Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse laoloang Sebelisa le Monyetla oa Tsela e sa Ts'oareng (2018). (Tlhatlhobo ea mofuta oa Grubbs oa boits'oaro bo hlephileng)

Litlaleho tsa Boits'oaro ba Botona le Botšehali

February 2019, Buka ea 48, Khatiso ea 2, maqephe 455-460 |

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10508-018-1277-5

Paul J. Wright

Puo ena e bua ka sehlooho se fumanehang ho sona https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1248-x.

Ka Commentary ena, ka mor'a ho fana ka pono e khuts'oanyane ea semelo sa ka le lipatlisiso mabapi le lihlooho tse koahetsoeng ke Grubbs, Perry, Wilt, le Reid's (2018) Litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka lebaka la boits'oaro ba boitšoaro bo bobe (PPMI), ke hlahloba lintlha tsa PPMI, khopolo ea bona ea maikutlo, le tšehetso ea bona e matla. Ka mor'a moo, ke botsa lipotso tse hlano (ka li-sub-question) tse mabapi le PPMI bakeng sa baetsi ba eona ho nahanisisa. Tsena li amana le hore na mohlala o lokela ho nahana ka "ho latola mathata a litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka lebaka la boitlamo ba boits'oaro" tseleng, haeba ho khetholla mokhoa o itseng oa "boitšoaro bo hlephileng" ho bula monyako oa palo e sa lekanyetsoang ea litsela, ebang ke mokhoa o sa lokelang e ka 'na ea e-ba ea bohlokoa ho mokhoa oa hona joale oa litsela tse peli, e leng se boleloang ke mohlala oa ho phekoloa, le mekhoa e meholo ea litsela. Le hoja PPMI e lebeletse ho eketsa mathata a sa tšoaneng a "litlokotsi tsa bootsoa," ke tsepamisa kelello tabeng ea ho lemalla litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, kaha sena ke moferefere o 'nileng oa tsepamisoa ke lipatlisiso tse ngata' me o na le likhang haholo.

Tšoaneleho le Contextualization

Phuputso ea saense sebakeng se itseng ho ka boleloa hore e na le bamameli ba bararo: (1) bo-rasaense ba bang ba nang le litsebi tse tšoanang, (2) tse ling tse sa tsejoeng sebakeng sena, empa li na le thahasello ho tsona, le (3) sechaba sa thahasello (mohlala, liithuti tse ithutang sekolo sa mathomo, bangoli ba saense). Bohlokoa ba maikutlo a tsoang ho bo-rasaense-'moho le bona ba ikhethileng sebakeng se le seng ke ho iponahatsa le ho bontšoa mekhoeng ea ho hlahloba lithaka tsa likoranta tsa saense. Tlhaloso ea batho ba sa tsebeng ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa saense kapa ea sa koetlisetsoang ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa saense hape ke ea bohlokoa, leha ho le joalo, ha lihlopha tsena li ntse li bala, ho hlalosa, ho buisana, le ho ameha ka lipatlisiso tse botsitsoeng.

My Ph.D. e nyenyane e ne e le tsoelo-pele ea batho le lithuto tsa malapa, 'me ke bala, ho hlahloba le ho ruta libakeng tse sa tšoaneng tsa saense le tsa boitšoaro. Empa lithuto tsa ka le koetliso ea ka haholo ke mekhoa ea puisano le liphello (tekanyo ea sekolo sa mathomo litabeng tsa puisano, litsebi litabeng tsa puisano, tse kholo ea doctorate ka puisano). Le hoja ke phatlalalitse sebakeng sa ho kopanela liphate ho se nang boitšoaro, lithuto tsena li lebisitse tlhokomelo ea puisano ea bophelo bo botle le mekhoa ea boits'oaro (mohlala, Wright, 2010, 2011; Wright le McKinley, 2010). Ka ho tšoanang, le hoja litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke ntlha ea kamehla ea lipatlisiso tsa ka (mohlala, Wright, 2018; Wright, Bae, le Funk, 2013; Wright, Letsatsi, & Steffen, 2018), Ke ikakhetse ka setotsoana ho botsoalle, eseng dysregulation. Ka hona, ke ikarabella joaloka rasaense ea thahasellang litaba tse koahetsoeng ke PPMI, empa eseng setsebi. Ke kopa hore babali ba tlhaloso ena ba lule ba hopotse sena ha ba ntse ba nahana ka tlhahlobo ea ka le tlhahlobo ea ka, le hore bangoli ba PPMI ba na le mamello le 'na bakeng sa ho se utloisisane kapa lipolelo leha e le life tse bontšang hore ha ke na bokhoni. Mabapi le ba bobeli, ke boetse ke khothalletsa baetsi ba PPMI hore ba hopole hore ke ka tšoantšetsa batho ba sa tšoanang le litsebi ba tla bala karoloana le ho nahana ka karabo ea bona ho hlalosang ha ka e le monyetla oa ho hlakisa le kutloisiso e matlafalitsoeng har'a karolo ena ea bamameli .

