O kene ka lebokoseng la Porn (2018). (Tlhatlhobo ea mofuta oa Grubbs oa boits'oaro bo bobe)

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10508-018-1294-4

Litlaleho tsa Boits'oaro ba Botona le Botšehali

February 2019, Buka ea 48, Khatiso ea 2, maqephe 449-453 |

Brian J. Willoughby

Puo ena e bua ka sehlooho se fumanehang ho sona https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1248-x.

Le hoja ho shebella litšoantšo tsa ho kopanela liphate hase ntho e ncha, nako ea digital le ho fumaneha ha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho etsa hore ho kenelle lithuto tsa boipheliso ho batla ho utloisisa hore na litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso tsa mehleng ea kajeno li sebelisoa joang. Litsebi tse ithutang li-predictors, correlates, le liphello tse amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li atisa ho khomarela lebokoseng le ntseng le tsoela pele ho fokotsa kutloisiso ea hore na batho ka bomong le banyalani ba ja litšoantšo tsa thobalano joang, empa maikutlo a joalo a ka ba le phello efe ho motho ka bomong bophelo bo botle. Lebokose lena le emela pono e fokolang eo litsebi tse ngata, litsebi le baetsi ba melao li e nkang mabapi le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li lula li le mpe kapa kamehla li le molemo), hammoho le mefokolo ea mokhoa ona e bolokang tsebo ea rona ea litsebi e lekanyelitsoe ebile e sa phethoa. Joaloka litaba tse ling tse amanang le thobalano le mecha ea phatlalatso, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke lentsoe le leholo le sebelisitsoeng mefuteng e mengata ea mecha ea phatlalatso e atisang ho sebelisoa ka litsela tse fapaneng le batho ba bangata le banyalani. Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ha li na ntho e le 'ngoe,' me liphello tsa eona li ka 'na tsa fapana le tse sa tšoaneng ho itšetlehile ka lintlha tse ngata tsa maemo. Mefuta e fapa-fapaneng ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso e sebelisa chelete e ngata ho tsepamisa mohopolo ho likarolo tse itseng tsa ts'ebeliso e joalo ho e-na le ho etsa lintho tse ngata.

Grubbs, Perry, Wilt, le Reid (2018) tsepamisa maikutlo tlhahlobisong ea bona le mohlala o sisintsweng nthong ea bohlokoa ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, boits'oaro bo hlephileng bo ka hlahang har'a batho ba bang ba jang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa empa ba sa rate ts'ebeliso e joalo. Joalokaha litsebi tsena li bontša, ho na le bopaki bo matla bo tšehetsang hore boits'oaro bo joalo bo amana le bophelo bo bobe ba motho ka mong le mathata a lemohuoang ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Grubbs, Exline, Pargament, Volk, & Lindberg, 2017; Grubbs le Perry, 2018). Leha ho le joalo ha ba leka ho utloisisa karolo e nyenyane ea lipapali tsa bootsoa, bangoli ba sehlooho se hlalositsoeng ba oela likotsing tse ngata tsa mosebetsi oa pele, ho fetisa maikutlo le ho fetelletsa maikutlo a mangata ao ho ka 'nang ha e-ba le' ona a bohlokoa ha a sebelisoa moelelong o nepahetseng. Potso e hlalositsoeng ke sehlooho se hlalositsoeng e theohela tlaase ho hore na ho itšoara ha boitšoaro e le kannete ke "motlakase o moholo oa phihlelo ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse sebelisang kapa ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa." Se boleloang ke hore boitšoaro bo hlephileng ha bo na feela a ntlha empa e e ka sehloohong e leng taba ea ho utloisisa liphello tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Tlhaloso ena e na le bothata kahobane e tiisa hore mohlala o khethiloeng o na le phaello haholoanyane ho ithuta litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho feta kamoo ho ka etsahala kateng.

