'Takatso e phahameng', kapa 'feela' tahi? Karabo ho Steele et al. ke Donald L. Hilton, Jr., MD

YBOP Comments: e latelang ke karabo ho EEG thuto (Steele et al. 2013) e hatisitsoeng ka July, 2013 ka SPAN Lab. Thuto e ile ea ts'eelisoa ke Nicole Prause e le phephetso e kholo litabeng tsa boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate le thobalano. YBOP e ile ea hlahloba thuto ena e fosahetseng ha e ne e hatisoa: Lekala la SPAN le ama Thuto e sa Rutehang e le Thuto e le Nako ea ho Hlakola. Hape bona - Liphuputso tse ngata li thetsa taba ea hore batho ba etsang thobalano le batho ba lemaletseng ho kopanela liphate "ba na le takatso e phahameng ea thobalano"


LINKA PAPERENG EA PELE

Donald L. Hilton, e monyenyane, MD*

Lefapha la Neurosurgery, Univesithi ea Texas Health Sciences Centre San Antonio, USA

E hatisitsoe: 21 February 2014

Ena ke sebui sa Open Access se tsamaisoang ho latela melao ea Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), ho lumella batho ba boraro ho kopitsa le ho arolelana boitsebiso boemong leha e le bofe kapa bobopeho le ho bonts'a, ho fetola le ho haha ​​holim'a boitsebiso leha e le bofe, esita le khoebong, ho fana ka mosebetsi o qalileng o boletsoeng hantle le ho bolela lengolo la lona la tumello.

Tlhaloso: Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology 2014, 4: 23833 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/snp.v4.23833

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Ho nepahala ha khang ho itšetlehile ka botlalo ba sebaka sa eona. Litokomaneng tsa morao-rao tsa Steele et al., Liqeto li thehiloe kahong ea pele ea litlhaloso tse amanang le 'takatso' le 'ho lemalla'. Litlhaloso tsena li thehiloe letotong la likhopolo le litšoaneleho, tseo likhaello tsa tsona li amoheloang ke bangoli qalong, empa li hlokomoloha ka mokhoa o hlakileng ho fihlella liqeto tse tiileng tseo bangoli ba li etsang. Leha ho le joalo, ho tiea ha liqeto tsena ha hoa lokela, eseng feela ka lebaka la ho nahana ka mekhoa ea bothata ea pele empa hape ka lebaka la mokhoa o thata.

Nahana, ka mohlala, khopolo ea 'takatso ea ho kopanela liphate'. Serapa sa pele se lumela hore 'litakatso tsa botona le botšehali li tlameha ho lula li laoloa ho laola boitšoaro ba thobalano', 'me li lokela ho laoloa ha li sa lumelloe ke molao (pedophilia) kapa tse sa lokelang (ho se tšepahale). Serapa se qetella ka tlhaloso ea hore 'ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate' ha e hlalose mokhatlo o thata ka ho fetisisa, empa e hlalosa feela karolo ea batho ba nang le litakatso tse phahameng.

Serapa se latelang se bua ka pampiri ea Winters et al., E fanang ka maikutlo a hore 'thobalano e sa laoleheng… e kanna ea tšoaea takatso e phahameng ea thobalano le khatello ea maikutlo e amanang le ho laola menahano, maikutlo le litlhoko tse phahameng tsa thobalano' (Winters, Christoff , & Gorzalka, 2010). E itšetlehile ka likhopolo tseo Steele et al. joale o qala ho belaella mohlala oa lefu lena bakeng sa 'matšoenyeho' a amanang le ho laola thobalano 'takatso'. Ho bapisa litšoantšo tse fapaneng tsa 'takatso', ho shebella thelevishene ho bana ho sebelisoa e le mohlala. Lipolelo tse peli tsa ho qetela serapeng sena li theha moelelo oa hore karolo e 'ngoe ea pampiri e leka ho paka:

