Tlhoko ea ho hlahloba boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba boitšoaro (2017)

Tlhahlobo ea Kliniki ea Psychology

Volume 52, March 2017, Maqephe 69-76

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.11.010

Lintlha-khōlō Tsa

  • Patlisiso mabapi le bokhoba ba boits'oaro ha e bue ka boitšoaro.
  • Re pheha khang ea hore lipatlisiso mabapi le papali ea chelete li ke ke tsa akaretsa litlatsetso tse ling tsa boitšoaro hobane litekanyetso tsa ntlafatso li kanna tsa se bapisoe.
  • Tlhahlobo e lekola ts'ebeliso ea papali ea chelete ho bohlasoa ba lipapali tsa inthanete le mefuta e meng e ka lematsang ea boloi.
  • Tlhahlobo ea rona e na le moelelo oa ho rala mekhoa ea ho kenella liketsong tsa boitšoaro.

inahaneloang

Tlhatlhobo ena e bua ka lipatlisiso mabapi le bokhoba ba boitšoaro (ke hore, thuto e kopanetsoeng, maemo a teng), ha ho buuoa ka meetso ea sejoale-joale ea lithethefatsi le litsekisano tse tsoelang pele libukeng tse lemalloang boitšoaro. Karolo ea boitšoaro e 'nile ea hlahlojoa hantle litlamong tsa lithethefatsi le papali ea chelete empa sepheo sena hangata ha se eo ho tse ling tsa boits'oaro ba boits'oaro. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho lemalla boitšoaro e bile ho sheba liphapang tsa motho ka mong, psychopathologies le leeme, hangata li fetoleloang ho tsoa lits'oants'o tsa papali ea chelete. Moetso o kopaneng hajoale o nka lintlha tsa mantlha tsa boitšoaro bo hlephileng bo kenyellelitsoeng ho DSM (papali ea chelete) e khethiloeng bakeng sa ho hlahlojoa hape (papali ea inthanete). Habohlokoa, papali ea chelete e na le kemiso ea matlafatso e bonts'ang ho tšoana le phapang ho tsoa linthong tse ling tse lemalloang. Le ha hona ho le bonolo ho feta ho se sebetse lipapaling tsa inthanete, ha ho hlake hantle hore na ho joalo ho batho ba bangata ba khethiloeng ke boits'oaro. Ho amohela pono ea botsoalle, pampiri ena e fetolela ho tloha papaling ea chelete ho ea papaling ea video, ho latela likhang tse teng ka taba ena le mofuta oa phapang lipakeng tsa boitšoaro bona. Kamora nako, ho hlalositsoe moralo oa ho sebelisa mofuta o kopantsoeng le ho lemalla boitšoaro bo botle, 'me ke ts'ebeliso ea kalafo.

1. Selelekela

Khatiso ea morao-rao ea Buka ea Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Dis shida e 2013 (DSM-5) (Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2013) o bone kenyelletso ea litlamorao e le sehlopha se ikhethileng kahare ho bukana ena, e koahelang litheko le litakatso tsa boitsoaro. Ts'ebeliso ea tšebeliso ea temallo ea mantsoe ho fapana le ho ts'epa e totobalitse ho kopanya hape ho tloha ts'ebelisong ho ea ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea ntho kapa boitšoaro (O'Brien, Volkow, & Li, 2006). Ka lekhetlo la pele boitšoaro bo kenelletseng, Botsoa ba Papali ea Chelete, bo kenyellelitsoe sehlopheng sena, se nang le bothata ba lipapali tsa marang-rang se tsejoang e le se lokelang ho hlahlojoa ka ho eketsehileng. Litlhahlobo tsa nako e tlang li ka eketsa lithahasello tsa boits'oaro, litakatso tse ka bonts'ang khang ha likhothatso tse ngata li sentse sebopeho le ho nepahala ha tlhahlobo ea litlatsetso ea mesebetsi e kang ho fofa khafetsa, motjeko oa tango le ho bolela ka lehlohonolo tse seng li atile haholo lingoliloeng.Cohen et al., 2011, Grall-Bronnec et al., 2015, Higham et al., 2014 'me Targhetta et al., 2013). Ho 'nile ha phetoa hore likarolo tsa lenaneo lena la lipatlisiso li ka arola ka mokhoa o sa lokelang likarolo tsa bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi e le lithethefatsi (Billieux et al., 2015 'me Young le al., 2014). Lingolo le mecha ea litaba e tsebahalang le eona e thathamisitse boitšoaro bo bong bo kang ho ja, ho sebetsa, thobalano, tšebeliso ea metsi le boikoetliso (mohlala: ho palama baesekele) joalo ka litabatabelo tsa boitšoaro.

Pampiri ena e hlahloba lipatlisiso tse amanang le litekanyetso tsa boits'oaro, le ts'ebeliso ea lona ho boits'oaro ba mokhethoa. Ho hlokometsoe pejana hore mohala o joalo oa tlhahlobo o ka ipaka o beha litholoana haholo ho holiseng kutlwisiso ea rona ea bokhoba ba boitšoaro (Robbins & Clark, 2015). Karolo ea pele e lekola mekhoa e amanang le bokhoba ba ho lemalla, ho sheba ts'ebeliso ea bona litlamong tsa boits'oaro le ho khetholla ho tšoana le phapano lipakeng tsa papali ea chelete le litlolo tse ling. Karolo ea bobeli e sekaseka ts'ebeliso ea papali ea ts'ebetso ea marang-rang e le motheo oa litheko tsa boits'oaro, e shebaneng le bothata ba lipapali tsa marang-rang. Karolo ea boraro e boetse e bontša libaka tseo lipatlisiso tsa boits'oaro li ka bang molemo ho tsona mabapi le ho lekola mosebetsi oa tlhahlobo ea litlatsetso ea mesebetsi e mengata. Qetellong, hona ho nahanoa molemong oa ho phekola bokhoba ba boitšoaro. Bakeng sa ho lemalla boits'oaro bo joalo ka ho becha ka mathata, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) hangata ke mohala oa pele oa kalafo o fuoang ba bechang. Bongata ba litlhahiso tse boletsoeng mona e ka ba tsa bohlokoa ha ho etsoa meralo le kalafo bakeng sa batho ba nang le mathata kapa litlatsetso ho boits'oaro bo bong.