PPMI Model

PPMI e beha likamano tse otlolohileng lipakeng tsa tumelo, boits'oaro bo bobe, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, le bokhoba ba boithati. Taba ea mantlha, mohlala o tiisa hore ts'ebeliso e tloaelehileng e lokela ho etsa hore batho ba bang ba lemohe hore ba lemaletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ha re ntse re lumela ho haella ha data e thata ho lekola likhang tsa thuto ea kelello tse entsoeng ke Cooper, Young, le ba bang ka hore na litheko tsa mahlale a mehleng ea kajeno (ke hore, inthaneteng) litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ka kopana joang le lintlha tse ka bakang ts'oaetso tse ka lebisang ts'ebetsong ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (Cooper, Delmonico, le Burg, 2000;; Bacha, 2008), PPMI e supa leruo la bopaki ba botho bo hlahisoang ke batho ba ikutloang ba le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le baoki ba ba batlang thuso, hammoho le lintlha tse ngata (mohlala, Reid et al., 2012), ho pheha khang ea hore ho na le basebelisi ba kamehla ba ts'oanang le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba sa ikutloeng eka boitšoaro ba bona ke bo lekaneng. Sena se bonahala e le khopolo-taba e utloahalang, ho fanoe ka phihlelo e tsoelang pele le e sa thibeleng ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse fanoang ke inthanete, bokhoni ba ho kopanela liphate ho tsosoa ho fetola linaha tsa boipheliso, litlhohonolofatso tsa 'mele tse hlahisoang ke li-orgasm, le lits'oaelo tsa ho hlahloba ho bonts'a ho lumellana pakeng tsa ho sebelisoa hangata le ho lemalla monyetla oa ho ba le lithethefatsi tse ling tse sa amaneng le ho iphetola ha lintho tse kang "papali ea chelete e lemalla kapa e belaetsang papali ea chelete" (American Psychiatric Association, 2016; Li, van Vugt, & Colarelli, 2018;; Spinella, 2003). Litaba tse fumanehang li tšehetse ts'ebetso ena ea PPMI, ka ho lemalla ho lemalla ho lemala ka tsela e nepahetseng e hokahanngoa le boemo bo leka-lekaneng le ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hangata.

Taba ea bobeli, PPMI e tiisa hore har'a basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, bolumeli bo amana le boits'oaro bo hlephileng bo mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le hore boits'oaro bo bobe bo mpefatsa maikutlo a hore boitšoaro ba motho ke bokhoba. Ka lebaka la kamohelo ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro har'a batho ba lefatše hammoho le khanyetso e matla ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro har'a ba bolumeli (Arterburn, Stoeker, & Yorkey, 2009;; Dallas, 2009;; Pauluse, 2007; Weinberg, Williams, Kleiner le Irizarry, 2010), hoa utloahala hore bolumeli bo phahameng bo ne bo tla lumellana le boitšoaro bo phahameng ba boitšoaro. Ho boetse ho na le maikutlo a hore hangata ho kopanela boitšoarong boo motho a bo hanyetsanang ka matla bo ka ntlafatsa boikutlo ba ho se phekolehe (e leng, ea ho lemalla). Litaba tse fumanehang li boetse li tšehetsa lipolelo tsena tsa PPMI, ka bolumeli bo bolelang esale pele boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba boitšoaro le boits'oaro ba boitšoaro bo bolelang esale pele ka ho lemalla ho lemalla.

