Litlhaku Tse Etsang Hore Lithethefatsi le Lintho Tse Amanang le Khatello ea Kelello li amanang le khatello ea kelello ho Cocaine Ho lemalla ho ba le PTSD (2008)

J Neurother. Sengoloa se ngotsoeng; e fumaneha ho PMC 2009 Nov 3.

E hatisitsoe ka mokhoa o qetelle o hlophisitsoeng e le:

J Neurother. 2008 Dec 1; 12 (4): 205-225.

doi:  10.1080/10874200802502185

Sheba lihlooho tse ling ho PMC hore Qotsa sehlooho se hatisitsoeng.

Eya ho:

inahaneloang

Bokhoba ba koae bo beha moroalo o itseng ho lits'ebeletso tsa bophelo ba kelello ka ho ferekana ha hae le mafu a mang a kelello. Ho phekola bakuli ba nang le tlhekefetso ea koae ho thata haholo ha ho ba lekhoba la tahi ho etsahala le PTSD. Phuputso ena e sebelisitse mokhoa o amanang le liketsahalo tse ngata tse amanang le liketsahalo (ERP) ho etsa lipatlisiso ho bona hore na bakuli ba nang le mofuta ona oa tlhahlobo ea maikutlo ba babeli ba bonts'a ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea likotsi tsa khatello le lithethefatsi ha li bapisoa le ho se nke lehlakore. Cue reacuction e bua ka ketsahalo e etsahalang eo ho eona batho ba nang le nalane ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ba bonts'ang karabo ea mantsoe, ea 'mele le ea boitšoaro litloaelong tse amanang le tlhekefetso eo ba e ratang. Phuputso ena e hlahloba liphapang tsa ERP tse amanang le karabelo tse amanang le cue ho lithethefatsi le likotsi tsa mokokotlo mosebetsing oa mekhahlelo e meraro o sebelisang sepheo sa papali se sa nke lehlakore, sa lithethefatsi, le se kotsi. Boithuto bona bo entsoe ka lithuto tse itšetlehileng ka koae tsa 14, lithuto tsa 11 tse nang le ts'ehetso ea koae ka cocaine le PTSD, le 9 ea lilemo-le lihlooho tse amanang le bong. Sistimi ea Electrical Geodesics EEG ea 128 e ne e sebelisetsoa ho hatisa ERP nakong ea mosebetsi o makatsang oa mekhahlelo e meraro e nang le mekhahlelo e meraro (ho se nke lehlakore, lithethefatsi, khatello ea maikutlo) ea litšoantšo tse ntle. Bakuli ba itšetlehileng ka koae le PTSD, ha ba bapisoa le bakuli ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea koae feela le litekanyetso tsa taolo, ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e fetelletseng ea maikutlo ho susumetsa maikutlo le likotsi tse amanang le ho sithabetsoa ke tlokotsi. Phapang e tebileng haholo e fumanoe ho amplitude le latency ea frontX P3a, le likarolo tsa Centro-parietal P3b ERP. Ho ile ha fumanoa liphapang tsa sehlopha le lipakeng tsa bakuli ba nang le tlhekefetso ea koae (lihlopha tse lemalloang feela le tse peli) le litekanyetso mehatong e mengata ea ERP ea likotsi tse amanang le lithethefatsi. Re khothaletsa hore mefuta ea ERP e ntlafalitsoeng ea cue e ka sebelisoa e le mehato ea bohlokoa ea ts'ebetso ho batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi ka tlasa kalafo ea boits'oaro.

Keywords: Bokhoba ba koae, PTSD, ERP, P300, reaction ea cue, khatello ea maikutlo

SELELEKELA

Comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), e atileng haholo har'a batho ba hlekefetsang koae, e tsejoa ho amahanngoa le liphetho tsa kalafo e futsanehileng ka lebaka la ho eketseha ha lintlha tse tlatsetsang kholisong ea bokhoba ba koae.

Likhoba tsa koae tse nang le PTSD e bang teng li na le thuto e phehellang ea bokuli mme li khahloa haholo ke kalafo ho feta tse sa hlokeng ho hlahlojoa ka bobeli.Brown le Wolfe, 1995; Brown et al., 1995; Kofi le al., 2002; Evans le Sullivan, 2001; O'Brien et al., 2004). Bakeng sa bakuli ba fumanoeng ka meno a mabeli, matšoao a mathata ana ka bobeli a likamanong tse rarahaneng moo bokuli bo bong bo sebeletsang ho thusa bo bongChilcoat le Breslau, 1998; Jacobsen, Southwick le Kosten, 2001; Saladin et al., 2003; Shiperd et al., 2005)

Ho na le mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho hlalosa tekanyo e phahameng ea ho hlaha ha PTSD le tšebeliso ea koae (koae)Stewart et al., 1998), ho kenyelletsa le tse thehiloeng mohopolong o tsoang lebaleng la methapo ea kutlo (Sokhadze et al., 2007). Ho tšoareha ka lintho tse amanang le lithethefatsi le lithethefatsi ke tšobotsi e tloaelehileng ea batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi. Liphuputso tse 'maloa li fane ka tšehetso bakeng sa khopolo-taba ea hore ts'ebetso ea ho fetola maikutlo e etsahala ho batho ba lemaletseng (Hester, Dixon, & Garavan, 2006; Li-Lyvers, 2000; Robinson & Berridge, 2003), e bitsoang "leeme la tlhokomelo" (Franken et al., 1999,2000; Franken, 2003), mme likotsi tse amanang le lithethefatsi li thella le ho hlaka haholo (Cox et a., 2006) Cue reacuction e bua ka ketsahalo e 'ngoe eo ho eona batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi ba bonts'ang karabo e fetelletseng ea mantsoe,' mele, le boits'oaro litloaelong tse amanang le tlhekefetso eo ba e ratang (Carter & Tiffany, 1999; Childress et al., 1999; Drummond et al., 1995). Ntle le moo, ho hlekefetso ea koae ea cocaine e hlakotsoe hape ho itšetleha ka mofuta oa cue le modality (Johnson et al., 1998). E 'ngoe ea likarolo tsa kutloisiso tsa ho hlophisoa hape hoa cue ho batho ba sebelisang lithethefatsi ke kabo e khethehileng ea lisebelisoa tsa tlhokomelo bakeng sa lintho tse amanang le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (Lubman et al., 2000) kapa ho sebelisa joala (Stormak et al., 2000). Ho 'nile ha etsoa tlhahiso ea hore maikutlo a boemo bo kopanetsaneng ea litsela tsa neural tse kopanyang maiketsetso le lintho tse khothatsang li ka ikarabella bakeng sa ho etsa lintho hape (Franken, 2003; Weiss et al., 2001).

