Tlhaloso ea somatic marker mabapi le tahi: menehelo ea ho utloisisa ntlafatso le tlhokomelo (2015)

bangodi Olsen VV, Lugo RG, Sütterlin S

Letsatsi le Hatisitsoeng July 2015 Buka ea 2015: 8 Maqephe a 187 — 200

DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S68695

E amohetse 2 March 2015, E amohetse 7 April 2015, e hatisitsoeng 6 July 2015

E amohetse ho phatlalatsoa ke Ngaka Igor Elman

Vegard V Olsen,1 Ricardo G Lugo,1 Stefan Sütterlin1,2

1Karolo ea Psychology, Lillehammer University College, Lillehammer, 2Lefapha la Phekolo ea Psychosomatic, Karolo ea Phekolo le Clinical Neuroscience, Sepetlele sa Oslo University - Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway

Sekhetho:

Litlaleho tsa morao-rao tsa bokhoba ba tahi li amohetse hore ho lemalla lithethefatsi le boits'oaro li arolelana lintho tsa tlhaho (mohlala, ho se tsotelle litlamorao tsa nako e tlang le likhaello tsa boitaolo). Kamohelo ena e netefalitsoe ke lipotso mabapi le li-neurobiological correlates tsa tahi, tse bonts'itseng hore lipontšo tse fapaneng tsa lefu le lemalloang li arolelana mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea methapo. Tlhahlobo ena ea lingoliloeng e tla hlahloba ho khoneha ha "somatic marker hypothesis" e le moralo o kopanyang o hlalosang likhaello tsa ho etsa liqeto tseo ho lumeloang hore li kentse letsoho ntlafatsong ea lithethefatsi le tlhokomelo. Khopolo-taba ea somatic e fana ka sebopeho sa neuroanatomical le sa ho etsa liqeto, se fanang ka maikutlo a hore lits'ebetso tsa liqeto li leeme ho litebello tsa nako e telele ka lipontšo tsa maikutlo tse hlahisitsoeng ke meralo ea methapo e nang le lipotoloho tsa cortical le subcortical. Ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi ba bonts'a mekhoa e metle le e qobelloang ea boits'oaro e ka utloisisoang e le lipontšo tsa lits'ebetso tsa ho etsa liqeto tse sa tsotelleng litlamorao tsa liketso tsa nako e telele. Bopaki bo bonts'a ho itšetleha ka lithethefatsi, papali ea chelete, le bokhoba ba inthanete li khetholloa ka maemo a sa sebetseng le a sebetsang libakeng tsa neural, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ke somatic marker hypothesis. Ntle le moo, batho ba itšetlehileng ka lithethefatsi le ba lemalloang ke boits'oaro ba bonts'a ho senyeha ho ts'oanang molemong oa ho etsa liqeto o mamelang ts'ebetso ea lets'oao la somatic. Khaello ea ho etsa liqeto e khethollang bokhoba ba tahi e kanna ea ba teng pele ho nts'etsopele ea bokhoba ba tahi; leha ho le joalo, li ka mpefatsoa ke ho kenella ha lintho tse nang le methapo ea methapo. Ho phetheloa hore mofuta oa somatic oa bokhoba ba tahi o fana ka ak'haonte e utloahalang ea methapo ea methapo ea maikutlo ea ho etsa liqeto mathateng a lemalloang a tšehelitsoeng ke bopaki ba hajoale ba neuroimaging le boits'oaro. Litlamorao tsa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang li hlalositsoe.

Keywords: bokhoba ba kelello, mohopolo oa somatic marker, ho etsa liqeto, maikutlo, Mosebetsi oa ho becha oa Iowa

Selelekela

Bokhoba ba tahi bo khetholloa e le boemo boo litsamaiso tsa methapo ea kutlo tse kenyelletsang ts'usumetso le taolo ea boits'oaro li ts'ehetsang ho hloleha ho itaola ho phehellang ha ho tobane le litlamorao tse mpe.1 Mohlala oa bokhoba ba tahi o fana ka maikutlo a hore boemo ba bokhoba ba tahi bo kenyelletsa boits'oaro bo matlafatsang ho ntho e lemalloang, phetoho ea maikutlo, nts'etsopele ea mamello, ho hula, likhohlano tsa kahare le tsa kantle, le ho khutlela morao.2 Khopolo ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore bokhoba ba tahi ha bo felle feela linthong tsa lik'hemik'hale, empa bo ka kenyelletsa le boits'oaro bo joalo ka papali ea chelete e ngata le ts'ebeliso ea inthanete. Temoho ea boits'oaro bo ts'oanang le lithethefatsi e tsamaellana le bopaki bo eketsehang bo bonts'ang hore lithethefatsi tsa lik'hemik'hale le tse seng tsa tlhaho li ka arolelana mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea methapo.3-5 Boitšoaro bo sa tsitsang le bo qobelloang bo lemalloang bo 'nile ba amahanngoa le ho etsa liqeto tse fosahetseng.6 Kutloisiso e betere ea lits'ebetso tse sa tloaelehang tsa liqeto tse bonoang mefuteng e fapaneng ea bokhoba li se li shebile lipatlisiso mabapi le nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea bokhoba ba tahi. Somatic marker hypothesis (SMH) e fana ka moralo oa thuto bakeng sa tlhaloso ea mekhoa e sa sebetseng ea ho etsa liqeto ho ba lemalloang. Tlhatlhobo ena e fana ka kakaretso ea boemo ba hajoale ba lipatlisiso mabapi le ho nka liqeto ka bokhoba ba tahi mme ho shebiloe haholo-holo karolo ea menehelo ea likhopolo-taba.

Likhaello tsa ho etsa liqeto tse lemalloang li ka ts'oana le tse bonoang ho bakuli ba nang le liso tsa pele ho lefu - ho se tsotelle liphetho tsa kamoso tsa liqeto le thuto e haelloang ke boiphihlelo.7 Tlhaloso ena le tšehetso ea liteko tsa 'mele le anatomical li lebisitse khopolong ea hore pathophysiology e ka pele ho cortex e kanna ea ba ts'ehetso ea bohlokoa ea methapo ea kutlo.8-10 Liphetho tsa liqeto tse latelang kamora ho kopanya-kutloisiso libakeng tse etelletseng pele li susumetsoa ke likhokahano tse amanang le libaka tsa tsamaiso ea maoto le matsoho. SMH e fana ka moralo oa boemo ba sistimi o hlalosang kamoo lits'ebetso tsa ho etsa liqeto li susumetsoang ke matšoao a maikutlo a hlahang liphetohong tsa bioregulatory tse itlhahisang bokong le mmeleng.11,12 Khopolo-taba e thehiloe liphuputsong tsa likhaello tsa ho etsa liqeto tsa bakuli ba nang le liso ho ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC).13,14 SMH e pheta hape e atolosetsa ak'haonte ea James ea maikutlo, 'me e fana ka matšoao a leeme a tsoang moeling o tataisang mohato oa ho nka liqeto ho fihlela litebello tsa nako e telele maemong a khetholloang le ho se ts'oanehe.15 Bopaki , insular cortex, basal ganglia, cingulate cortex).16-18

Ts'ehetso e matlafatsang ea SMH e fumanoe haholo-holo molemong oa ho nka liqeto o ikemiselitseng ho etsisa liqeto tsa bophelo ka tsela eo e bakang ho se ts'oane, moputso le kotlo - Iowa Gambling Task (IGT).11 Bechara et al19 e khothalelitse khokahano lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso e atlehileng le likarabo tse phahameng tsa boitšoaro ba letlalo (SCR) tse lebelletseng liqeto tse mpe tse sa tsebeng letho ka mosebetsi ona.19-21 Li-SCR tsena tse lebelletsoeng li hlalositsoe e le letšoao la matšoao a somatic, 'me ha li eo ho bakuli ba nang le liso ho vmPFC. Ho khahlisang ke hore paradigm e sebelisitsoe ho lekola liqeto bathong ba fapaneng ba kliniki mme lithuto tse 'maloa li supa hore likhaello tsa matšoao li ka ba teng lipontšong tse ngata tsa bongaka tsa ho etsa liqeto tse senyehileng, ho kenyeletsoa le tse bonoang bokhobeng ba lithethefatsi.22 kelello,23,24 ho tšoenyeha,25 ho hloka taolo-ho qobelloang,26 le ho tšoha.27

Bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha bo bontša hore bokhoba ba tahi bo khetholloa ke bofokoli molemong oa ts'oaetso ea somatic eo ka tloaelo e ts'ehetsang khetho ea boits'oaro, e hlahisang matšoao a sa nepahalang a maikutlo a litlamorao tse mpe tse lebelletsoeng tsa ketso e tlang, ka hona ho khothaletsa ho hloleha ho itaola.10,28 Litlhahlobo tsa lingoliloeng tse fetileng tse hlahlobang kamano lipakeng tsa matšoao a somatic le ho lemalla lithethefatsi li bontšitse hore SMH e ka hlalosa ho nka liqeto tse sa sebetseng ka mefuta e 'meli ea boitšoaro le boits'oaro, joalo ka papali ea chelete le ho lemalla marang-rang.7,10,29,30 Le ha lingoliloeng tse fetileng li ne li lekola liphuputso tse tšehetsang bokhoni ba mohlala oa ho hlalosa ho nka liqeto tse sa sebetseng litlamong tsa lithethefatsi, ha e fane ka bopaki bo hlakileng ba hore na likhakanyo tsa tsona li na le 'nete le litlamong tsa boitšoaro. Ntle le moo, etiology ea bofokoli ba lets'oao la somatic ha e so hlakolloe; patlisiso e tsoelang pele ea hlokahala ho fumana hore na sistimi e sa sebetseng ea lets'oao la somatic e nahanang hore e kentse letsoho bokhobeng ke sesosa sa ts'oaetso ea pele ho nako kapa phello ea boits'oaro.

Taba ea mantlha, ho tla fanoa ka kakaretso e khuts'oane ea kutloisiso ea hajoale ea neurobiology ea lets'oao la lets'oao la somatic. Kamora moo, bopaki ba neurophysiological le neurocognitive bo amanang le likhakanyo tsa mofuta oa somatic oa bokhoba bo tla hlahlojoa, mme ts'ebeliso ea mohlala ho etsa liqeto tse fosahetseng tsa ho lemalla e tla ananeloa haholo. Boemo bo tla lekanyetsoa bokhobeng ba lithethefatsi, papali ea chelete, le bokhoba ba inthanete, kaha tsena li emela mathata a lemalloang a fumaneng tlhokomelo e ngata ea lipatlisiso. Kamora nako, tlhahlobo e tla tšohla etiology ea bofokoli ba lets'oao la somatic le monyetla oa ho ba kotsing ea ho lemalla ho lemalla ho tsoa liqetong tse sa sebetseng tse hlahisoang ke sistimi e sa sebetseng ea lets'oao la lets'oao.

Li-correlates tsa Neurobiological tsa lets'oao la somatic

SMH e fana ka maikutlo a hore sebopeho sa neural sa tlhaiso-leseling ea boemo ba naha mabapi le maemo a tšohanyetso a na le thepa e leeme e ka tataisang ts'ebetso ea ho etsa liqeto ka ho nchafatsa linaha tsa somatic tse neng li kopantsoe le likhetho tsa likhetho (litlhahlobo li phatlalalitsoe pejana.15,16). SMH e khetholla lipakeng tsa lisosa tse peli tse fapaneng tsa ts'ebetso ea mmuso, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e amanang le likaroloana tse fapaneng tsa methapo ea kutlo.31 Li-inducers tsa mantlha li bua ka litšusumetso tsa ka hare kapa tse ithutoang tse amanang le likarabo tsa othomathike tsa maikutlo (tsa maikutlo), tse kopantsoeng ke likarolo tse tlase tse amanang le ts'ebetso ea maikutlo, moo amygdala e leng sebopeho sa bohlokoa. Li-inducers tsa bobeli li bua ka tšusumetso ea kelello e hlahisoang ke menahano le mehopolo ea ketsahalo ea 'nete kapa ea maikutlo a maikutlo - mohlala, mohopolo oa ho noa sethethefatsi kapa menahano ea ho noa moriana nakong e tlang. Ha e ntse e sebetsa ka sebopeho se ts'oanang sa somatic bokong ba boko le sebaka sa hypothalamic seo amygdala e se etsang maemong a ho kenella, ho qhekelloa ho tsoa ho li-inducers tsa bobeli ho amahanngoa le libaka tse kopaneng tse phahameng tsa vmPFC, tse khonang ho kh'outa le ho nchafatsa botsitso. e bolela e amanang le khetho e itseng-liphetho tse peli.16 Ntle le moo, hang ha tlhahiso ea semolao e thehiloe, ka hona e lumella ho kenella ka sekhahla, ts'ebetso e ka tsoela pele joalo ka pheto-pheto ea sepakapaka ea liphetoho soma, ka mochini o kang oa lupu o fetang 'mele ka botlalo.32

Ka bobeli vmPFC le amygdala li hokahane ka mokhoa o ruileng le li-somatic effector ho li-hypothalamic le brain stem nuclei tse khonang ho bapala liphetoho tsa bioregulatory 'meleng ka nepo - mohlala, li qala lets'oao la somatic. Liphetoho tsena tsa maikutlo li hlaha 'meleng ka mokokotlo, methapo ea kutlo le ponts'o ea endocrine. Likhakanyo tse amanang le liphetoho tse latelang li emeloa libakeng tse hlophisitsoeng ka bo-'moto. Li-cortices tsa somatosensory ka parietal lobe (SI le SII) le li-cortices tse kentsoeng li lekola tlhaiso-leseling e kenang khafetsa,33 haholo-holo karolo e kantle ea cortex ea kantle e lumeloa e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea methapo ea kutlo bakeng sa boiphihlelo ba 'mele le maikutlo ao e sebetsang ho ona e le lebala la liketsahalo.18,34 Ka 'nete, lithuto tsa neuroimaging li bonts'itse hore matla a ts'ebetso ea boits'oaro a tsamaellana le bobeli ba maikutlo a matla le ho nepahala ha likahlolo tsa maikutlo.18,35 Ntle le moo, lithuto tse fapaneng li bonts'itse likamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso le sephetho sa liqeto. Ka mohlala, Werner et al36 e tlalehile hore ts'ebetso ea motho ka mong e nahanisisa ka katleho ea ho etsa liqeto ka nepo. Ho amana, ho nepahala ho kenelletseng ha maikutlo ho hokahaneng hantle ho amahanngoa le ts'oaetso e phahameng ea ho ba le khethollo ea maikutlo mosebetsing oa ho etsa liqeto maikutlong.37 le ka litlamorao tse mpe tsa khethollo e sa sebetsoang e sebetsanang le ho nka liqeto ho bakuli ba nang le ts'abo ea letsoalo.27 Liphuputso tsena le bopaki bo matla ho li-neuronal correlates tsa ho nepahala ha maikutlo ho fumanoeng ka har'a cortex ea ka hare18 matlafatsa litlhahiso tse fetileng hore sebaka sena ke sebopeho sa mantlha bakeng sa litlamorao tsa boits'oaro ba matšoao a somatic. Karolo ea "insortex" ea "insular marker bias" e ts'ehetsa hape ke lithuto tsa lesion tse hokahanyang tšenyo ea sebopeho sena le likhaello tse fapaneng tsa ho etsa liqeto, haholoholo ho hloka kutloelo-bohloko ho ananela liphapang lipakeng tsa likhetho tsa karabelo.38,39 Ka hona, ts'ebetso e mpe ea cortex ea "insular" e ka fokotsa bokhoni ba motho ba ho tseba boleng ba likhetho tsa karabelo ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso e sa sebetseng ea liphetoho tse ka bang teng ka lebaka la ho hlonama hoa maikutlo.

Liketso tsa leeme tsa matšoao a somatic ha li felle feela ho khethoeng ha mananeo a boitšoaro bo ikhethileng hanghang. Matšoao a Somatic a inahaneloa ho thusa lits'ebetsong tse hlakileng tsa ho beha mabaka moo li matlafatsang likhetho tse ling tsa karabelo ho feta tse ling, ka tsela ea hore mehlodi e mengata ea phethahatso e neheloe likhethong tsena.16 Khopolo ena e tsamaellana le khokahano e hlakileng lipakeng tsa libaka tsa sistimi ea lets'oao la somatic, haholo-holo vmPFC, le libaka tse amehang mohopolong oa ho sebetsa le tharollong ea likhohlano, joalo ka dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) le anterior cingulate cortex.40,41 Ntle le moo, liphuputso tse sebelisang liparolo tsa mojaro oa phethahatso li kopantsoe le mesebetsi e lekanyang ho etsa liqeto li fana ka maikutlo a hore libaka tse kenyellelitsoeng ho sebelisaneng le lisebelisoa tsa phethahatso, haholoholo mohopolo oa ts'ebetso, lia hlokahala, empa ha li lekane, bakeng sa tataiso e totobetseng ea boits'oaro ka liketso tse khethollang.42,43 Ntle le moo, ho nahanoa hore matšoao a somatic a ka khetha boits'oaro ka botlalo - ke hore, kantle ho tlhokomeliso ea kantle ho naha - ka ho hokahana le libaka tsa basal ganglia, haholo-holo striatum.10 Sena se khahlisa haholo moelelong oa bokhoba ba tahi, ka bopaki bo matla bo fanang ka maikutlo a hore phetisetso ea dopamine e eketsehang ho tsoa tsamaisong ea mesolimbic dopamine ho ea ho ventral striatum e khothaletsa lits'ebetso tse khothatsang kantle ho mefuta ea tsona ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi, e leng ho fellang ka leeme la tlhokomelo le ho eketseha ho batla ha ntho e batloang.44,45 Kahoo, ho kanna ha ba le tšebelisano maemong a striatum lipakeng tsa lits'ebetso tse tsamaisoang ke dopamine tse kenyelletsang khothatso le lipontšo tse amanang le kutloisiso tse tsoang lipotong tsa pele tsa cortical.