1.1. Patlisiso e mabapi le boitšoaro

Tlaleho e tloaelehileng ea ho lemalla ho lingoliloeng tsa lipatlisiso e bua haholo ka karolo ea boemo ba boitšoaro ho matlafatsa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le tšebeliso e qobelloang (Everitt et al., 2008, Everitt le Robbins, 2005, Everitt le Robbins, 2016, Hogarth et al., 2013, Koob, 2013, Koob le Volkow, 2009, Ostlund le Balleine, 2008 'me Bohlale le Koob, 2014). Mefuta e fapaneng e hatisa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa ho ithuta tse kopanyang: ba bang ba nka bohlokoa ba ho ikamahanya le matlafatso a fosahetseng (joalo ka litlamorao tsa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi khahlanong le ho tlohela), ha ba bang ba hatisa haholo lintho tse sebelisoang. Tse ling tsa mehlala ena li nka tsela eo taolo ea boitšoaro e fetohang ho tataisoa ke sephetho ho ea lithetlebong, ha bokhoba ba bona bo ntse bo tsoela pele. Ba bang ba ntse ba leka ho etsisa liphoofolo phetoho ea ho tloha ho e qobelloang ho ea boits'ebetsong bo tlamang ho bonahala e le tšobotsi ea bokhoba ba lithethefatsi. Tse ngata lia tlatsana empa qetellong kaofela li supa lits'ebetso tsa ho ithuta e le mokhoa oa mantlha oa ho lemalla.

Mekhoa ea ho ithuta e amanang e sebelisitsoe ho phatlalla le tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, ho tloha ho ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho ea ho matlafatso e fosahetseng nakong ea ho khaotsa, ho ts'oara lithethefatsi tse tlamang le ho khutlela morao nakong ea ho felisoa (ke hore kalafo ea kamora kalafo). Litlaleho tse fumanehang tsa bokhoba ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi li beha tsena botebong ba ho hlalosa kamoo phetoho e tlohang bathong e tlohang boithabisong ho ea ho ts'ebeliso ea lintho tse itseng (Everitt le Robbins, 2016 'me Hogarth et al., 2013). Tse ngata tsa likhopolo tsena li hatisa ho se lekane taolong ea boits'oaro ho mekhoa ea tloaelo, ka ho se sebetse kapa ho se khone ho laola.

1.2. Ho ithuta ka kopanelo mokhoeng oa boitšoaro

Le ha mofuta oa setsoalle e le ak'haonte e tloaelehileng ea batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi, ha ho joalo bakeng sa bokhoba ba boitšoaro. Joalokaha likarolo tse peli tse latelang li tla totobatsa, mokhoa o fapaneng oa ho lemalla litloaelo tsa boitšoaro o atile haholo ho lingoliloeng tsa lipatlisiso. Ho becha, leha ho le joalo, ho na le motheo oa bohlokoa oa tlhahlobo ea ho ithuta (E sootho, 1987, Dickerson, 1979, Ghezzi et al., 2006 'me Haw, 2008), latelang Skinner's (1953) tlhahlobo ea metjhine ea slot. Joalo ka bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, bana ba lekile ho etsisa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa papali ea papali ea chelete. Boiteko bo matla ba ho etsa lipatlisiso bo tsepamisitse maikutlo molemong oa likhetho tsa maemo a morao-rao tse tsamaeang ka mochini o ts'oanang oa li-slot (Ntle le et al., 2010 'me Zlomke le Dixon, 2006). Ba bang ba shebile haholo phello ea mefuta e fapaneng ea khothatso, joalo ka litoro tse haufi (Daly et al., 2014, Ghezzi et al., 2006 'me Reid, 1986) (van Holst, Chase, & Clark, 2014), tse kholoKassinove & Schare, 2001), tahlehelo e patehileng e le moputso (Dixon, Harrigan, Sandhu, Collins, & Fugelsang, 2010), kapa likarolo tsa sebapadi sa papali ea papali ea chelete (Griffiths & Auer, 2013) le phello ea tsona boits'oarong. Bongata ba lithuto tsena li shebile likarolo tse fapaneng tsa papali ea chelete, joalo ka khetho ea mochini (Dymond, McCann, Griffiths, Cox, le Crocker, 2012), sekhahla sa papali ea chelete (Dixon et al., 2010), likhefutso tsa tšehetso ea poso (Delfabro le Sebaka sa Veine, 1999), latency lipakeng tsa metjeko (James, O'Malley, & Tunney, ka har'a khatiso), linako tse behiloeng tsa nako ea ho becha (Dickerson, 1979), lenane la maemo a tšohanyetso a ntlafatso (Crossman et al., 1987, Haw, 2008 'me Hurlburt et al., 1980) le tiisetso nakong ea ho timela (James, O'Malley, & Tunney, 2016). E ts'oanang le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, tsena li boetse li shebile karolo ea mefuta e fapaneng ea matlafatso ho papali ea papali ea joala le phetoho mekhoeng ea boitšoaro.Horsley, Osborne, le Wells, 2012). Taba ea hore mefuta e fapaneng ea matlafatso e tsamaisa li-subtypes tse ikhethang tsa papali ea papali ea chelete ke karolo ea mehlala ea papali ea bothata (Blaszczynski le Nower, 2002 'me Sharpe, 2002). Le ha ho le joalo, ho 'nile ha phetoa hore mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa papali ea chelete o bua ka liphapang tse pakeng tsa batho ba bapalang (' tloaelehileng ') le' bothata 'ba papali ea chelete (Cassidy, 2014). Lingoliloeng tsa boitšoaro mabapi le papali ea chelete li ntse li sa ntlafatsoe haholo ho feta bokhoba ba lithethefatsi. Mefuta ea liphoofolo ea ho becha e ntse e le bongoaneng (Winstanley & Clark, 2016), mme mefuta e mecha ea matlafatso e ntse e fumanoa (Dixon et al., 2010). Ho boetse ho na le khaello ea tlhahlobo e amanang le ho becha tšimong ena, maemo a mang a bohlokoa ntle le haeba (Dickerson, 1979 'me McCrea le Hirt, 2009).

Leha ho na le mona hangata ho nahanoang hore papali ea chelete le lithahasello tse ling tsa boitsoaro li arolelana likarolo tse tloaelehileng, motheo, lipatlisiso tse shebileng lits'ebetso tsa boits'oaro le boiketsetso papaling ea papali ea chelete le lithethefatsi li bontša hore sena ha se na ho ba joalo. Ho becha ho tšoana ka tsela e tšoanang le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi (Leeman & Potenza, 2012), empa phapang e teng e kanna ea tšoaneleha hore na matšoao a bokhoba ba boitšoaro a lokela ho fetoleloa ka kotlolloho ho tsoa papaling ea likamano tse litšila. Mekhoa ea ho ithuta papaling ea papali ea chelete e na le li-idiosyncrasies tse fapaneng tse sa e khethollang ho tsoa bokhobeng ba lithethefatsi feela empa hape le lithahasello tse ngata tsa boits'oaro tse khethiloeng ka har'a lingoliloeng.

Phapang e le 'ngoe e ka etsahalang lenaneong la tšebeliso le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e ea matlafatsoa khafetsa le ha boleng / boholo ba matlafatso bo ka fetoha ha ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e ntse e tsoela pele, ekaba ka lebaka la liphetoho boleng ba moputso ba lithethefatsi (Robinson, Fischer, Ahuja, Monyenyane, & Maniates, 2016) kapa ts'ebetso ea moputso (Koob & Le Moal, 2001). Ntle le moo, ho batla lithethefatsi ho etselitsoe kemisong ea bobeli ea tatellano ea matlafatso.