Ntlha ea boraro 'me qetellong, PPMI e bolela esale pele hore boitšoaro bo hlephileng bo tla ba matla a ho lemalla ho feta mokhoa oa ho sebelisoa. Hona hape ke ntlha e utloahalang, ka mabaka a mararo. Ntlha ea pele, maikutlo a boitšoaro bo bobe a amana le maikutlo a liphello tse mpe (ke hore, batho ba khetholla boits'oaro feela joaloka "boitšoaro bo bobe" ha ba bona eka ke kotsi). Ea bobeli, bophelo bo botle le mekhatlo ea boithati e bua ka ts'ebetso ea boitšoaro ho sa tsotellehe liphello tse mpe hangata ha li bua ka makhetlo a boits'oaro ba boitšoaro boemong ba bona ba ho hlahloba (Alcoholics Anonymous, 2018;; Mokhatlo oa Maiketsetso oa Amerika, 2016;; Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo, 2018). Ntlha ea boraro, litsebi li atisa ho re "ho hana ke pontšo ea ho lemalla" (Lancer, 2017-E, basebelisi ba bangata ba kamehla ba ka 'na ba hana). E le hore ho khonehe, hoa utloahala ho nahana hore boitšoaro bo hlephileng bo tla bolela hore ho lemalla ho lemalla ho feta mokhoa oa boitšoaro hobane (1) ho khetholla boitšoaro e le kotsi ke ntho e hlokahalang ho e lemoha e le ho lemalla le ho hlahlojoa ha kotsi le boitšoaro bo bobe ka tsela e sa tsitsang ho amana, le (2) ho ea ka litsebi tse ngata tse lemalloang ha li nahane hore li joalo hobane li hane ka liphello tse bohloko tsa liketso tsa bona (Weiss, 2015). Litaba tse fumanehang li boetse li tšehetsa ts'ebeliso ena ea PPMI, kaha mekhatlo pakeng tsa ho itšoara ha boitšoaro le ho lemalla ho lemalla ho bile le matla ho feta mekhatlo pakeng tsa makhetlo a sebelisoang le ho lemalla ho lemalla.

Ka kakaretso, PPMI e thehiloe ka mokhoa o utloahalang le o ka hare-hare oa likhopolo-taba mabapi le hore na bolumeli, boitšoaro bo hlephileng, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, le mekhoa e metle ea ho lemala, le ts'ehetso ea data e fumanehang ka bophara.

Lipotso tsa ho Nahana

Tsela ea ho Khaotsa?

Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe pejana, ke maikutlo a kotsi a lebisang ponong ea boitšoaro bo bobe le motho ea lemalloang a tla ikemela feela haeba a lemoha hore boitšoaro ba bona bo kotsi. PPMI e fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba bang ba inehetseng ba lemoha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e le tse kotsi haholo hoo esita le litlhaselo tse fokolang li ka lebisang ho faneng ka qeto ea hore boitšoaro ba bona bo senyehile. Linyeoe tsena li ka 'na tsa bitsoa maikutlo a bohata a ho itlhahloba ka lebaka la boitlamo bo khahlanong le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Empa ho thoe'ng ka pheletso e fapaneng ea tsoelo-pele? Joalo ka ha ho na le batho ba bonang litšoantšo tsohle tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisoa li le kotsi, ho na le bao ka botsitso bo lekanang ba likhopolo ba tsitlellang hore ntle le haeba e le sesosa se ke keng sa hanyetsoa, se potlakileng le se tobileng sa pefo ea thobalano, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha li na ho ba le litlamorao tse mpe (bona Hald , Sekepe, & Linz, 2014; Linz le Malamuth, 1993). Haeba motho a ikemiselitse ho etsa lintho tse tsosang takatso ea ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, na ha li latele hore li ka ba kotsi ho bona le ho ba bang tse bakoang ke ts'ebeliso ea bona e fokolisitsoeng ho ntho leha e le efe ntle le sesosa sa 'nete? Batho bana ba ka 'na ba bitsoa ho itlhahloba ka bohata ka lebaka la boipelaetso ba ho rata boitšoaro bo hlephileng.

Litsela Tse sa Lekaneng Tse sa Thabaneng?

PPMI e fana ka litsela tse peli ho itlhahloba ea ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Tseleng ea pele, ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho fokotsoe hoo ho hlakileng hore ho na le bothata ba hore ha ba na boikhethelo empa ba etsa qeto ea hore ba na le bothata. Tseleng ea bobeli, motho o na le tumellano ea boitšoaro khahlanong le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro empa o ntse a tsoela pele ho e sebelisa, 'me phapang ena pakeng tsa boitšoaro ba bona le boitšoaro ba bona e lebisa ho ba le maikutlo a ho lemala.