Lithuto tse 'maloa tsa neuroimaging li tlalehile litlamorao tse amanang le karabelo tse amanang le lithethefatsi le ho lakatsa ho lemalla koae (Childress et al., 1999; Garavan et al., 2000; Hester et al., 2006; Kilts et al., 2001,2004). PTSD ho batho ba nang le tlhekefetso ea koae e amana le ts'ebeliso e matla ea lithethefatsi, ka lehlakoreng le leng, li-neurotoxiceffect tsa tlhekefetso ea koae li ka mpefatsa PTSD (Brown et al., 1995; Najavits et al., 1998;; Ouimette et al., 1997,1999). Ke lithuto tse fokolang feela tse ileng tsa hlahloba mekhoa eo PTSD e ka bang le litlamorao tse tlisoang ke ho lemalla.Ouimette & Brown, 2003; Stewart et al., 1998). Khatisong ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (SUD) le PTSD comorbidity research, e 'ngoe ea liqholotso ke ho fumana tsebo ea methati e e tsamaisanang le matšoao a amanang le cue hape le matšoao a PTSD.

Ho bontšitsoe hore tlhekefetso ea maikutlo ke tloaelo bakeng sa bokhoba ba tahi (Fukunishi, 1996; Handelsman, et al., 2000). Batho ba lemaletseng tlhekefetso ba ka angoa ke khatello ea maikutlo e amanang le phetoho ea ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo ho ba matlafatsang ba tlhaho (Volkow et al., 2003). Sensitization ea lithethefatsi le li-adaptation tse lumellanang le tsona li kenya letsoho ho tlatsetsa ho hatseng ha li-homeostasis tsa hedonic le ho hlokomela tlhekefetso ea moputso oa boko (Koob, 1997; Koob & Le Moal, 1999; Koob et al., 2004). Ho tšoenyeha maikutlong le hona ho tloaelehile ho bakuli ba nang le PTSD. Reactivity ea 'mele ea ho pepeseha litšoaetso tsa kahare kapa kantle tse bonts'ang kapa tse ts'oanang le karolo ea ketsahalo e sithabetsang ke karolo ea mantlha ea PTSD (APA, 2000; Vasterling & Brewin, 2005). Liphumano tsa lipatlisiso li bonts'itse khafetsa hore batho ba nang le PTSD ba hlahisa likarabo tse ntlafalitsoeng tsa 'mele (mohlala, tšabo, sekhahla sa pelo, karabelo ea letlalo, joalo-joalo) ho hlohlelletsang lintho tse amanang le liketsahalo tse bohloko.Blanchard, 1990; Shalev et al., 1993; Orr & Roth, 2000; Prins et al., 1995). Mofuta ona o phahamisitsoeng o fumanoe ho pholletsa le mehato e fapaneng ea kelello ea kelello nakong ea tlhahiso ea litlhaloso tse amanang le ho sithabela maikutlong kapa pono ea batho, le nakong ea setšoantšo sa boiketsetso sa liketsahalo tse bohloko (Blanchard et al., 1993; Casada et al., 1998; Orr et al., 1998; Sahar et al., 2001). Hobane ts'ebetso ea 'mele ea ho tloaela ho pepesetsoa likhakanyo tse amanang le liketsahalo tse sithabetsang e tloaelehile bakeng sa PTSD, litekanyetso tsa' mele tse sebelisang methapo ea electroencephalographic (EEG) joalo ka monyetla oa liketsahalo tse amanang le ketsahalo (ERP) ho PTSD e bang teng ka ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa koae e ka fana ka temohisiso ea bohlokoa le theoretical.

Karolo ea P300 (300 ho isa ho 600 ms post-stimulus) ke mohato o sebelisoang haholo oa ERP ho tsa bongaka ba kelello le lits'ebetso tse ling tsa bongaka (Polich & Herbst, 200; Pritchard, 1981,1986; Pritchard, Sokhadze, & Houlihan, 2001). Boholo ba P300 bo bonts'a kabo ea lisebelisoa tsa tlhokomelo, ha latency e nkuoa e le ho bonts'a nako ea ho lekola le nako ea tlhophiso (Katayama & Polich, 1996; Polich et al., 1994). P300 hangata e fumanoa ho oddball paradigm, eo ho eona ho hlahisoang lintlha tse peli ka tatellano, e 'ngoe ea tsona khafetsa, (standard) le e' ngoe e sa tloaelehang (sepheo)Polich, 1990). Phetoho ea mosebetsi o makatsang e se e sebelisitsoe moo karolo ea boraro, hape e khothalletsang e sa tloaelehang (distracter) e hlahisoang hammoho le sepheo se tloaelehileng. Ho tlalehiloe hore liphokotso tsena tse sa reng letho li etsa P300 e bohareng, e bitsoang P3a, athe lipehelo tse sa tloaelehang li hlahisa P300 ea Centro-parietal, e bitsoang P3b (Katayama & Polich, 1998). P3a e tlalehiloe libakeng tsa scalp tsa anterior mme e hlalositsoe e bonts'a ts'ebetso ea pele ea lobe (Friedman et al., 1993; Knight, 1984). Athe P300 ka kakaretso e nahanoa e emela "ntlafatso ea maemo / ho koaloa" (Donchin & Coles, 1988), mesebetsing e meraro e sa tloaelehang ea P3a e hlalosoa e le "orienting", le P3b e le index ea bokhoni ba ho boloka tlhokomelo e tsitsitseng ea ho sheboa (Natanen, 1990; Potts et al., 2004; Wijers et al., 1996). P3a ea anterior e supa boemo bo ikhethileng ba tšusumetso e sa tloaelehang, athe P3b ea morao-rao e supa mosebetsi-bohlokoa oa mohopolo oa ona (Gaeta, Friedman, & Hunt, 2003). Mekhahlelo e meraro ea matla a ho hlasimolla ea oddball paradigm e fana ka menyetla ea ho hlakisa tšebetso ea kelello e kenelletseng mosebetsing ona ha ho susumetsoa tšusumetso ea sepheo sa maikutlo a ho khetholla.