Ha ho tsejoe hore na karolo ea boitšoaro ba papali ea chelete e fetolelang mohopolo ona, ho na le likhetho tse ngata likhethong. Sebapali sa mantlha ke mofuta o monate oa 'mele o hlahisoang ke boitšoaro ba papali ea chelete bo amanang le papali ea papali ea chelete. Ho 'nile ha phehisanoa hore ho tsosa ke e' ngoe ea likarolo tsa mantlha tsa ho boloka boitšoaro ba papali ea chelete (E sootho, 1987). Mokhoa o mong ke oa liphoso tse haufi, moo ho hlahisitsoeng karolo e ts'oanang ea ho batla lithethefatsi (Ghezzi et al., 2006). Ho kile ha etsoa tlhahiso ea hore batho ba sa lebelloang ba ka fumana boleng ba bona ba bokhoni ba ho hapela sephetho sa ho hapa sepheo sa ho hloloheloa molemong oa ho hloloa (Daly et al., 2014), haholo ka tsela e ts'oanang le e tsosang takatso. Ntle le moo, tse peli lia sebelisana; lithuto li bontšitse maemo a phahametseng a boithati a ho iketa papaling ea chelete ho ea ho tahlehelo ea makhopho a lahlehileng.Dixon et al., 2010), le ho boela re kopana hape le liphosong tse haufi le tsa bosholu ba mathata (Dymond et al., 2014 'me van Holst et al., 2014).

Ha mekhatlo ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi e sebelisoa ke bathusi ba maemo, papaling ea chelete ho thata haholo. Taba ea mantlha, kemiso ea matlafatso ea papali ea chelete (e ikemetseng ka likhopolo) ho nahanoa hore e amahanngoa le keketseho ea boits'oaro (Crossman et al., 1987, Haw, 2008, Hurlburt et al., 1980 'me Madden et al., 2007). Taba ea bobeli, ho ka ba le likarolo tse peli ho karolo ea maemo a susumetsang le maemo a matlafatso ea papali ea chelete. Ea pele ke litloaelo tse tloaelehileng tsa tikoloho tse ka tsosang litloaelano tsa papali ea chelete ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le boitšoaro ba lithethefatsi. Ea bobeli, e ithutoang haholo lipapaling tsa mochini oa slot, ke karolo ea matlafatso ea maemo nakong ea ts'ebeliso ea papali ea chelete papaling ea chelete ntle le ho fumana moputso.

Mehopolo e meng e shebisisa karolo ea pheletso, moo likhaohano lipakeng tsa karabelo le sephetho li felisoang, kapa karabelo ea likarabo ha ho shebane le phetoho ea maemo a tšohanyetso. Boithuto ba bokhoba ba papali ea chelete ea ho becha bo fana ka maikutlo a hore liphokotso molemong ona li atile haholo ebile li ts'oana ho fapana le lithethefatsi (Leeman & Potenza, 2012). Ka papali ea chelete, potso e khahlisang ke hore na sena se bakoa ke ho pepesehela kemiso ea matlafatso ea papali ea chelete eo, joalo ka ha e hlahlobiloe kaholimo, e bakang mamello ka likarolo tse ngata tsa matlafatso a maemong a itseng. Leha likarolo tse fapaneng tsa ho qobelloa ho utloisisoa hanyane ho feta ho se ts'oenyehe, e kanna ea ba taba ea hore papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete le papatso ea lithethefatsi e ka fetoha ka tšusumetso ho ea boits'ebetsong, empa ka boits'oarollo bua ka mokhoa o fapaneng ka tsela e fapaneng. Haeba ho joalo, phapang ena e kanna ea toba papaling ea papali ea chelete 'me ea se fetole litloaelong tse ling.

Ho fapana le seo, ho na le bopaki ba hore likotsi tse ngata ho sebopeho se sa qobelloang se kenyelletsang boitšoaro, ho kenyeletsa le litekanyetso tsa boits'oaro, li bontša bofokoli bo tšoanang boikhethong bo susumetsang le ts'ebetsong joalo ka litlatsetso tse ling tse kenyelletsang ho becha (Robbins & Clark, 2015). Boithuto bo shebile ts'ebeliso ea mekhoa ea mekhoa ea boits'oaro ea moruo ho khetho e sa qobelloang e fumanoang ho tsoa ho lipatlisiso tsa maemo a sebetsang (Bickel & Marsch, 2001), kapa ts'ebeliso ea paradigm ea theolelo ea ho liehisa ho utloisisa bokhoba ba boitšoaro (Lehlaka, Becirevic, Atchley, Kaplan, & Liese, 2016). Lingoliloeng tse kholo li teng lefapheng la botena, moo ho tšoanang ho amanang le ho ja / ho lemalla lijo ho huloang ka ts'ebetso ea theolelo ea ho liehisa litheko tse ling (Amlung et al., 2016a, Amlung et al., 2016b 'me MacKillop et al., 2011). Liphuputso tse ling li fumane ho ba jang lijoang hore ha ho na phapang ea ts'ebetso e potlakileng ha e bapisoa le taolo (Voon et al., 2014).

Lipatlisiso tse ling tsa setsoalle li shebile mefuta e fapaneng ea tšebeliso ea litlamorao maemong a ja. Ho bile le mathata a mangata lipatlisisong tsena. Ea pele e sheba mofuta oa tšebeliso ea bokhoba ba ts'ebeliso ea litloaelo tse sa senyeheng; hore na lithethefatsi kapa litloaelo tse lemalloang ke boits'oaro li loketse ka ho fetisisa (De Jong et al., 2016 'me Hebebrand et al., 2014). Patlisiso ena e ithutile potso ea hore na mokhoa oa ts'ebetso ea ho lemalla o kahara lijo (ke hore, lijo tse nang le phepo e nepahetseng kapa lijo tse tsoekere) kapa mekhoeng ea ho ja. Ea bobeli ke ts'ebeliso ea mefuta e meng ea ho lemalla ho ja boits'oaro le mathata (Berridge, 2009, Robinson et al., 2016 'me Smith le Robbins, 2013). Taba ea boraro ke papiso le litlamorao tse ling tse joalo ka koae, joalo ka mohlala oa tšenyo eo ho eona ho fumanoang bopaki ba bongata ba matšoao a boloi, empa litumelo tsa mantlha tse tšoanang le sephetho sa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba (Schulte, Joyner, Potenza, Grilo, & Gearhardt, 2015). Tsena li nkuoa hammoho le karolo ea matlafatso le boits'oaro ka ho ts'oanang le litlatsetso tse ling.