Kopano ea methapo ea kelello ea tšusumetso ea mmuso ho boits'oaro le boits'oaro

Tsoelo-pele lipatlisisong tsa neuropharmacological e se e qalile ho senola hore na methapo e fetisang methapo ea pelo e ama tšebetso joang le boits'oaro. Haholo-holo, li-monoamine li amohetse tlhokomelo e kholo mme ho lumeloa hore li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa kutloisiso, ho kenyeletsoa le ho nka liqeto.46 Li-neurotransmitters tsa monoamine le tsona e bile tsepamiso ea mantlha thutong ea psychopathology, ho kenyeletsoa le bokhoba ba tahi,47 'me bopaki bo matla bo tšehetsa karolo e ka bakang lik'hemik'hale tsena tsa methapo maemong a mangata a kelello. Le ha karolo e hlakileng ea lintho tsena tsa methapo ea kutlo tsamaisong ea ho etsa liqeto e ntse e sa tsejoe, ho na le bopaki bo bonts'ang hore litšobotsi tsa leeme tsa matšoao a itseng li bakoa ke karolo e kholo ea liphetoho tokollong ea lintho tsena tse fetisang likarolong tse fapaneng tsa boko. e amehang ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebeliso ea maikutlo le maikutlo - mohlala, vmPFC, amygdala, insular cortex le striatum.16

Bopaki bo bokellaneng bo fana ka maikutlo a hore sisteme ea serotonergic ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea ho etsa liqeto tse feto-fetohang mme e ka bapala karolo ea mantlha molemong oa leeme la matšoao a somatic.48,49 Rogers le al50 e fumane bopaki ba kopano pakeng tsa maemo a tlase a serotonin (5-HT), e hlohlellelitsoeng ke phephetso ea lijo, le ts'ebetso e mpe ho paradigm e mamelang ts'ebetso ea orbitofrontal / vmPFC. Ho feta moo, maemo a tlase a 5-HT esale a amahanngoa le tloaelo e eketsehileng ea litheolelo tsa nakoana51,52 le boitšoaro bo potlakileng,53 tseo ka bobeli li leng karolo ea boitšoaro bo lemalloang. Sistimi ea dopaminergic le eona e kentsoe letsoho ho etsa liqeto tse nepahetseng, ka bopaki bo bonts'ang kopano lipakeng tsa maemo a theotsoeng a dopamine le ts'ebetso e mpe ho IGT.54 Ka ho khetheha, maemo a fokotsehileng a dopamine a bonahala a kena-kenana le ts'ebetso karolong ea pele ea mosebetsi, ha ts'ebetso ea ho etsa liqeto e tataisoa ke tsebo e felletseng ea maemo a tšohanyetso a mosebetsi. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho fumanoe hore ts'ebeliso ea sisteme ea serotonergic e ama karolo e qetellang ea mosebetsi.55 Kahoo, dopamine le 5-HT li kanna tsa hokahanngoa le mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho etsa liqeto, ha dopamine e le karolo e kholo ea ho nka liqeto ka mokhoa o sa hlakang le 5-HT ha ho etsoa liqeto tlasa kotsi.

Bopaki ba morao-rao bo bontšitse hore ts'ebetso ea sistimi ea somatic e susumetsoa ke mefuta e fapaneng ea lefutso e amanang le ts'ebetso ea serotonergic le dopaminergic. Ka mohlala, Miu et al49 e fumane hore batho ba homozygous bakeng sa mokokotlo o amanang le ts'ebetso e tlase ea sephethephethe sa serotonin (5-HTT; molek'hule e amehang ho reapttake ea synaptic ea 5-HT) e bonts'itse ts'ebetso e ntle le li-SCR tse matla pele ho likhetho tse mpe ho IGT. Phuputso ena e bonts'a phello e thusang ea phapang ea allelic e amanang le phokotso ea ho khutlisoa hape ha 5-HT. Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tse ling tsa mokhatlo lipakeng tsa li-alleles tsa 5-HTT le ts'ebetso ea IGT li hlahisitse liphetho tse hanyetsanang.56-59 Mabapi le sistimi ea dopamine, Roussos et al60 o batlile litlamorao tsa phapang ea allelic ho catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) lefutso la ts'ebetso ea ho etsa liqeto, mme a fumana kamano lipakeng tsa allele e fanang ka ts'enyeletso e sebetsang hantle ea li-catecholamine le ho etsa liqeto ka mokhoa o ikhethileng. Sena se ka utloahala se sa lumellane le liphetho tse tsoang thutong ea Sevy et al54 e boletsoeng pejana; leha ho le joalo, ts'enyeho ea enzymatic ea dopamine le phokotso ea dopamine e fihletsoeng ke phephetso ea phepo ha e tšoane ka kotloloho. Mohlomong ho na le boemo bo nepahetseng ba phetisetso ea dopamine e amanang le ho etsa liqeto tse lumellanang le maemo.

Kamora nako, neurotrophic factor e tsoang bokong (BDNF) liphatsa tsa lefutso li hokahantsoe le ho etsa liqeto tse matla. Mohlala, Kang et al61 fumane mokhatlo pakeng tsa Met allele ka BDNF gene le ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng litekong tsa morao-rao tsa IGT. BDNF e kentsoe letsoho hohle polasetiking ea synaptic62 mme ka hona e ka nka karolo ho kh'outeng ea liphetho tsa khetho. Ka hona, BDNF liphatsa tsa lefutso li ka susumetsa bokhoni ba pherekano ea maikutlo - ke hore, lets'oao la somatic - e kopaneng le lipontšo tsa kelello lipotolohong tsa neural tse amehang mesebetsing ea lets'oao la somatic.

Ka kakaretso, bopaki bo bontša hore 5-HT le dopamine li bapala karolo e bohareng le e ikhethileng ha ho etsoa liqeto tse nepahetseng. Leha ho le joalo, likarolo tsa bona tse hlakileng ha li hlake le liphuputso tsa mokhatlo oa liphatsa tsa lefutso lipapatsong tsa allelic tse susumetsang ts'ebetso ea serotonergic li hlahisitse liphetho tse hanyetsanang tse sa lumellaneng habonolo. Likamano tse rarahaneng tsa lefutso le tikoloho le liphatsa tsa lefutso ka lefutso li kanna tsa ameha. Kahoo, litšebelisano tse rarahaneng lipakeng tsa sistimi ea phetiso li kanna tsa ikarabella bakeng sa phello ea ho qetela ea matšoao a somatic lits'ebetsong tsa liqeto.

Letšoao le nang le phoso la somatic le tšoaeang bokhoba ba tahi

Ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi le bakuli ba nang le liso tsa orbitofrontal ba bontša ho se tsotelle litlamorao tsa kamoso, mathata a taolo ea boits'oaro, le bofokoli ba taolo ea tšusumetso.7,32,53,63,64 SMH e na le monyetla oa ho kenya letsoho kutloisisong ea mekhoa ena ea boits'oaro e sa sebetseng ho latela mohopolo oa ts'ebetso e lebelletseng ea ho noha e sebetsanang le mesebetsi ea phethahatso ka khetho ea boits'oaro.10 Le ha lets'oao le nang le sekoli sa "somatic" le ka amehang ho hlokomeleng boitšoaro bo lemalloang, mohlala oa sematic marker oa bokhoba le ona o nka hore ba lemalloang le bao e seng batho ba lemalloang ba fapane le litsamaiso tsa methapo tse amanang le ho nka liqeto le ho ts'oaroa ha naha pele le pele bokhoba bo ka ba teng.7 Ka hona, ntle le ho khetha motho ka mong ho boloka boits'oaro bo bobe ba ho qobella motho ho etsa lintho, mathata a itseng a tšoaeang mathata a itseng a tšoaetsoa ho hlahisa ts'oaetso ea boits'oaro le nts'etsopele ea mathata a lemalloang. Menahano ena ea diathetic e fana ka maikutlo a hore bofokoli ba matšoao a somatic ke biopark ea endophenotypic bakeng sa boits'oaro ba ho lemalla - mohlala, tšusumetso le ho qobelloa.