Boholo ba liphuputso tse mabapi le tlhekefetso ea PTSD ho P300, e fanang ka bopaki bo potlakileng ba ts'ebetso ea kelello e senyehileng bothateng bona (Attias et al., 1996; Blomhoff et al., 1998;Charles et al., 1995; Felmingham et al., 2002; Karl, Malta, & Maerker, 2006; Kimble et al., 2000; Stanford et al., 2001). Boithuto bo fumanang P300 e supa litholoana tsa bona ka ho senyeha ha maikutlo (McFarlane, Weber, & Clark, 1993), kapa khaello ea tlhokomelo (Charles et al., 1995; Metzger et al., 1997a,b). Keketseho e matla ea P300 e hlalositsoe e le ka lebaka la tlhokomelo e fetotsoeng ea khetho (Attias et al., 1996), kapa boikhutso bo phahamisitsoeng bo lebisang tšosumetsong (Kimble et al., 2000). Boithuto bo 'maloa bo hatisa hore ntlafatso ea P3a ho PTSD e hlahisoa ha batho ba khelosang maikutlo e le likotsi tse amanang le khatello ea maikutlo kapa pale e ncha mesebetsing e makatsang (Bleich, Attias, & Furman, 1996; Drake et al., 1991; Felmingham et al., 2002; Weinstein, 1995). Keketseho e matla ea P300 ho PTSD ho nahanoa hore e bonts'a leeme mabapi le ts'usumetso ea sekhahla mme ho fokotsoa ha sebaka sa P300 ho nahanoa hore ho bonts'a phokotso e latelang ea lisebelisoa tsa tlhokomelo ho susumetso e seng ea tšoso.

Tšebeliso e mpe le e sa foleng ea cocaine e hlahisa litlamorao tsa neuropharmacological ho amplitude le latency ea ERPs (Bauer, 1997; Biggins et al., 1997; Fein, Biggins, & MacKay, 1996; Kouiri et al., 1996). Nako e telele ea P300 latency ntle le tlhekefetso ho amplitude e tlalehiloe lithutong tse 'maloa mabapi le ho khaotsa koae (Bauer le Kranzler, 1994; Herning, Glover, Guo, 1994; Noldy, le Carlen, 1997). Boholo ba lithuto tsa ERP tse reretsoeng ho lekola dysfunctions tsa cortical li sebelisitse mesebetsi ea P3b, mme ho na le lithuto tse fokolang tsa P3a ka ho lemalla. Tlatsetso ea kutloisiso ea likarolo tsa ErP tsa mantlha e bohlokoa ho latela bopaki bo eketsehang ba mathata a tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi, haholoholo tlhekefetsong ea koae.Hester & Garavan, 2004)

Ho latela mohopolo oa ho rata leeme, bakuli ba nang le ts'oaetso ea koae ba nang le ts'oaetso ea koae ba sebetsang le PTSD ba lebelletseng ho bonts'a ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ho likokonyana tse amanang le koae le likotsi tsa khatello ea maikutlo ka lebaka la ts'ebetso e ntle ea ba tsibosang lithethefatsi le bakuli ba sithabetsang maikutlo. ; ka lebaka leo ho lebelletsoe ho hlahisa phumaneho ea mehlodi ea tlhokomelo e theotsoeng bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea matšoao a maleba a sepheo. Morero o ikhethang oa thuto ena ke ho hlahloba ho kenella hape ho ts'ebetso ea lithethefatsi tse amanang le litla-morao ka phetoho ea tlhahlobo ea boiketsetso ea sehlotšoana ka lihlopha tse tharo: tlhahlobo e kopanetsoeng ea ts'ebeliso ea koae le PTSD (DUAL), ts'ebeliso ea koae ntle le PTSD (SUD), le taolo (CNT). Boitekong bona re sebelisa mosebetsi o sa tloaelehang ha ba o thellisang e ka ba lithethefatsi, likotsi tse amanang le khatello ea maikutlo kapa maikutlo a ho se nke lehlakore. Morero oa rona ke ho hlahloba le tšitiso e amanang le lithethefatsi le litla-morao tse amanang le ts'ebetso ea boits'oaro le li-indices tsa kelello tsa ERP P300 (P3a, P3b). Ka ho sebelisa mekhoa e amanang le lithethefatsi tse amanang le tlokotsi ho theha pherekano re leka ho rarolla bothata ba hore na likarolo tsena ka bobeli li ka ama ts'ebetso ea lihlopha tsa thuto tse tharo joang ka ho hlahloba litšebelisano tsa boitšoaro (nako ea karabelo, ho nepahala) le li-indices tsa ERP (P3a, P3b), Re boletse esale pele khetho e khethehileng ea ho khetha lintho tse amanang le lithethefatsi empa eseng ho litšoantšo tse sithabetsang maikutlo sehlopheng sa SUD, le ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea ba ferekanyang ba amanang le lithethefatsi le bakuli ba sehlopa sehlopheng sa DUAL. Ho hlophisoa ha lintho tse sa sebetseng hantle empa li sa sebetse hantle ho ne ho lebelletsoe ho etsa hore tlhokomelo e fokotsehe le kabo e fokolang ea lisebelisoa ho sebetsa lipehelo tse mabapi le mesebetsi. Phello ena e ne e boletsoe esale pele hore e tla bonts'oa ka nako e liehang ho arabela (RT), ho nepahala ho tlase, boholo bo tlase ba indices ea morao-rao ea ERP ea ts'ebetso ea tlhahisoleseling e mabapi le mosebetsi (P3b) ho bakuli ba DUAL ha ba bapisoa le lihlopha tsa SUD le CNT. Kahoo sepheo sa thuto e ne e le ho hlahloba mehato ea ERP ea ho khutlela morao ho lithethefatsi tse amanang le lithethefatsi, le ho etsa lipatlisiso ka hore na ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho bahanyetsi ba bang ba sitisang mesebetsi e meng ea kelello nakong ea ts'ebetso mesebetsing ea mekhahlelo e meraro e sa bonahaleng. Re boletse esale pele mohopolo o matla oa karolo ea anterior ea ERP (mohlala, P3a) ha re araba barekisi ba litšoantšiso tse ncha tse nang le litheko tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, le phokotso ea morao-rao ea ERP (mohlala, P3b) mabapi le merero ea ho se nke lehlakore le maemo a khafetsa ho sehlopha sa DUAL ha se bapisoa le lihlopha tse ling. Re ne re lebelletse hore bakuli ba ts'ehetsang koae le tlhahlobo ea PTSD ha ba bapisoa le taolo e tla bonts'a ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea litheko tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse amanang le ts'okelo, mme re tla fana ka tlhokomeliso e hlakileng bakeng sa matšoao ana a matla a tla susumetsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso- khothalletso e loketseng.