1.3. Mekhoa ea lipatlisiso mabapi le bokhoba ba boitšoaro

Mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa bokhoba ba boits'oaro hangata o nka mehato e meraro (Billieux et al., 2015). Mohato oa pele oa ho sebelisa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea bokhoba ba boits'oaro o qala ka ho hlokomela kapa ho hlohlontša boitšoaro bo potileng. Hangata ketsong e le 'ngoe, joale sena se hlahisa lebaka la ho theha sesebelisoa sa tlhahlobo bakeng sa ho lemalla ts'ebetso eo. Sena se hlahisoa ka ho feto-fetoha ha maemo ho tsoa ho khakanyo ea DSM-IV ea papali ea papali ea chelete kapa ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi. (Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2000), litekanyetso tse akaretsang tsa bokhoba ba tahi, kapa ka ho fetolela ho tsoa mehatong e meng ea ts'ebeliso ea boitšoaro (mohlala, marang-rang, lipapali tsa video). Sena se etsoa haufi le kapa lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao tse bokellang datha ea psychometric e lekanyang palo ea liemahale tse amanang le bokhoba, haholo literekeng tsa ho nka kotsi le ho se kenelle. Ho phehisanoe hore ena ke karolo ea mokhoa o netefatsang, oa ho se lumele hore Molimo o teng, 'me o haelloa ka ho hlaka.Billieux et al., 2015). Liphetho tsa sena e bile letoto la bokhoba ba likhetho moo ho bonahalang ho na le palo e kholo ea batho ba lemaletseng empa e le seoelo lebaka le hlakileng la hore na ke hobaneng boitšoaro boo ba bo etsang ba le lemallo. Maemong a mangata bana ba na le matšoao a holimo haholo a ho lemalla, hangata ba bonts'a setsoalle le batho ba tloaetseng ho becha kapa ba sebelisang lithethefatsi. Re pheha khang ea hore mokhoa o amanang le ona ke mohlala o motle oa ho bokella tumellano ea hona joale mabapi le litheko tsa boits'oaro, bonyane bakeng sa boits'oaro boo bafuputsi ba ka bo bapisang khahlanong le papali ea chelete. Leha liphoso tsena li boletsoe hantle ka har'a lingoliloeng, ke phehisano ea tlhahlobo ena hore tumellano mabapi le hore na boits'oaro bo fumaneng tlhaloso ea bokuli ba kelello ebile e hloka hore ho kenella ha bophelo ba sechaba ho ke ke ha hlaha ntle le ho nka karolo ea boits'oaro.

Likarolo tse fetileng li totobalitse kamoo motho kapa sebopeho sa boiketsetso se tlang pele ho lipatlisiso tsa boitsoaro. Boholo ba mosebetsi o nahanang ho tiisa le ho tiisa maemo liketsong tsa boits'oaro bo etsa joalo ka mokhoa oa ho tiisa (Bandura, Ross, & Ross, 1963) kapa e tšohla maemo a ts'ebetso ka mokhoa o akaretsang, ho fapana le ho supa hore na likarolo tse itseng tsa boitšoaro li matlafatsoa joang, ho li boloka kapa ho li tloaela. Boholo ba liteko tsa ho sebelisa mekhoa e thehiloeng ho ho ithuta li bile papaling ea chelete ea ho becha le lijo / ho ja. Litlhaloso tse ngata kapa lipampiri tsa lipatlisiso ha li bue ka hore ho na le karolo ea ho beha maemo maemong a boits'oaro. Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka litlamorao tsa boits'oaro ka kakaretso, ho na le tlhokahalo e tobileng ntlheng ena. Ha ho na ho nahaneloa haholo ka litlatsetso tse tsamaisang boitšoaro bo tiileng. Joalo ka papali ea chelete, tse ngata tsa boitšoaro bona li tla tsamaisoa khafetsa ka nako e khuts'oane ea nako. Le ha ho le joalo, liphuputso tsa lingoloa tsa papali ea chelete li hlokometse hore ho na le katleho e kholo ea ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho tsa lefu la setho le tlholeho (Cassidy, 2014 'me Reith, 2013). Sena se bolela hore kutloisiso ea mabaka a ho becha ea mathata hangata e lebisitse tlhokomelo hobaneng batho ba betang ka thata ba itshwara ka tsela e senyehileng ho fapana le hore na hobaneng papali ea chelete e lemaletse. E 'ngoe ea likhathatso tse boletsoeng ke Mocha et al. (2014) e ne e le ts'ebeliso e fetisitsoeng ea mofuta oa bokhoba ba litloaelo tsa boitshwaro moo ho loketseng ho bona e leng hantle haholo (boemong bona ho fofa hangata). Ho totobalitsoe hore na tšupiso ea bokhoba ba litekanyetso e ka ba matla hakae, empa ho bile le mabaka a matla a hobaneng a sa lokela ho sebelisoa. Sena se hlakisa liphoso tsa mokhoa oa ho lemalla boits'oaro ho tsoa ho mahlale a sechaba hore akhaonto ea boiketsetso ke e 'batlang mofuta o mong oa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Sena se beha mohopolo oa litlamorao le ho hlonepha ho moreki ea sa senyeheng ho fapana le liindasteri tse eketsang boits'oaro bona. Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe ke Reith (2013), tse ngata tsa likotlo tsena ha li na taba le mokhoa oa boitšoaro mabapi le papali ea chelete le litheko, tse shebileng karolo ea sehlahisoa ho laoleng boitšoaro.

Ha ho ntse ho na le litlhaloso tse ngata mabapi le boitšoaro bo hlephileng lilemong tse 2-3 tse fetileng (Billieux et al., 2015, Griffiths et al., 2016, Petry et al., 2016 'me Starcevic le Aboujaoude, 2016), karolo ea thuto e amanang le tšebeliso ea litlamorao tsa boits'oaro ha e so fumanoe ka botlalo. Ho hlokometsoe hore qeto ea ho kenyelletsa ho becha ho DSM-5 e le tlatsetso e entsoe ho latela tšebelisano lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi le papali ea methapo ea methapo methating e fapaneng e fapaneng (Potenza, 2015). Mokhoa oa boits'oaro o kanna oa hlahella hara tsena, ka hona o oa thusa ha ho sekaseka maemo a tlatselletso ea boitšoaro bo itseng ba boitšoaro bo loketseng. Phehisano eo re e hlahisang ke hore thuto e kopantseng e thehiloeng litekanyetsong tsa boits'oaro ke mohlala o motle ka ho fetesisa oa maemo a boitšoaro a DSM, ho sa tsotelle liphoso tse matla tseo DSM e tobanang le tsona. Karolo e latelang e lekola Ts'oaetso ea Lipapatso tsa Inthanete ka botlalo, ho supa ho ts'oana ha boitšoaro le hore na khokahano e ntseng e eketseha lipakeng tsa libapali tsa video le papali ea chelete e fana ka bopaki bo bong ba hore li tsoa mohlaleng o tšoanang.