Ts'ebetso e habeli e sa lekanyetsoang: tšusumetso e khahlano le sistimi e bonts'ang

Moetso oa somatic oa bokhoba ba tahi o shebella bokhoba e le boemo bo khetholloang ke ho se leka-lekane lipakeng tsa sistimi e susumetsang e susumetsang litšusumetso tse susumetsang tsa maikutlo tse matla, le sistimi e bonts'ang e ikarabellang bakeng sa taolo ea litšusumetso le ho phehella lipheo tsa nako e telele.65 Mohopolo ona o tsamaellana le tšusumetso e matla ea tšebetso e habeli ea ho nka liqeto.66-70

Sisteme e potlakileng e tsamaisana le lipotoloho tsa neural tse amehang mokhoeng oa ho itšoara hampe. Ho lumeloa hore amygdala le ventral striatum ke likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsamaisong ena. Mohlala, li-neuron tse kahara ventral striatum li arabela haholo meputsong ea tlholeho, 'me maemong a bokhoba, li tuka ka matla ho arabela ntho e lemalloang.71 Ntle le moo, ho bonts'itsoe hore kenyelletso ea thabo ho tloha amygdala ea basolateral ho ea bokellaneng e khetholla boits'oaro bo latelang ba ho batla moputso mefuteng ea liphoofolo.72,73 Sistimi e sa sebetseng e arabela moahong o nang le boiphihlelo ba maikutlo ka liphetoho tsa bioregulatory ka likhokahano tsa eona tse pharalletseng le meaho ea li-subcortical effector.74 Liphetoho tse latelang leeme la 'mele mabapi le tšusumetso e putsang - mohlala, letšoao le letle la somatic le sebelisitsoe molemong oa tšusumetso - e ka nkang thepa ea bobeli ea inducer ka sistimi e bonts'ang. Mohlala oa ho lemalla joala o fana ka maikutlo a hore sistimi e susumetsang e kanna ea ba matla ho lemaleng, boemo bo khetholloang ka ho fetoha hoa maikutlo ho fetelletseng ho ntho e lemalloang.

Sistimi e bonts'ang e amahanngoa le boits'oaro bo etselitsoeng morero ka boomo le sepheo, mme ho nahanoa hore e tsamaellana le libaka tsa preortal cortex le cingate cortex. Sisteme e ipapisitse le ts'ebetso ea lipotoloho tsa neural tse amanang le mesebetsi e metle ea phethahatso joalo ka mohopolo oa ho sebetsa le tšitiso ea karabelo, mesebetsi e buelletsoeng haholoholo ke likarolo tsa dorsolateral le ventrolateral tsa PFC, hammoho le mesebetsi e chesang ea phethahatso joalo ka ho kenella hoa bobeli ha linaha tsa somatic le likhohlano qeto e rarolloang ke PFC e kahare le cortex ea kantle ea anterior.16,75 Ts'ebetso ea sistimi e bonts'ang e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho etsa liqeto tse lumellanang le litebello tsa nako e telele, mme ho nahanoa hore ha e sebetse mathateng a bokhoba ba tahi, e fanang ka sistimi e sa khone ho laola litabatabelo tsa mantlha tse amanang le ntho e lemalloang.10

Sebopeho sa methapo ea kutlo se fumanang thahasello e eketsehileng lilemong tsa morao tjena mme se nkoang se susumetsa katleho ea lits'ebetso tse peli ke insortex ea insular.76,77 Cortex ea insular e hlalositsoe e le sebopeho se khonang ho ts'oara matšoao a somatic inthaneteng ho susumetsa boits'oaro le boits'oaro, ka hona e fana ka motheo oa maikutlo a ikhethileng a lipontšo tse kenang.18,36 Cortex ea insular e kanna ea nka karolo ho fetoleleng lipontšo tsa homeostatic tse amanang le boemo ba 'mele ha o tsoa ka har'a boiphihlelo bo ikhethileng ba takatso. Ka 'nete, phuputso ea haufinyane ea bakuli ba nang le lipelo tse bohloko tikolohong ea naha e bonts'a hore tšenyo ea moaho ona e hlakola bokhoba ba nicotine, e leng se fumanoang se kenyelletsang cortex e kantle ho tlhokomelo ea bokhoba ba tahi.78 Phokotso ea ts'ebeliso ea nicotine e nahanoa ka lebaka la ho hloleha ho fetolela tlhaiso-leseling e kenang ho maikutlo, ka hona ho felisa takatso. Bopaki bo supa hore phokotso ea boits'oaro ba ho tsuba e totobala le ho feta ha liso li kenyelletsa likarolo tsa basal ganglia, ka hona ho senya lipotoloho tsa homeostatic le tse potlakileng.79 Cortex e kentsoeng e ka sebetsa ts'ebetsong bakeng sa sisteme e potlakileng, e holisa bokhoni ba lintho tse lemalloang ho baka sistimi maemong a ho hula. Ntle le moo, likhakanyo tsa "insular" li ka khelosa kapa tsa utsoa ts'ebeliso ea sistimi e bonts'ang ho lelekisa ntho e lemalloang.80 Mohopolo ona o tsamaellana le bopaki ba neuroanatomical ba li-insortex's li-bidirectional lihokelo ho orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)81 le amygdala.82 Ka hona, sistimi e ikhethileng ea "homeostatic" e ka susumetsa litsamaiso tse peli ka tsela eo matšoao a maikutlo a qalileng ke lipotoloho tsena tse tsamaisoang ke moputso a khethang lekhoba la ntho e lakatsehang.

Mathata a Neurophysiological a ho lemalla

Lintho tse sa sebetseng tsa Neurophysiological tse fumanoang ho batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi li na le libaka tse amehang tsamaisong ea lets'oao la somatic, hape tse amanang le ho nka liqeto tse sa sebetseng. Lintho tse sa tloaelehang tse 'maloa li senotsoe libakeng tse tsamaellanang le sistimi e bonts'ang bokhoba ba lithethefatsi. Ho fumana ho ts'oanang ho fokotsehile83 le tšoeu84 botšepehi ba taba le ts'ebetso e sa tloaelehang85 ea OFC. Lintho tse fokotsehileng tsa bohlooho ho OFC li fumanoe mehlala e fapaneng ea batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi, ho kenyeletsoa joala,86 heroine,87 cocaine,88 methamphetamine,89 nicotine,90 le lithethefatsi tsa kannete.91 Ntle le moo, ho tlalehiloe dlPFC87 le anterior cingulate cortex88,92,93 litlamong tse fapaneng tsa lithethefatsi, ha li bapisoa le taolo e nepahetseng.

Liphuputso tse tšoanang li senotsoe ka mehlala ea batho ba lemaletseng boitšoaro, leha bopaki bo tsoakane. Mohlala, li-paradigms tsa boits'oaro tse amehang ts'ebetsong ea orbitofrontal (mohlala, IGT) li bonts'itse hore pathophysiology e sebakeng sa orbitofrontal / vmPFC e amana le papali ea chelete.94 Leha ho le joalo, ke liphuputso tse fokolang tse hlahlobileng likamano tsa papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete, 'me lithuto tse hlahlobileng morphological correlates tsa bothata bona li hlotsoe ho supa ho senyeha ho hoholo hoa sebopeho sa OFC kapa libaka tse amanang le lobe e ka pele.95 Leha ho le joalo, phuputso e 'ngoe, ha e le hantle, e fumane hore mohlala oa batho ba bapalang papali ea chelete ba eketsehile botenya ba litaba tse bohlooho ka letsohong le letona la OFC le sebakeng se nepahetseng sa ventral striatal.96 Haholo-holo, ho fumanoe hape hore batho ba papali ea papali ea chelete ba bonts'a khokahano e sebetsang e eketsehileng lipakeng tsa PFC e nepahetseng le ventral striatum e nepahetseng.97 Boithuto ba boits'oaro ba litaba tse tšoeu papaling ea papali ea chelete bo supile ho se ts'oane ho ka amang tšebetso ea lobe e ka pele.98,99 Liphuputso tsena li bonts'itse ho se ts'oanehe hoa maiketsetso ho microstructural ho anterior corpus callosum, e nang le lipampitšana tse bohlokoa bakeng sa phetisetso ea lets'oao lipakeng tsa li-hemispheres tse ka pele. Liphuputso tsena li tiisa se fumanoeng pejana ke Goldstein et al,100 e fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba bapalang papali ea chelete ba bonts'a ts'ebetso ea li-electroencephalographic tse bonts'ang mathata a ho suthisa tšebetso ea hemispheric ho latela liphetoho lipakeng tsa mesebetsi eo hangata e amanang le ts'ebetso ea hemispheric ea ka ho le letona kapa le letšehali. Ka hona, puisano e sa tloaelehang lipakeng tsa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa sistimi e bonts'ang (mohlala, vmPFC, dlPFC, le anterior cingulate cortex) li ka amahanngoa le ho se sebetse hantle tsamaisong ena ea papali ea chelete, e ka lebisang ho fokotseng bokhoni ba ho qala li-mark tataisa mekhoa ea ho etsa liqeto mabapi le liphetho tsa nako e telele.

