December 18, 2012, Doi: 10.1101 / cshperspect.a011932
Tokelo ea Copyright © 2013 Cold Spring Haraka Laboraro Press; litokelo tsohle li sirelelitsoe
+ Boikarabello ba Mongoli
- 1Lefapha la Liphoofolo ho Saense le Sechaba, Karolo ea Boitšoaro bo Botle, Lefapha la Bongaka ba Bongaka, Univesithi ea Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
- 2Rudolf Magnus Setsi sa Neuroscience, Lefapha la Neuroscience le Pharmacology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
- 3Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Lengolo: [imeile e sirelelitsoe]
inahaneloang
Ho tsebahala le ho feta hore ho ithuta ho nka ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi liphoofolong tsa laboratori ha ho tšoane le ho ithuta ho lemalla joala, ho khetholloang ka taolo ea taolo ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Sena se khothalelitse mosebetsi oa morao-rao o ikemiselitseng ho hapa boits'oaro bo tšoanang le bokhoba ba liphoofolo liphoofolong. Mosebetsing ona, re akaretsa bopaki bo matla ba tšenyo ea matšoao a 'maloa a kang a DSM-IV a ho lemalla liphoofolong kamora ho sebelisa lithethefatsi tse ngata. Matšoao ana a kenyelletsa ho eketseha ha tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, khaello ea methapo ea kutlo, ho hanela ho felisoa, tšusumetso e matla ea lithethefatsi, ho rata lithethefatsi ho feta meputso ea nondrug, le ho hanela kotlo. Taba ea hore boits'oaro bo joalo ba bokhoba bo ka hlaha le ho ithutoa liphoofolong e re fa monyetla o motle oa ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa semelo sa tlhaho le tlholeho sa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, tseo re ts'epang hore li tla tlisa tsoelo-pele ea kalafo e sebetsang haholoanyane bakeng sa bothata bona bo sithabetsang.
Ho lemalla lithethefatsi ke bothata bo boholo ba bongaka, eseng bonyane ka lebaka la bophelo bo botle bo latelang le bophelo bo botle ba 'mele le mathata a mang a amanang le neuropsychiatric. Ntle le moo, ka lebaka la ts'ebelisano ea bona ea moruo le maemo a molao sechabeng, e ama batho ba bangata ho feta ba lemaletseng. Ho baliloe hore tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa lithethefatsi e tlaleha ho feta 40% ea litšenyehelo tsa lichelete ho sechaba sa mathata ohle a maholo a neuropsychiatric (Uhl le Khula ea 2004).
Bokhoba ba tahi ke bothata bo sa feleng bo hlahang bo khetholloang ke taolo ea taolo holim'a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Nakong eohle ea ts'ebetso ea bokhoba ba ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi e nyoloha ts'ebelisong e tloaelehileng ea tšebeliso e sa lokelang ("tlhekefetso"), mme taba eo qetellong e lahleheloa ke taolo ea ho batla le ho sebelisa lithethefatsi, e khethiloeng ke, har'a ba bang, ketsahalo ea mesebetsi e amanang le lithethefatsi. ka litšenyehelo tsa mesebetsi ea bohlokoa ea boiketlo ba sechaba le boits'oaro mme o tsoelapele ho sebelisa lithethefatsi leha a ntse a hlokomela ka litlamorao tsa eona tse bohloko.
Leha lilemo tsa morao tjena li bone tsoelo-pele ntlheng ena (O'Brien 2008; Koob et al. 2009; van den Brink 2011; Pierce et al. 2012), ho sa na le tlhoko e potlakileng ea litlhare tsa lithethefatsi tse sebetsang hantle haholo bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, haholoholo tse shebileng tahlehelo ea taolo ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi e leng motsoako oa bothata. Ho thusa nts'etsopele ea kalafo e joalo, ho hlakisa likarolo tsa neural tsa ts'ebetso e qobelloang ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho bohlokoa. Leha ho le joalo, lintlha tsa neurobiological tse khethollang bohlasoa ho ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi ha li tsejoe, ha li bonyane ka lebaka la mathata a ho theha tahlehelo ea taolo ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi lithutong tsa liphoofolo. Lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse fetileng, bafuputsi ba 'maloa ba atlehile ho kenyelletsa phenotype e lemalloang liphoofolong tsa laboratori,' me re se re qala ho utloisisa lintlha tsa neurobiological tse arohanyang motho ea tloaelehileng le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi (mohlala, Hollander et al. 2010; Im et al. 2010; Kasanetz et al. 2010; Zapata et al. 2010).
Thutong ea hajoale, re tla hlalosa tsoelopele ea morao-rao e entsoeng ho ithuta likarolo tsa boitšoaro bo lematsang lithutong tsa liphoofolo. Lilemong tse mashome a mahlano tse fetileng, lithuto mabapi le ho itaola lithethefatsi, ho rata libaka le ho ikhatholla li hlahisitse tlhaiso-leseling e ngata e mabapi le meputso ea methapo ea meriana le ts'ebeliso ea matla (mohlala, 1996 e Bohlale; Tzschentke 2007; O'Connor et al. 2011). Tsebo ena e bile ea bohlokoa kutloisisong ea rona ea hore na ke hobaneng ha batho ba qala ho sebelisa lithethefatsi, le ho isa bohōleng bo itseng ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e ntse e tsoela pele kamora ho pepesoa. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le temohisiso e ntseng e eketseha ea hore ho etsa lipatlisiso ka ho ts'oara lithethefatsi ho liphoofolo ha ho tšoane le ho ithuta ho lemalla tahi, ho khetholloang ka taolo ea taolo ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Ho lemoha ntlha ena kahara lekala ho khothaletse lipatlisiso lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng kapa tse peli, moo bafuputsi ba lekileng (mme, joalo ka ha re lakatsa ho pheha khang, ba atlehile ho isa tekanyong e kholo) ho hapa likarolo tsa 'nete tsa boits'oaro bo joalo ba liphoofolo liphoofolong tsa laboratori (Ahmed 2005, 2012; Vanderschuren le Everitt 2005; Kenny 2007). Ka tlase, re tla tšohla bopaki ba ho hlaha hoa liketsahalo tse joalo tsa bokhoba lithutong tsa liphoofolo. Hobane mekhoa ea DSM-IV ea bokhoba ba tahi (Lethathamo 1) (Mokhatlo oa Maiketsetso oa Ma-Amerika 2000) li amoheloa ka bongata joalo ka leseli ho hlalosa le ho khetholla boits'oaro ba bokhoba ba ho lemalla, re tla sebelisa tsena e le tataiso ho hlalosa lithuto tsa phoofolo. Ka ho khetheha, re supa mekhoa e mengata eo ho ka ithutoang mekhoa ena ea DSM-IV mohlaleng oa phoofolo (Lethathamo 2) (Wolfframm le Heyne 1995; Ahmed le Koob 1998; Deroche-Gamonet et al. 2004; Vanderschuren le Everitt 2004; Ahmed 2012), 'me joale o tla hlalosa bopaki ba hore liketsahalo tsena li ka bonoa liphoofolong tsa mosebetsi ka mor'a tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi kapa ea nako e telele.