E-re ke qale ka tse ling tsa likarolo tse ntle tsa moelelo o khethiloeng sehloohong se hlalositsoeng. Ntlha ea pele, Grubbs et al. (2018) li totobatsa ntlha ea bohlokoa ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse amanang le litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, tse phahameng le tse atisang ho feteletsa maikutlo tsa batho ba shebellang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa empa ba li hanyetsa, hangata ba tsoa litumelo tsa bolumeli. Joalokaha ho boletsoe ke Grubbs et al., Hona joale ho na le bopaki bo bongata ba hore batho ba bolumeli ba kotsing ea ho se sebetse ho amanang le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse sebelisoang ka lebaka la boitšoaro bo bobe bo hlalositsoeng ke Grubbs et al. le ba bang (Grubbs et al., 2017; Nelson, Padilla-Walker, le Carroll, 2010; Perry le Whitehead, 2018). Sena se na le bohlokoa ba kliniki le thuto. E fana ka maikutlo a hore lingaka li hloka ho nahana ka litumelo tsa bolumeli le tsa setso mecheng ea bona ea ho kenella kaha mehopolo e joalo e kanna ea ba le tšusumetso e mpe ts'ebelisong ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro. E boetse e fana ka maikutlo a hore boiteko ba thuto ka har'a sechaba sa bolumeli bo lokela ho shebana le likotsi tsa 'nete tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, mofuta oa' nete oa bokhoba, le litumela-khoela tse tloaelehileng tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Tsena tsohle mohlomong li hlalositsoe hantle qetellong ea sengoloa se lebisitsoeng moo Grubbs et al. Hlokomela hore tlhahlobo ea bona ea bopaki e fana ka maikutlo a hore mathata a litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka lebaka la boits'oaro bo bobe (PPMI) ke taba ea bohlokoa ea bongaka e ka bang le moelelo ho kenyelletsa le liteko tsa ho qobelloa kapa ho lemalla 'nete. Ka ho pharaletseng, sengoloa se reretsoeng se fana ka bopaki bo bong ba hore maemo le maikutlo a motho a na le taba ha ho tluoa ts'ebelisong ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Pitso ena e tobileng ea ho kenyelletsa maikutlo a litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro mesebetsing ea borutehi le ea bongaka sebakeng sena e bohlokoa mme ho na le seo ke se batlileng mosebetsing oa ka (Willoughby & Busby, 2016). Ho sa tsotellehe hore na ke litumelo tsa motho kapa lintho tse ling tse ka hare kapa tsa ka ntle, ho leka ho bolela hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li tla lula li e-na le mofuta o mong oa phello e ka 'na ea se ke ea hlokomeloa ke litsebi ka bobeli le ba buellang kapa ba khahlanong le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Ho sa tsotellehe menehelo ena ea bohlokoa, mokhoa oa tlhahiso ea morero oa PPMI o oela mokhoeng o mongata o tšoanang le ha boiteko bo bong ba ho akaretsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka mokhoa o nepahetseng li sebelisa mokhoa o le mong oa thuto. Boiteko bo joalo ba thuto e tloaelehileng e ka 'na ea se ke ea e-ba lefeela ho fane ka boemo ba boemo bo botle boo sebaka sena sa litsebi bo lulang ho sona,' me se fana ka maikutlo a hore temoso e ka nkoa ke litsebi kapa motho leha e le ofe pele a etsa qeto leha e le efe ea bohlokoa kapa ea bohlokoa ea boitšoaro. Baetsi ba lipolotiki lefats'e ka bophara ba bonahala ba labalabela ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho etsa kapa ho sa etse letho ho batho bohle ba e bonang. Litsebi li bonahala eka li khotsofetse ho ikemela, kaha boholo ba litsebi tsa liphuputso tse amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li lekile ho bontša hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li amana le liphello tse mpe tsa batho ka bomong kapa hore litloaelano tse joalo li na le bolotsana. Sehlooho se hlalositsoeng hangata se oele lerabeng lena, kaha Grubbs et al. hangata ba bonahala ba batla mokhoa oa bona oa PPMI ho thusa ho hlalosa bongata ba liphello tse fumanoang lithutong tse fetileng. Leha ho le joalo, lipolelo tse joalo li ile tsa nkhopotsa sebaka se seng sa litsekisano sa litsebi: liphello tsa ho bapala lipapali tsa video. Litlhahiso tse kholo joaloka tse entsoeng sehloohong se hlalositsoeng le tse ling tse ling tse amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li tla tšoana le ho leka ho bolela hore ho bapala lipapali tsa video kamehla ho lebisa liphellong tse ntle kapa tse mpe. Joaloka litloaelano tse sa lumellaneng pakeng tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ho ba le boiketlo le litumelo tsa boitšoaro, haeba motho a ne a ka lumellana feela le tšebeliso ea papali ea video ka likarolo tse sa tšoaneng tsa bophelo bo botle, ho laola lintho ka bobeli ka tekanyo e ntle, liphello li ne li tla ba tse sa tšoaneng. Etsoe, motho e mong ea atisang ho bapala lipapali tse mabifi ka lihora tse ngata letsatsi le leng le le leng a ka 'na a ba le liphello tse sa tšoaneng ha a bapisoa le motho e mong ea lulang a bapala lipapali tsa metsoalle le litho tsa lelapa. Lipatlisiso li bile li sa tšoane joalo, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore papali ea mabifi e ka ba le liphello tse kotsi (Anderson et al., 2017), Ha papali ea boithabiso le ba bang e ka ba le melemo (Coyne, Padilla-Walker, Stockdale, & Day, 2011; Wang, Taylor, & Letsatsi, 2018). Ka tsela e ts'oanang le ho ithuta litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ho leka ho etsa lipapali tse pharaletseng ka lipapali tsa video ha li fuoe letšoao hobane ho tlosa phapang ea tlhaho le ho rarahaneng ha ntho e le tlas'a thuto.

