele bakeng sa e 'ngoe le e' ngoe (log eohle e fetotsoe). Tšepahalo ea mofuta oa joala, koae le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (ATOD) e sebelisitsoeng mona e se e thehiloe pele (mohlala, Graham et al., 1984; Nale, McCubbin, Lorence & Hochhauser, 1983).

Ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi

Lenane la tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le thehiloe ho sebelisoa lipotso tse 4 (mohlala, "Likhoeling tse 12 tse fetileng, na u kile oa sebelisa joala kapa lithethefatsi leha e ne e u sitisa ho fihlela boikarabello ba hau mosebetsing, sekolong kapa lapeng?"), Ka ee-che likarabo tsa binary, tse sebetsang e le lintho tsa projeke tsa mekhahlelo ea DSM-IV ea tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi. Bakeng sa thuto ena, likarabo li ile tsa akaretsoa ka mokhoa o le mong, o tsoelang pele oa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi selemong se fetileng (Cronbach's alpha = .66).

Litla-morao tsa mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi li thehiloe thutong ea hajoale ka ts'ebeliso ea Liphello tsa Mathata a Tlhahisoleseling ea Liphihlelo tsa Botho (PEI-PCS; Sussman et al., 1997; Mariha, Stinchfield le Henly, 1993). Tekanyo e hlahlobile litlamorao tse 11 tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi (mohlala, "Likhoeling tse 12 tse fetileng, u rekisitse makhetlo a makae joalo ka liaparo tsa hao kapa mabenyane ho fumana kapa ho lefella joala kapa lithethefatsi tse ling?") Sekaleng sa lintlha tse 4 ( 1 = none ho 4 = hangata [makhetlo a 10 kapa ho feta]). PEI e khothalelitsoe ke Setsi sa Naha sa Tlhekefetso ea Lithethefatsi (NIDA) bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea ho lekola tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi ea bacha (Winters et al., 1993). Sephetho sa Sephetho sa Botho se fana ka bonnete bo nepahetseng ba khethollo lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa tlhahlobo tse fumanoeng ke lipotso (mohlala, ha ho na ts'oaetso, tlhekefetso, ts'epahalo; ntlha ea biserial Coration = .72). Mohlomong ke mohato o motle ka ho fetisisa oa ho itlaleha o fumanehang ho lekola ts'oaetso ea bokhoba ba tlhekefetso ea bocha ka lebaka la bolelele ba eona (lintho tse 11 feela), bokhoni ba ho tlanya litaba tse fetang feela ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ka se, le ponelopele ea eona e batlang e le holimo ea ho nka karolo kalafong ea lithethefatsi (Winters et al., 1993).

Ethics

Mekhoa ea ho ithuta e ne e etsoa ho latela Phatlalatso ea Helsinki. Baithuti ba ile ba tsebisoa hore karolo ea bona e ne e le ea boithatelo le hore ba ka ikhula ho nka karolo neng kapa neng ntle le kotlo. Lekunutu la likarabo le ile la hatisoa bakeng sa lithuto tsohle. Lipotso tsa lipotso li fumanoe ka nomoro-feela khomphuteng. Bafuputsi le bona ba ile ba tsebisoa hore Setifikeiti sa Lekunutu se fihletsoe ho sireletsa ka nepo likarabo tse fanoeng. Boto ea Tlhahlobo ea Setsi ea Univesithi ea Southern California-Health Science Campus e amohetse thuto mme ea e hlahloba selemo le selemo. Lihlooho tsohle li ile tsa tsebisoa ka thuto mme tsohle tsa fana ka tumello e nang le tsebo.

LEKHOTLISO LE LIPHOLO

Re thehile mekhahlelo e ts'oanang ea lithethefatsi ea 11 joalo ka Sussman le ba bang. (2011) tekolo botjha. Ho ata ha matsatsi a 30 a ho qetela le a ho qetela a e le 'ngoe kapa ho feta ea lino tse 11 e ne e le 79.2% le 61.5%, ka ho latellana. Ketsahalo e kopaneng ea lithethefatsi tse peli kapa ho feta, matsatsi a 30 le a ho qetela, e ne e le 61.5% le 37.7%, ka ho latellana. Palo e tloaelehileng ea lithethefatsi tsa bophelo bohle e ne e le 2.48 (SD = 2.13) 'me palo e tloaelehileng ea lithethefatsi matsatsing a 30 a fetileng e ne e le 1.48 (SD = 1.68). Ho holisa palo ea mekhahlelo ho ba lithethefatsi tse 22 tse hlahisitsoeng ke ts'oaetso ea matsatsi a 30 le ketsahalo e kopaneng, ho 84.8% le 68.2%, le 72.0% le 51.2%, ka ho latellana (hanyane hanyane).