METHODA

Lihlooho

Lithuto tse hlekefetsang tsa cocoaine / tse its'episang li ne li fetisoa haholo-holo ho tsoa likamoreng tsa tšohanyetso tsa Sepetlele sa Louisville, lits'ebeletso tsa kalafo ea lithethefatsi, tse kang Jefferson County Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center (JADAC), le tse ling tsa mafu a kelello. Ho na le ts'ebelisano 'moho le lits'ebeletso tse ling le mekhatlo ea metro ea Louisville. Ngaka Stewart, mofuputsi phuputsong ena, ke Motsamaisi oa Bongaka JADAC le moeletsi oa bongaka litsing tse peli tsa kalafo ea tlhekefetso ea bolulo (The Healing Place and Volunteers of America) e sebakeng sa metro ea Louisville. O fane ka palo e kholo ea likhothaletso ka mananeo ana. Ngaka Hollifield, mofuputsi e mong thutong eo, ke Motsamaisi oa Lenaneo la Ho Tšoenyeha ho Tepelletseng Univesithing ea Louisville, mme a buisana le tlhahlobo ea PTSD ho bakuli ba lemaletseng joala ho tsoa letamong la bakuli ba fetisitsoeng ba lemaletseng koae. Lithuto tse nkang karolo li ile tsa fuoa tlhaiso-leseling e felletseng mabapi le thuto ho kenyeletsoa sepheo, litlhokahalo, boikarabelo, puseletso, likotsi, melemo, mefuta e meng, le karolo ea Boto ea Institutional Review Board (IRB). Liforomo tsa tumello li ile tsa hlahlojoa mme tsa hlalosetsoa lithuto tsohle tse bonts'itseng thahasello ea ho nka karolo. Lipotso tsohle li ile tsa arajoa pele ho saena tumello ea tumello. Haeba motho a lumela ho nka karolo, o ile a saena 'me a ngola foromo ea tumello mme a fumana khopi e hatisitsoeng ke mofuputsi ea fumaneng tumello.

Ts'ebetso tsohle li entsoe ka har'a lits'ebeletso tsa Lefapha la Psychiatry le Behavioral Science le Univesithi ea Sepetlele sa Louisville. Kopano ea mantlha le motho ea neng a tla nka karolo ea eona e ne e etsoa hangata ka ho hlahlojoa hoa mohala. Motho ea botsoang lipotso o ile a botsa ho letsetsa mabapi le mekhoa e meholo ea ho ithuta. Litekanyetso tseo tsa kopano li fumane tumellano ea tumello, hangata matsatsing a 1 ho isa matsatsing a 5 kamora mohala oa bona oa pele. Lithuto tsa taolo thutong ena li ile tsa hloaetsoa ke setereke sa Louisville ka lipapatso tse lumelletsoeng ke IRB ea moo. Ba arabelang ba ile ba hlahlojoa ka mohala ho fihlela mekhoa ea ho kenyelletsa qalong. Lithuto tsohle tsa taolo li ne li se na mathata a methapo ea kutlo kapa mathata a bohlokoa a bongaka, li na le kutlo le pono e tloaelehileng, 'me li se na mathata a kelello. Kamora ho hlahlojoa hoa mohala, lithuto tsa taolo li ile tsa fumana tlhahlobo ea mafu a kelello ka laboratoring ho netefatsa tlhahlobo ea mohala le ho theola Axis I e fumanoeng e sebelisa Lipatlisiso tsa Clinical Clinical bakeng sa DSM-IV (Pele et al., 2001). Lihlooho tsa taolo li ile tsa khethoa e le hore sehlopha sa taolo se ne se sa fapana haholo le sehlopha sa bakuli ka lilemo, boemo ba thuto, letsoho, bong le morabe. Mekhoa e tšoanang ea tumello e lateloang bakeng sa bakuli e sebelisitsoe litsing tsa taolo. Kaha lithuto li ne li nka karolo lipatlisisong, li ne li lefelloa nako ea tsona. Mekhoa ea ho patala e ile ea latela Komiti ea Setsi sa Saense sa Bophelo sa Saense ea Bophelo ea Ts'ireletso ea Lithuto tsa Botho mabapi le puseletso ea nako ea lipatlisiso le ho paka makoloi. Barupeluoa ba lefelletsoe $ 20 / hora bakeng sa ho phethela mesebetsi e hlokahalang ea lipatlisiso (mohlala, liteko tsa ERP, ho fana ka sampole ea moroto, ho tlatsa liforomo tsa ho itlaleha) ketelong ka 'ngoe.