2. Ho lemalla boitšoaro ho DSM - bothata ba papali ea marang-rang

2.1. Litlatsetso ho DSM

Khopolo ea bokhoba ba DSM e fetohile ha nako e ntse e tsamaea, e tsoa mathateng a botho pele e e-ba mofuta o sa bonahaleng oa bokuli lilemong tsa bo-1980. DSM ea pele (Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 1952), litlatsetso (joala le lithethefatsi) li ne li nkuoa e le ts'oaetso ea bobeli tlasa mofuta oa 'botho bo ferekanyang kelello' hammoho le boits'oaro bo bong bo fapaneng le bo khelohileng. Ho DSM-II (Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 1968), bobeli e ile ea e-ba tšoaetso ea mantlha sehlopheng sa botho le likotsi tse seng tsa kelello, mathata ao e seng botho, likhathatso tse senang kelello le ho ba litlatsetso tsa botona le botšehali. Khakanyo ea hona joale e le karolo e arohaneng e hlahile le DSM-III (Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 1987). Ts'oaetso ena e arohaneng le mathata a botho, ka litlhahlobo tse hlahlojoang ho Axis I tlasa Psychoactive Substance-Induced Organic Mental Disorders athe mathata a botho a ile a hlahlojoa ho Axis II ea DSM's multiaxial system. DSM-IV (Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2000) o bolokile moeli ona tlasa 'Mathata a Amanang le Lithethefatsi', a a khetholla e le mathata a ts'epahalo. Papali ea papali ea chelete e hlahisitsoe ho DSM-III e le karolo ea Mathata a Taolo ea Ts'oaetso e sa Qojoeng, e kenyelelitsoe le mathata a mang a kang kleptomania, pyromania, mathata a phatlohang a nakoana. Mokhoa ona o bolokiloe ho ICD-11 (Grant & Chamberlain, 2016). Mathata a Boloi a kenyellelitsoe e le tšibollo ea pele ea boits'oaro ho DSM-5 (Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2013), eo hape e kenyelletseng Disistimi tsa Lipapali tsa Inthanete joalo ka ha li loketse ho kenyeletsoa nakong e tlang, ho fanoa ka lipatlisiso tse ling. Ntle le nalane ea nakoana ea bokhoba ba tahi, mefuta ea bokhoba ba tahi e shebana le phetoho ea ho se ts'oenyehe ho ea ho qobelloang, e totobatsa hore na likarolo tsa phetoho ea boitšoaro bo lemalloang li ama mefuta e meng ea psychopathologies.

2.2. Bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete - tšebeliso e latelang ea boitšoaro?

Khatello ea Lipapatso tsa Marang-rang joalokaha e shejoa ho DSM-5 e bua ka mokhoa o lekanyelitsoeng oa boits'oaro o shebileng ts'ebeliso ea papali ea video ea inthaneteng. E 'ngoe ea liqabang mabapi le hore na sena se kenyelitsoe e le pherekano litlhahlobisong tsa nako e tlang ke hore na e lokela ho kenyelletsa mefuta e meng ea litaba tse sebelisoang marang-rang, e le bothata ba tšebeliso ea marang-rang kapa bokhoba ba marang-rang.Kuss, Griffiths, & Pontes, 2016). Likarolo tse ngata tsa bobeli tsa papali ea video ea inthaneteng le ea mobile, haholo ha li lokolohile, li na le boitšoaro bo ts'oanang le papali ea chelete. Bakeng sa lipapali tse ngata, lintho li ajoa lenaneong la Variable-Ratio (VR) kapa Rameo (RR) tse reretsoeng ho etsa boitšoaro bo bobe, hangata ba sebelisa mekhoa ea papali ea chelete kapa papali ea motjeko ka mokhoa oa 'freemium' ho etsa chelete ka sethala sa bona. Mechine ena e sebelisoa ho hula tšebeliso ea chelete ea papali sebakeng sa tefo ea pele. Papali ea video ke mohlala moo ho fetolela ho tloha papaling ea mathata ho ea ho sekhoba sa boitšoaro ke mohato oa pele o loketseng. Boemo bo tloaelehileng ba lipapali tsa marang-rang (bonyane ka setso) bo fapane le lipapali tse ling tsa video. Lipapaling tsa inthanete haesale li le "ho hlohlona" ho le boima, moo lits'ebetso tse sa sebetseng li laolang mehato ea lintho tse oelang ka har'a papali.

Ha litlhaloso tsa pejana li nka karolo ea papali e bapaloang, ho ea ka pono ea boits'oaro ka bobeli ha li na tlhahlobo ea bohlokoa ea boits'oaro: Griffiths et al. (2016) mohlala etsa tlhahiso ea hore mofuta (ke hore, o lebisitsoeng ho sepheo le phapanyetsano) kapa mofuta oa papali o lokelang ho tsotelloa tlasa lithethefatsi tse fapaneng, athe Petry et al. (2016) fana ka maikutlo a hore pherekano e joalo ha e na thuso ebile ha e na monyetla oa ho ratoa ke mafu a kelello. Monyetla oa hore lipapali tse itseng tsa video li etselitsoe ho matlafatsa mamello ha ho makatse, kaha batseteletsi ba ne ba lula ba leka ho ntlafatsa nako ea papali. Qetellong leha ho le joalo pono ea boits'oaro e fana ka maikutlo a hore lipapali tse ling li tla lemalla 'me tse ling li ke ke tsa hana hore lipapali tsa marang-rang kapa mofuta o itseng li lemaletse ka botlalo.

2.3. Na lipapali tsa inthanete li latela mohlala oa papali ea chelete?

Taba ea mantlha e sa ntseng e lokela ho arajoa ke hore na papatso ea lipapali tsa marang-rang e ts'oane kapa e khethollane ho papali ea chelete - na ke ka lebaka la kemiso ea tšehetso e khothalletsang papali e atolositsoeng nakong ea sephetho se ferekanyang khafetsa? Ho latela pono ea boits'oaro, ho latela hore ke joalo. Ntle le moo, e fana ka maikutlo a hore papali ea inthanete ka boeona ha e boima empa ke hore lipapali tse itseng li ipapisitse le hore na li entsoe joang. Sena se fana ka phapano e ts'oanang lipakeng tsa lipapali tsa papali ea chelete tse nang le kotsi ea ho se amehe (mohlala, lothari) khahlanong le tse hokahantsoeng le keketseho ea ho becha ha bothata (mohlala, metjhine ea elektroniki ea lipapali kapa lits'ebetso tse tsitsitseng tsa ho becha) ho latela likarolo tsa bona tsa sebopeho (Griffiths & Auer, 2013). Moeli oa nakoana oa DSM o ipapisitse le tahlehelo ea chelete o na le thuso ka mokhoa o ts'oanelang kaha o nka liphapang tse ngata tse bonoang lipakeng tsa papali ea chelete le papali. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha ba hore moeli ona o se o felloa ke nako.