Nako eohle (ea bophelo bohle) e lemaletseng lithethefatsi tse 11 e le hore li atisehe ho isa tekanyong e tlase e ne e le: lerato (34.3%), Marang-rang (29.3%), lithethefatsi tse ling / tse thata (29.2%), boikoetliso (27.2%), lisakerete (24.3%) ), thobalano (24.1%), ho itlopa joala (23.4%), mosebetsi (20.6%), ho ea mabenkeleng (17.9%), joala (14.8%), le papali ea chelete (3.2%). Bokhoba ba ho qetela ba matsatsi a 30 ka tatellano ho tloha boemong bo phahameng ho isa ho bo atileng haholo ke: lerato (23.2%), Marang-rang (18.4%), boikoetliso (17.7%), thobalano (16.5%), lisakerete (13.4%), ho itlopa joala (12.7%) ), lithethefatsi tse ling / tse thata (12.7%), mosebetsi (15.6%), ho ea mabenkeleng (9.9%), joala (5.7%), le papali ea chelete (1.8%). Ho ata ha batho ba lemaletseng ho lemalla le ho qetella ba lemaletse matsatsi a 30 ho bontšitse mokhoa o batlang o ts'oana le litlamorao, ntle le hore bokhoba bo bong ba lithethefatsi bo ne bo sa atiseha haholo har'a boits'oaro ba batho ba lemaletseng matsatsi a 30 ho fapana le ba kileng ba lemalla.

Lipalo-palo tsohle tse hlalosang le li-coefficients tsa khokahano li ne li tsamaisoa ka SAS Version 9.3 (SAS Institute Inc., 2012-2013). Papiso ea Chi-square e ne e tsamaisoa bakeng sa e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea likarolo tse 11 tsa bokhoba ba tahi, bakeng sa bokhoba ba matsatsi a 30 le a ho qetela, ho bapisoa le mokhoa o akaretsang oa ho bokella (mohala le papatso ea pampiri). Ho bapisoa le 22, ke tse hlano feela tse neng li le bohlokoa (p <.05). Tsena e ne e le tsa joala (matsatsi a 30 le a ho qetela), thobalano (matsatsi a 30 le a ho qetela), le ho itlopa joala (matsatsi a 30 a ho qetela). Maemong ana, litlaleho tse atileng ka mohala li ne li le tlase ho feta lipotso tsa lipotso. Le ha e le bohlokoa, boholo ba liphapang li ne li le nyane (lipapiso tsohle tse ka tlase ho 7%) bakeng sa joala le ho itlopa joala, empa e kholo ho thobalano (13% ka ho sa feleng le ka matsatsi a 30 a ho qetela).

Tlhahlobo ea sehlopha sa morao-rao ea likhathatso tse 11

Latent Class Analysis (LCA) ke mokhoa o motle oa ho khetholla lihlotšoana tse ts'oanang har'a batho ba sa tšoaneng ba nang le lintlha tsa sehlopha. LCA e ile ea etsoa ho khetholla sehlopha sa lihlopha tse lemalloang ho latela likarabo tsa baithuti ho 11 dichotomous (ee, che) ea boits'oaro ba matsatsi a 30. Thahasello ea mantlha e ne e le menyetla ea sehlopha (monyetla oa hore lihlooho e ne e le tsa mofuta oa sehlopha sa tahi) le menyetla ea lintho kahare ho lihlopha (monyetla oa hore lihlooho li sebelise mofuta oa tahi ka har'a sehlopha sa tahi). Hobane LCA ke mokhoa oa ho fuputsa, ha ho monahano o entsoeng mabapi le sebopeho kapa kabo ea litlelase pele. Ho etsa tlhahlobo, letoto la meetso ea LCA e hahiloe ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng, ho qala ka mofuta o ikhethang oa sehlopha se le seng le mefuta e latellanang e latellanang e nang le palo e ntseng e eketseha ea lihlopha tsa morao-rao. Ho fumana mofuta o loketseng ka ho fetisisa, ho sebelisitsoe lipontšo tsa lipalo. Re hlahlobile sekoti sa Pearson chi-square, karolelano ea chi-square, Akaike Information Criterion (AIC; Akaike, 1987), Sengoloa sa Boitsebiso ba Bayesian (BIC; Schwartz, 1987), Lo-Mendell-Rubin Likelihood Ratio test bakeng sa kabo ea motsoako (LMR; Lo, Mendell & Rubin, 2001), Le litekanyetso tsa entropy. Meetso ea LCA e ile ea lekoa ho sebelisoa software ea MPlus Version 6.0 (Muthen le Muthen, 2004).