Mokhoa o khethiloeng oa PPMI ka tlhaho ea oona o bonahala o sa tšoanelehe ho ba mohlala o pharaletseng le o sebetsang oa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse sebelisoang. E le ho hlaka, sepheo sa setšoantšo sa hona joale se na le moqotetsane. Sephetho sa thahasello ke e lemohiloe mathata a bakoang ke litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (ho fapana le litekanyetso tsa mantlha tsa litšebeletso tsa bophelo bo botle tse ka 'nang tsa hlahisoa ho pota-pota litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, li sebelisa kapa tse ling tsa litekanyetso tsa morero oa boiketlo) Sepheo se khethiloeng se boetse se tsepamisitse maikutlo ho batho ba nang le boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho se sebelise litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Sena se ka 'na sa fokotsa tlhokomelo ea mohlala ho feta. Palo ea PPMI e atile hakae le hore na batho ba bangata ba na le mohlala ofe? Ho thata ho bua. Lintlheng tsa bona tsa PPMI, Grubbs et al. (2018) ho kenyeletsa hoo e ka bang ho se na puisano mabapi le hore na basebetsi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba ne ba tla sebetsa joang. Ho e-na le hoo, Grubbs et al. ho bonahala eka li na le ho feta ka ho fetisa mohlala oa bona ka ho pheta-pheta "batho ba bangata" bao boitšoaro bo bobe bo sebetsanang le bona. Puo ena e hlaha ka makhetlo a 12 kahare ho sehlooho sena empa ha ho mohla e amanang le palo ea batho ba nang le litumelo tse matla ka ho lekaneng khahlanong le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba sebelisa boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba boitšoaro. Ho tsebo ea ka, mme ka sebele ha ho mohla e qotsitsoeng ke Grubbs et al. (2018), ho na le tlhahisoleseding e fokolang mabapi le hore na ke batho ba etsang liphesente tse kae ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba ka ba le matla a lekaneng a boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho hlahisa mofuta oa boitšoaro bo bobe boo Grubbs et al. fana ka tlhahiso. Hona hase bothata bo bocha: likhang le khahlanong le bosodoma (Halpern, 2011; Reid & Kafka, 2014) le litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li sebelisitse hangata ho hlokomoloha ho ata ha litaba tse joalo 'me li lebisitse leratong la liphuputso tse ileng tsa hlahloba hore na basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba na le bothata kapa bo qobelloang ho qala ka. Ka sebele, bopaki bo bontša hore tabeng ea tumello ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, batho ba bangata ba e amohela. Carroll et al. (2008) ba fumane hore hoo e batlang e le 70% ea banna ba baholo lilemong tsa bona ba lumellana hore tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e amoheleha, ha hoo e batlang e le halofo ea basali ba baholo ba lilemong tsa bocha ba lumellana le maikutlo ana. Morao tjena, Price, Patterson, Regnerus, le Walley (2016) e fumanoe Sechabeng sa Sechaba sa Sechaba hore ke batho ba fokolang feela ba banna le basali ba lumelang hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li lokela ho ba molaong. Le hoja bopaki bo sa lekanyetsoe, liphuputso tse joalo li bontša hore ho hlokomoloha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho bonahala ho sa tloaelehe har'a bacha ba baholo le batho ba baholo ba kajeno. Ka sebele ho thata ho pheha khang ea hore boitšoaro bo bobe ke taba e tloaelehileng ho batho ba bangata haeba batho ba bangata ba haelloa ke maikutlo a bohlokoa a ka lebisang ho joalo.