Sheba tafole ena:
Tafole 1.
Litekanyetso tsa DSM-IV tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi
Sheba tafole ena:
Tafole 2.
Ponahalo ea mekhoa ea DSM-IV lithutong tsa liphoofolo tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi
Karolo e fetilengKarolo e latelang
LITHUTO TSA BOPHELO BA BAHOLO
Phallo ea Tšebeliso ea Lithethefatsi
Keketseho ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ke karolo ea bohlokoa phetohong ea bokhoba ba tahi (Ahmed 2012). Hoo e batlang e le maemong ohle a bokhoba ba tahi, tahlehelo ea taolo ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e etelletsoa pele kapa e tsamaisana le keketseho e makatsang ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, e leng se ka eketsang letoto la liphetoho tse amanang le neural tse nolofalletsang moetlo ho kena naheng e lemalloang (Vanderschuren le Everitt 2005; Kalivas le O'Brien 2008). Ka setso, keketseho ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ka mor'a nako e hlahisitsoe ke ho ba le mamello (ke hore, ho fokotseha hoa litlamorao tse ntle kapa tse mpe tsa lithethefatsi) kapa matšoao a ho tlohela (moo ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e sa sebetseng feela ho fihlela litlamorao tse ntle, empa hape le ho khahlisoa ke boemo bo bobe ba ho tlohela. Mabaka ana a mabeli, e leng matšoao a pele a ho lemalla ho DSM-IV, a ka kenya letsoho ka ho hlakileng ho eketseheng ha tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Leha ho le joalo, motho ha a lokela ho lekana le kholo ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho mamella hobane lintlha tse ling tsa bongaka, tsa kelello, tsa sechaba le tsa moruo le tsona li ka kenya letsoho ho eketseha ha ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (Ahmed 2011).
Lithutong tsa liphoofolo, ho nyoloha ha tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho atolositsoe haholo lithutong tsa taolo ea koae le ethanol. Sebakeng sa boikoetliso ba koae, ho ba le phuputso e ikhethang Ahmed le Koob (1998) e bonts'itse hore likhoto tse nang le phihlello e atolositsoeng ea ho itaola ka mokhoa oa k'hok'heine (ke hore, 6 h / d) butle butle li ile tsa eketsa mokhoa oa bona oa ho sebelisa koae ka matsatsi a mangata, athe ba nang le phihlello e fokolang ea lithethefatsi (ke hore, 1 h / d), e ile ea lula e tsitsitse, esita le ka mor'a tse 'maloa likhoeli tsa tlhahlobo (Ahmed le Koob 1999). Ho eketseha ha tšebeliso ea koae ka mokhoa o pharaletseng oa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse iphelisang ho 'nile ha phetoa hangata ntle le boikemelo (mohlala, Ben-Shahar et al. 2008; Mantsch et al. 2008; Oleson le Roberts 2009; Quadros le Miczek 2009; Hao et al. 2010; Hollander et al. 2010; Pacchioni et al. 2011; bakeng sa tlhahlobo, bona Ahmed 2011, 2012). Likhoto tse nang le nalane ea boikoetliso ba koae e ntseng e eketseha le tsona li bontšitsoe ho bonts'a mekhoa e meng ea boits'oaro bo joalo, joalo ka tšusumetso e matla ea lithethefatsi (Paterson le Markou 2003; Lenoir le Ahmed 2008; Wee et al. 2008; Orio et al. 2009; empa bona Liu et al. 2005a), maikutlo a eketsehang a ho khutlisetsa koae ka mor'a ho felisoa (Mantsch et al. 2004; Ahmed le Cador 2006; Kippin et al. 2006; Knackstedt le Kalivas 2007), le ho fokotsa kutloisiso ea kotlo ea ho batla koae (Vanderschuren le Everitt 2004; Ahmed 2012). Keketseho ea boitaolo kamora ho fihlella phihlello ea lithethefatsi tse ikemetseng e se e fumanetse lithethefatsi tse ling tsa tlhekefetso, ho kenyeletsa methamphetamine (mohlala, Kitamura et al. 2006), heroin (Ahmed et al. 2000), le methylphenidate (Marusich et al. 2010), empa, ho makatsang, eseng bakeng sa nikotine (Paterson le Markou 2004; Kenny le Markou 2005).
Sebakeng se fapaneng le sena, ho 'nile ha bontšoa khafetsa hore ho kenella ka har'a ethanol ka molomo ho likhoto le litoeba le tsona lia eketseha ha nako e ntse e tsamaea. Thutong ea bopula-maliboho. Bohlale (1973) e bonts'itse hore likhoto tse fumaneng phetisetso ea ethanol (ka nako e 'ngoe, ka letsatsi le leng le le leng) butle-butle li ile tsa eketsa joala ba tsona nako e telele. Hamorao, Wolfframm le Heyne (Wolffgramm 1991; Wolfframm le Heyne 1991, 1995) e bonts'itse hore kamora likhoeli tse 'maloa tsa ho ja li-ethanol ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng, likhoto li eketsa maemo a tsona a ho nooa hoa ethanol, a neng a kopantsoe le matšoao a mang a boitšoaro bo ts'oanang le bokhoba (mohlala, ho hanela kotlo, bona ka tlase). Ho khahlisang, ba bontšitse keketseho e ts'oanang le ea nako ea ho kenella lithethefatsi tsa molomo bakeng sa lithethefatsi tse ling, joalo ka amphetamine (Heyne le Wolffgramm 1998), opiate etonitazene (Wolfframm le Heyne 1995, 1996), empa ha ho joalo ka nikotine (Galli le Wolffgramm 2011). O lumellana le liphetho tsena, Spanagel le Hölter (Hölter et al. 1998; Spanagel le Hölter 1999) e bonts'itse hore likhoto tse nang le phihlello ea mefuta e fapaneng ea ethanol matlong a tsona a malapeng li eketse nako ea tsona ea ho ja kamora ho pepesoa nako e telele ea ethanol nako le nako ea ho khaotsa. Ntle le moo, liphoofolo tsena li qalile ho rata ho noa li-ethanol tse phahameng haholo, hape li bonts'a matšoao a fokotsang kutloisiso ea kotlo. Sebakeng sa opereishene, khaello ea khafetsa ea ethanol le eona e bonts'itsoe ho eketsa ho arabela bakeng sa ethanol tlasa maemo le litekanyetso tse tsoetseng pele, a fana ka maikutlo a keketseho ea sepheo sa ho itaola ethanol (Rodd et al. 2003). Ho fetisetsa lithuto tsena ho mofuta o mong. Lesscher et al. (2009) e bonts'itse hore ka paradigm e lekantsoeng ea ho fihlella, moo litoeba li neng li fihlella ethanol bakeng sa 2 h / d, liphoofolo tsena butle-butle li ile tsa eketsa tekanyo ea tsona ea ethanol ka holim'a 4 wk ea liteko.