Re hlotsoe ho fumana phapang lipakeng tsa Sehlopha sa 2 le Sehlopha sa 3 (p = .72), e khothalelitseng tharollo ea mekhahlelo e 'meli. Tlhahiso ena e fana ka phapano ea lipalo lipakeng tsa ba lemaletseng le ba sa lemalloang; ke hore, ka tlase ho 10% ea lithuto tsa Sehlopha sa 1 li lumelletse efe kapa efe ea tse 11 tse lemalloang (mme ka tlase ho 6% li lumelletse tse robeli tsa tsona), athe ho feta 21% ea lithuto tsa Sehlopha sa 2 li lumelletse e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea likotsi tse 11 ntle le joala (14%) le papali ea chelete (4.3%). Litekanyetso tse ling tse lekantsoeng li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho fumana hore na tharollo ea sehlopha sa 2 e sebetsa hantle haholo. AIC e khothalelitse hore e ne e le mofuta o loketseng hantle ka ho fetisisa o nang le AIC bakeng sa mekhahlelo e 'meli = 5628.154 le litlelase tse tharo = 5616.992. Entropy e ne e le tlase hanyane bakeng sa tharollo ea mekhahlelo e 'meli (65.8%) ha e bapisoa le tharollo ea mekhahlelo e meraro (66.5%). Hape, phapang lipakeng tsa BIC lipakeng tsa mefuta e ne e le nyane haholo (BIC bakeng sa lihlopha tse peli = 5733.381; bakeng sa lihlopha tse tharo = 5777.120).

Litekanyetso tsa menyetla ea karabo ea lintlha li bonts'itsoe ho Lethathamo 1 'me Setšoantšo sa 1 e bontšitse hore tharollo ea mekhahlelo e 'meli e fane ka botoloki bo matla ba ho fapanya bokhoba ba tahi le lihlopha tse seng tahi (McCutcheon, 1987; Muthen le Muthen, 2004). Re hlahlobile menyetla ea sehlopha sa morao-rao ea tumello ea boits'oaro bo bong le bo bong ba bokhoba. Litho tsa Latent Class 1 (67.2% ea sampole) li tlalehile li le ka tlase ho 10% litlamong tsohle tsa 11. Ba tlalehile tšoaetso e phahameng ka ho fetisisa leratong (9.1%), lisakerete (8.4%), le lithethefatsi tsa inthanete (8.4%). Ba tlalehile ts'oaetso e tlase ka ho fetesisa ho papali ea chelete (0.5%), joala (1.3%), le likamano tsa botona le botšehali (2.8%). Ka lebaka la ts'oaetso e tlase ea lithethefatsi ka kakaretso, sena se ka bitsoa " Sehlopha se seng lemaletseng (ka kakaretso).

Setšoantšo sa 1 

Menyetla ea sehlopha sa morao-rao bakeng sa ts'ehetso ea boits'oaro bo bong le bo bong ba bokhoba
Lethathamo 1 

Liphetho tsa Patlisiso ea Latent Class (LCA) e bolokang lihlopha tse peli

Litho tsa Latent Class 2 (32.8% ea sampole) li tlalehile ho ata ha lithethefatsi tse fetang 21% bakeng sa lintho tsohle ntle le papali ea chelete (4.3%) le joala (14.0%). Lithethefatsi tse atileng ka ho fetisisa sehlopheng sena e ne e le lerato (49.7%), thobalano (42.4%), boikoetliso (41.3%), Marang-rang (37.3) le mosebetsi (37.0). Ntle le papali ea chelete le joala, ba tlalehile ho ata ho hoholo mabenkeleng (21.9%), lisakerete (22.8%), le ho noa (25.8%). Ka bongata bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa linthong tsohle, empa haholoholo tse bontšang boits'oaro bo khahlisang sechaba, sehlopha sena se kanna sa bitsoa "Sebetsa ka Thata, Bapala ka Thata" - Sehlopha se lemaletseng lithethefatsi.