Lipotso tsa boemo ba kelello, tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le ts'ebetso ea kelello le ts'ebetso ea kelello

Puisano ea Clinical e hlophisitsoeng ea DSM-IV (SCID I) (Pele et al., 2001) e sebelisitsoe bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea Axis I. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) e ile ea hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa The Post-traumatic Syndromeom Scale-Self Report (PSS-SR) (Foa et al., 1989, 1997) potso. Lenane la Cheketso la Matšoao la Hopkins-25 (HSCL-25) (Derogatis et al., 1974) e ne e sebelisetsoa ho lekanya matšoao a ho tšoenyeha le khatello ea maikutlo. Handsness ea bakuli e ile ea hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa tlhaiso ea Edinburgh (Oldfield, 1971). Lipalo tse tsoang ho Adiction Severity Index (ASI) li ne li sebelisoa ho lekola bothata bo boholo libakeng tsa bongaka, mosebetsi, tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, molao, lelapa, boiketlo ba sechaba le mathata a kelello (McLellan et al., 1980). Lethathamo la Liphello tsa Litla-morao tsa CocaineMichalec et al., 1996) e sebelisitsoe ho lekola litlamorao tsa nako e khuts'oane le tse telele tse bakoang ke tšebeliso ea koae. Liphetoho tsa kelello le kelello li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa maemo a ntlafatso ea sechaba (SAS) (Weissman le Bothwell, 1976).

Lisebelisoa tsa "urution" tsa DineCheck 4, NxStep, Amedica Biotech Inc., CA) li ile tsa etsoa thutong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ho netefatsa tlhekefetso ea koae. Ntle le moo, li-skrini tsa moroto oa toodology tsa boleng bo botle bakeng sa amphetamine, opiate le matekoane li ile tsa etsoa ho lekola boteng ba lintho tse ling tse hlekefetsoang (mohlala, amphetamine, opiates, matekoane). Teko e ntle ea matekoane e ne e sa nkuoe e le mokhoa oa ho khetholla. Teko ea lithethefatsi ea Qualitative Saliva (ALCO SCREEN, Chematics, Inc., IN) le eona e ile ea sebelisetsoa ho thibela tšebeliso ea joala ea joale.

Lintho tse ithutoang

Lihlooho tse mashome a mabeli a metso e mehlano tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea koae / basali ba ts'episitsoeng (basali ba 9, banna ba 16) ba bolela lilemo, 41.3 ± 6.1, lilemo tse 32-52, 64% Afro-America) ba nkile karolo thutong. Ba leshome le metso e mene ba bona e ne e le lithuto tse hlekefetsang tsa cocaine ntle le PTSD mme ba abeloa sehlopha sa SUD (bana ba lilemo li 42.2 ± 6.6, basali ba 6, banna ba 8), athe ba lemaletseng koae ba leshome le motso o mong ba fumanoe ba e-na le PTSD (tlhahlobo e netefalitsoe ka tumellano ea Dr. Stewart le Hollifield) mme e na le sehlopha se fumanoeng ka bobeli (SUD-PTSD) se fumanoeng (DUAL). Ba tšeletseng ba bona ba se ba ntse ba fumanoe ba e-na le PTSD mme ba na le rekoto ea PTSD nalaneng ea bona nakong ea phepelo. Sehlopha se kopaneng se ne se na le basali ba 3 le banna ba 8 (lilemo tse 38.8 ± 6.3). Lihlooho tse robong tse sa sebeliseng lithethefatsi tse sebelisang taolo (basali ba 4, lilemo tse bolelang, 36.7 ± 5.3, mefuta, lilemo tse 29 - 45, 44% Afro-America) (CNT sehlopha) le bona ba nkile karolo thutong ena.

Lithuto tse leshome le metso e 'meli sehlopheng sa SUD li fumane tlhahlobo ea koae,' me 7 ea tsona e fumanoe e le ntle tšebeliso ea matekoane. Lithuto tse peli ho SUD tse sa kang tsa hlahloba li le ntle li ile tsa fumana lingoloa tse ngolisitsoeng thutong ena kamora thupelo ea phepelo ea JADAC e sa feteng matsatsi a ka tlase ho matsatsi a 60. Lithuto tse robong sehlopheng sa DUAL li fumanoe li le ntle bakeng sa tšebeliso ea koae, tse hlano le tsona li fumanehetse li na le tšebeliso ea matekoane. Ka hona bongata ba rona ba batho ba kantle ho nako e ne e le basebelisi ba koae ba hona joale, hoo e batlang e le halofo ea bona ba sebelisa matekoane e le sethethefatsi sa khetho ea bobeli. Mokhoa o ratoang haholo oa ho sebelisa lithethefatsi e ne e le ho tsuba koae. Ke taba e le 'ngoe feela e tsoang ho batho ba lemaletseng koae thutong ena e sebelisang koae ka matla. Boholo ba lithuto tse lemalloang li tlaleha tšebeliso e tloaelehileng ea nicotine / ho tsuba. Ha ho na motho ea neng a le sehlopheng sa SUD se neng se le lenaneong lefe kapa lefe la kalafo ntle le ho nka karolo libokeng tsa Narcotic Anonymous (NA) kapa Alcoholic Anonymous (AA). Lithuto tsohle ntle le bakuli ba 2 tse tsoang sehlopheng sa SUD, e le 'ngoe e tsoang sehlopheng sa DUAL, mme e le' ngoe e tsoang sehlopheng sa CNT e ne e le letsoho le letona. Barupeluoa bohle ba taolo ha baa ka ba tlaleha nalane ea hona joale kapa ea nakong e fetileng ea mathata a methapo ea kelello kapa a kelello kapa ho itšetleha ka lintho tse ling ntle le nicotine kapa caffeine. Lintlha li ile tsa tsebisoa ka botlalo ka mofuta oa lipatlisiso tsena le foromo e saenneng ea tumello e amohetsoeng ke Institutional Review Board ea Univesithi ea Louisville (Protocol IRB #240.06, pt. 2). Bakeng sa pokello ea mohlala (lithuto tsa moroto oa lithethefatsi tsa moroto) lithuto tse saenneng foromo e arohaneng ea tumello le eona e amohetsoe ke IRB ka har'a protocol e tšoanang.