Tsela ena ea bobeli e bitsoa "mathata a litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka lebaka la boits'oaro" hobane ho se lumellane lipakeng tsa maikutlo a motho a boitšoaro khahlano le ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho lebisa mohopolong oa hore ba lemaletse. Ho khetholla ka kotloloho tsela ea "boitšoaro bo hlephileng" ho hlahisa potso ea tlhoko ea litsela tse ling tse ka bang teng, joalo ka "mathata a litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka lebaka la boits'oaro ba lichelete," "mathata a litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka lebaka la boits'oaro bo amanang le kamano", le "mathata a litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka lebaka la boits'oaro bo sa sebetseng" (Likhokho, Delmonico, & Griffin, 2009; Schneider le Weiss, 2001). Tseleng ea litsebo tsa lichelete, motho o lemoha litšoantšo tsa bona tsa bootsoa li sebelisa e sa laoloe hobane ha ba khone ho boloka ho lefa liwebsaete tsa bootsoa empa ba tsoelapele ho etsa joalo joalo. Ha motho a e-na le likamano tse amanang le likamano tsa botona le botšehali, motho o lemoha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha a sa laola hobane molekane oa hae o re ba tla felisa kamano haeba boitšoaro ba bona bo ntse bo tsoelapele, empa ba ntse ba tsoela pele ho sebelisa ho sa tsotellehe hore ba sa batle kamano ea bona. Tseleng ea litsebi tsa boipheliso, motho o lemoha litšoantšo tsa bona tsa bootsoa a sebelisa ho se laola hobane mohiri oa bona o na le leano le khahlanong le ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa mosebetsing, empa ba ntse ba tsoela pele ho etsa joalo.

Tsena ke mehlala e seng mekae feela ea hore na phapang pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le sepheo se utloahalang sa hore na ke hobane'ng ha ba sa lokela ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho ka lebisa boikutlong ba ho "lemalla." Hobane ho na le lintho tse ling tse ngata tse ka hlahisoang ke ho se lumellane , ho hlaha potso mabapi le hore na tsela e molemo ka ho fetisisa ea ho atamela mehaho ea mekhoa ke ho khetholla tsela e ncha bakeng sa mofuta o mong le o mong oa mofuta o mong oa boipheliso.

Tsela e sa Tsitsang e sa Tšoaneng?

Ka lebaka la ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse ntseng li eketseha ho batho ba bangata le mekhatlong e tloaelehileng, ka kakaretso, karolo ea ho hana ho fokotsa boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho lemalla lithethefatsi, le ho hatisa malumeli a mangata le lihlopha tsa malumeli ho beha boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ho utloisisa haholoanyane litsebe tse mpe tsa bokamoso tse seng li ntse li le teng le tse ka 'nang tsa e-ba teng nakong e tlang ho feta ho senya basebeletsi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bao e seng balumeli? Le hore ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bolumeli li ntse li tsoela pele ho itšoara ho sa tsotellehe ho lemoha kotsi (e le kannete le tse ka khonehang), ba potlakela ho amohela bokhoni ba ho lemalla mesebetsi ea bona ho feta basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa? Ho pheta-pheta lentsoe le tloaelehileng litabeng tsa khatello ea lithethefatsi, na ho ka etsahala hore basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba bolumeli ba na le monyetla oa ho lumela hore ba "otlile ka tlaase" 'me ba hloka thuso ho feta basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba bootsoa?

Tlhaloso ena e nahane hore likahlolo tsa boitšoaro li amana ka kotloloho le maikutlo a litlamorao tse mpe; ke hobane boits'oaro bo nkuoa bo le kotsi ke ha ho thoe bo litšila. E boetse e hlahisitse hore ho itsebahatsa e le lekhoba ho ka etsahala ha batho ba lumela hore boits'oaro ba bona bo kotsi empa ba ntse ba tsoela pele ho bo etsa. Ho latela pono ena, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse laoloang li sebelisa likamano le maikutlo a boitšoaro mabapi le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho bolela esale pele hore motho o lemalla ho lemala, mme maikutlo a boitšoaro a bakoa ke maikutlo a kotsi. Boitšoaro bo hlephileng bo lekantsoe ka lipotso tse kang "Ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng ho tšoenya letsoalo la ka" le "Ke lumela hore ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng ho fosahetse" (Grubbs, Exline, Pargament, Hook, & Carlisle, 2015). Kaha litšoantšo tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li hatisa mefuta e fapa-fapaneng ea liketso tse mpe (mohlala, ho ferekanya ha batho ba bang, ho fokotseha ho hoholo, boithati, mekhoa e mabifi, ho fokotsa kutloelo-bohloko ho basali, ho phatlalatsoa ha batho ba ratang ho kopanela liphate, ho kopanyelletsa le tse amanang le morabe, tahlehelo ea lichelete-Foubert, 2017), basebeletsi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba bolumeli ba ka 'na ba lemoha ho bonahatsa kapa ho ka ba le liphello tse bohloko ho feta ba sa amoheleng bolumeli. Ho tsoela pele ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho sa tsotellehe ho lemoha kapa ho lemoha hore na ho na le bokhoni ba ho ntša kotsi, ho potlakisa ho nahana hore motho o lemaletse. Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse hlephileng tsa bolumeli li qetella li fihletse qeto e tšoanang, empa tšebeliso ea tsona e tla hloka ho ba matla haholoanyane le nako e telele, 'me ba tla hloka liphello tse bohloko tse ke keng tsa qojoa.