Litlhahlobo tsa bonnete ba phetoho li ka fetoha

Bakeng sa sete e latelang ea liphetho, kaofela ps <.0001, ntle le ha ho tlalehiloe ka hosele. Lintlha tsa coefficients tsa khokahanyo ea biserial li baliloe, ho shebiloe mokhatlo oa sekala se bapisoang se sa khaotseng le tumello ea ntho ea matrix ea tahi. Mekhatlo ea lintho tsa ho qetela tse tsubang sakerete tsa matsatsi a 30 tse nang le temallo ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea ho qetela ea matsatsi a 30 ea lisakerete e ne e le .59 le .79 ka ho latellana. Mekhatlo ea tšebeliso ea joala ea matsatsi a 30 ea ho qetela e nang le bokhoba ba tahi ea matsatsi a 30 le joala e ne e le .21 le .36, ka ho latellana. Mekhatlo ea batho ba ho qetela ba matsatsi a 30 ba tahoa ke joala ka ho itlaleha ho lemalla joala le matsatsi a ho qetela a 30 e ne e le .29 le .45, ka ho latellana. Mekhatlo ea matekoane a ho qetela a matsatsi a 30 kapa tšebeliso e 'ngoe ea "lithethefatsi" tse thata tse itlalehang ka mehla le ka matsatsi a 30 a ho lemalla matekoane kapa ts'ebeliso e ngoe ea lithethefatsi e ne e le .41 le .55, ka ho latellana. Boloetse ba ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi bo ne bo amahanngoa le bokhoba ba lisakerete (.25 le .23), joala (.30 le .33), le matekoane kapa ts'ebeliso e ngoe ea lithethefatsi (.31 le .34). PEI-PCS e ne e amahanngoa le bokhoba ba lisakerete (.25 le .28), joala (.32 le .28), le matekoane kapa ts'ebeliso e ngoe ea lithethefatsi (.33 le .28).

Mekhatlo ea batho ba bangata bao motho a kileng a etsa thobalano le bona likhoeling tse 12 tse fetileng, palo ea batho bao a kileng a etsa thobalano le bona matsatsing a 30 a fetileng, le palo ea makhetlo ao motho a kileng a etsa thobalano matsatsing a 30 a fetileng le ho ba lekhoba la thobalano e ne e le .24, .25, le .29. Mekhatlo ea lintho tsena tse tharo le ho ba lekhoba la thobalano matsatsing a 30 a fetileng e ne e le .24, .33, le .35.

Mekhatlo ea lenane la lithethefatsi tsa inthanete le ho bala ka matsatsi a 30 a kopaneng kapa a ho qetela le ntho ea Facebook e ne e le .41 le .49, ka ho latellana. Mekhatlo ea li-int-net tsa lithethefatsi tse nang le lithethefatsi tse le 'ngoe, ho nahanoa ka mefuta eohle e amanang le likhomphutha ea ho ba lekhoba la ho bala ka marang-rang, marang-rang a marang-rang, ho bapala lipapali tsa inthanete kapa inthanete, kapa ho reka inthaneteng e ne e le .45, .36,. 13 (p = .0004), le .15 ka ho latellana. Mekhatlo ea bokhoba ba inthanete le matsatsi a 30 a fetileng a ho bala lithethefatsi, marang-rang, lipapali tsa inthanete kapa tsa inthanete, kapa mabenkeleng a inthaneteng e ne e le .54, .41, .18, le .12 (p = .001), ka ho latellana.

Kamora nako, mekhatlo ea hore na motho o ile a ikoetlisa ka thata hakae, ho ikoetlisa ka mokhoa o itekanetseng, le ho ikoetlisa butle matsatsing a 7 a fetileng mme o kile a lemalla ho ikoetlisa e ne e le .08 (p = .08), .01 (ns), le .01 (ns). Kopano ea mehato ena e meraro ea boikoetliso le ho lemalla boikoetliso matsatsing a 30 a fetileng e ne e le .12 (p = .007), .04 (ns), le .01 (ns). Kahoo, ke feela boitlamo ba hajoale boikoetlisong bo boima bo neng bo amana haholo le ho lemalla boikoetliso.