Le hoja palo ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e sebelisang batho ba kopanang le boitšoaro bo bobe e ka 'na ea e-ba ba fokolang, esita le palo e nyane e bonahala e le ea boipheliso e lemohiloeng mathata le tšebeliso ea bona. Mosebetsi o fetileng oa Grubbs, Volk, Exline, le Pargament (2015) ho bonahala ho netefatsa sena. Ka mohlala, tsoelo-pele ea bona ea CPUI-9, lithuto tse tharo tsa Grubbs et al. (2015) li sebelisitsoe tse nang le tse seng kae ho feta batho ba 600. Ka tekanyo ho tloha ho ea ho isa ho ea bosupa moo motho a neng a emela palo e tlaase ka ho fetisisa ea mathata a nahannoeng, likarolo tsa lipatlisiso tsena tse tharo li ne li le 2.1, 1.7, le 1.8. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba bangata ba sampong ba ne ba tlaleha ka tekanyo e fokolang ea mathata a nahannoeng a amanang le tšebeliso ea bona. Litsebi tse ling li hlokometse ntho e tšoanang, e nang le Hald le Malamuth (2008) ho hlokomela hore banna le basali ba atisa ho tlaleha ho hongata ho e-na le ho ba le liphello tse mpe tse tsoang ho litšoantšo tsa bona tsa bootsoa. Sebakeng sa liphello tse lemohiloeng, ho ka bonahala eka maikutlo a mebe e bonahala e le a seng makae feela.

Ho kopanngoa, mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng oa PPMI o tla bonahala o lebisitsoe haholo, o lekanyelitsoe ho ba seng bakae feela ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba nang le boitšoaro bo sa amoheleheng bo hlokahalang ho bōpa boitšoaro bo bobe ba boitšoaro le karolo e nyane ea sehlopha seo se tlalehang mathata a bonahalang. Boikutlo bona bo fokolang ha bo na bothata ka tlhaho. Grubbs et al.'S (2018) ho bonahala ho bonahala eka ho na le seo Hald le Malamuth (2008) li entse "liphello tsa boithati" 'me liphello tse joalo li na le bohlokoa ebile ke tsa bohlokoa ho nahanisisa. Mehlala e joalo e ka ba le thuso ea bohlokoa ho tataisa boiteko ba litšebeletso tsa meriana le tsa thuto le batho ba itseng bao e leng ba bohlokoa ho bona. Joalokaha ke se ke hlokometse, ka tsela ena moelelo oa tlhahiso-pele o fana ka monehelo oa bohlokoa o ka 'nang oa sebetsa maemong a itseng. Ho makatsang ke hore, ho e-na le ho amohela monehelo ona, Grubbs et al. ba ne ba ikemiselitse ho fetelletsa mekhoa ea bona ea mekhoa e metle 'me ba sebelise maikutlo a bona a fokolang haholo ka ho etsa lintho tse peli tse amanang le boitšoaro bo hlephileng bo amanang le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba sebelisa ho bonahala eka ke ntho e le' ngoe: e tloaelehileng. Bangoli ba ile ba potlakela ho pheha khang ea hore ha ho letho le leholo feela ha motho a ithuta ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, empa "tse ngata tsa [lingoliloeng tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro] tse ngotseng liphello tse mpe tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ka 'na tsa e-ba le litlaleho tse mpe tsa boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba boitšoaro." hore liphello tse mpe ka ho fetisisa tse amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li mpa feela li hlahisoa ke boitšoaro bo bobe empa ha li bonahale li fanoe ka bopaki bo boletsoeng ka holimo 'me lipolelo tse joalo li ka' na tsa bonahala li sa khone ho ema lipatlisisong tse haufi.