Kalafo e lebisa tlhokomelo ho fokotsa palo ea lihora tse shebelang boitšoaro ba thelevishene ntle le lefu le koahetsoeng joaloka 'ts'oaetso ea thelevishene' 'me e atleha. Sena se fana ka mokhoa o tšoanang o ka ba o loketseng takatso ea ho kopanela liphate e phahameng if mofuta o reriloeng oa lefu ha o kenye matla a hlalosang ntle le takatso e phahameng ea thobalano. (Steele, Staley, Fong, & Prause, 2013)

Ho itšetlehile ka papiso ena, ea takatso ea ho shebella TV ho bana le takatso ea ho kopanela liphate ho batho ba baholo, bangoli ba qala ho buisana ka menyetla e amanang le ketsahalo (ERPs) le tlhaloso e latelang ea thuto ea bona ea thuto, e lateloa ke liphello le puisano, le ho qetella ka kakaretso e latelang:

Qetellong, litekanyetso tsa pele tsa ho fetola li-neural ho ea ho thobalano e bonahalang ea thobalano le e sa lokelang ho kopanela liphate ka sampling ea tlaleho ea mathata a laolang ho shebella ha bona ka mokhoa o tšoanang o hlōleha ho fana ka ts'ehetso ea mefuta e meng ea boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate, joalokaha ho lekantsoe ke lipotso. Ka ho khetheha, phapang pakeng tsa fensetere ea P300 pakeng tsa thobalano le ho se nke lehlakore e ne e boleloa ka takatso ea botona le botšehali, empa eseng ka mehato efe kapa efe (ea boraro) ea bosodoma. (Steele et al., 2013)

Ka polelo ena bangoli ba hlahisa maikutlo a hore takatso e phahameng, esita le haeba e le bothata ho ba e fumanang, ha e sebetse, ho sa tsotellehe sephetho.

Ba bang ba hlalositse mefokolo ea bohlokoa ea thuto ena. Ka mohlala, mongoli Nicole Prause o ile a bua ka lipuisano, 'Lipatlisiso tsa lithethefatsi tse lemalloang lithethefatsi, tse kang cocaine, li bontšitse mokhoa o tsitsitseng oa ho arabela ka bokooa litšoantšong tsa lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, kahoo re ile ra bolela hore re lokela ho bona mohlala o tšoanang ho batho ba ho tlaleha mathata ka thobalano haeba e ne e hlile e le tahiba '. John Johnson o bontšitse lintlha tse 'maloa tsa bohlokoa ka tšebeliso ena ea Dunning et al. (2011) pampiri eo ae qotsang e le motheo oa ho bapisa le Steele le al. pampiri. Ntlha ea pele, Dunning et al. pampiri e sebelisitse litsamaiso tse tharo: basebelisi ba cocaine ba sa sebeliseng, basebelisi ba hona joale, le lisebelisoa tsa lithethefatsi. The Steele et al. pampiri e ne e se na sehlopha sa taolo ea mofuta leha e le ofe. Ea bobeli, Dunning et al. pampiri e ile ea lekanya li-ERP tse ngata tse sa tšoaneng bokong, ho kenyeletsa le ho tloha pele ho morao-pele (EPN), ho nahanoa hore e na le tlhokomelo ea pele ea khethollo le bokhoni ba nako e khutšoanyane (LPP), e nahannoang ho bonts'ets'ets'etsong ea lintho tse bohlokoa. Ho feta moo, thuto ea Dunning e ne e khetholla likarolo tsa pele tsa LPP, tseo ho nahanoang hore li tla sebetsa hantle. Ho feta moo, Dunning et al. pampiri e khetholle pakeng tsa li-ERP tse fapaneng ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang, o sebelisang, le lihlopha tsa ho laola bophelo bo botle. The Steele et al. Leha ho le joalo, pampiri e ne e sheba feela ERP e le 'ngoe, e leng p300, eo Dunning e neng e bapisoa le fensetere ea pele ea LLP. The Steele et al. Bangoli ba bile ba lumellana le phoso ena e boima ka ho qaptjoa: 'E' ngoe e ka etsahala ke hore p300 hase sebaka se setle sa ho khetholla likamano tse nang le tšusumetso ea thobalano. LPP hamorao e bonahala e amana haholo le tšusumetso '. Steel et al. lumela hore ha ba khone ho bapisa liphetho tsa bona ho Dunning et al. ho ithuta, leha ho le joalo liqeto tsa bona ka katleho li etsa papiso e joalo. Mabapi le Steele le al. ho ithuta, Johnson o ile a akaretsa, 'Sephetho se le seng sa bohlokoa se fumanoang ha se bolele letho ka ho lemala. Ho feta moo, sena se fumanoang ka ho fetisisa ke mpe ho lumellana pakeng tsa P300 le takatso ea ho kopanela liphate le molekane (r = -0.33), e bontšang hore bophahamo ba P300 bo amana le tlaase takatso ea thobalano; sena se hanyetsana ka ho toba le tlhaloso ea P300 e le phahameng takatso. Ha ho bapiso le lihlopha tse ling tse lemalang. Ha ho bapiso ho lihlopha tse laolang. Liqeto tse entsoeng ke bafuputsi ke ho qhoqhoa ha litlaleho tse ngata, tse sa boleleng letho hore na batho ba tlaleha mathata a laolang ho sheba ha bona litšoantšo tsa thobalano ba na le kapa ba na le likarabo tsa bokooa bo tšoanang le cocaine kapa mofuta ofe kapa ofe oa lithethefatsi '(puisano ea botho, John A. Johnson, PhD, 2013).