Taolo e Fositseng ea ho Ts'oara: Lits'ireletso tse Nepahetseng
Ho hlaha ha liphoso tsa methapo ea kutlo lithethefatsing ho tlalehiloe hantle (Bechara 2005; Garavan le Stout 2005; Paulus 2007; Robbins et al. 2008; Litho tsa et al. 2009; Goldstein et al. 2009). Boholo, bofokoli ba kelello ba ho lemalla bokhoba ba tahi ha bo bobebe, mme bo ama mesebetsi e mengata, joalo ka tlhokomelo, ho hopola, ho hopola, ho rala, taolo ea tšusumetso le ho etsa liqeto. Lits'ila tsena li kenya letsoho ho lemalloang ka mekhoa e mengata. Mohlala, taolo e sa sebetseng ea tšusumetso, ka lebaka la ho thatafalloa ke ho thibela ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi kapa ho emela ho ikhotsofatsa nakong e tlang, ho re, ho sekaseka melemo e liehang ea ho phela ntle le lithethefatsi khahlano le moputso oa lithethefatsi kapele, e ka ba karolo ea bohlokoa ts'ebetsong ea boitšoaro bo lematsang. Ntle le moo, bofokoli ba kelello bo sebakeng sa tlhokomelo, ho hopola mesebetsi le ho hopola lintho bo ka fokotsa katleho ea mananeo a ntlafatso, haeba barupeluoa ba thatafalloa ke ho a hopola, kapa ho hopola se ithutileng nakong ea thupelo. Ho joalo, ho etsa liqeto tse sa sebetseng hantle mabapi le papali ea papali ea chelete ho bontšitsoe kotsi ea ho khutlela mokhoeng oa joala (Bowden-Jones et al. 2005), le ho haella hoa taolo ea tšusumetso ho amahanngoa le ho boloka hampe kalafo ho batho ba lemaletseng koae (koae)Moeller et al. 2001) le ho oela hape ho joala (Charney et al. 2010).
Ka ho hlakileng, ho thata ho lemoha ho tsoa ho lithuto ho batho hore na mefokolo ena ea methapo ea kutlo le eona e bakoa ke litlamorao tsa boitšoaro bo bobe, leha ho le joalo ho na le bopaki bo bonts'ang hore taolo e susumetsang e hatella bacha lilemong tsa ho tsuba, bokhoba ba tahi le tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi (Nigg et al. 2006; Audrain-McGovern et al. 2009). Ho khahlisang, ho na le 'mele o hlahang oa lithuto tsa liphoofolo ho hlahloba kamano pakeng tsa boitšoaro bo lematsang le ts'ebetso ea methapo. Ka kakaretso, lithuto tsena li tšehetsa maikutlo le sephetho sa tsona. Kahoo, ho itšunya-tšunya ho litšoelesa ho bolela ho ba kotsing ea ts'ebeliso ea lino tse tahang, taolo ea nicotine, boits'oaro ba koae, le matšoao a bokhoba ba koae.Poulos et al. 1995; Perry et al. 2005; Dalley et al. 2007a; Belin et al. 2008; Diergaarde et al. 2008), leha boitšoaro bo sa potlakiseheng bo sa bonahale eka bo ka rera ho itaola (McNamara et al. 2010; Schippers et al. 2012). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, nako ea ho itaola ea koae, methamphetamine, MDMA, kapa heroin e bontšitsoe e ama mesebetsi e mengata e fapaneng ea kelello ho likhoto, ho kenyelletsa tlhokomelo, ho hopola ho sebetsa, ho feto-fetoha ha kelello, ho hopola ntho, le boitšoaro bo sa susumetseng (Dalley et al. 2005, 2007b; Calu et al. 2007; Briand et al. 2008; Roger et al. 2008; Gipson le Bardo 2009; Winstanley et al. 2009; Mendez et al. 2010; Parsegian et al. 2011; Schenk et al. 2011; Schippers et al. 2012). Ho khahlisang, tse ling tsa liphokotso tsena li ile tsa bonoa ka ho khetheha (kapa haholoholo) ho liphoofolo tse nang le nalane ea ho ata ha lithethefatsi (Briand et al. 2008; George et al. 2008; Roger et al. 2008; Gipson le Bardo 2009). Phuputso ea morao-rao lithutong tsa khale e boetse e bonts'a ho rarahana ha kelello le ho hloka liphoso tsa ho hopola ka mor'a nalane e telele ea ho itlhokofatsa ka koae (Porter et al. 2011). Ho khahlisang leha ho le joalo, ho fumanoe hore ho fumanoe lintho tse fapaneng tse fumanoeng, ha nako ea boikoetliso ba koae e bontšoa ho fokotsa khatello ea likhakanyo tse phahameng le ho ntlafatsa ho ithuta le ho hopola ka sethala sa metsi.Dalley et al. 2007b; del Olmo et al. 2007), phello e makatsang e ka 'nang ea hlalosa mekhoa e meng ea ho itlhekella ka litlhare.