Mohlomong khopolo e le 'ngoe e lebisang lipolelong tse kholo ke hore Grubbs et al. (2018) ho bonahala eka ho ferekanya lintlha tsa litekanyetso kapa boholo ba sekhahla ka boholo ba samporo. Ha tse peli li ka 'na tsa amana, ha li tsamaee ka letsoho. Le hoja ho itšoara ha boitšoaro ho ka 'na ha e-ba le matla lipalo-palo phello lithutong tse 'maloa, sena se ka bakoa feela ke sampole e fokolang moo phello e joalo e leng kholo ho khanna bohlokoa ba linomoro, ho pata karolo e kholo ea sampole moo ho hloka toka ho joalo ho seng bohlokoa. Liphuputso tse 'maloa li fana ka maikutlo a hore boits'oaro ba boits'oaro, ha bo le teng, ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea mathata a nahanoang, empa hape, ke ka seoelo a buang ka hore na litaba tse joalo li atile hakae. Haeba ho na le letho, ona ke mohala oa lipatlisiso tse ling, ho kenyeletsoa le boithuto ba mekhoa le methati ea mantlha mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Joalokaha ho boletsoe ho Setšoantšo sa 1 sa sengoloa se shebiloeng, kamora ho lekola ka hloko lingoliloeng, tlhahlobo ea litlhahlobo e tlalehiloeng sengolong se lebisitsoeng e ne e kenyelletsa lithuto tsa 12 feela. Ho bapisa, tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea litlhahlobo mabapi le phello ea bolelele ba ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ts'ireletsehong ea sephutheloana e sebelisitse lithuto tsa 54 (Fairbairn et al., 2018), ha tlhahlobo ea meta ea morao-rao mabapi le ho ba motsoali le boitšoaro bo feteletseng ba bana bo sebelisitsoeng hantle ho lithuto tsa 1000 (Pinquart, 2017). E le ho ba leeme, ha e ntse e e-na le maikutlo a fokolang haholo, libuka tse fokolang lihlahisoa tsa litšoantšo li tla lokela ho hohela. Leha ho le joalo, sena se fana ka bopaki bo bong ba bopaki ba hore liqeto tse pharaletseng mabapi le mohlala o khethiloeng li lokela ho thibeloa.

Mohlala o mong oa boiteko bo sithabetsang ba ho fetela sebakeng se nang le boitsebiso bo lekaneng ke tlhaloso ea ho qetela ea tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng sehloohong se hlalositsoeng. Mona, Grubbs et al. (2018) ba leka ho pheha khang ea hore "boitšoaro bo bobe ke boikutlo bo matla ka ho fetisisa ba ho lemoha mathata a amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa." Ke fumana mefokolo e mengata ka monahano oo hape o bolokang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka lebokose le lenyenyane le le fokolang. Ntlha ea pele, e boetse e lumellana le sepheo sa litsebi tse joalo. Mathata a boithati ka sebele ke a bohlokoa ho nahana empa hase tsona feela liphello tsa bohlokoa ha ho tluoa tabeng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ka sebele, ho tsepamisa mohopolo ona ho hlokomoloha moo mohlomong lipatlisiso tse ngata haholo tse amanang le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisa lingoliloeng: liphello tsa kamano. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ke tlhahlobo ea meta ea morao-rao ea Wright, Tokunaga, Kraus, le Klann (2017), Khokahano e nyane empa e sa fetoheng lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le khotsofalo e amanang le thobalano kapa thobalano mohlomong ke khokahano e lumellanang ka ho fetesisa lipakeng tsa ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le sephetho libukeng tsa hajoale. Boithuto bo boholo le bo ntseng bo hola bo bontšitse hore ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ke motho a le mong kapa balekane ka bobeli ho amahanngoa le litholoana tse ntle le tse mpe, ho kenyeletsoa le phapano ea khotsofalo ea likamano (Bridges & Morokoff, 2011), Boleng ba thobalano (Poulsen, Busby, & Galovan, 2013), Phetoho ea likamano (Muusses, Kerkhof, & Finkenauer, 2015), ho se tšepahale (Maddox, Rhoades, & Markman, 2011), le ho kopanela le basebeletsi ba thobalano (Wright, 2013).