Ka kakaretso, tlhaloso ena e hlahisa monyetla oa ho ba le mokhoa oa ho utloisisa ho lemalla litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse akarelletsang ho tšepahala, boitšoaro bo bobe, boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho sebelisa lithethefatsi, le phapang ea batho ka bomong, empa ho beha tsela e le 'ngoe (bona setšoantšo sa feiga. 1). Likhohlano tse itseng li eketsa menyetla ea ho senya litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, empa ho sa tsotellehe hore na bothata bona bo amoheleha bo itšetlehile ka maikutlo a kotsi. Mehopolo ea kotsi e boetse e susumetsoa ke bolumeli, hammoho le ho tseba le ho ba le kutloelo-bohloko ho ba bang. Basebedisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba ikutloang ba le ba nang le kutloelo-bohloko ba tla potlakela ho bona kamoo boitšoaro ba bona bo amang bophelo ba bona kateng le bophelo ba ba bang.

Bula setšoantšo ka fensetere e ncha

Setšoantšo sa 1

Tsela e sa tloaelehang ea ho utloisisa ho lemalla litšoantšo tse manyala tse tsosang takatso ea bootsoa

Liphello Tsa Phekolo?

Mokhoa o habeli oa tsela o lebisa litebellong tse fapaneng tsa kalafo. Batho ba oelang tseleng ea pele (batho bao tšebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro "e hlile e senotsoeng") ba tla hloka mofuta o itseng oa lenaneo le ba fang lefapha la ho emisa kapa ho lekola tšebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ke ka n beyond'ane ho bophahamo ba Tlhaloso ena ho lekola le ho lekola lipatlisiso tse amanang le mokhoa oa "Kamohelo le Boitlamo ba Phekolo" (Twohig & Crosby, 2010) e khetholitsoeng sehloohong sa Target, empa e bonahala e le sebaka se tšepisang sa phetoho ea boitšoaro. Ho buisana le lithaka tsa lithaka, hammoho le ho fana ka keletso ho ba bang ba nang le boiphihlelo bo eketsehileng ba ho laola litšoantšo tsa bona tsa bootsoa, le bona ba ka atleha (Wright, 2010).

Kalafo eo batho ba e fumanang ba oelang tseleng ea bobeli ha e hlake hantle (ke hore, batho bao maikutlo a bona a ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa a bakoang ke boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba boitšoaro). Ha motho a kopanela boitšoarong bo bakang letsoalo la bona la boitšoaro, ba na le likhetho tse peli: fokotsa boitšoaro ba bona ho bapisa boitšoaro ba bona kapa ho ntlafatsa boitšoaro ba bona ho bapisa boitšoaro ba bona. Sehlooho sa Target se bonahala se bolela hore tsena ka bobeli ke tse khethollang. Mabapi le ba pele, sehlooho sena se fana ka maikutlo a "ho rarolla likhohlano tsa kamano tse amanang le boitšoaro." Mabapi le bobeli, sehlooho sena se fana ka maikutlo a "boiteko ba ho ntlafatsa mekhoa e metle ea boitšoaro." Hobane ho tla ba thata ho kholisa ba bolumeli hore melao ea bona ea boitšoaro ke ea thobalano ba khathatsehang 'me ba lokela ho amohela tšebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, lingaka li sala li thusa batho ba bolumeli hore ba khaotse ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Leha ho le joalo, nakong eo litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bolumeli li batlang thuso ea lingaka, ho ka etsahala hore li se li lekile ho emisa hangata mme ha li atlehe. Sena se tlisa Commentary morao ho tsela e se nang moeli, e leng se bontšang hore moetapele oa bolumeli le ea se nang borapeli o hlokomolohileng basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba fapane ka tekanyo e fapaneng, empa e tšoanang le ea mofuta, mme mekhoa ea ho fetola boitšoaro e ntle ho e mong e tla ba e ntle ho e mong (le hoja mohlomong mananeo ao e seng a bolumeli bakeng sa batho bao e seng balumeli le ba moea bakeng sa bolumeli).