Ho Hanela Ho Fela
Ho thatafalloa ho ila lithethefatsi ho ka ithutoa liphoofolong tsa laboratori ka ho hlahloba ho tsoma lithethefatsi ha moriana o se o sa fumanehe (ke hore, ho arabela ka ho felisoa). Ka sebele, ho hanyetsa phetheho ho bonahetse litekong tse tlositsoeng ke li-heroin ka nalane ea phihlello e atolositsoeng ea ho itaola ha heroin (Ahmed et al. 2000; Lenoir le Ahmed 2007; Doherty et al. 2009). Leha ho le joalo, ho phahama ha tsamaiso ea boitaolo ha ho bonahale e le ntho ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho hanela phetheho hobane phihlello e atolositsoeng ea ho itlhomme pele ea cocaine kapa methamphetamine ha e hlahise karabelo e eketsehang ea ho felisoa (mohlala, Mantsch et al. 2004; Sorge le Stewart 2005; Kippin et al. 2006; Allen et al. 2007; Knackstedt le Kalivas 2007; Roger et al. 2008). Ho khahlisang ke hore, keketseho ea butle-butle ea ho arabela koae ka linako tsa ho hlaka ka mokhoa o hlakileng oa lithethefatsi li shebiloe meqomong ea likhoto tse bonts'ang matšoao a mang a boits'oaro bo joalo ka mora boiphihlelo ba nako e telele ba taolo ea koae.Deroche-Gamonet et al. 2004; Belin et al. 2009). Ntle le moo, haufinyane ho bonts'itsoe hore koetliso e telele ea ho ts'oara ho fumaneha ha koae ka tlas'a kemiso ea nakoana ea nakoana (e khothalletsang nts'etsopele ea sebopeho sa boits'oaro se kopaneng se sa tsotelleng boleng ba sephetho sa eona; [Dickinson 1985]) e lebisitse ho ho phehella ho arabela kamora ho felisoa ha koae e nka karabelo (Zapata et al. 2010). Thutong ena (bona hape Olmstead et al. 2001), ho arabela k'hok'heine e nkang monyetla ho ne ho le hlokolosi ho pepeseha hoa liphoofolo tse nang le nalane ea thuto e khuts'oane, e lumellanang le lithuto tse hlalositsoeng ka holimo (Deroche-Gamonet et al. 2004; Belin et al. 2009), e bonts'itseng hore ho arabela ka mokhoa o phethelang ho felisoa ho fetoha le boiphihlelo bo eketsehang ba taolo ea koae.
Ntho e 'ngoe e shebahalang e le eona e khethollang maikutlo a ho felisoa ke bolelele ba ho khaotsa ho itaola. Kahoo, tekanyo ea ho hanyetsa ho felisoa ha koae le ho ts'oaroa ha heroine ho batla ho eketsehile ka bolelele ba ho khaotsa ho itaola ka mokhoa o feteletseng oa lithethefatsi (Ferrario et al. 2005; Zhou et al. 2009). Ts'ebetso ena ea ho arabela lithethefatsi ka ho tlosoa ka nako e telele e ithutile haholo ke Shaham le basebetsi-'moho (Grimm et al. 2001; bakeng sa litlhahlobo, bona Lu et al. 2004; Khethaens et al. 2011). Lithuto tsena li bonts'itse hore kutloelo-bohloko ea ho felisoa ha mohiruoa ea arabelang lithethefatsi, kapa litheko tse amanang le lithethefatsi li its'epahalla nako. Ka ho khaotsa nako e telele, ho arabela ka ho eketseha hoa likhakanyo, litlhōrō (ho ipapisitsoe le sethethefatsi se iphelisang) lipakeng tsa 1 wk le 3 mo postwithdrawal, mme e theoha kamora moo. Le ha ho hlakisoa ha litlamorao tse sithabetsang tsa ho tlosoa hoa lithethefatsi tse matla ho ka hlalosa tse ling tsa diphethoho tsa ho araba matsatsing a 'maloa a pele kamora ho ts'oaroa, menyetla ea nakoana ea phello ea incubation, le liphetoho tse kahare tse amehang — boholo ba tsona bo ka se amanang le bona khatello ea karabelo kapa thepa ea anhedonic ea ho tlosoa hoa lithethefatsi (Lu et al. 2004; Khethaens et al. 2011-Sugges hore phallo ea ho arabela lithethefatsi e boetse e kenyelletsa mekhoa e amanang le tšusumetso ea moriana, kapa taolo ea kelello holim'a boitšoaro.
Khothatso e eketsehileng ea Lithethefatsi
Khothaletso ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi liphoofolong hangata e ithutoa ho sebelisoa kemiso e matlafatso ea matlafatso, eo ho eona liphoofolo li tlamehang ho etsa likarabo tse eketsehang bakeng sa moputso o mong le o mong o latelang (Hodos 1961; Richardson le Roberts 1996). Sebelisa kemiso ena, ho tlalehiloe makhetlo a mangata hore kamora nako ea ho itaola ka lithethefatsi, tšusumetso ea liphoofolo bakeng sa lithethefatsi e ka eketseha. Kahoo, liphoofolo tse nang le nalane ea tšebeliso ea koae e ntseng e eketseha li fumanoe li arabela maemong a holimo ho feta liphoofolo tse nang le phihlello ea koae (Paterson le Markou 2003; Allen et al. 2007; Larson et al. 2007; Wee et al. 2008, 2009; Orio et al. 2009; Hao et al. 2010, empa bona Quadros le Miczek 2009). Kameho ena e fumaneha hape bakeng sa lithethefatsi tse ling tsa tlhekefetso, ho kenyeletsoa le methamphetamine (Wee et al. 2007) le heroin (Lenoir le Ahmed 2007). Ho makatsang ke hore, Roberts le basebetsi mmoho le bona ba bonts'itse hore nako ea taolo ea lithethefatsi (cocaine kapa heroin) e lebisa maemong a eketsehang tlasa kemiso e tsoelang pele ea tekanyo ea ts'ebetso (Liu et al. 2005b, 2007; Morgan et al. 2005, 2006; Ward et al. 2006), empa keketseho ena ea tšusumetso ea koae e bonahala e hlahisoa haholo ho liphoofolo tse nang le boiphihlelo bo fokolang ba taolo ea lithethefatsi (Liu et al. 2005b; Morgan et al. 2006). Phuputso e latelang e tsoang laboratoring ena (Oleson le Roberts 2009) e bonts'itse hore ho ata ha koaeine ho matlafalitse ts'usumetso ea koae ka tekanyo e kholo ea tekanyetso, empa e fokotsitse tekanyo ea ho arabela ka tekanyetso ea cocaine, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore kamora ho ba le nalane e ngata ea koae, liphoofolo li nka moriana o eketsehileng haeba litheko li le ngata ea fumaneha, empa ha ea ikemisetsa ho lefa theko e phahameng bakeng sa lithethefatsi tse tlase (Oleson le Roberts 2009). Ha ho bapisoa, ho eketseha ha boithati ba heroin ho ile ha bontšoa ho eketsa boleng ba lithethefatsi, kaha theko e phahameng eo liphoofolo li ikemiselitseng ho e lefella heroin e ile ea eketseha (Lenoir le Ahmed 2008). Keketseho ea tšusumetso ea koae e boetse e fumanoe sehlopheng sa likhoto se nang le boiphihlelo ba nako e telele ba ho itlhokisa koae (Deroche-Gamonet et al. 2004; Belin et al. 2009).