PUISANO LE LIPHETOHO

Ho ata ha matsatsi a 30 a ho qetela a lithethefatsi tsena tse 11 thutong ea hona joale ho ts'oana (kahare ho 5%) ho Sussman le ba bang. (2011) Lintlha tsa bongata ba batho ba baholo ba likhoeli tse 12 mabapi le lisakerete, joala, papali ea chelete le ho ea mabenkeleng (mosebetsi le oona o fapane feela ka 5.6%). Phuputsong e 'ngoe e atileng ea likhoeli tse 12 ea batho ba baholo ba Ca-nadian (Konkoly Thege et al., 2013), liphetho tsa hajoale li ts'oana (ka hare ho 5%) ho tsona tsena tse 'ne tsa tahi le mosebetsi. Mocha oa pele oa sekolo se phahameng o ile a tlaleha tšoaetso e phahameng haholo ts'ebelisong e 'ngoe ea lithethefatsi tse thata, inthanete le lithethefatsi tsa thobalano, ha li bapisoa le lithuto tsa batho ba baholo tsa morao tjena (Konkoly Thege et al., 2013; Sussman et al., 2011). Hape, ha ho bapisoa le boithuto ba pejana ba Sussman le basebetsi-'moho le eena, sampole ea hajoale e tlalehile tšoaetso e phahameng haholo ho ja, lerato le ho lemalla lithethefatsi. Konkoly Thege le basebetsi-'moho le eena ha baa ka ba lekanya lerato le ho sebelisa lithethefatsi. Leha ho le joalo, mocha oa pele oa sekolo se phahameng o ile a tlaleha palo e tlase ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ea hajoale ho feta thutong ea Konkoly Thege (e neng e ka ba 20%). Phapang e batlang e le kholo lipakeng tsa lithuto tsohle tse tharo mabapi le ho ata ha bokhoba ba tahi e kanna ea ba ka lebaka la tsela eo ho lemalla ho lemalla ho ja ho hlalositsoeng (mohlala, joalo ka bothata ba ho itlopa joala ka Sussman le al. [2011] kgahlanong le ho ja haholo kapa hanyane haholo ka Konkoly Thege et al. [2013]). Ho ata ha kakaretso ea tahi e le 'ngoe kapa ho feta e ne e le 10% e phahameng ho sampole ea hajoale ho feta ea Konkoly Thege et al. (2013) ho ithuta, mme e ka ba 15% ho feta ea Sussman le ba bang. (2011) ho ithuta. Sena se ka utloahala kaha ena e ne e le mohlala o monyane o kotsing.

Tharollo ea mekhahlelo e 'meli ea tlhahlobo ea LCA e ile ea bolokoa ho ipapisitsoe le lipalo-palo tsa lipalo-palo tsa boikemisetso ba sehlopha. Sebopeho sa sehlopha thutong ea hajoale ha sea ka sa khetholla har'a mefuta e fapaneng ea lithethefatsi. Mohlomong, hobane ena ke sampole e kotsing, 'me ha rea ​​sheba feela sampole e tlalehileng bokhoba bo le bong kapa ho feta, LCA e ts'ehetse mohlala o bonolo. Ntle le moo, liphetho tsena li ka ts'ehetsa khang ea hore bongata ba litlamorao tsena lia fapanyetsana; e mong a ka ba a nahana hore tsena tse 11 li ka lemalla e mong. Joalo ka ha ho bonahala ho le joalo hore lithethefatsi li arolelana metheo e tloaelehileng ea methapo ea pelo (mohlala, letseno la mesolimbic dopaminergic), mohlomong tharollo ea mekhahlelo e 'meli e ne e ke ke ea makatsa (Sussman et al., 2011).

Ntle le moo, thutong ea hajoale, sehlopha se lemaletseng joala se ne se tloaetse ho nka karolo litlamong tse amanang le mesebetsi e molaong, e batlang e le kotsi eo motho e moholo ea hlahang a ka e etsang nakong ea bophelo ba hae ba letsatsi le letsatsi (lerato, thobalano, boikoetliso, inthanete le mosebetsi). Lithethefatsi, lisakerete (22.8%), joala (14.0%), lithethefatsi tse ling (27.3%), le ho ja (25.8%), li ne li le maemong a tlase haholo sehlopheng sena. Kahoo, re ba bitsitse "Sebetsa ka thata, bapala ka thata" sehlopha se lemaletseng. Mokhoa ona oa ho kenella mokhoeng o tloahelehileng oa mofuta oa ts'ebetso ke tloaelo ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng (mohlala, Cook, 1987; MacLaren & Best, 2010), esita le har'a sampole ea bacha ba kotsing.