Joalo ka lipatlisiso tse lebisitsoeng ho batho ka bomong, patlisiso ena ea likamano ha e na mathata a eona (bakeng sa tlhahlobo, bona Campbell & Kohut, 2017) 'me liphetho li bonahala eka li na le mabaka a mangata a litaba. Ka mohlala, ebang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li talingoa li le bang kapa li bonahala eka li na le tšusumetso ea bohlokoa tabeng ea hore ho sheba joalo ho amana joang le mekhoa ea banyalani (Maddox et al., 2011). Bongata bo boetse bo bonahala e le moemeli oa bohlokoa le ho sebelisoa ka bomong ke banna ba batona ba bonahalang eka ke mofuta oa ho shebella o amanang le liphello tse mpe ka ho fetisisa (Poulsen et al., 2013). Ts'ebetso ena e tsitsitseng e fana ka maikutlo a hore maemo a amanang le likamano ke karolo e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa ea ho utloisisa kamoo litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li amanang le boiketlo ba motho ka bomong. Mebuso e amanang le molekane e boetse e ka 'na ea e-ba ea bohlokoa molemong oa nts'etsopele le phello ea boits'oaro ba boitšoaro ho ba kamanong. Ho se ts'oanehe ha molekane e le 'ngoe ho ka' na ha ama liphello tsa tse ling joalokaha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li fumanoa, li buisanoa, kapa lia thijoa. Moelelo o joalo kapa puisano ha a eo ka mokhoa oa PPMI empa ho bonahala eka o lokisoa ke mathata a ho iponahatsa e le feela phello ea thahasello.

Ho na le litsela tse ling tseo mohlala o hlalositsoeng ke Grubbs et al. (2018) e boloka bafuputsi lebokoseng lena la ho fetela holimo le mefokolo ea mekhoa. Joalo ka ba bang ba bangata, Grubbs et al. tšebeliso ea poleloana "tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro" ka litsela tse sa tsotelleng mathata a tlholeho a ho sebelisa poleloana e akaretsang ho ithuta ho shebella lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano. Mosebetsi oa ka (Willoughby & Busby, 2016) o hlokometse hore poleloana "litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro" e na le moelelo o fapaneng haholo ho latela hore na u botsa mang le hore ho sebelisa poleloana litšoantšo tsa bootsoa litlhahlobong tsa ho itlhahloba ho na le mathata (bakeng sa mokhoa o mong oa morao-rao oa litekanyo, bona Busby, Chiu, Olsen, & Hantle, 2017). Batho ba nyalaneng, basali, le bao e leng balumeli hangata ba na le litlhaloso tse pharaletseng tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro 'me ba ngola mefuta e meng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa moo ba bang ba bonang mecha ea litaba e tloaelehileng (kapa lipapatso) tse se nang litaba tsa thobalano tseo ba ka buang ka tsona. Boitšoaro bo bongata ba ho beha likarolo tsohle tsa thobalano tlasa lebitso le le leng bo khahlanong le lingoliloeng tse nyane empa li ntse li hola tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore litaba tsa bootsoa tse shebiloeng li bohlokoa ho tsotelloa (Fritz & Paul, 2017; Leonhardt le Willoughby, 2017; Boiketlo & Busby, 2016). Ho e-na le ho nahana hore PPMI e mpa e le karolo ea litšoantšo tsohle tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, ke habohlokoa hore litsebi li hlahlobe hore na boitšoaro bo bobe bo ka ba teng joang bakeng sa mefuta e meng ea thobalano kapa hore na boitšoaro bo bobe bo ka amana joang le mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea litaba tsa thobalano bakeng sa mefuta e sa tšoaneng batho.

Ka ntle ho litaba tse joalo, ho na le lintho tse ling tse lokelang ho etsoa pele PPMI e ka tlotsoa e le tlhaloso ea mathata a amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Taba e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa eo u lokelang ho e ela hloko ka Grubbs et al.'S (2018) mohlala ke hore le haeba boits'oaro bo bobe e le bothata ho basebelisi ba bang ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, boits'oaro bo bobe kapa tumelo eo hangata e leng ka mora eona ha e hlakole likamano tse ngata lipakeng tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le bophelo bo botle kapa boiketlo. Liphuputso tse 'maloa li bontšitse hore litloaelano lipakeng tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li lula le boiketlo li ntse li le teng, le kamora ho laola borapeli kapa litekanyetso tse ling tsa motheo (Perry & Snawder, 2017; Boikokobetso, Carroll, Busby, & Brown, 2016;; Wright, 2013). Mohlala, ha Perry le Snawder (2017) o fumane hore setsoalle pakeng tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro se sebelisa mekhoa e tlaase ea botsoali e ne e phahame ho batho ba bolumeli, phello e ile ea tsoelapele ho batho bohle esita le ha ba laola bolumeli. Ho sebelisoa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho fumanoe hore ho amahanngoa le liphetoho litabeng tsa thobalano, esita le ha ho laola maikutlo le litumelo tsa motheo (Wright, 2013). Mohlomong bopaki bo nepahetseng ba tšitiso ena bo hlahang bo sa fetohe ho sa natsoe bolumeli kapa boits'oaro bo kahare ho lingoliloeng tsa likamano tsa botona le botšehali moo litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li 'nileng tsa hokahanngoa le litlamorao tsa likamano tse mpe le kamora ho laola boleng ba tumelo kapa tumelo (Doran & Price, 2014; Maas, Vasilenko, le Willoughby, 2018;; Poulsen et al., 2013;; Willoughby et al., 2016).