Bopaki bo eketsehileng ba khothatso e eketsehileng ea koae ka mor'a ho itaola bo boholo bo fumanoe ka ts'ebetso ea sephethephethe se sebetsang. Ts'ebetsong ena, likhoto tse nang le tšebeliso e ngata ea koae li ile tsa potlaka haholo ho feta ho fihlela lebokose la sepheo ho fumana boluse bo kenang ka har'a k'hok'heine (Ben-Shahar et al. 2008). E lumellana le maikutlo ana, Deroche et al. (1999) pejana a fumane hore matla a ts'ebeliso ea moriana ona a matlafalitsoe liphoofolong ka nako e telele ea cocaine, hobane liphoofolo tsena li ile tsa nka nako e nyane ho feta tseleng ea ts'ebetso ea koae.
Khetho ea Lithethefatsi holim'a Meputso ea Nondrug
Joalokaha ho boletsoe pejana, e 'ngoe ea matšoao a boloi a ho lemalla lithethefatsi ke ho se tsotelle ho khahlisang menyaka kapa lithahasello tse ling molemong oa ts'ebeliso e tsoelang pele ea lithethefatsi. Ka lebaka la khetho ea lithethefatsi, ho fanoa ka mesebetsi ea bohlokoa sechabeng, mesebetsing, kapa boithabisong, e leng se felletseng ka litšenyehelo tse kholo tsa menyetla (mohlala, thuto e fosahetseng le litlamorao tse mpe tsa nako e telele). E 'ngoe ea litšitiso tse thata tse tobaneng le kalafo ea bokhoba ba lithethefatsi ke ho nka sebaka sa khetho ena e mpe bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ka boits'oaro bo fapaneng ba boitšoaro.
Lithutong tsa bokhoba ba liphoofolo, khetho ea lithethefatsi e ka ithutoa ka ho fana ka monyetla oa ho khetha mekhoa kapa likhetho tse ling nakong ea phihlello ea lithethefatsi - monyetla o haelloang ke litekanyetso tse tloaelehileng tsa liteko (Ahmed 2005, 2010). Ka teko e tloaelehileng ea tlhahlobo, liphoofolo li tobana le likhetho tse peli tsa boitšoaro: ho arabela bakeng sa lithethefatsi kapa bakeng sa moputso o sa sebetseng, ka kakaretso sengoathoana sa lijo (Aigner le Balster 1978). Boithuto ba pele-boo hape e neng e le thuto ea pele ea ho bonts'a taolo ea lithethefatsi ho liphoofolo tseo e seng batho - bo entsoe ka lichimpanzi tsa banna ba baholo (monna a le mong, mosali e mong) ea its'epileng ka morphine ka tsamaiso ea lithethefatsi ea sa tsotelleng (Spragg 1940). Lichimpanzi li ne li rata morphine ho feta tholoana e ncha (lamunu, banana) nakong ea ho khaotsa lithethefatsi empa li rata lijo tse ling (bona hape Negus 2006). Patlisiso e ileng ea latela e bonts'a hore khetho ea lithethefatsi ho liphoofolo e ne e its'etlehile ka mohlala (mohlala, Nader le Woolverton 1991; Paronis et al. 2002; Negus 2003) hape e ka fokotseha ka ho eketsa boleng ba mofuta o mong oa thekiso ea nondrug (mohlala, ka ho eketsa boholo ba eona; Nader le Woolverton 1991). Ke sehlotšoana sa liphoofolo feela se ileng sa phehella ho rata moriana leha monyetla oa ho etsa khetho e fapaneng (Nader le Woolverton 1991; Lenoir et al. 2007; Cantin et al. 2010; Kerstetter et al. 2010; Augier et al. 2011; Norman et al. 2011; Perry et al. 2011; bakeng sa litlhahlobo tsa moraorao, Ahmed 2010, 2012).
Mohlala, lethathamong la liteko tsa morao-rao, likhoto li ile tsa fuoa khetho pakeng tsa cocaine le moputso oa nondrug (ke hore, metsi a nontšitsoeng ka saccharin kapa sucrose). Ha re tobane le khetho ena, likhoto li ne li khetha koae kapa li ne li sa tsotelle ha boleng bo lebelletsoeng ba metsi a monate bo le tlase empa li khutlisetsa khetho ea tsona ho setsi se seng sa boleng ha boleng ba sona bo ne bo phahame ka ho lekaneng. Phetoho ena ea ho rata e etsahetse ho sa tsotelehe lethalamo la koae e fumanehang esita le ho latela nalane e telele ea phihlello ea nako ea koaeLenoir et al. 2007; Cantin et al. 2010). Liphetho tsena ka kakaretso li tsamaisana le lipatlisiso tse fetileng (Carroll et al. 1989; Carroll le Lac 1993) le liphuputso tsa morao-rao tsa boithuto ba boits'oaro bo bonts'ang hore tlhoko ea lijo (kapa sucrose) e ne e le setle haholo ho feta tlhoko ea koae (Christensen et al. 2008; Koffarnus le Woods 2011; bakeng sa tlhahlobo, bona Kearns et al. 2011). Li boetse li amana le phuputso ea morao-rao e bonts'ang hore litoeba li khetha ho noesa ho e-na le ho buuoa ka kotloloho ka li-neurone tsa midbrain dopamine (Domingos et al. 2011). Kamora ho fihlella ho fihlella ho itaola ea koae, leha ho le joalo, sehlotšoana sa likhoto (ke hore, 15% –20%) se ile sa tsoela pele ho khetha cocaine ho feta khetho e 'ngoe — boitšoaro bo ke keng ba nkuoa e le ho se tsotelle feela, kapa ho hanyetsa , metsi a monate. Ha e le hantle, ha metsi a monate e ne e le khetho feela e fumanehang, likhoto tse khethang koae li ne li noella haholo le ka potlako joalo ka likhoto tse khethiloeng ke meriana.Cantin et al. 2010). Habohlokoa le ho feta, sehlotšoana sena sa likhoto tse khethollang koae se ile sa tsoela pele ho nka koae esita le ha se lapile 'me sa fana ka sucrose ho kokobetsa tlhoko ea bona ea likhalori (Cantin et al. 2010). Ho phehella ha ho rata cocaine leha ho na le litšenyehelo tsa eona tsa monyetla ho fana ka maikutlo a ho lahleheloa ke taolo le tšebeliso e khothalletsang ea ts'ebeliso ea koae ho likhoto tsena (bona le ka tlase). Karolo e ka tlase ea likhoto tse khethang koae ka hona e ka ba karolo e tsoetseng pele haholo le e matla phetohong ea ho lemalla koae. Qeto ena e sa tsoa akaretsoa ho ea meputsong e meng ea lijo (Kerstetter et al. 2010; Perry et al. 2011) le ho lithethefatsi tse ling tsa tlhekefetso, ho kenyelletsa heroin (M Lenoir, L Cantin, F Serre, et al., unsubl.) le nikotine (Le Sage 2009; Norman et al. 2011). Kamora nako, e tsamaisana le mekhoa e meng ea mokhoa e bonts'itseng lits'oants'o tse fokolang tsa likhoto tse hananang le litlamorao tsa kotlo ea kotlo ho cocaine, amphetamine, kapa tsamaiso ea nicotine (Deroche-Gamonet et al. 2004; Galli le Wolffgramm 2004, 2011; Pelloux et al. 2007; Belin et al. 2008).