Leha ho le joalo, mosebetsi o fetileng o tloaetse ho khetholla har'a mefuta e fapaneng ea lithethefatsi lithutong tsa bocha ba koleche le ho batho ba baholo ba itšetlehileng ka lik'hemik'hale (mohlala, Haylett et al., 2004; MacLaren le Best, 2010). Ho feta moo, mosebetsi o mong oa pejana o ne o fana ka maikutlo a boikokobetso, boikokobetso, kapa khothatso ea sepheo se setle (bona Haylett et al., 2004; Sussman, 2012). Hoa utloahala ho nahana hore bocha bo ka hohela mekhoa e tloahelehileng, e matlafatsang (mohlala, ho sebetsa hampe) khahlanong le ho fetella, hedonistic (mohlala, ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi) litlamorao, ho ipapisitse le boiphihlelo ba bophelo, ts'oaetso le sepheo sa takatso ea ho batla (Sussman, 2012). Mohopolo oa sepheo sa ho khotsofatsa o tsamaellana le khopolo-taba ea hore litlhare li khelositsoe kapa sepheo se fetelletseng (maikutlo), le hore lintlha tse fapaneng li ka bonts'a sepheo se fapaneng sa takatso (Sussman, 2012). Liphetho tsa hajoale li ka etsa hore motho a fane ka maikutlo a hore lithethefatsi li tataisoa kapa li tataisoa ho latela maemo a bophelo (Csikszentmihalyi & Larson, 1984; Sussman, Stacy, Ames le Freedman, 1998), tseo ka ho hlakileng li sa bontsheng sepheo se fapaneng sa takatso. Ho hlokahala boithuto ba nako e tlang ba ho ikatisa le mofuta oa sampole ea hajoale, hammoho le mosebetsi o mong le batho ba bang, hobane ho se ho phethetsoe lithuto tse fokolang tsa mofuta ona oa sehlopha sa bokhoba ba tahi.

Kamora nako, sakerete, joala, lithethefatsi tse ling tse thata, thobalano, Marang-rang le ho ikoetlisa ka lintho tse le 'ngoe li ile tsa amahanngoa haholo le mehato e meng e lumellanang, ho fana ka maikutlo a bonnete ba lintho tsena le tse ling tse amanang le bokhoba ba tahi. Khopolo-taba ea tekanyetso ea matrix e bonahala e na le boleng bo itseng, leha lithuto tse ling tse nang le lethathamo le lelelele la litlatsetso li ka ba molemo. Hape, re ne re se na mehato e lekanang bakeng sa lithethefatsi tse hlano (mohlala, lerato, mosebetsi).

Meeli le lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang

Bonyane ho na le meeli e mehlano ea thuto ea hajoale. Taba ea mantlha, phapang ea mehlala e ka lekanyetsa ho ata ha bongata, leha mofuta o lekantsoeng oa bokhoba ba tahi le ketsahalo e kopaneng e ne e le papiso e ts'oanang le ea data e phethetsoeng ka mohala. Hape, lekunutu la protocol e sebelisitsoeng e tla thusa ho fokotsa leeme la karabelo. Le ha ho le joalo, motho a ke ke a lahla leeme la tlaleho ka lebaka la mehlala.

Taba ea bobeli, ha mofuta oa mofuta oa matrix oa ho lemalla lithethefatsi o ntse o batlisisoa mesebetsing e meng e fetileng, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ho Selelekela, ho hlokahala mosebetsi o mongata ho netefatsong ea lintho tsa mofuta oa matrix tse lemalloang. Hape, ho na le lithuto tse fokolang haholo tse netefatsang boteng ba maemo a tsitsitseng a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi kapa lihlopha tse ipatileng. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, mofuta ona oa litekanyo o ka bitsoa betere "ho itlhahloba o le mong" ho fapana le ho re ke "ho lemalla" leha re ile ra boloka ts'ebeliso e ts'oanang le ea lithuto tse fetileng.