Haeba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa motho ea bolumeli li sebelisitsoe ka boomo le ho hlahlojoa 'me lefu la tsona feela ke letsoalo le fapaneng, mokhoa oa phekolo o ka ba o khutšoanyane haholo. Nyeoe e hlahisoa ke mofani; lingaka li re "Haeba e u khathatsa, u se ke ua e etsa," 'me phekolo ea phethoa. Haeba, joalokaha sehlooho se ka sehloohong se bontša, batho ba bangata ba nang le boithati ba nang le boithati ba kenang sehlopheng sena, ena ke litaba tse monate. Khopotso e bonolo kapa e 'ngoe ea polelo ea hore tsela e molemo ka ho fetisisa ea ho se utloe bohloko ka boitšoaro ke ho e qoba e lokela ho lekana. Joaloka liphatlalatso tsohle tsa boithabiso, tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ha ho hlokahale bakeng sa ho phela ka mokhoa o sebetsang, 'me sehlopha sena sa basebelisi se na le taolo e feletseng ea boitšoaro ba bona ho sa tsotellehe ho kopanela liphate ho kopanela liphate ka lebaka la bolumeli. Ka lebaka leo, phekolo ha ea lokela ho ba thata haholo.

Mekhoa?

Litlhahiso tse tharo tse amanang le mokhoa li hlahile ha ho ntse ho baloa Article e shebiloeng. Taba ea pele, lithuto tse 'maloa tse hlahisang litlhahlobo tsa meta tse sebelisitsoeng tsa ntho e le ngoe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisa makhetlo Le ha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse le ngoe li sebelisa methati li bonts'itse bonnete le boits'oaro bo hlakileng lithutong tse ngata tse fapaneng le ho lekoa ha liteko ho liteko tse ngata tsa bolelele ba nako, boholo ba matla ao ba a hlahisang bo ka fokotsoa hanyane ho tsoa ho boleng bo ka beng bo hlahisitsoe bo na le lintho tse ngata. mehato e sebelisitsoe. Ka mantsoe a mang, ho na le monyetla oa hore liphetho tsa meta-analytic li kanna tsa nyenyefatsa matla a 'nete a kamano lipakeng tsa makhetlo a ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le bokhoba ba boithati (Wright, Tokunaga, Kraus, & Klann, 2017). Taba ea bobeli, ha mohlala oa liphetho o bontša hore barupeluoa ba ntse ba nahana ka litšoantšo tsa bona tsa bootsoa ha ba araba lipotso tse amanang le boits'oaro bo sa amoheleheng ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, sena se lokela ho boleloa ka ho hlaka lipotsong tse botsang lipotso tsena. Ho ka etsahala hore barupeluoa ba nahane ka litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa batho ba bang ba sebelisa tse fetang tsa bona ha ba araba lipotso tse kang "Ke lumela hore ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Inthaneteng ho fosahetse." Haeba batho ba ikemela ka tšebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa empa ba nyatsa tšebeliso ea ba bang, sena se ka ba bothata (Rojas, Shah, & Faber, 1996). Ntlha ea boraro, ha ho fetoleloa ho hloka setsoalle pakeng tsa ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisa nako e telele, ho lokela ho hopoloa hore batho ba bangata ba tsosolosang ba phela ka poleloana "hang ha ba lemalla, kamehla ba lemalla" (Louie, 2016). Batho ba hlaphohetsoeng ka molao le batho ba sa foleng ka molao ba ithutileng ka mantra ena ba tla araba ka nepo lipotsong tse kang "Ke lumela hore ke lemaletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete" leha ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e fokotsehile kapa e timme. Ha ho fanoa ka sena, hammoho le taba ea hore mefuta e mengata ea bokhoba ba tahi e hatisa litlamorao le taolo ho feta boits'oaro ba boits'oaro, mohlomong ha ho makatse hore hajoale motho ea inahanelang ho lemalla lithethefatsi ha a bolele esale pele hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li tla sebelisa makhetlo hamorao (Grubbs, Wilt, Exline, & Khang, 2018).