Ho Hanela Kotlo
Lilemong tsa morao tjena ho bile le palo e ngata ea lithuto tse lekang ho etsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e sa ntsane e le le tsebo ea litlamorao tse mpe litekong tsa liphoofolo. Lithuto tsena ka mokhoa o tšoanang li sebelisitse tloaelo ea kotlo, eo ho eona ho batla kapa ho sebelisa lithethefatsi ho neng ho kopantsoe ka khothatso e mpe. Lithutong tse sebelisang ho kenella kahare ho lithethefatsi (ka karolo e kholo ea ethanol), sena se entsoe ka ho khelosa tharollo ea lithethefatsi le quinine e bohloko e utloisang bohloko. Ntle le moo, lithuto tse ling li laetse ho batla lithethefatsi kapa ho nka bokuli ka mor'a ho ikoetlisa ka ho sebelisa lithium chloride, kapa ho sebelisa li-footshocks kapa sepheo se amanang le tšabo (mohlala, Grove le Schuster 1974; Bergman le Johanson 1981; Kearns et al. 2002).
Mohlala oa quinine o phatlalalitsoe ka lekhetlo la pele ke Wolfframm le Heyne (Wolffgramm 1991; Wolfframm le Heyne 1991). Boithuto bona, hammoho le mosebetsi o ileng oa latela, li bonts'itse hore kamora nako e telele ea ho nwa ethanol e lateloang ke nako ea ho ikoetlisa ka mokhoa o qobelloang, ho kenella hoa ethanol ho ile ha khopisa ho eketsoa ha quinine. Ka mantsoe a mang, ha quinine e ne e eketsoa ka har'a ethanol e neng e fumaneha litonong tsa 6-9 mo pele, takatso ea tsona e ne e se joalo, kapa e ne e fokotsoa haholo ke tatso e bohloko ea quinine. Ho fapana le moo, likhoto tse nang le phihlelo e fokolang ea ethanol li ile tsa fokotsa mokhoa oa tsona oa ho ja. Ho hloka kutloisiso ho ka bapisoang le ho koala bofebe ka mor'a ho ja nako e telele ea lithethefatsi ho ile ha fumanoa ka mor'a moo bakeng sa opiate etonitazene (Wolfframm le Heyne 1995; Heyne 1996), amphetamine (Heyne le Wolffgramm 1998; Galli le Wolffgramm 2004), le nicotine (Galli le Wolffgramm 2011). Hoa thabisa hore ebe lithuto tse peli tsa ho qetelaGalli le Wolffgramm 2004, 2011) e tlaleha hore ho hloka thobalano ho feliseng bofebe ba quinine ho ntlafalitsoe ka nako e telele ea amphetamine le boiphihlelo ba nicotine sehlopheng sa likhoto feela.
Mokhahlelo oa quinine oa bohlola o sa tsoa lateloa lithutong tse peli tse arohaneng (Hopf et al. 2010; Lesscher et al. 2010). Hopf et al. (2010) e bonts'itse hore likhoto tse neng li lumelletsoe ho noa ethanol nako le nako (3 d / wk) bakeng sa 3-4 mo li ne li sa tsotelle ho kenyelletsoa ha quinine ho ethanol ha ts'usumetso ea bona ea ho itaola ethanol tlasa kemiso e tsoelang pele ea matlafatso e hlahlojoa. Ho khahlisang, kutloisiso ea quinine e fumanoe kamora boiphihlelo bo bokhutšoanyane ba ethanol (1.5 mo). Ka sethala sa lehae se nooang lapeng, likhoto tse nang le phihlelo ea "ethanol" li ne li sa amehe haholo ho quinine ho feta liphoofolo tse nang le phihlello ea ethanol, joalo ka mohlala, ka liphumano tsa Bohlale (1973) phihlello ea "ethanol" e kenellang e lebisa ho palo e kholo ea ho kenella hoa ethanol ho feta phihlello e tsoelang pele. Ka khetho e lekanyelitsoeng ea phihlello, Lesscher et al. (2010) e bonts'itse hore litoeba li ile tsa fetoha tse sa tsotelleng ho feba ka bohlola kamora ho ba le 2 wk feela ea boiphihlelo ba ethanol. Kahoo, athe karolo ea quinine ha e qobelle ho inkela semolao sa ethanol, e bile e eketsa ho ts'oaroa hoa quinine ho ethanol e sa atlehe ho fokotsa ho nwa ka litoeba ka 2 wk ea boiphihlelo ba ethanol, ha ona e ne e le ona feela mohloli oa ethanol. Ho makatsang ke hore pontso e 'ngoe ea ho hloka kutloelo-bohloko ea quinine e hlahile kamora libeke tse ling tsa 6 tsa boiphihlelo ba ethanol, moo litoeba tse nang le nalane ea ethanol ea 8 wk li ile tsa hloka thahasello ea quinine, kaha li ne li nooa ka tekanyo e lekanang le botlolo ea "ethanol" ntle le quinine. mahloriso.