Ho fapana le papali ea chelete ea ho becha, lithuto tsa li-morphological correlates tsa bokhoba ba inthanete li senotse liphapang tse atileng tikolohong ea boko tse amehang tsamaisong e bonts'ang. Mohlala, lithuto tse fapaneng li tlaleha phokotso ea bophahamo ba modumo ho OFC, haholo-holo karolong e nepahetseng ea lefatše.101-104 Asymmetry ena ea hemispheric ea tsebahala, joalo ka Bechara le Damasio16 e bonts'itse hore mesebetsi ea lets'oao la somatic e batla e thehiloe lehlakoreng le letona la lefatše. Ntle le moo, phokotso ea molumo e tlalehiloe ho dlPFC ea linaha tse peli,104 ka lehlakoreng le letšehali la cingulate cortex,104,105 'me e tlohetse posterior cingulate cortex105 ka mehlala ea batho ba lemaletseng Inthanete. Ho feta moo, liphuputso tse sebelisang mekhoa ea ho nka litšoantšo li supile ho se tšoane hoa litaba tse tšoeu tse ts'oanang le tse bonoang bokhobeng ba lithethefatsi le papali ea chelete. Mohlala, thuto ea Lin et al106 e senotse lintho tse sa tloaelehang tse tšoeu ho OFC, anterior corpus callosum, cingulum le corona radiata. Liphetho tse tšoanang li tlalehiloe ke Weng et al,103 ea fumaneng phokotso e pharalletseng ea taba e tšoeu kahare ea lobe le anterior corpus callosum. Phuputso ea morao tjena ea Lin et al107 e boetse e fumane likhaello tsa taba e tšoeu ea "lobe" ka pele ho sampole e kholo ea batho ba lemaletseng marang-rang, haholo-holo e fumanehang ho gyrus e ka tlase e ka pele le cortex e ka pele. Liphuputso tsena li bonts'a hore likhaello tse tšoanang litsamaisong tsa taolo ea "cortical" ea "prefrontal" li ka arolelanoa ke litlatsetso tse fapaneng, le hore likhaello tsena li ka baka boemo ba mafu bo khetholloang ke boits'oaro bo amanang le bokhoba ba tahi ha ho tobane le litlamorao tse mpe tsa botho le tsa sechaba ka lebaka la ho se sebetse hantle. Sistimi e ikarabellang bakeng sa ho sekaseka litlamorao tsa liketso khahlano le molemo oa tsona oa hanghang, 'me li ka hlahisa maemo a itseng ka lebaka la menyetla ena.

Ka kutloisiso ea mefuta e 'meli ea mekhoa ea boits'oaro,108 sistimi e haelloang e bonahatsang e ka tlohella motho ea lemaletseng mohau oa litakatso tsa mantlha tse hlahisoang ke sistimi e sa tsitsang. Litakatso tsena tsa mantlha li ka hlahisoa ke kantle (mohlala, ho lemalla lithethefatsi, ho becha, ho sebelisa inthanete) kapa kahare (mohlala, mehopolo kapa mehopolo ea ntho e lemalloang). Ho ea ka mofuta oa somatic marker oa ts'oaetso, ts'usumetso ea trigger e tla baka tlhaselo ea likarabo tsa methapo ea kutlo, tse ling tsa tsona li kentseng letsoho ho hlahiseng boemo ba somatic bo fetisetsoang mehahong e amanang le 'mapa oa' mele le taolo ea homeostatic (mohlala, insular cortex); likarolo tsena li tla fetolela tlhaiso-leseling ea boemo bo itseng ho ba maikutlo (mohlala, ho khothaletsa kapa ho lakatsa), e nyatsang lekhoba la ntho e lemalloang.10

Haholo-holo, ventral striatum le amygdala li hlahile e le likarolo tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa poelano ea thepa e susumetsang ea litšusumetso tse amanang le bokhoba.109,110 Ho joalo, lithuto tsa neuroimaging li bontšitse hore likarolo tsena li lula li ts'oaroa ke lipapatso tsa ho qhekella ka mehlala ea lithethefatsi.111-113 Ho phaella moo, ho bonahala eka bokhoba ba tahi bo khetholloa ke karabelo e putsoa ea karabelo ea potoloho ho tse sa amaneng le lithethefatsi tse amanang le meputso ea tlhaho joalo ka lijo le thobalano.114-116 Pono e hlahelletseng ea ts'ebetso ena e sa leka-lekanang ea bokhoba ba tahi le bokhoba ke "khopolo ea khothatso ea Robinson le Berridges,44,45 e hlahisang bokhoba boo ke litlamorao tsa boits'oaro bo sa tloaelehang ba lintho tse amanang le bokhoba boemong ba libaka tse sa sebetseng tsa dopamine tse amehang ts'ebetsong ea moputso (mohlala, ventral striatum). Leha bopaki ba boemo bona ba ho lemalla lithethefatsi bo bonahala bo kholisa, e ntse e le khang hore na e sebetsa litlamong tse seng tsa meriana. Mohlala, lithuto tsa morao-rao li fumane hore batho ba bapalang papali ea chelete ha ba bonts'a maemo a eketsehileng a ho lokolloa ha dopamine nakong ea IGT.117,118 Leha ho le joalo, ho fumanoe hore tokollo ea dopamine e ne e amahanngoa le likhaello tsa ho etsa liqeto har'a batho ba papali ea papali ea chelete, ho fapana le taolo e tloaelehileng, eo e neng e amana le eona le ts'ebetso e eketsehileng.118 Sena sea hlokomeleha, hobane se bonts'a lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa methapo ea kutlo li bapala lihlopheng tsena tse peli, leha ho na le maemo a tšoanang a ho lokolloa ha dopamine. Ho ka nahanoa hore baahi ba lemaletseng ts'ebetso ba bonts'a tšebetso e mpe ka lebaka la khaello ea ho feto-fetoha hoa sistimi e ts'ebetsong, e ba khethollang khahlano le meputso e meholo ea nako e khuts'oane; leha meputso ena ea nako e khuts'oane e amahanngoa le tahlehelo e kholo ea nako e telele. Phuputso e sa tsoa etsoa ea neuroimaging, leha ho le joalo, e supile hore batho ba papali ea papali ea chelete ba eketsehile khokahano e sebetsang lipakeng tsa amygdala le ventral striatum nakong ea ts'ebetso ea ho etsa liqeto e thehiloeng boleng.119 Khokahano e sebetsang e eketsehileng lipakeng tsa lipotoloho tse amanang le moputso hammoho le phokotso ea khokahano e sebetsang lipakeng tsa lisekete tse bonahatsang e se e bonoe ka mehlala ea batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi.120 Liphuputso tsena li tšehetsa mohopolo oa bokhoba ba ho lemalla joala e le naha moo tšusumetso e amanang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e nang le monyetla o eketsehileng oa ho hlahisa boits'oaro ka mokhoa o susumetsang o sebetsang ka bongata ebile o sa laoloe.