Tlhahiso ea Stimulus, ho fumana data ea EEG / ERP le ts'ebetso ea maqhubu

Tlhahiso eohle ea khothatso, pokello ea boits'oaro le boits'oaro bo ikemetseng e ne e laoloa ke komporo e sebelisang software ea E-prime (Psychology Software Tools, PA). Lits'oants'o tsa pono li ile tsa hlahisoa ponts'ong ea li-flat-15. Likarabo tsa matsoho li ile tsa bokelloa ka senotlolo sa likonopo tse 5. Bafo ba ile ba laeloa hore ba tobetse nomoro ea 1 ea mantlha ha ba bona setšoantšo sa sehlopha se shebiloeng, 'me u se ke oa tobetsa konopo ho linepe tse seng tsa sepheo. Lithutong tsohle tsa liteko ho ne ho lutse setulong ka selelu ea bona. Chinrest e ile ea beoa e le hore mahlo a sehlooho a ne a le 50 cm ho tloha bohareng ba skrine se bataletseng. Likhefu li ne li fanoa metsotso e meng le e meng e 10. Lintlha tsohle tsa EEG li fumanoe ka sistimi e 128 ea Electrical Geodeics system (Net Station 200, v. 4.0) (Electrical Geodesics Inc., OR) e sebelisang komporo ea Macintosh G4. Lintlha tsa EEG li sampole ho 500 Hz, 0.1 - 100 Hz analog e tlhotliloeng, e boletsoeng ho vertex. Geodesic Sensor Net ke mochini o bobebe o sarolohang o nang le li-electrode tsa Ag / AgCl tse kentsoeng seponcheng sa maiketsetso sethaleng. Liponche li ineloa ka har'a tharollo ea KCl ho li fa matla. Lintlha tsa EEG tse notletsoeng ka matla li arotsoe moleng ho li-1000 ms epochs tse qalang 200 ms pre-stimulus ho 800 ms post-stimulus ho potoloha liketsahalo tse mahlonoko tsa ts'usumetso. Mohlala mosebetsing oa rona liketsahalo e ne e le: (1) sepheo sa lehlakore, (2) ho se nke lehlakore, (3) khatello ea maikutlo e sithabetsang, (4) khatello ea maikutlo e sa reretsoeng; (5) sepheo sa lithethefatsi, (6) lithethefatsi tseo eseng sepheo. Khafetsa lipheo tsa sehlopha ka seng sa maikutlo e ne e le 20%. Lintlha li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka dijithale bakeng sa maiketsetso (ho panya ha mahlo, ho sisinyeha, jj.) Le liteko tse mpe li ile tsa tlosoa ka lisebelisoa tsa ho lahla thepa ea maiketsetso. Lintlha tse setseng li hlophisitsoe ka maemo mme li lekantsoe ho theha li-ERP. Lintlha tse akaretsang tsa ERP li tlhotliloeng ka dijithale ho 30 Hz lowpass ho tlosa lerata la maqhubu a phahameng pele ho karolelano. Kamora hore karolelano ea motheo e lokisoe ka nako ea mantlha ea 200 ms e amanang le qalo ea karolo, mme data e boletsoeng bocha ho foreime ea litšupiso. Li-ERP tsa litaba li ne li kopantsoe hammoho ho hlahisa grandaverage e bolelang lihloohong tsohle.

Morero oa papiso

Lintho tse bonts'itseng maikutlong li nkuoe ho tsoa ho International Affective Picture System (IAPS, Lang et al., 2001). Litšoantšo tsa Cocaine li ile tsa khethoa le ho netefatsoa ke mongoli oa pele nakong ea kopano ea hae ea morao-rao Univesithing ea Rice (Houston, TX). Phuputsong eo ea pejana (Potts, Martin, Stotts, George, & Sokhadze, tlaleho e sa phatlalatsoang), bakuli ba 25 ba hlekefetsang bakuli ba cocaine ba fane ka litšoantšo tse 115 tse amanang le k'hok'heine ka sekala sa lintlha tse 5 (5 e phahame) mabapi le hore na setšoantšo se seng le se seng sa lithethefatsi se matla hakae. Tekanyo e bolelang bakeng sa sete kaofela e ne e le 2.66, SD = 0.48. Ho ile ha khethoa litšoantšo tse 30 tse neng li e-na le lintlha tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa (tsohle tse 30 tse nang le lintlha tse bolelang ka holimo ho 3.0) tse ka sebelisoang thutong ena. Palo ea Valence, tsoho, le puso li ne li bapisoa ka har'a seteishene ka seng sa likarolo tse sa nke lehlakore le tse sithabetsang tsa khatello ea maikutlo li sebelisa lintlha tse tsoang ho database ea IAPS (Lang et al., 2001). Teko e sebelisitse litšoantšo tse tsoang mekhatlong e meraro: ho se nke lehlakore (lintho tsa ka tlung, liphoofolo, tlhaho), khatello ea maikutlo (pefo, likotsi, bahlaseli, joalo-joalo), le lithethefatsi (cocaine le lithethefatsi tsa lithethefatsi). Baithuto ba ne ba laetsoe hore ba arabele lintho tse khothatsang ho tsoa ho o mong oa mekhahlelo eo, ba iphapanyetse tse ling ka har'a sets'oants'o se seng (mohlala, lipehelo ke thepa ea ka tlung ka "ho se nke lehlakore"). Ts'ebetso ea li-block (tse nang le liteko tsa 240 ka block e le 'ngoe) e ne e leka-lekana. Mosebetsing ho ne ho hlahisoa tlhahiso-leseling skrineng sa 200 ms, athe ho rekota data ea EEG ho etsahetse bakeng sa 1000 ms. Nako e kenelletseng ea liteko e fapane ka mefuta ea 1500 ~ 2000 ms ho qoba litlamorao tsa tebello. E 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea liteko tse tharo e ile ea lateloa ke khefu e khuts'oane. Mosebetsi o nkile metsotso e ka bang 30 ho e qeta.