Ho qaptjoa ha 'maraka oa papali ea chelete ho kenyelitse ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea mekhoa ea papali ea papali ea chelete. Lingoliloeng li kile tsa ithuta ka bobeli papali ea papali ea chelete (mohlala Griffiths, Morena, & Delfabbro, 2012) le lipapali tsa casino ea sechaba (mohlala Gainsbury, Hing, Delfabbro, & King, 2014). Mefuta ena ea papali e etselitsoeng batho ba bang monyetla oa ho buisana ka bolokolohi le mokhoa oa papali ea chelete, hangata e le mokhoa oa ho tsamaisa thepa. Tsena, joalo ka lipapali tse qapiloeng kapa tsa maemo a bophelo, ka tloaelo li lumella ketsahalo ena hore e etsahale ka mokhoa oa chelete ea bobeli e fumanoeng papaling. Litšoantšiso tse ling li ka batloa, hangata ke sebapali se rekang chelete e eketsehileng ea bobeli se sebelisa chelete ea sebele. Chelete eo motho a ka e sebelisang ho bapala hangata e tsoa pakeng tsa $ 1 le $ 3. Ponahalo ea mekhoa ena e kanna ea se nkuoe ho tsoa lipapaling tsa monyetla, empa ho bohlokoa ho tseba hore e mengata ea lipapali tsena e sebelisa ka ho hlaka lihlooho tsa papali ea chelete, tse kang li-scratchcards kapa reels ho hlahisa sephetho ho sebapali. Le ha DSM e khetholla lipapaling tsa marang-rang le papali ea chelete marang-rang ana, lipapali tsa freemium li senya boitšoaro ba batshameki ba bang bo ntseng bo eketsa phapang ena. Ha papali ea mobile e ntse e tsoela pele ho hola mekhoa ena e ka etsahala, empa ho na le tlhaiso-leseling e fokolang mabapi le hore na e ama libapali joang. Le ha e le libapali tse fokolang feela tse sebelisang chelete ho lisebelisoa tsa papali ea papali ea chelete ea sechaba (Parke, Wardle, Rigbye, & Parke, 2012), ha ho hlake hore na mokhoa o tšoanang o teng bakeng sa papali ea papali ea chelete e bapaloang lipapaling tsa video, le hore na libapali tsena lia ikhula. Ha ho hlake hore na liphetoho tse latelang tsa ho becha ka chelete ea 'nete, kapa haeba ho na le gradient lipakeng tsa mesebetsi ena.

Ho na le tšilafalo lipakeng tsa mesebetsi ena; liketsahalo tsa morao-rao li totobalitse kamoo ho becha ho seng molaong ho etsahalang ho lipapali tsa elektroniki, le kamoo li-papali tsa papali ('matlalo') li sebelisitsoeng e le chelete ea ho becha le papali ea chelete, ho kenyeletsoa le lilemong tsa bocha. Tsena li a khahlisa ka boits'oaro kaha li kenyelletsa basebelisi ba papali ea chelete ba sebelisa chelete e ka fumanoang feela ka sepheo se seng (kapa khoebo). Sebopeho se seng molaong sa tsena se bakoa ke karolo ea lithibelo tsa molao USA mabapi le ho becha ka inthanete, le palo e ka bang teng ea barekisi ba betting ba ka tlase ho lilemo tsa 18. Liwebosaete tse 'maloa tse hlahelletseng sebakeng sena haufinyane li thibetsoe ke li-platform tsa kabo ea lipapali ka lebaka lena. Ba bang ba batlile laesense ea ho becha ho tsoela pele ka ts'ebetso. Ho shebane le papatso e ts'oanang mabapi le papali ea libapali tsa video le papali ea chelete ka mokhoa oa ho becha lipapaling tsa video tsa seea-le-moea ka tsela e ananang le lipapali tsa botsebi.

Ntho e 'ngoe eo u lokelang ho e ela hloko ke hore phapang e teng lithahasellong tse ngata tsa boitšoaro ke hore mokhoa oo papali, papali ea chelete kapa video, e raliloeng e amana ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le thepa ea eona e kotsi le e ka bakang tšenyo. Griffiths le Auer (2013)Ha ho lekola lipatlisiso mabapi le ho ata ha papali ea chelete papaling ea papali, o hlokometse kamoo likarolo tsa papali li nang le tšusumetso e matla boits'oarong, a sebelisa mohlala oa kamoo phapang lipakeng tsa lothari le keno e leng haholo lipakeng tsa lipapali. Sena se hlakisitsoe ka bobeli ka boits'oaro (James et al., Ka khatiso) le lingoliloeng tsa saense ea sechaba (Schüll, 2012) Ho etsa lipatlisiso hore na mechini ea li-slot e etselitsoe joang hore e kenelle. Le ha litorong tsa lithethefatsi ho fanoa ka litlatsetso tse ngata tsa tlholeho le maemo a khothatsang tikolohong ka mokhoa o ikhethileng oa ho noa le ho tsuba ka molao (mohlala, shisha kapa hookah mekoallo) lipapaling tsa papali ea chelete le marang-rang li ka tlasa taolo ea motho ea li ralileng. .

2.4. Caveats

Tlhahlobo ea boits'oaro ha e na monyetla oa ho ts'oara likarolo tsohle tse lekanang molemong oa boitšoaro bo ka bang teng, mme ho na le liphapang tsa bohlokoa lipakeng tsa papali ea papali ea chelete le tsa marang-rang. Lipapali tseo ho becha mathata ho tsona li atisang ho emeloa haholo (lipapali tsa papali ea papali ea chelete, papali ea chelete ea inthaneteng) hangata li itšehla thajana ebile li ikarola moo maemo a sa sebetseng hantle a sebelisoang haholo lipapaling tsa marang-rang e le litaba tsa kahisano le tšebelisano (joalo ka Massively Multiplayer Online Lipapali tsa papali). Ho feta moo manane a ntlafatso ha se ona feela a etsang hore motho a lemalle ho becha, hape ho na le liqeto tse lokelang ho bolokoa ho motho ka mong. Le lipapali tsa RR tse boima tsa inthaneteng ka tloaelo li fana ka likhetho tse ngata ho sebapali ho fapana le papali e tloaelehileng ea monyetla. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang mefuta e meng ea papali ea chelete (e bolelang ho becha) ha e oele ka kotloloho kemisong ea RR (Dickerson, 1979) empa ho bonahala eka o lemalla. Le ha ho ntse ho etsoa lipatlisiso tsa boitsoaro libakeng tsena, ha ho hlahlobisisoe hantle haholo ho feta ka mechini ea slot.

Motheo oa bopaki ba DSM-5 bakeng sa Mathata a Lipapali a Marang-rang o thehiloe haholo lipapaling tse senyehileng Asia, moo lipapali tse ling tse ka khetholloang e le tse lemalloang haholo (ke hore. Starcraft Korea Boroa) ha ba na lipampiri tsa ts'ehetso. Ho khahlisa haholo hore tse ling tsa lipapali tsena ke tsa maano ebile li tataisitsoe hantle. Joalokaha litlaleho tse ngata tsa mofuta oa tahi li fetoha ho tloha ho sepheo-se lebisitsoeng ho boits'oaro bo laoloang ke ts'usumetso, ho utloisisa bokhoba bo ka bang teng papaling e tataisoang ke sepheo ho ka ba le tsebo ho utloisisa boitšoaro bo lemalloang hangata.