Sisteme e potlakileng e hokahane ka mokhoa o enneng le meaho e sebetsang maemong a hypothalamus le bakoang ba boko. Ka likhokahano tsena, lintho tse susumetsang li na le matla a ho fetola sebopeho sa lefatše. Liphetoho tsena li bonoa ke likarolo tse amanang le 'mapa oa' mele le taolo ea homeostatic e hlahisang maikutlo a takatso ea takatso. Bopaki bo bonts'a hore insular cortex ke karolo e ka sehloohong ts'ebetsong ena ea phetolelo ea tlhaiso-leseling. Thahasello ea morao-rao mohahong ona lipatlisisong tsa bokhoba ba tahi e hlahisitse bopaki bo bonts'ang ts'ebetso e mpe ea sistimi ena bokhobeng.77,121

Boemo bo fokotsehileng ba taba e bohlooho bo tlalehiloe ka har'a insortex ea lithethefatsi le boits'oaro. Mohlala, Franklin et al88 e fumanoe e fokotsehile bophahamo ba modumo ka har'a cortex ea kantle ho sampuli ea batho ba lemaletseng koae. Ho khahlisang ke hore ho sa tloaelehang hoa molumo ona ha ho amane le ho teba ha bokhoba ba tahi, ho bonts'a hore ho se ts'oanehe hoa maemo ho ka supa ts'oaetso ea pele ho nako ea bokhoba ba tahi. Phokotso ea bophahamo ba litaba tse bohlooho ho insular cortex le eona e tlalehiloe bakeng sa batho ba lemaletseng joala.122 Leha ho le joalo, phokotso ena ea molumo e bonahala e amana hantle le ts'ebeliso ea joala, 'me bopaki ba pele bo bontša hore bo khutlela morao ka ho ithiba.123 Le ha liphuputso tse 'maloa tse hlahlobileng likamano tsa papali ea chelete li sa ka tsa tlaleha ho se ts'oane hoa morolo sebakeng seo, batho ba lemaletseng inthanete ba tlalehiloe ba bonts'a liphokotso tsa bohlokoa bohlooho sebakeng sa insular.103-105 E 'ngoe ea lithuto tsena e fumane hore phokotso ea bophahamo ba modumo e tsamaellanang le lintlha ka tekanyo e itseng ea boima ba tahi ea inthanete.103

Ts'ebetso e sebetsang ea neuroimaging e bonts'itse hore ts'ebeliso ea li-insortex tse sebelisang lithethefatsi e eketsehile ho batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi tse amanang le taolo.124 Ketsahalo e ntseng e eketseha ea cortex ea insular le eona e tlalehiloe ho batho ba papali ea papali ea chelete nakong ea ho pepesetsoa mekhoa e amanang le papali ea chelete.112 Le ha ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso e kenelletseng e ka boleloa hore e tla ba teng le har'a batho ba lemalloang ke inthanete, lithuto tsa cue reactivity sechabeng sena ha li so bone ts'ebeliso e matla ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang. Leha ho le joalo, phuputso e 'ngoe e tlalehile keketseho ea ts'ebeliso ea li-insular cortex nakong ea phomolo ea bokhoba ba inthanete.125 Boithuto bo bong bo bonts'a hore cue reactivity ho insular cortex e amana le phapang e kholo liphellong tse fapaneng tsa litlamorao tsa kliniki. Mohlala, Janes et al126 e bonts'itse keketseho e kantle ea kantle ea kamo ea cortex ea ho tsuba e tšoaea li-slips har'a ba lemaletseng nicotine, ha Claus et al127 e bontšitse hore ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea "insular" e ne e amahanngoa le ho lemalla joala. Ho feta moo, Tsurumi et al128 e fumane hore ts'ebetso e kenelletseng mosebetsing oa tebello ea moputso e ne e amana hampe le nako ea bokuli har'a batho ba itšepang ka ho kula ba sa sebetseng. Le ha tlhahiso ena e bonahala e sa lumellane le se fumanoeng pejana,112 re fana ka maikutlo a hore phapang ena e kanna ea ba ka lebaka la mofuta oa mosebetsi. Tsurumi et al128 o sebelisitse lintlha sebakeng sa chelete e le khothatso, ka hona, ho fokotseha ha ts'ebetso ho ka bakoa ke ho khetheha likarabo tsa moputso tse boletsoeng pejana.116

Ka bokhutšoanyane, liphuputso tse akaretsoeng mona li bontša hore lithethefatsi, lithethefatsi le boits'oaro, li khetholloa ke ho se tloaelehe ha methapo libakeng tse fapaneng tsa boko tse amehang ts'ebetsong ea lets'oao la somatic. Lintho tse sa tloaelehang tse hlophisitsoeng le tse sebetsang li senotsoe ka mokhoa o bonahatsang, o sa tsitsang, le oa homeostatic ka mehlala ea lithethefatsi. Ntle le moo, ho bonahala ho na le palo e kholo ea ho kopana ha maemo a sa tloaelehang lipakeng tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea tahi. Sena se tsamaellana le mohopolo oa diathetic o ts'oaroang ke mofuta oa somatic marker, o reng bokhoba bo tšoauoa ka likhaello tsa methapo ea kutlo tse teng pele ho bokhoba ba tahi e le sesupo sa ts'oaetso, le hore likhaello tsena tsa methapo ea kutlo li bakoa ke ts'ebetso e sa tloaelehang lipotolohong tse theha sistimi ea lets'oao la somatic. Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tse akaretsoeng mona li arotsoe ka hohle; ka hona, liqeto tsa lebaka li ba pele ho nako.

Ho etsa liqeto ka ho lemalla

Joalokaha ho boletsoe pejana, bokhoba ba tahi bo khetholloa ke sebopeho se sebetsang le se sebetsang libakeng tse amehang ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebeliso ea maikutlo le maikutlo. Lintho tsena tse sa tloaelehang li ka iponahatsa li le boits'oaro libakeng tse kenyeletsang ho etsa liqeto tse utloahalang le tsa maikutlo. Mohlala oa semolao oa tahi o tiisa hore bokhoba ke boemo boo ho bona ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea maikutlo e leng tlokotsing, e ka lebisang ho hloleheng ho sebelisa matšoao a maikutlo a amanang le sephetho sa nako e telele ts'ebetsong ea liqeto, mme ka hona sistimi e susumetsang, e sebetsang ntle le lithibelo ea sistimi e bonts'ang, e ka khetha lekhoba la ho putsoa hanghang.10 Karolo ena e tla lekola bopaki ba boits'oaro bo amanang le ak'haonte ena. Boemo bo tla fokotsoa ho lithuto tse kenyelletsang IGT, kaha paradigm ena ho lumeloa hore e ela hloko liphoso tsa ts'oaetso tse hlahang ka lebaka la ho hloleha ha lets'oao le itseng. Ho joalo, lithuto tsa neuroimaging li bonts'itse hore ts'ebetso e atlehileng ea IGT e hokahane le ts'ebetso ea meralo ea neural e boletsoeng ke SMH.129

Boithuto bo sebelisang IGT mehlala ea batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi e bonts'a ts'ebetso e mpe ea ho etsa liqeto.22,130-133 Tlhahiso ena e hlahile khafetsa mehlala e nang le lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi. Ka ho khetheha, Bechara le Damasio22 e fumane hore ts'ebetso e mpe ea ho etsa liqeto e ne e amahanngoa le li-SCR tse fokolitsoeng pele ho likhetho tse mpe tsa likarete tse amanang le taolo, e ts'ehetsang mohopolo oa ho hloleha hoa lets'oao. Leha ho le joalo, ho ile ha boela ha hlokomeloa hore palo e kholo ea ba lemalloang sampoleng ba entse mosebetsi ka katleho. Ho senyeha ha ts'ebetso ea tšebetso ka har'a li-block ho senola liphapang tsa li-curve tsa ho ithuta, ka hona e bile sepheo sa lipatlisiso mabapi le bokhoba le ho etsa liqeto. Batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi ba bontša mokhoa o sa tebang oa ho ithuta ha o bapisoa le taolo; leha ho le joalo, hona ho bonts'a hore makhoba a lithethefatsi ha a na bothata ba myopia e akaretsang ea bokamoso, joalo ka ha ho le joalo bakeng sa bakuli ba vmPFC-ba lemalitsoeng.22 Ho fapana le moo, tlhahlobo ena ea "block-by-block" e fana ka maikutlo a hore makhoba a lithethefatsi a tsamaisoa haholo ke liphetho tsa hanghang, ka boima bo sa lekanyetsoang ba meputso e meholo e ka sitisang ho ithuta ka maemo a ts'ebetso. Thutong e latelang ea sampole e ts'oanang, ho ile ha fanoa ka phapang e fetotsoeng ea IGT ho leka hore na ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng e bakiloe ke hyper-reactivity ho putsa kapa ho hloka kutloelo-bohloko ka kakaretso litlamorao tsa liketso. Ho fumanoe hore makhoba a lithethefatsi a ka aroloa ka lihlopha tse tharo ho latela ts'ebetso ea ona ho IGT e fapaneng131: 1) Hyper-reactive ho putsa; 2) ho hloka kutloelo-bohloko ka kakaretso litlamorao tsa kamoso; le 3) ha ho na ho senyeha. Tlhahiso ena e bonts'a tekano ka kutloisiso ea hore bokhoba bo ka hlaha ho tloha ho hloleha ha likarolo tse fapaneng tsa sistimi ea somatic ka bonngoe kapa ka boikemelo e mong ho e mong. Ho haelloa ke sistimi e bonts'ang ho ka sitisa bokhoni ba ho sebelisa li-marker tse tlang ho ba teng tse amanang le litlamorao tse mpe tsa nakong e tlang, ha ts'ebetso ea ts'oaetso e sa sebetseng e ka hlahisa lets'oao le matla le amanang le katamelo hore lits'ebetso tse bonts'ang li sebetsa hampe. Tumellanong le khang ena, Xiao et al134 e bonts'itse hore ts'ebetso e tlase ea IGT ho sampole ea lino tse tahang tsa bocha e ne e amahanngoa le ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea amygdala le li-insort cortex tse kopaneng, hammoho le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea OFC e amanang le taolo.