Ho fapana hoa maemo

Mekhoa ea boitšoaro e ne e le nako ea ho arabela (RT) le ho nepahala ha karabelo (liperesente) ho shebisa sepheo, ha electrophysiological variables li ne li feto-fetoha tse bolelang bophahamo le latency ea P3a e ka pele, le centro-parietal P3b. Liphuputso tsa lipalo-palo li ile tsa etsoa ho ya ka karolelano ea litaba mme ka karolelano lintlha tse mabapi le taba ke tsona tse hlokometsoeng. Moetso oa mantlha oa tlhahlobo e ne e le mehato e phetoang ea ANOVA, ka mefuta e itšetlehileng ka mmele e le e hlalositsoeng kaholimo. Ka hona, boholo le karolo ea karolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea ERP li ile tsa hlahlojoa bakeng sa libaka tse khethiloeng pele tsa thahasello (ROI) le fensetere ea nako. Fensetere ea nako e ne e le ho 300-590 ms range bakeng sa mehato ka bobeli ea P300. ROI ea P3a e ka pele e ne e kenyelletsa AFz, AF3, AF4, Fz, F1, F2, F3, F4, le libaka tse 'ne tsa boahelani tsa EEG (liteishene tsa EGI 10,19, 5,12). Mechini e ka pele ea EEG, AF3, F1, F3, EGI-19, le EGI-12 li sebelisitsoe joalo ka ROI e ka pele ka ho le letšehali, ha liteishene tsa AF4, F2, F4, EGI-5, le EGI-10 bakeng sa ROI e ka pele e nepahetseng. Ts'ebetso e ile ea etsoa hape bakeng sa libaka tsa EEG tse ka pele tsa midline (AFz, Fz). ROI bakeng sa centro-parietal P3b e kenyelelitse Cz, CPz, Pz, CP1, CP2, CP3, CP4, le liteishene tse 'ne tsa boahelani tsa EGI,' me li ne li baloa ka thoko bakeng sa li-ROI tsa letsohong le letšehali, le letona le bohareng. Setšoantšo sa 1 e bontša sebopeho sa Electrical Geodesics Sensor Net le ROIs.

Setšoantšo sa 1 

Electrical Geodesics Inc. Sensor Net sebopeho (2.1 version) ea libaka tsa XEUMX Channel EEG tse nang le lipalo tsa Channel. Frontal (bakeng sa karolo ea P128a) le centro-parietal (bakeng sa karolo ea P3b) libaka-tsa-thahasello (ROI) li totobalitsoe.

Qalong mefuta eohle e itšetlehileng e ile ea hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa tsela e le 'ngoe ANOVA ho fumana phapang ea sehlopha (CNT vs SUD, CNT vs. DUAL, SUD vs DUAL, CNT vs. SUD + DUAL). Ebe lintlha tsa phapang e khethiloeng ea ERP li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mehato e phetoang ANOVA e nang le lintlha tse latelang (bohle ba nkang karolo ho tsona): Mofuta oa stimulus × (sepheo, se sa reroang) × Sehlopha sa Cue (se nke lehlakore, lithethefatsi, tsieleho) × Hemisphere (ka letsohong le letšehali). Pakeng tsa lintlha tsa sehlooho mesebetsing e ne e le Group (DUAL, SUD, CNT) le mefuta e latelang ea sehlopha (CNT vs. DUAL; CNT vs. SUD, DUAL vs. SUD). Tlhahlobo ea Post-hoc e ne e etsoa ka tlhahlobo ea Tukey bakeng sa lihlopha tse nang le boholo bo sa lekanang ba sampole. Likhopolo tsa A-priori li ile tsa lekoa ka liteko tse peli tsa Moithuti tsa t-liteko tsa lihlopha tse nang le phapang e sa lekanang. Li-ANOVA tsohle, Greenhouse-Geisser (GG) e ile ea lokisa boleng ba p e sebelisitsoe moo ho loketseng. Liphutheloana tsa SPSS (v.14) le Sigma Stat 3.1 li sebelisitsoe bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea lipalo. Limmapa tsa topographic li thehiloe ka ts'ebeliso e chitja ea mokokotlo e fumanehang ho lisebelisoa tsa mosebetsi tsa EGI Net Station (v. 4.01).

LIPOTSO

Likarabo tsa boitšoaro

Nako ea ho arabela (RT) e ne e fokola butle-butle lefatšeng ka bophara lihlopheng tsa SUD le DUAL ha li bapisoa le li-control (CNT), leha ho le joalo ANOVA e ne e bonts'a bohlokoa ba phapang pakeng tsa li-RT lipakeng tsa taolo le bokhoba (bobeli ba lihlopha tsa SUD le DUAL, SUD + DUAL) feela bakeng sa sepheo sa litsotsi (529.6 ± 55.9 ms CNT vs. 642.6 ± 121.9 lithethefatsi tsohle, F (1,33) = 6.25, p = 0.018). Liphapang tsena li bontšitsoe hantle ha sehlopha sa CNT se bapisoa le sehlopha sa DUAL mabapi le liphofu tsa mekhahlelo e sa jeleng paate le khatello ea maikutlo. Lits'oaetso tse sithabetsang li bile le phello e kholo ho RT ho lithuto tsohle (517 ms neutral vs. 581 ms traumatic chand, F (2,27) = 15.18, p = 0.001). Ho ne ho boetse ho na le tloaelo ea phapano lipakeng tsa sehlopha mabapi le sepheo sa likotsi (CNT vs. DUAL, F = (2,27) = 4.63, p = 0.046), le bohlokoa ba 'maraka Category (se nke lehlakore, ts'oenyeha) Group (CNT, DUAL) tšebelisano (F = (4,36) = 4.66, p = 0.046), ka RT ho fihlella lipheo tsa ho se nke lehlakore li ts'oana, ha RT ho ts'oenyeha ho utloisoa bohloko ho ntse ho fokola sehlopheng sa DUAL. Sepheo Category (ho se nke lehlakore, ho sithabela maikutlo, lithethefatsi) ho bile le phello e kholo (e khuts'oane haholo ea RT ho se nke lehlakore, e telele haholo ho sithabela maikutlo, F (2,36) = 4.89, p = 0.016) e bonts'a hore mokhoa ona oa mokhahlelo oa maikutlo o susumetsang o ne o ama RT lithutong tsohle. Ha ho na phapang e kholo ho RT pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa SUD le DUAL.