Ntle le moo, litlaleho tse boletsoeng pampiring ena li tsoa haholo tšebelisong e ntle. Ho na le lingoliloeng tse ngata tse mabapi le karolo ea ts'ebetso e mpe ea bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, 'me mehlala ea papali ea chelete e thathamisang sehlopha sa ba bechang bao ho becha ho ba qobellang ho baleha (Blaszczynski le Nower, 2002 'me Jacobs, 1986). Ho feta moo, hoa tsebahala hore litšobotsi tse ling li na le tšusumetso mekhoeng ea boitšoaro. Boiphetetso bakeng sa mehlala ea litlamorao tsa karabelo ea karabelo joalo ka ha bo khethiloe ke Leeman and Potenza (2012) le ba bang (Breen & Zuckerman, 1999).

3. Moralo oa kutloisiso ea bokhoba ba boitšoaro

Morero oa sena ke ho nahana ka ha ho loketse ho sebelisa pono ea bokhoba ho boits'oaro bo kotsi ho baahi bohle ha bo sebelisoa haholo. Papali ea papali ea chelete le papali ea video e ka matlafatsoa ka mokhoa o fapaneng haholo le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, 'me ho ka etsahala hore e se ke ea phetoa ka mekhoa eohle e ka bang kotsi. Bongata ba litlaleho tsa bokhoba ba boits'oaro le boithuto ba boits'oaro ba boitšoaro bo bontša hore mekhoa ena e tiisa hantle, e lebisa ho maemo a sebetsang le tloaelo. Mabapi le maemo a sebetsang ka ho khetheha a tloaelehile lingolong, empa u seke oa atoloha hole haholo ka lintho tse matlafatsang ka har'a boitšoaro (Andreassen, 2015, Grall-Bronnec et al., 2015, Molisa le Vacaru, 2016, Wallace, 1999 'me Wu et al., 2013), ka hona ho hlokeha tumellano e khōloanyane.

Ho na le lintlha tse 'maloa tse ka amang kamano lipakeng tsa ho fumana, ho matlafatsa le ho felisoa ha boits'oaro bo lematsang. Leha re bua ka litlatsetso tsa ho ikamahanya le likotsi tsa ho beha batho kotsing, ho na le ts'ebetso e ntseng e lekola hore na lintho tsena li sebetsa joang lipuisanong lipakeng tsa boits'oaro ba motho le lihlahisoa tse lemalloang. Ntle le moo, ho tsa theknoloji e ncha, tse ling tsa tsona li ka fokotsa kamano lipakeng tsa bokhoba le boits'oaro; molato ona o entsoe bakeng sa papali ea chelete ea ho becha (James et al., Ka khatiso). Bakeng sa boits'oaro bo bong bo fetelletseng, dikahare tse jarollotsoeng lifonong li ka theha mohloli o mong oa matlafatso kapa khoele (ke ho re, tsebiso ea morao-rao) e bolokang kapa e potlakisang boitšoaro. Ho bohlokoa hape ho nahanisisa hore na matlafatso a matla a tsoa kae; na e tsoa mesebetsing ka bo eona (e leng moo tlhahlobo ea litheko tsa boits'oaro e emisang), kapa e tsoa litsong tse akaretsang, joalo ka litlhaloso tse tsosang takatso ea papali ea chelete e bolela esale pele. Ho bohlokoa hape ho hlahloba hore na ke lintho life tse susumetsang le maemo a susumetsang a tsamaisang, haholo lithahasellong tse thehiloeng theknoloji moo tsena li leng taolong e kholo ea moqapi.

Phephetso ea bohlokoahali ke ho bontša hore na motho ea lemaletseng boitšoaro ba hae ke motho ea joang. Patlisiso ho fihlela joale e shebile ho supa matšoao a bokhoba ba lithethefatsi ntle le ho nahana ka hore na batho bao e leng makhoba a boitšoaro ba bona ba fihlile joang ntlheng eo. Ntle le matšoenyeho ao linaha tsena li hlahang e le a nakoana (Konkolÿ Thege, Woodin, Hodgins, & Williams, 2015), se khethollang tsena ho papatso ea papali ea chelete le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi ke hore tlhokomelo ea mekhoa ena pele ho ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng kapa e qobelloang e etselitsoe haholo. Lipampiri tse ngata tsa bokhoba ba boitšoaro li hlokometse hore boitšoaro bo matlafatsang bo matlafatsoa, ​​empa ha ba so ka ba hlahloba hore na likarolo life tsa boitšoaro tseo lia matlafatsa.

Maikutlo mabapi le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea boitšoaro ha a nahane ka mokhoa oo ho matlafatsoang ho fanoa ka mohlala, haeba boitšoaro bo matlafalitsoe ka mokhoa o itseng (joalo ka papali ea papali ea chelete kapa papali ea chelete), kemiso ea ts'ebetso ke efe? Matlafatso e ka fanoa hape ke litlamorao tsa 'mele tsa boits'oaro, joalo ka ho tsosoa ke papali ea chelete eo ka mor'a ho becha, kapa ho tsoa ketsong ea ho ja kapa litlamorao tsa tsoekere / mafura / letsoai. Mesebetsi e mengata e hlalositsoeng e le lemallo ke karolo ea boitšoaro bo fapaneng. Nka ts'ebeliso ea Twitter ka mohlala, haholo e amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litaba tsa sechaba e le tšebeliso ea ho lemallaWu et al., 2013). Ke karolo efe kapa likarolo life tse tsamaisang ts'ebeliso e phehellang? E kanna ea ba ketso ea ho lateloa ke batho ba bang, ho romella le ho arolelana tlhahisoleseling (le ho hloka botsitso, karabelo ea maikutlo le ts'usumetso e tsoang ho sena), kapa tlhahlobo e phetoa-phetoang e fuoang sebopeho sa sebaka sa marang-rang. Tlhahlobo ea boitšoaro ba papali ea papali ea chelete e ntle haholo ho feta litakatso tsa boitšoaro bo bong.

Boithuto ba ho ithuta ho lemalla litheko tsa boits'oaro bo ka qala ka ho nahana hore na ho na le lebaka la boits'oaro la ho fetolela ho tsoa papaling ea papali ea chelete (le papali eo u ka e fumanang) ho ea boits'oarong bo ho buuoang ka bona. Ho qala ho tsoa lipatlisisong tse hokahaneng le bokhoba ba litheko, ho kanna ha hlahisa mekhoa e mengata haholo ho feta e teng ka har'a lingoliloeng. Bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse ngata tse totobalitsoeng lengolong, ts'ebeliso e tobileng ea papali ea chelete e senyehileng ha e na ho ba e loketseng. Sebakeng seo ho na le phapang ea ho fetolela ho tsoa mefuteng e meng ea litumelo tse ling, le likhopolo le liphapang tsa boitšoaro bo hokahaneng bo amanang le bona. Pejana re hlokometse hore na sebaka sa ho qala ho lemalla joala ho lithethefatsi se tsoa joang bokhobeng ba lithethefatsi, ka papiso ea phaello le bokhoba ba nikotine 'me joale e se e qalile ho ea molemong oa tšebeliso ea bokhoba ba boitšoaro libakeng tse ling. Mefuta ea mekhoa ena e ka hlahisa litholoana ho feta ho theha sesebelisoa le ho lekanya palo ea matšoao a kang a bokhoba ba lits'ebeletso tsa boithabiso.