IGT e sebelisitsoe hape ho batlisisa ho nkuoa ha liqeto papaling ea chelete, 'me liphetho li tsamaellana le tse fumanoeng bokhobeng ba lithethefatsi.135,136 Leha ho le joalo, ke tse fokolang tsa lithuto tsena tse kenyellelitseng litekanyo tsa psychophysiological. Khetho e 'ngoe ke thuto ea Goudriaan et al,137 e fumaneng hore liphoso tse ntle tsa ho etsa liqeto li amahanngoa le li-SCR tse fokolitsoeng pele ho khetho e mpe ea likarete ho IGT. Boemo bona ba psychophysiological nakong ea ts'ebetso ea IGT bo tsamaellana le bo bonoeng thutong ea Bechara le Damasio,22 'me e fana ka ts'ehetso e tsoelang pele mohopolong oa ts'oaetso e sa tloaelehang ea "somatic" e sebetsanang le papali ea chelete. Ho feta moo, phuputso e entsoeng haufinyane ea imaging resonance imaging ka Power et al138 e bonts'itse hore ts'ebetso e senyehileng ea IGT papaling ea papali ea chelete e amahanngoa le ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea litsamaiso tse potlakileng (amygdala le striatum), empa le tsa OFC.

Ke lithuto tse 'maloa feela tse hlahlobileng ho etsa liqeto tse nepahetseng litlamong tsa inthanete le IGT. Re khethile lithuto tse 'ne,139-142 'me litholoana li tsoakane. Le ha liphuputso tse ling li bontšitse hore batho ba lemaletseng marang-rang ba bontša likhaello tsa ho etsa liqeto tse ts'oanang le tse tlalehiloeng mehlala ea batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi le ba papali ea chelete.139,140 ba bang ba bontšitse ho se holofale.141,142 Leha ho le joalo, phapang ea liphetho e kanna ea ba karolo e 'ngoe, ka lebaka la litlhaloso tsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ea inthanete. Thuto ea Ko et al141 e hlalositse bokhoba ba inthanete e le ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e fetang lihora tse 2 ka letsatsi, ha Metcalf le Pammer142 e hlalositse papali e fetelletseng ea inthanete (mofuta o mong oa bokhoba ba inthanete) joalo ka lihora tsa 5 kapa ho feta ka beke. Kahoo, ho ka etsahala hore karolo e kholo ea mehlala ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete lithutong tsena e kenyelelitse barupeluoa ba neng ba sa sebetse hantle ka ts'ebeliso ea bona ea Marang-rang. Ho kanna ha nahanoa hore litekanyetso tse thata haholo tsa ho kenyelletsa li ka hlahisa litholoana tse emelang matla a ho etsa liqeto a khethollang ba lemaletseng inthanete.

Lithuto tse hlahlojoang mona kaofela li its'etlehile ho IGT e le mokhoa oa ho etsa liqeto tse nepahetseng. Leha ho le joalo, hoa hlokomeleha hore mosebetsi o amohetse nyatso. Pele ho tsohle, bokhoni ba mosebetsi oa ho hapa bokhoni ba ho etsa liqeto bo phephetsoe. Haholo-holo, ho 'nile ha boleloa hore moputso / kotlo ea mosebetsi e ka kenella ka kelello, ka hona ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso e ka tsamaisoa ke tsebo e tsebahalang.143 Ka lebaka la bopaki ba morao-rao, ho nyatsuoa hona ho bonahala ho nepahetse ka mokhoa o itseng, joalo ka Guillaume et al144 e bontšitse hore liphapang tsa ts'ebetso li amana le tsebo e nang le tsebo. Leha ho le joalo, ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso e ne e boetse e hokahane hantle le li-SCR tse neng li le teng pele ho likhetho tse mpe tsa likarete, 'me tsena li ne li sa amane le tsebo e tsebahalang. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore tsebo e hlakileng le matšoao a somatic a kenya letsoho ka boikemelo ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebetso. Leha ho le joalo, ho 'nile ha fanoa ka maikutlo a hore tlhaloso ea li-SCR joalo ka ha e bontša liketso tsa ho khetholla batho ba bang e fosahetse,' me ho na le bopaki bo tšehetsang tlhahiso ena.145 Sena se emela phephetso ho SMH mme se hlahisa hore e ntse e le moralo oa thuto o tsoelang pele o hlokang ho tiisoa ka matla.

Khopolo ea diathetic: likhaello tsa methapo ea kutlo e le sesosa sa ho itlhahisa

Taba e kholo ea mofuta oa somatic oa ho lemala ke hore likhaello tsa methapo ea kutlo tse amanang le ts'ebetso e sa tloaelehang ea "marker" ke "premorbid" mme e sebetsa e le sesosa sa ho lemalla. Leha ho le joalo, thuto ea khopolo-taba ena e thatafatsoa ke taba ea hore lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso li na le methapo ea methapo ea kutlo.146,147 Ho nka hore mefuta e fapaneng ea tahi e na le motheo o ts'oanang oa pathophysiological le neurocognitive, lithuto tse bapisoang tsa ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi le boits'oaro li ka arohanya litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le likhaello tsa kelello tse lebisang ho lemaleng.

Ho arola lisosa tse ka lebisang ho ts'oaetso ea kelello ho tsoa phokotsong e bakoang ke lithethefatsi ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebeliso ea kelello, Yan et al148 o entse phuputso e bapisang ea makhoba a heroine le batho ba bapalang papali ea chelete moo ho neng ho lekoa ho etsa liqeto le ho sebetsa ka mohopolo. Liphetho tsa bona li bontšitse hore liphoso tse ntle tsa ho nka liqeto li teng mathateng ka bobeli mme li hokahane le lilemo tsa tlhekefetso ea bokhoba ba heroine, empa eseng papaling ea chelete. Likhaello tsa mohopolo oa ho sebetsa li ne li le teng feela ka ho lemalla heroine. Liphetho tsena li ts'oana le tse fumanoeng ke Goudriaan et al149 papisong ea makhoba a joala le papali ea chelete. Liphuputso tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore matla a ho etsa liqeto a khahlisang a ka supa sesosa sa ho lemalla lithethefatsi, 'me a ka mpefala a ba a fetisetsoa mesebetsing e meng ea methapo ea kutlo (mohlala, mohopolo o sebetsang) ka ho kenella ha lintho tse nang le litlamorao tsa methapo e kotsi.

Ho ts'ehetsa mohopolo oa matla a ho etsa liqeto e le lebaka la ho khetha, Xiao et al150 e bonts'itse hore lintlha tsa IGT e ne e le selelekela sa bohlokoa sa boits'oaro ba ho noa kamora ho latela selemo sa 1 thutong ea nako e telele ea bacha ba China. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, lintlha tsa IGT li bonts'itsoe e le tse boletsoeng esale pele mabapi le kholo ea boits'oaro ba motho ea tsubang sampoleng ea bocha.151 Liphuputso tsena li netefalitsoe ke lithuto tse hokahanyang maemo a sa tloaelehang a lipotoloho tse bonts'ang le boits'oaro ba lithethefatsi ba kamoso. Phuputsong e 'ngoe ea bolelele ba nako, ho fumanoe hore bophahamo ba modumo o monyane oa OFC a le lilemo li 12 o boletse esale pele ho qalisoa ha ts'ebeliso ea hanf lilemo tse 4 hamorao.152 Khatisong ea morao-rao, lona sehlopha seo se ile sa tlaleha hore liphapang tsa volumetric ho anterior cingate cortex ha li le lilemo li 12 li boletse esale pele bothata ba ho noa lilemo tse 4 hamorao.153 Ho feta moo, Weiland et al154 e fumane mokhatlo o fapaneng lipakeng tsa lintlha tlhahlobisong ea kotsi ea pele ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le molumo oa "cortex" e ka pele ho batho ba baholo. Kahoo, leha ho na le bopaki bo matla ba litlamorao tsa methapo ea kutlo ho potoloho ea methapo e amanang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, maemo a poteletseng a neural libakeng tse amehang ho somatic marker system a kanna a ba teng pele ho ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Lintho tsena tse sa tloaelehang li ka amahanngoa le liphoso tse ikhethileng tsa ho etsa liqeto tse lebisang kholisong ea boits'oaro bo lemalloang.