Letotong la lithuto tse reretsoeng ho lekola likarolo tse tloaelehileng tsa ho batla lithethefatsi, Dickinson le basebetsi mmoho (Dickinson et al. 2002; Miles et al. 2003) e lekotse hore na ho fokotsa moriana kapa k'hok'heine e kenngoeng ka molomo, ka ho hira tšebeliso ea eona ka bokuli ba mofuta oa chloride, le ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea meriana ena. Le ha mohiruoa ea arabelang lijo a bonahala a ameha ka ho putlama, ho arabela ka ho felisoa ha ethanol kapa cocaine ho ne ho se joalo. Ho makatsang ke hore, nakong ea ha ho e-ba le mokhoa oa ho rata tatso ka lithium le nakong eo motho a arabelloang ka eona bakeng sa lithethefatsi, ho arabela le ho ja tharollo ea lithethefatsi tse amanang le malaise e hlahisitsoeng ka tšohanyetso ho ile ha fokotseha haholo (Dickinson et al. 2002; Miles et al. 2003). Sena se bonts'a hore ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e ka ameha ka ho fetoloa ha moriana empa ho se arabe lithethefatsi ka ho se felise. Fuoa hore lithuto tse ling, li akaretsoa ka holimo (Wolffgramm 1991; Wolfframm le Heyne 1991, 1995; Heyne 1996, 1998; Galli le Wolffgramm 2004, 2011; Hopf et al. 2010; Lesscher et al. 2010), bonts'a ka mokhoa o hlakileng hore tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ka boyona e ka ba tse sa utloiseng kotlo kamora boiphihlelo ba nako e telele ba lithethefatsi, ho ka etsahala hore nts'etsopele ea tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi e ka hlaha ka tsela e tsitsitseng. Litekanyetso tsa lithethefatsi tse bohareng kapa liketso tse amanang le lithethefatsi li fetoha tse sa tsotelleng kotlo pele ho ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ka boeona li etsa, mohlomong e emetse ho mpefala ha nako ea teko ea ho lemalla le ho ba le boiphihlelo bo eketsehang ba lithethefatsi.
Tumellanong le mohopolo ona, ho bontšitsoe hore motho ea sebelisang lithethefatsi o ikutloa a le hlokofatso pele a fuoa kotlo, empa hore boits'oaro bona bo bobe bo senyeha butle-butle ka mor'a boiphihlelo ba nako e telele ba lithethefatsi (Deroche-Gamonet et al. 2004; Vanderschuren le Everitt 2004; Pelloux et al. 2007; Belin et al. 2009). Lithutong tsena, ho batla k'hok'heine ho likhoto ho ne ho fuoa kotlo ka footshock, kapa ho hlahlojoa boteng ba tšusumetso e amanang le footshock e amanang le tšusumetso (CS). Liphoofolong tse nang le boiphihlelo ba ho itlhokofatsa ka ho sebelisa k'hok'heine, CS ea ho hlohlona e ile ea hatella haholo ho batla koae. Ho fapana le hoo, CS e amanang le footshock e ne e se na phello ea ho batla koae ka likhoto tse nang le nalane ea nako e telele ea ho itlhokisa koae (Vanderschuren le Everitt 2004). Kamora kotlo e fanoang ke footshock (ho fapana le CS e amanang le footshock), likhoto tse nang le phihlello e atolositsoeng ea koae e ile ea qalella ho ipusa ka lithethefatsi ka potlako ho feta liphoofolo tse nang le phihlello e fokolang ea koae.Ahmed 2012). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, kotlo ea koae e batloang ke footshock le eona e hatelletsoe haholo ho arabela koae ho liphoofolo tse nang le boiphihlelo bo fokolang ba lithethefatsi, empa sehlotšoana sa liphoofolo se ile sa bontša ho hloka kotlo hamorao (Pelloux et al. 2007). Ho latela sephetho sena, Deroche-Gamonet le basebetsi mmoho (Deroche-Gamonet et al. 2004; Belin et al. 2009) e hlokometse hore ho tsamaisa koae e kenang kahare bakeng sa koae e nang le footshock e hatelletseng haholo cocaine liphoofolong tse nang le boiphihlelo bo fokolang ba lithethefatsi, empa hore kutloelo-bohloko ena ea kotlo e ile ea lahleha ka har'a likhoto tse ngata kamora boiphihlelo ba nako e telele ba koae.
Ho qetela, ka sethala se thehiloeng ho "Lebokose la Ts'ireletso" la khale, moo likhoto li tlamehang ho tšela gridi ea motlakase ho fihlela moputso (Jenkins et al. 1926), Cooper et al. (2007) e bonts'itse hore ho eketsa letsoalo le matla la gridi ho lebisitse ho likhoto tse nang le nalane e ikemetseng ea ts'ebetso ea koae ho tlohela lithethefatsi, leha matla a hlokahala ho fihlela sena se fapaneng lipakeng tsa liphoofolo. Ho khahlisang, tlhahiso ea litlolo tse amanang le koae e ile ea khutlisa ho khutlisetsa likaroloana tseo, empa e le ka sehlotšoaneng sa likhoto. Ka bobeli, tlhaiso-leseling ena e bonts'a hore ka boiphihlelo bo lekaneng ba ho sebelisa lithethefatsi, ho ts'oara lithethefatsi le ho li nka ho ka se utloisise kotlo. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa batho ba nang le boiphihlelo ba lithethefatsi mabapi le nts'etsopele ea ho hanyetsa hona ho litlamorao tse mpe.
Karolo e fetilengKarolo e latelang
TLHOKOMELISO REMAKHE
Mona re kgutsufalitse bopaki bo matla ba tšohanyetso ea matšoao a bokhoba ba lithethefatsi ho liphoofolo. E ipapisitse le maemo a DSM-IV a bokhoba ba lithethefatsi (Lethathamo 1) (Mokhatlo oa Maiketsetso oa Ma-Amerika 2000), ho bontšitsoe matšoao a mangata a tlhekefetso ho liphoofolo tse sebelisoang ka kotloloho, ka ho re, ho phahama ha tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, bofokoli ba methapo, ho hana ho felisoa, tšusumetso e matla ea lithethefatsi, ho rata lithethefatsi ho feta meputso ea nondrug, le ho hanela kotlo. Lintlha tsena li bontša hore boitšoaro ba bokhoba bo ka ba teng 'me ba ithutoa ka mehlala ea liphoofolo, bo bonts'a hore mochine oa neural o sebelisang ho tsoma lithethefatsi le ho nka o teng mme o ka kenella liphoofolong tsa liphoofolo tse se nang botho joalo ka batho. Sena se re fa monyetla o thabisang oa ho ithuta semelo sa neural le lefutso la ho lemalla lithethefatsi lithutong tsa liphoofolo. Tabeng ea ho eketseha ha koae, koae e se e ntse e tsoela pele mme e se e qala ho senola bohlokoa ba kutloisiso ea methapo ea kutlo. Mohlala, haufinyane e fihlile sehlohlolong sa ho sibolloa ha litsela tse ncha tsa molek'hule ka har'a dorsal striatum e laolang ho eketseha ha boikoetliso ba koae (cocaine)Hollander et al. 2010; Im et al. 2010; bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea moraorao, bona Ahmed le Kenny 2011). Rea tšepa hore lipatlisiso tsena li tla lebisa ho nts'etsopele ea kalafo e sebetsang haholoanyane bakeng sa lefu lena le bohloko.