Moeli oa boraro oa boithuto ba hajoale joalo ka ba tlileng pele ho ona ke khaello ea tlhaiso-leseling ka moelelo o tebileng oa lihlopha tse ipatileng tse senotsoeng ka LCA kapa mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea lintlha. Motho o tlameha ho fana ka maikutlo a hore na lihlopha li emela eng. Mosebetsi o mong oa morao tjena o batlisitse likamano tsa mefuta ea tahi le mabaka a botho (mohlala, Andreassen et al., 2013). Mohlomong, mofuta ona oa mosebetsi o ka thusa ho khetholla moelelo oa mantlha lihlopheng tsena tse ipatileng. Ts'ebeliso ea mekhoa ea boleng (mohlala, lihlopha tse tsepamisitsoeng) le eona e ka thusa. Khopolo-taba, joalo ka mohlala, motho a ka nahana ka tse lemalloang tsena tse 11 e le sehlopha sa ho bonts'a matlafatso (mohlala, Marang-rang, ho ea mabenkeleng, ho sebetsa), ho batla boithabiso bo khahlisang (mohlala, thobalano, lerato, boikoetliso), le ho batla boithabiso ba boithabiso ( joala, sakerete, ts'ebeliso e ngoe ea lithethefatsi, ho ja) sepheo. Mohlomong, ho fana ka lihlooho ka lethathamo la sepheo sa takatso kapa maemo a bophelo, le ho ba kopa ho beha mefuta ea litlhare kahare ho e ngoe e kanna ea ba mokhoa oa ho atamela bokhoba ba tahi ka tsela e fapaneng.

Thibelo ea bone ke hore le ha boholo ba lintlha tsa coefficients tsa khokahano lipakeng tsa mehato e meng le lintho tsa matrix tse lemalloang li ne li le bohlokoa, ke mekhatlo e 20 feela ho e 42 e bonts'itseng boleng ba bonyane .30. Hape, mehato e sebelisoang e le papiso e ka ba tlasa tlhokeho e fapaneng kapa litlamorao tse ling tseo lipatlisiso tsa mehlala e meholo li tla hloleha ho sebetsana le tsona. Lipuisano tsa bongaka ke mokhoa o totobetseng, o bonolo ho feta oa ho hlahloba bonnete ba lintho tsena tsa matrix tsa tahi. Le ha ho le joalo, ena ke tlhahlobo ea pele e joalo, 'me ka hona e bohlokoa.

Qetellong, lintlha tsena li ne li arohane. Ha re tsebe letho ka botsitso ba litlatsetso tse fapaneng. Ho ka etsahala hore litlhare tse ling (mohlala, joala) ha li fetohe ho feta tse ling (mohlala, ho sebetsa [motho a ka felloa ke mosebetsi] kapa ho ikoetlisa [motho a ka tsoa likotsi].) Ho hlokahala lintlha tsa bolelele ba nako ho lemoha monyetla ona. Ho fihlela hajoale, ha ho na lithuto tsa bolelele ba nako tse sebelisang mofuta oa lithethefatsi oa mofuta oa matrix.

Liphuputso tsa nako e tlang li kanna tsa sebetsana le mekhoa e feto-fetohang ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi le litlamorao tsa ho lemalla mekhoa e itseng ho fapana le e meng. Ka mantsoe a mang, ho ata ha boits'oaro ka mehato ea bokhoba ba tahi ho ka fetoha ha ho amoheleha ha motho ea lemaletseng boits'oaro bo itseng ho fetoha, hammoho le mekhatlo e fapaneng. Mohlala, motho a ka amahanya ho lemalla lerato, thobalano, ho ikoetlisa kapa ho sebetsa le litšoantšo tsa sechaba tse kenyeletsang "tsa lerato" kapa e le mehlala ea "bophelo ba sejoale-joale". Bokhoba bona bo ka nkuoa bo amoheleha ho feta ho lemalla lisakerete, joala le / kapa lithethefatsi tse ling, mme litlamorao tsa morao tjena li ka amahanngoa le mefuta ea "borabele" kapa "tahlehelo ea boits'oaro" ea litšoantšo tsa sechaba. Leha ho le joalo, litšoantšo tsa sechaba li kanna tsa fetoha mabapi le lithethefatsi tse ling; haholo-holo tšebeliso ea matekoane. Ts'ebeliso ea matekoane e ka fetoha lemallo la ho ata haholo mme ea amahanngoa le litšoantšo tse ntle (mohlala, "ho ba sejoale-joale"), lilemong tse 'maloa tse tlang. Mohlomong, bokhoba ba matekoane bo lokela ho nkuoa bo arohane le lintho tse ling tsa matrix tse lemalloang ke lithethefatsi nakong e tlang ea mosebetsi oa nako e telele. Liphetoho mokhoeng oa bokhoba ba tahi ha nako e ntse e feta ho kanna ha ba bohlokoa ho e hlahloba mesebetsing e tlang ka ho sebelisa metrix ea tahi.