Qeto le lintlha tsa nako e tlang

Morero oa pampiri ena e bile ho hlahloba hore na SMH e sebetsa e le moralo o kopanyang oa liphoso tsa ho etsa liqeto tse hlokometsoeng ka mekhoa e fapaneng ea tahi, le hore na bopaki bo ts'ehetsa lets'oao la somatic le sebetsang joalo ka lebaka la nts'etsopele ea bokhoba ba tahi. SMH ke moralo oa ho nka liqeto ka neuroanatomical le neurocognitive o hlahisitsoeng ke lithuto tsa liphoso tsa ho nka liqeto tse latelang tšenyo ea vmPFC. Tšusumetso ea ts'ebeliso ea moralo ona lipatlisisong tsa bokhoba ba tahi e ne e le ho bona likhaello tse tšoanang tsa boits'oaro lipakeng tsa bakuli le bakuli ba vmPFC, ho fana ka maikutlo a mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa mantlha.7

SMH e hlahisa moralo o ikhethileng oa `` neural '' bakeng sa likhakanyo tsa eona, e nang le sistimi e bonts'ang e ikarabellang mesebetsing ea boits'oaro e lumellang ho phehelloa ha lipheo tsa nako e telele le ho sekaseka litlamorao, sistimi e susumetsang e hlahisang linaha tse susumetsang mabapi le tšusumetso ea maikutlo, le sistimi ea homeostatic e kenyelletsang boits'oaro bo lumellanang le maemo a litsamaiso tsa somatic. Tšebeliso ea bokhoba ba tahi e ka bakoa ke ho se sebetse ka mokhoa o le mong kapa e kopaneng ea litsamaiso tsena tse tharo.65 Ho joalo, ho na le bopaki bo bongata ba hore bokhoba ba lintho tse peli le boits'oaro bo khetholloa ka ho se sebetse hoa morphological le mekhoa e sa tloaelehang ea ts'ebetso libakeng tsa neural tse boletsoeng ke SMH.83,85,88,93,98,102,111,112,119 Ntle le moo, bopaki ba pele bo fana ka maikutlo a hore ho se ts'oane ho poteletseng ho ka etsa hore bokhoba bo joalo e le diathesis bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea bokhoba ba tahi,152 le hore likhaello tsena li ka akofisoa ke ts'ebeliso ea li-psychoactive agents.148

SMH e bolela hore likarolo tse fapaneng tsa methapo ea kutlo tse amehang ho sistimi ea lets'oao la somatic li fihlela liqeto tse ikamahanyang ka ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ponelopele e hlahisang ts'ebetsong ea naha e amanang le likhetho tsa liphetho.12 Liphuputso tsa ho etsa liqeto ka bokhoba ba tahi li supile hore bokhoba bo khetholloa ka ho hloleha ho hlahisa matšoao a nepahetseng, a ka supang sesosa sa liphoso tsa boitaolo tse tšoaeang bokhoba. Leha ho le joalo, leha ho etsa liqeto tse sa sebetseng ho 'nile ha bonoa khafetsa mehlala ea batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi le papali ea chelete,22,135 Bopaki bo mabapi le mesebetsi e amang maikutlo ea ho etsa liqeto bokhobeng ba inthanete bo tsoakane.139-142 Leha ho le joalo, hoa hlokomeleha hore lithuto tse sa fumaneng ts'ebetso e mpe ea ho etsa liqeto li sebelisitse mekhoa ea ho kenyelletsa e kanna ea baka palo e kholo ea bankakarolo e kanna ea se nkoe e le makhoba a 'nete. Boithuto ba nako e tlang bo lokela ho ikemisetsa ho hapa disampole tse khetholloang ke karolo ea mantlha ea bokhoba ba tahi - e leng, ts'ebeliso e phehellang leha ho na le litlamorao tse mpe. Ntle le moo, lithuto tsa pejana ha li so batlisise ts'ebetsong ea maemo a itseng nakong ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ho lemalla inthanete. Kahoo, lithuto tsa nako e tlang li ka sebelisa mehato ea psychophysiological ho fuputsa mohopolo oa ho hloleha ho tšoaea ho lemalla ho lemalla marang-rang.

Lintho tse sa tloaelehang tsa neuroanatomical le bofokoli ba ho etsa liqeto li bonts'itsoe e le ponelopele ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi mehlala ea bocha.150,153 Sena se fana ka maikutlo a ho se tšoane ha lets'oao la somatic le sebetsang joalo ka lebaka le ka lebisang ho motho, mohlomong ho bolelang hore liphoso tsa lets'oao la somatic e kanna ea ba temallo ea ho lemalla, e ts'ehetsang ho etsa liqeto tse ka susumetsang le tse qobelloang. Ho latela tlhahiso ena ea hore mefuta e fapaneng ea ts'ebetso ea "mark" e na le karolo e kholo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, mohlomong e amanang le liphatsa tsa lefutso tse kenyelletsang bokhoni ba lits'ebetso tse 'maloa tse sebetsanang le methapo ea kutlo. Sisteme ea serotonin e kentsoe letsoho hohle ho etsa liqeto tse nepahetseng,46,49,56 ekasitana le ntlafatso ea lithethefatsi le tlhokomelo.47,155 Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore mefuta e fapaneng ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e amang tšebetso ea serotonergic system e kanna ea ba karolo ea mantlha ea kotsi ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi ka ho hloleha ho tšoaea somatic. Lithuto tsa nako e telele ka litlamorao tsa li-polymorphism tse amanang le ts'ebetso ea serotonergic mabapi le bokhoni ba ho etsa liqeto le botumo ba lithethefatsi li ka ba bohlokoa ho netefatsa bonnete ba tlhahiso ena. Ntle le moo, lithuto tsa bolelele ba nako li ka thusa ho sibolla hore na ho fapana hoa ts'ebetso ea lets'oao, ho ts'ebetsong e le ts'ebetso e ntle ea ho etsa liqeto le ts'ebetso ea mmuso, ho amana le likarolo tse fapaneng tsa boitseko ho batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi.

Ka kakaretso, mohlala oa somatic oa bokhoba ba tahi o fana ka ak'haonte e hlakileng ea hore na matšoao a amanang le maikutlo a hlahisoang ke tebello e potlakileng le ea bokamoso a ka khelosa ba lemaletseng nts'etsopele le tlhokomeliso ea joala joang. Boprofeta ba neuroanatomical le boits'oaro bo tsoang ho moralo bo na le monyetla oa ho ntšetsa pele tsebo ea hajoale ea hore na ho etsa liqeto tse haelloang ho tlatselletsa joang bokhobeng. Leha ho le joalo, mohlala o na le meeli e itseng. Ntho ea mantlha ke ho se ts'oanehe ha mokhoa oa ho leka liteko tsa eona esale pele mabapi le ts'ebetso ea ho etsa liqeto. Le ha IGT e bile paradigm e amanang haholo le moralo, e nyatsitsoe ka hore e na le tsebo e kenelletseng143 mme mohlomong e tsamaisoa ke mekhoa e meng ea kelello (mohlala, ho fetola thuto156). Kahoo, ho lula ho sa tsejoe hore na IGT e hlile e metha ts'ebetso e ntle ea ho etsa liqeto kapa e ngoe ea kaho. Ntle le moo, tlhaloso ea liphetoho tsa psychophysiological (mohlala, SCR) tse tlang pele ho likhetho tse mpe tsa likarete mosebetsing joalo ka ha ho bonts'a matšoao a itseng li phephetsoe.15 Ka hona, mokhoa oa lipatlisiso tsa ka moso ho SMH ka kakaretso le mohlala oa somatic oa bokhoba e ka ba ho hlahisa lipapatso tse ling tse felisang lipelaelo tsena.

senoloa ha

Bangoli ba tlaleha hore ha ho lintoa tse thahasellisang mosebetsing ona.

 


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