fihlela qeto e

Mohlala oa PPMI ke ts'ebetso e thahasellisang le ea bohlokoa ea likhopolo le lipatlisiso mabapi le litumelo, boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba boitšoaro, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, le ho lemalla ho lemalla. Lipakane tsa ka bakeng sa Commentary ena li ne li lokela ho roka baqapi ba mohlala bakeng sa mosebetsi oa bona o boima le bohlale le ho fana ka likhopolo tse ling tsa bokamoso le lipatlisiso nakong e tlang. Ho ba le boitsebiso bo bongata bo tloaelehileng ba ho ipapisa le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, hammoho le mekhoa e sa tsoaneng ea maikutlo har'a bafuputsi le litsebi mabapi le ho khetholla le ho thusa batho ba joalo, ba batla hore ho kopanya mosebetsi sebakeng sena ho tsoele pele ho ba bohlokoa haholo.

References

Joala bo sa Tsejoeng. (2018). E na le AA bakeng sa hau? E khutlisitsoe ho www.aa.org.
Mokhatlo oa Maiketsetso oa Amerika. (2016). Bothata ba papali ea chelete ke eng? E khutlisitsoe ho www.psychiatry.org/patients-family/gambling-disorder/what-is-gambling-disorder.
Arterburn, S., Stoeker, F., & Yorkey, M. (2009). Ntoa ea motho e mong le e mong: Ho hlōla teko ea ho kopanela liphate tlhōlo e le 'ngoe ka nako. Colorado Springs, CO: Tlhaloso ea WaterBrook.Google Setsebi
Likhopo, PJ, Delmonico, DL, & Griffin, E. (2009). Mimong ea letlooa: Ho khaotsa ho ba le liketso tsa ho kopanela liphate ka inthaneteng. Centre City, MN: Hazelden.Google Setsebi
Cooper, A., Delmonico, DL, & Burg, R. (2000). Basebelisi ba cybersex, ba hlekefetsang le ba qobelloang: Liphetho tse ncha le litlamorao. Ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate le ho qobelloa, 7, 5-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/1072016000.8400205.CrossRef Google Setsebi
Dallas, J. (2009). Mehato ea 5 ea ho tlohela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Eugene, OR: Kotulo ea Bahoeletsi.Google Setsebi
Foubert, JD (2017). Kamoo litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li senyang kateng. Bloomington, IN: LifeRich.Google Setsebi
Grubbs, JB, Exline, JJ, Pargament, KI, Hook, JN, & Carlisle, RD (2015). Phetohelo e le bokhoba: Bolumeli le boitšoaro bo sa amoheleheng e le tse boletsoeng esale pele tsa ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Litlaleho tsa Boitšoaro ba Botona le Botšehali, 44, 125-136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0257-z.CrossRef E fetotsoe Google Setsebi
Grubbs, JB, Perry, SL, Wilt, JA, & Reid, RC (2018). Mathata a bootsoa ka lebaka la boits'oaro ba boits'oaro: Mohlala o kopaneng o nang le tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng le tlhahlobo ea litlhahlobo. Litlaleho tsa Boits'oaro ba Botona le Botšehali. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1248-x.CrossRef E fetotsoe Google Setsebi
Grubbs, JB, Wilt, JA, Exline, JJ, & Pargament, KI (2018). Ho noha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho sebelisoa ha nako e ntse e feta: Na "ho lemalla" ho itlaleha ho bohlokoa? Li-Addictive Behaviors, 82, 57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.02.028.CrossRef E fetotsoe Google Setsebi
Hald, GM, Seaman, C., & Linz, D. (2014). Ho kopanela liphate le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro. Ho DL Tolman & LM Diamond (Eds.), APA buka ea ho kopanela liphate le psychology (maqephe a 3-35). Washington DC: Mokhatlo oa American Psychological Association.Google Setsebi
Lancer, D. (2017). Ha motho eo u mo ratang a le tahi kapa a lemalla. E khutlisitsoe ho www.psychologytoday.com.
Li, NP, van Vugt, M., & Colarelli, SM (2018). Khopolo ea ho iphetola ha lintho e sa lumellaneng le maikutlo: Litlamorao tsa mahlale a kelello. Tsamaiso ea hona joale ho Psychological Science, 27, 38-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417731378.CrossRef Google Setsebi
Linz, D., & Malamuth, NM (1993). Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.CrossRef Google Setsebi
Louie, S. (2016). Hang ha u lemalla, kamehla o lemaletse. E khutlisitsoe ho www.psychologytoday.com.
Paul, P. (2007). Pornified: Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li fetola bophelo ba rona, likamano tsa rona le malapa a rona. New York: Libuka tsa Owl.Google Setsebi