Le hoja bofokoli bo bong ba sebopeho sena bo kenyeletsa ho se be le sehlopha se lekaneng sa ho laola, ho fapana ha sebopeho sa thuto, le ho hlōleha ho utloisisa mefokolo ea bokhoni ba P300 ho ba le khethollo le ho khetholla pakeng tsa 'takatso ea ho kopanela liphate' le pathologically ho qobelloa ho kopanela liphate ho sa hlokahaleng, mohlomong phoso ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa e amana le tšebeliso le kutloisiso ea lentsoe 'takatso'. Ho totobetse hore ha ho etsoa sethala sena se nepahetseng, bangoli ba fokotsa mohopolo oa takatso ka lentsoe 'feela'. Takatso, e amanang le mekhoa ea likokoana-hloko e mabapi le ho kopanela liphate, ke sehlahisoa se rarahaneng sa koloi ea mesophase ea dopaminergic e nang le litlhaloso tse nang le maikutlo a ho ba le kutloisiso le ho ba le kutloisiso. E le tšobotsi e hlollang ea ho kopanela liphate, dopamine e ntse e nkoa e le motsoako oa bohlokoa litabeng tsa thobalano, tse bolokiloeng ka ho pharaletseng sefateng sa tlhaho (Pfaus, 2010). Liphatsa tsa lefutso tse amanang le boqapi le polelo ea tšusumetso ea thobalano li bonoa hohle phyla hape li na le ho rarahana ha intra-phyla. Le ha ho na le phapang e totobetseng lipakeng tsa thobalano, ho batla lijo, le boits'oaro bo bong, tse bohlokoa molemong oa boikoetliso, joale rea tseba hore ho na le ho tšoana mochini oa limolek'hule oo `` takatso '' ea tlhaho e tsoang ho ona. Hona joale rea tseba hore mekhoa ena e etselitsoe ho 'ithuta', ka tsela e hokahanyang le e fetolang tsela. Joalokaha molao oa Hebb o bolela, 'Neurons e tukang hammoho, e kopane hammoho'. Re ile ra tseba bokhoni ba boko ba ho fetola khokahano ea bona ea sebopeho le moputso oa ho ithuta lithutong tsa pele tse amanang le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, empa joale re bone thuto e thehiloeng ho moputso oa neuronal ka litakatso tsa tlhaho tse bonahalang li fapane tse amanang le takatso ea thobalano le letsoai.