Ka bokhutšoanyane, thuto ea hajoale e kentse letsoho ho sehlopha sa tsebo mabapi le ho ata, ketsahalo e kopaneng, sebopeho sa sehlopha sa morao-rao, le bonnete ba litlamorao tse ngata, ho sebelisoa tekanyetso ea matrix, joalo ka ha e sebelisitsoe ho mocha oa pele oa sekolo se phahameng. Joalo ka lithuto tsa pejana, thuto ea hajoale e totobatsa ho ata le ketsahalo e kopanetsoeng ea lithethefatsi hara bacha le batho ba baholo. Lintho tse amanang le mokhoa oa bophelo li ka susumetsa tloaelo ea ho lemalla batho, mme mohlomong ho tiea ha lithethefatsi ho ka bontša mefuta e joalo ka neurobiology e tloaelehileng. Lenaneo la thibelo le kalafo le ka hloka lisebelisoa tse ling ho fihlela litlhoko tsa tlhatlhobo le ntlafatso ea mananeo ho lithethefatso tse fapaneng, empa mohlomong pono ea "generic" ea bokhoba e ka sebelisoa ho batho ba bangata ba fuoeng litholoana tsa thuto ea hajoale. Kamora nako, ho ka etsahala hore liphetoho tsa maemo a sechaba li hlokehe ho fokotsa mekhoa ea sejoale-joale ea bophelo ba bokhoba (mohlala, khatello ea ho e etsa, ho senyeha ha lelapa le leholo). Re ka nahana hore litlamorao tse ngata tse mpe mmeleng, sechabeng le maikutlong li bakoa ke ho kenella mefuteng ena e mengata ea tahi. Mosebetsi o mongata oa nakong e tlang oa hlokahala lebaleng lena, hobane ha ho pelaelo hore ho lemalla lithethefatsi ho atile haholo ho feta kamoo re ratang ho lumela.

lumela hore baa fokola

Mehloli ea lichelete: Pampiri ena e ne e tšehelitsoe ke thuso e tsoang Setsing sa Naha sa Tlhekefetso ea Lithethefatsi (DA020138).

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

Tlatsetso ea bangoli: SS o nkile karolo ea pele mohopolong oa thuto le moralo, ho ngola mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho, mme e ne e le Mofuputsi ea ka Sehloohong oa projeke ka kakaretso. TEA e nkile karolo e etelletseng pele tlhahlobisong ea data, ho toloka ha data le ho ngola lingoloa le liphetho. PS e nkile karolo ea mohlahlobi e moholo ho thusa ho manolla data le ho ngola sephetho. O ne a boetse a sebetsana le taolo ea data, hape e ne e le Mofuputsi-Haholo oa Morero oa projeke ka kakaretso. JT o thusitse ka ho hlaka ha mongolo le litaba tse tlatselitsoeng karolong ea Lipuisano. LAR le DS-M ba thusitse ho fana ka litlhaloso mabapi le mongolo ho tsoa ho mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho, hape e ne e le Bafuputsi ba ka Sehloohong ba projeke ka kakaretso. Bangoli bohle ba ne ba na le phihlello e felletseng ea tlhaiso-leseling eohle thutong mme ba nka boikarabello ba botshepehi ba data le ho nepahala ha tlhahlobo ea lintlha.

Khohlano ea thahasello: Sengoli se etelletseng pele se amohela meputso ea thekiso ea lenaneo la thibelo le boletsoeng hakhutšoanyane bukeng ena e ngotsoeng ka letsoho. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho na khohlano ea lithahasello e teng mabapi le sehlooho sa hajoale kapa mona.

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