Reid, RC, Mmetli oa mapolanka, BN, Hook, JN, Garos, S., Manning, JC, Gilliland, R., & Fong, T. (2012). Tlaleho ea se fumanoeng tekong ea tšimo ea DSM-5 bakeng sa lefu la hypersexual. Journal ea Meriana ea Botona le Botšehali, 9, 2868-2877. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02936.x.CrossRef E fetotsoe Google Setsebi
Rojas, H., Shah, DV, & Faber, RJ (1996). Molemong oa ba bang: Censorship le phello ea motho oa boraro. International Journal of Opinion Research, 8, 163-186. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/8.2.163.CrossRef Google Setsebi
Schneider, JP, & Weiss, R. (2001). K'homphieutha e pepeneneng: Ho na le maikutlo a bonolo feela kapa ho hloka botumo? Centre City, MN: Hazelden.Google Setsebi
Spinella, M. (2003). Ho iphetola ha lintho ka tsela e sa tloaelehang, lipotoloho tsa moputso oa mahlaseli, le papali ea chelete. International Journal of Neuroscience, 113, 503-512. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207450390162254.CrossRef E fetotsoe Google Setsebi
Tse peli, MP, & Crosby, JM (2010). Kalafo ea ho amohela le boitlamo e le kalafo ea ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng. Therapy Therapy, 41, 285-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2009.06.002.CrossRef E fetotsoe Google Setsebi
Weinberg, MS, Williams, CJ, Kleiner, S., & Irizarry, Y. (2010). Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, tloaelo, le matlafatso. Litlaleho tsa Boitšoaro ba Botona le Botšehali, 39, 1389-1401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9592-5.CrossRef E fetotsoe Google Setsebi
Weiss, R. (2015). Ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate: Ho utloisisa karolo ea ho latola. E khutlisitsoe ho www.addiction.com.
Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo. (2018). Bothata ba ho bapala. E khutlisitsoe ho http://www.who.int/features/qa/gaming-disorder/en/.
Wright, PJ (2010). Ho qobella ho kopanela liphate le lithaka tsa 12-mehato le mofani oa puisano e tšehetsang: Tlhahlobo ea marang-rang a marang-rang. Ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate le ho qobelloa, 17, 154-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/10720161003796123.CrossRef Google Setsebi
Wright, PJ (2011). Matlafatso a puisano le ho hlaphoheloa ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate: Ho hlokomeloa ho sa lumellaneng ho laola tlhahlobo ea theory. Khoeli ea Khoeli, 59, 395-414. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2011.597284.CrossRef Google Setsebi
Wright, PJ (2018). Thuto ea thobalano, maikutlo a sechaba le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa: Tlhahlobo ea ts'ebetso ea maemo. Journal of Health Communication, 23, 495-502. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2018.1472316.CrossRef E fetotsoe Google Setsebi
Wright, PJ, Bae, S., & Funk, M. (2013). Basali ba United States le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro lilemong tse mashome a mane: Ho hlahisa maikutlo, boits'oaro, boits'oaro, liphapang tsa batho ka bomong. Litlaleho tsa Boitšoaro ba Botona le Botšehali, 42, 1131-1144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0116-y.CrossRef E fetotsoe Google Setsebi
Wright, PJ, & McKinley, CJ (2010). Litšebeletso le tlhaiso-leseling bakeng sa baithuti ba qobelloang ka thobalano litsing tsa setsi sa tlhabollo ea koleche: Liphetho tse tsoang sampoleng ea naha Journal of Health Communication, 15, 665-678. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2010.499596.CrossRef E fetotsoe Google Setsebi
Wright, PJ, Sun, C., & Steffen, N. (2018). Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, maikutlo a litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e le tlhaiso-leseling ea thobalano, le ts'ebeliso ea likhohlopo Jeremane. Journal of Sex and Therapy Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2018.1462278.CrossRef E fetotsoe Google Setsebi
Wright, PJ, Tokunaga, RS, Kraus, A., & Klann, E. (2017). Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le khotsofalo: Tlhatlhobo ea meta. Patlisiso ea Puisano ea Batho, 43, 315-343. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12108.CrossRef Google Setsebi
E monyenyane, KS (2008). Ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate Inthaneteng: Lintho tse kotsi, mehato ea nts'etsopele le kalafo. Scientist oa Boitšoaro ba Boitšoaro, 52, 21-37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764208321339.CrossRef Google Setsebi