Kakaretso e hlahisitsoeng mona e boetse e supa lipotso tse 'maloa tse ikhethang tse hlokang ho arabeloa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang. Taba ea pele, ho lokela ho hlokomeloe hore ho ba teng ha letšoao le le leng la bokhoba ba mofuta oa phoofolo ha ho tšoane le mohlala oa ho lemalla lithethefatsi. Ka ho hlakileng, litekanyetso tsa DSM-IV li bolela hore lintlha tse tharo kapa ho feta tsa tse supileng li hloka ho khotsofatsoa.Mokhatlo oa Maiketsetso oa Ma-Amerika 2000). Ka hona, taba e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa ke ho bona hore na litlhaloso tse tlatselletsang tsa boitšoaro bo tlatselletsang mona li hlaha hammoho ho batho ba itseng kapa tlasa maemo a itseng. Ho na le bopaki bo matla ba ho fana ka maikutlo a hore likarolo tse fapaneng tsa boitšoaro bo lematsang li hlile li etsahetse (mohlala, Wolffgramm 1991; Deroche-Gamonet et al. 2004). Mohlala, keketseho ea ts'ebeliso ea koae e bontšitsoe hore e tla hlaha sehlopheng se le seng sa batho ba nang le tšusumetso e matla, bofokoli ba methapo, khethollo ea lithethefatsi, kapa ho hana kotlo (bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea morao-rao, bona Ahmed 2012). Phephetso e 'ngoe e ileng ea latela tšimong ke ho hlakisa maemo a khethollang ho hlaha ha likarolo tse fapaneng tsa boits'oaro bo bobebe, le liphetoho tse hlokahalang tsa tlhaho. Phephetso e 'ngoe e amanang le lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang e tla ba ho bona hore na matšoao ohle a bokhoba a ka hlaha ho liphoofolo kapa hore na matšoao a itseng a khethehile ho batho. Monyetla oa morao-rao o tla hlahisa litaba tse khahlisang tsa ho iphetola ha lintho. Ntle le moo, re hloka ho lula re tseba hore tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, leha e le ka mor'a ho pepesetsoa lithethefatsi ka nako e telele, e hlaha sehlopheng sa batho ka bomong. Ka hona, ho bohlokoa ho khetholla lintlha tsa tlhaho, tlhaho le tikoloho tse fanang ka motho ea kotsing ea ho holisa boits'oaro. Tsena li kenyelletsa, empa ha ho na moo li fokolang teng, likarolo tsa moea tse fokolisang maikutlo joalo ka ho hloka matla (Dalley et al. 2007b; Belin et al. 2008), thobalano (Anker le Carroll 2011), le boemo ba sechaba (mohlala, Wolffgramm 1991; Morgan et al. 2002). Mohlala, lithuto tse peli tsa morao-rao tse ikhethileng ho litoeba li bonts'itse hore khetho ea koae ka lijo tse fumanehang habonolo e ne e batla e le ka 2-3 khafetsa ho basali hangata ho feta ho banna, a fana ka maikutlo a hore basali ba ka ba tlokotsing ea ts'oaetso ea koae (Kerttetter et al. 2009; Perry et al. 2011). Qetellong, lithethefatsi tse lemalloang li tsoa lihlopheng tse fapaneng haholo tsa meriana, tse kang psychostimulants (cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine), opiates (heroin), ethanol le nikotine. Leha e le hore e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea lithethefatsi tsena e tsebahala e lemalla haholo, matla a eona a ho lemalla a fapana, 'me matlafatso a ona a ipapisitse le maemo a tikoloho (mohlala, Caprioli et al. 2009; Solinas et al. 2011). Ka hona, re hloka ho supa hore na ho hlaha ha boitšoaro bo makatsang le lisosa tsa eona tsa tlhaho, liphatsa tsa lefutso, le tikoloho li sebetsa e le nnete bakeng sa lithethefatsi tse lemalloang ka kakaretso, kapa hore na li bua ka lithethefatsi ka ho khetheha.Badiani et al. 2011). Mohlala, haufinyane ho fumanoe hore bongata ba boikoetliso ba koae ha bo kopane ka kakaretso le ho itaola, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore liphapang tsa lithethefatsi li hlile li bohlokoa (Lenoir et al. 2011).
Leha re e-na le litaba tsena tse sa rarolloang le lipotso tse ikhethang kelellong, re nahana hore lilemo tse mashome a mahlano tse fetileng tsa lipatlisiso tsa bokhoba ba tahi li hlahisitse tlhaiso-leseling e ntle, le hore thahasello ea morao-rao ea ho ithuta boits'oaro bo joalo ba bokhoba ba liteko tsa liteko tsa liphoofolo e hlahisitse nts'etsopele. selelekela sa ho qala lipatlisiso tse tla khahlisa tse tla re thusa ho utloisisa hamolemo mofuta oa tlhekefetso ea ho lemalla.
Karolo e fetilengKarolo e latelang
LINTLHA TSA LITLHAHO
LJMJV e tšehelitsoe ke ZonMw (Mokhatlo oa Netherlands bakeng sa Patlisiso ea Bophelo le Nts'etsopele) Grant 91207006 (e fuoe LJMJV, P. Voorn, le AB Smit), ZonMw (Mokhatlo oa Netherlands bakeng sa Patlisiso ea Bophelo le Ntshetsopele) / National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA ) Collaborative Grant 60-60600-97-211 (e fuoe LJMJV le RC Pierce). SHA e tšehetsoa ke Lekhotla la Bafuputsi la French (CNRS), National Agency Agency (ANR), Univesithi ea Bordeaux-Segalen, le Conseil Regional d'Aquitaine (CRA).
Karolo e fetilengKarolo e latelang
Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe
- Bahlophisi: R. Christopher Pierce le Paul J. Kenny
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LITLHAHISO
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