Litlhaloso tse amang takatso ke tsa bohlokoa mona; bothata ba likokoana-hloko, kapa 'ho batla', ke ntho e le 'ngoe, athe re nahana ka' takatso 'ea ho ba le tšusumetso e mpe joaloka e sebelisoa libukeng tse amanang le ho lemalla lithethefatsi le ho khutlela morao. Bopaki bo bontša hore linaha tsa takatso tse amanang le takatso ea lijo bakeng sa litlhoko tsa bohlokoa tsa tlhaho tse kang letsoai le ho kopanela liphate - ka ho hlekefetsoa ho lateloa ke satiation - ts'ebetso ea methapo ea methapo e amanang le ho tsosolosa le ho tsitsisa li-neuronal (Pitchers et al., 2010;; Roitman et al., 2002). Ka ho hlakileng, takatso e tsitsitseng e etsoa ka ho labalabela hore li amana le maemo a bontšang hore ho ka etsahala hore motho a shoe ke litho tse kang ho haelloa ha letsoai, e leng se etsang hore phoofolo e lule e le teng le ho qoba lefu. Ho lemalla lithethefatsi ho batho, ho thahasellisang, ho ka ama takatso e tšoanang e lebisang tlhokomelong e tšoanang ea ho tsitsa ho sa tsotellehe kotsing ea lefu, ho senyeha ha koloi ena ea motheo. Ketsahalo e ts'oanang e etsahala ka ho lemala ha tlhaho, joalo ka motho ea nang le botenya bo tebileng le lefu la lefu la pelo le tsoelang pele ho ja lijo tse mafura haholo, kapa motho ea nang le lithethefatsi tsa thobalano a tsoelang pele ho kopanela liphate le batho bao a sa ba tsebeng ho sa tsotellehe monyetla o phahameng oa ho fumana mafu a tšoaetsanoang ka thobalano a kang HIV le lefu la sebete. Eo liphatsa tsa lefutso li beha hore ho be le phallo ea ho khanna e hlokahalang bakeng sa ts'ebetso ena ea takatso e ts'oanang le ea lithethefatsi tse tloaelehileng, letsoai, e tšehetsa ho tlōla lithethefatsi, ts'ebeliso ea ho lemala (Liedtke et al., 2011). Re boetse re utloisisa hantle hore na mekhoa e rarahaneng e amahanngoa le ho etsa liphetoho tsena e kenyeletsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso, lihlahisoa, le li-modulator tse kang DeltaFosB, orexin, Cdk5, proxy plastics regulator-e tsamaisoang ke cytoskeleton-e amanang le protheine (ARC), e ntlafalitseng protheine ea tyrosine phosphatase ( MOCHA), le ba bang. Mekhatlo ena e etsa hore ho be le pontšo e rarahaneng, e leng ea bohlokoa bakeng sa thuto ea neural.

Seo re se bonang ka katleho e le 'ho lakatsa' kapa 'takatso e matla', ke sehlahisoa sa mesencephalic le hypothalamic stimulate, se kenyang letsoho, ebile ke karolo ea ts'ebetso ea cortical e bakoang ke ho ikopanya ha tsebo le tse sa tsebeng letho. Joalokaha re bontšitse pampiri ea rona ea morao tjena ea PNAS, litakatso tsena tsa tlhaho li ka 'na tsa bontša hore re na le mekhoa ea khale ea ho iphetola ha lintho e nang le bohlokoa bo phahameng ba ho pholoha ka ho khotsofatsoa ha indulgences ea hedonic ea kajeno "(Liedtke et al., 2011, PNAS), ka hore re fumanoe hore litapole tsena tsa letsoai 'tse lakatsehang' li ne li kile tsa amahanngoa le cocaine le opiate e lemalla. Tlhaloso ea kutloisiso ea 'takatso ena', e lebisa tlhokomelo ho fumana moputso, 'takatso' ea ho utloa bohloko hape ke mokhoa o bontšang hore 'cortical' e bua ka koloi e lutseng ka botebo le e fokolang ea tlhaho e tsoang mothating oa hypothalamic / mesencephalic. Ha ho fella ka taolo e sa laoloang le-ha e hlalositsoe - takatso e senyang ea moputso, re arola moriri oa neurobiological joang ebe re re ke feela takatso e matla ho e-na le ho lemalla?