Beha hammoho, sepheo sa Grubbs et al. (2018) e bonahala e le e totobetseng le e fokolang haholo hore e be mohlala o atlehang bakeng sa bohle kapa esita le bareki ba bangata ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Mohlala ona o oela ka mekhahong e tšoanang le ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro litabeng tsa bootsoa ka hore ts'ebetso ea eona e leka ho akaretsa maemo a mangata le a mangata haholo. Lebokose le lenyenyane le nang le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li bonahala li khotsofetse ho lula ho lona, lebokose le nang le maikutlo a ho shebella litšoantšo tse ts'oanang le litšoantšo tse ts'oanang le litšoantšo tse ts'oanang le litšoantšo tse ts'oanang le litšoantšo tse ts'oanang le litšoantšo tse ts'oanang le litšoantšo tse ts'oanang le litšoantšo tse ts'oanang le litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso, E, boitšoaro bo bobe ke boikutlo ba bohlokoa boo u lokelang ho bo hlahloba le ho bo hlahloba ha u sheba litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le liphello tsa eona. Leha ho le joalo, ntle le ho hlahloba hore na maikutlo a joalo a amanang le thobalano a amana joang le litaba tsa ho kopanela liphate tse ntseng li buuoa, motho ka mong le kamano ea hae ea likamano tsa tšebeliso e joalo, kapa ho amohela mohlomong karolo e nyenyane ea bareki ba litšoantšo tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba nang le phihlelo ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng, mohlala oa PPMI o khomaretsoe ka mokhoa o lekanyelitsoeng oa lebokose le nang le boitsebiso bo bongata ba lingoliloeng tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. Grubbs et al. ho bolela hore mohlala oa bona o ka thusa ho rarolla pherekano ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ho hlokomela hore "ho sa tsotellehe nako eo ue sebelisitseng ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ho ka etsahala hore mathata ao u nahanang ka 'ona, a kang tumelo ea motho ea lemalloang ke litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ke eona senotlolo sa ho utloisisa ka tsela e nepahetseng tšusumetso ea' litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisa bophelo bo botle le boiketlo 'me kahoo ke sepheo se seholo sa ho etsa lipatlisiso tse tsoelang pele. "" Tšusumetso ea' nete "ena e ka fetela ka ntle ho ho tsepamisa mohopolo le ho tsepamisa mohopolo ka bobeli ka boikutlo ba boithati le boits'oaro ba boitšoaro. Joaloka Grubbs et al. ho boletse hore lipatlisiso tse 'maloa li bontšitse hore mathata a boithati a hangata ha a amane le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, a fana ka maikutlo a hore likarolo tse ling tsa bophelo bo botle tse' nileng tsa amahanngoa le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ka ba lintlha tse molemo tsa ho ithuta. Ka kakaretso, ho na le batho ba nang le boitšoaro bo matla ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho se amohelehe ho susumetsang likamano tsa tšebeliso ea bona ha ba ntse ba loana le ho se lumellane ha boitšoaro ba bona le litsebo tsa bona. Khohlano e joalo e thehiloe likhopolong tse tšoanang tsa dissonance tse 'nileng tsa e-ba karolo ea tšebetso ea kelello ea sechaba (Festinger, 1962). Le hoja moelelo o hlalositsoeng o ka 'na oa sebetsa ha o sebelisoa ka mokhoa o loketseng, litsebi li lokela ho ba hlokolosi ho nahana hore mohlala o joalo o sebetsana le maemo a mangata a shebaneng le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

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