Taba e 'ngoe hape ke bakhanni ba boitšoaro bo phehellang mosebetsing. Boholo ba litabatabelo tsa boits'oaro (mohlala, papali ea chelete, papali ea litaba tsa sechaba, baesekele) li kenyelletsa palo e kholo ea likhothaletso nakong ea thuto. Ho ka hlokahala le ho hlaka haholoanyane mabapi le liphetoho tse matlafatsang tse ka etsahalang ha temallo ea boitšoaro e ntse e tsoela pele. Ka mohlala, papali ea chelete, batho ba haufi le bona ba lahleheloa ke letsoalo (kapa sepheo se seng se lahleheloa ke seo) ha bothata ba papali ea chelete ea ho becha bo ntse bo eketseha. (Dymond et al., 2014). Ntho e ka thusang mona ke hore sena se hloka mokhoa oa ho khetholla batho ba nang le phetoho e itseng puisanong ea bona le boitšoaro bo bobe. Sena e kanna ea ba sesebelisoa (mme ka hona ea theha karolo ea morao-rao ea lenaneo la lipatlisiso), kapa sampole ea bongaka.

Re fana ka maikutlo a hore lipatlisiso tsa bokhoba ba boitšoaro li lokela ho qala ho tloha ntlheng e fapaneng ea ho qala, le lipotso tse fapaneng tsa mantlha tse lokelang ho botsoa. Mokhoa oa hajoale oa ho khetholla litheko tsena o bonahala o lahleheloa ke motheo oa bohlokoa pele o leka ho lekanya tšibollo ho sampole ea netefatso kapa sechaba ka kakaretso. Ho bohlokoa ho etsa papali ea papali ea chelete le papali ea chelete mona: Pele ho ho hlophisoa ha papali ea thuto ea boitšoaro ho DSM-III ho 1980 (Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 1987), ho bile le lipatlisiso tse fetang mashome a mabeli tsa lilemo tse ngata mabapi le litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso ea papali ea chelete. Kamora ho hlophisoa, e ne e le lilemo tse ling tse supileng pele ho skrini ea pele e kholo (SOGS, Lesieur le Blume, 1987) e etselitsoe tlhahlobo ea bongaka 'me lilemo tse' maloa pele lipatlisiso tsa papali ea chelete li ata. Ha re ntse re tsilatsila ho fana ka maikutlo a hore boroko bo joalo bo loketse, liphuputso tse ngata tsa bokhoba ba boitšoaro bo bonahala li tlola mohato oa bohlokoa ntlheng ena.

4. Lipolelo tse qetellang

Lingoloa tsa bokhoba ba boitšoaro li shebile ho khetholla batho ba nang le mekhoa ea boits'oaro empa khafetsa e 'nile ea hloleha ho sheba hore na ke hobane ng ha boitšoaro bo itseng e le bokhoba. E 'ngoe ea liphoso tsa lipatlisiso tsa papali ea papali ea chelete ke ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho tlatseng ha motho ka mong ka mathata a papali ea papali ea chelete le ho ipeha maemong a morao a papali ea papali ea chelete. Hajoale lingoliloeng tse sebelisang bokhoba ba boitšoaro li fetoletse matšoao ho tsoa papaling ea chelete le likotsi tsa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho khetholla batho ba lemaletseng boitšoaro. Ha ho ntse ho sa hlake hore na barupeluoa ba khethollang e le matšoao a bokhoba ba tahi ba ntse ba etsa joalo ka polelo ea polymorphous le maikutlo a mangata a phallo e akaretsang ea bokhoba ba taolo kapa psychopathology, kapa hore na e ikhethile ka boits'oaro bo itseng. Ka mantsoe a mang, leha lingoliloeng li supa ka katleho 'lithethefatsi', hore na sena se amana le boitšoaro bo bobe kapa che, ha sea ka sa hlahloba bokhoba. Morero oa sena ke ho totobatsa mokhoa o ka sebelisoang ho hokahanya ts'ebetso ho sheba boitšoaro ka bo bona, le ho nahana hore na qetellong li ka tsamaisa boitšoaro ba pathological joang bo ikemetseng bo sa ikemetseng ba psychopathology ka bo bona.

Se hlahang ho tsoa ho lingoliloeng tsa bokhoba ba boitšoaro hona joale ke hore ho na le palo e kholo ea batho ba hlahang ba na le maemo a khatello (maemong a mangata a tebileng) ho tsoa mefuteng e meng ea boitšoaro kapa tšebeliso. Ho sa tsotelloe hore na boitšoaro bo lemalletse kapa che, boits'oaro bo hlakileng, bo nang le boits'oaro bo botle bo ntse bo ka ba molemo ho batho bana. Hantlentle haeba karolo ea tšibollo (kapa kotsi, kapa khatello) e ka bonoa ka boits'oaro, sena se ka sebelisoa ho tsebisa sepheo sa lipholiso tsa kelello le boits'oaro ho li etsa hore li atlehe. Tsena hangata li sebelisoa e le kalafo ho batho ba hlahisang lits'ila. Hajoale CBT ke e 'ngoe ea mela ea pele ea kalafo bakeng sa bothata le ho becha ho sa tsotelleng.Bowden-Jones le George, 2015). Mekhoa e meng ea CBT (mohlala, ho nahana ka phephetso e sa nahaneleng) e ka nkuoa e le phehisano katolosong ea eona litloaelong tse sebelisang tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, empa ho na le mekhoa ea phekolo (ke hore, lits'ebetso tse lebisitsoeng joalo ka ho felisoa) e ka bang molemo ka ho lekana.

Ho batla litlolo tsa boitšoaro ba motho ea khethiloeng ho ke ke ha khonahala ho ba lefeela. Le ha papali ea chelete e senyehileng e le tšenyo ea boitšoaro bo itlhahelang feela, lintho tse etsahalang tšimong ena li ka qetella li bonts'itse hore sehlopha sa boits'oaro bo bong bo tloaetse ho lemalla boits'oaro. Monyetla o ka 'nang oa se ke oa etsa hore papali ea chelete e sa atleheng e be temallo ea boitšoaro e tlang kelellong ea batho ba bangata, empa ho na le monyetla oa hore e tla ba molemong oa litlatsetso tsa boits'oaro hang hang ha li tla hlaha.

Tlhahisoleseling ea lichelete

Mosebetsi ona o ne o tšehelitsoe ke Lekhotla la Lipatlisiso tsa Moruo le Sechaba (ES / J500100 / 1) le Lekhotla la Patlisiso ea Saense ea MahlaleEP / G037574 / 1).

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