Taba e 'ngoe e amana le ho se fetohe. Ha ho kae kapa kae Steele et al. Ho na le puisano mabapi le hore na hobaneng batho bana ba na le 'takatso e phahameng'. Na ba tsoetsoe ba le joalo? Karolo ea karolo ke efe, haeba e teng, ea tikoloho maemong a boleng le a bongata ba takatso e boletsoeng? Na ho ithuta ho ka ama takatso bonyane ho a mang a batho ba ithutoang ba sa tloaelehang? (Hoffman le Safron, 2012). Maikutlo a bangoli ntlheng ena ha a na kutloisiso ea ts'ebetso ea ho feto-fetoha ha molumo oa lentsoe maemong ohle a lisele le macroscopic. Ka mohlala, rea tseba hore liphetoho tsena tse entsoeng ka microstructions tse bonoang ka thuto ea methapo ea kutlo li amahanngoa le liphetoho tse kholo. Liphuputso tse ngata li tiisa bohlokoa ba polasetiki, joalo ka ha ba bangata ba phehile khang ka hore: 'Ho fapana le monahano oa hore liphetoho marangrang a boko li khonahala feela nakong ea mahlonoko ea nts'etsopele, methapo ea kutlo ea morao-rao e amohela mohopolo oa boko ba polasetiki ka ho sa feleng' (Draganski & May, 2008); 'Litšoantšo tsa boko ba motho li supile liphetoho tsa sebopeho sa lintho tse bosoeu le tse tšoeu tse etsahalang ka ho ithuta… ho ithuta ho hlophisa sebopeho sa boko' (Zatorre, Field, & Johansen-Berg, 2012).

Kamora nako, nahana hape ka polelo ea sengoli 'takatso e phahameng ea thobalano'. SeGeorgiadis (2012Haufinyane o khothalelitse karolo e bohareng ea dopaminergic bakeng sa batho sebakeng sena sa bohareng ho ea ho striatum pathway. Har'a meputso eohle ea tlhaho, thobalano e amanang le thobalano e kenyelletsa sekhahla se phahameng ka ho fetisisa sa dopamine ho striatum, e nang le litekanyetso ho fihlela 200% ea motheo (Fiorino & Phillips, 1997), e ts'oanang le morphine (Di Chiara & Imperato, 1988) ka mehlala ea liteko. Ho fokotsa, ho fokotseha, le ho tlosa thobalano ho qobella ho kopanela liphate ke ho se utloisise karolo ea bobeli ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali ka tšusumetso ea batho le ho iphetola ha lintho. E bontša sehlabelo mabapi le seo hona joale se utloisisoang ka mokhoa oa hona joale oa ho fumana meputso ea boipheliso, kahobane e phatlalatsa takatso ea thobalano e le ea tlhaho, e sa fetoheng, le ea ho itšireletsa mafung ka ho khetheha ho tloha monyetla oa ho fetola ka tsela e nepahetseng kapa ka mokhoa o itseng. Leha ho le joalo, ka ho teba, joalo ka ha ho bontšoa ke Steele le al. pampiri, ke hore thuto ena ea myopic e sitoa ho utloisisa 'nete ea hore kelello ea seoa hona joale e re bolella hore' takatso e phahameng ', ha e fella ka boitšoaro bo qobelloang, bo sa batleheng le bo senyang, ke' feela ho lemalla.

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