ho nepahala ha eona

Ho bapisoa ho theosa le lihlopha tsohle tsa 3 ha hoa ka ha hlahisa phapang lipakeng tsa liphoso. Leha ho le joalo, ha taolo le boloi li bapisoa ka thoko, Cue Sehlopha (ho se nke lehlakore, ho sithabela maikutlo, lithethefatsi) × Group (CNT, SUD) tšebelisano 'moho e fumanoe, F (2,27) = 3.98, p = 0.043, e ka hlalosoang e le mokhoa oa ho fokotsa tekanyo ea liphoso tsa 5.89% (SUD) vs 9.25% (CNT) lipakaneng tsa lithethefatsi le tse holimo sekhahla sa liphoso ho liphofu tse sa nke lehlakore (11.5% vs. 6.6%) ho litekanyetso. Lipapiso tsa lihlopha tsa CNT le DUAL ka tekanyo e ts'oanang ea ho nepahala le tsona li bonts'itse mokhoa oa ho Category × Group tšebelisano (F (2,18) = 3.86, p = 0.049), le bakuli ba DUAL ha ba bapisoa le taolo e etsang liphoso tse ngata ho sepheo sa ho ts'oenyeha, empa eseng ho litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi kapa ho se nke lehlakore.

Bohlokoa bo amanang le ketsahalo

Lintlha tse tsoang ho thuto e le 'ngoe e tsoang ho lihlooho tsa DUAL le 2 tse tsoang sehlopheng sa SUD feela ha lia ka tsa kenyelletsoa tlhahlobisong ea ERP ka lebaka la palo e fetelletseng ea lintho tsa maiketsetso tse bakoang ke motsamao, likhalase tsa mahlo joalo-joalo. Ka hona re tlaleha data mabapi le li-9 control (sehlopha sa CNT), lithuto tsa 12 le SUD ntle le PTSD (sehlopha sa SUD), le lithuto tsa 10 ka SUD-PTSD comorbidity (sehlopha sa DUAL). Bakeng sa lipapatso tse itseng tse bapisoang le sehlopha sa bokhoba ba tšebeliso eo re e kenyelletseng bakeng sa tlhahlobo le sehlopha se kopaneng sa bokhoba ba tahi (SUD + DUAL group).

Frontal P300 (P3a)

Amplitude of P3a

Sehlopha sa Cue (ho se nke lehlakore, ho sithabetsoa ke lithethefatsi, lithethefatsi) ho bile le phello e kholo ho ammelo ea P3a (F (2,28) = 15.6, p = 0.006), e nang le karolo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea karolo ea P3a ho ts'oenyeha, ha e ntse e le tlase ka ho fetisisa litabeng tsa lithethefatsi. Stimulus (mofuta, sepheo, e seng sepheo) e boetse e na le phello e kholo (F (1,28) = 7.33, p = 0.011), e le amplitude e phahame ho liphofu ho feta ho liphofu tse sa lebelloang. Ho bapisoa ha lits'ebetso (N = 9) le li-addicts tsohle (lihlopha tsa SUD le DUAL, N = 21) li bontšitse cue ea bohlokoa Category (ho se nke lehlakore, ho sithabela maikutlo, lithethefatsi) × Hemisphere (ka letsohong le letšehali) Group tšebelisano (F (2,27) = 9.42, p = 0.001), moo batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi ba bonts'eng P3a e kholo ho litloaelo tsa lithethefatsi, empa eseng litekong tse sa nke lehlakore, mme li bonts'itse phapang e fokolang ea hemispheric. Lipalo LITLHOSXX 'me Le33 e bontša boemo bo phahameng ba P3a ho litloaelo tse sa lebelloang tse amanang le lithethefatsi ho batho ba lemaletseng koae. Phello ea P3a e ntlafalitsoeng e ile ea hlahisoa hamolemo ka letsohong le letšehali joale ka moo se nepahetseng ka pele. Phello e ts'oanang e ile ea bonoa ha li-control (CNT, N = 9) li bapisoa le lits'oants'o ntle le PTSD (SUD, N = 12): F (2,18) = 4.12, p = 0.03.

Setšoantšo sa 2 

Amplitude ea karolo ea pele ea P3a ho tse se nang sepheo tse sa reroang, khatello ea maikutlo, le litheko tsa lithethefatsi tse taolong (N = 9) le lihlopha tse lemalloang (N = 21). Lithuto tse lemalloang li bonts'a ts'ebetso e fetelletseng ho litloaelo tsa lithethefatsi tseo e seng tsa bona.
Setšoantšo sa 3 

FrPal ERP ea ho hlasela le ho se fihle sepheo sa lithethefatsi tsa lithethefatsi ka lihlopha tse tharo tsa lithuto.

Ho bapisoa ha taolo le lihlopha tse peli tsa tlhahlobo ea maikutlo li bontšitse 'nete Category (ho se nke lehlakore, ho sithabela maikutlo, lithethefatsi) × Stimulus(sekheo, se sa reroang) × Group (CNT, DUAL) tšebelisano 'moho (F (2,38) = 4.52, p = 0.038, GG e lokisitsoeng df = 1.19),' me e bonts'itsoe hantle Category × Hemisphere × Group phello (F (2,38) = 8.14, p = 0.005). Tšusumetso e ka hlalosoa e le P3a e kholo ea sephetho sa likotsi ho feta tse sa fihlellelitsoeng libakeng tse ka pele tse nepahetseng, le bophahamo bo tlase ho likhakanyo tse se nang litekanyetso le tsa lithethefatsi ho feta tse fihletsoeng. Setšoantšo sa 4 e bonts'a senepe sena Category × Group tirisanommoho bakeng sa likhakanyo tse mabapi le taolo le lithuto tse peli.

Setšoantšo sa 4 

Amplitude ea karolo ea pele ea P3a ho se nke lehlakore, khatello le litheko tsa lithethefatsi lithutong tsa taolo le bakuli ba kopaneng (SUD le PTSD). Bakuli ba ba babeli ba bontša ho ikatisa ho tlōla hoa likotsi tse amanang le khatello ea maikutlo.

Latency ea P3a

Tsela e le 'ngoe ANOVA e bonts'itse phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse tharo (CNT, SUD, DUAL) ho latellanang ha P3a ho lipehelo tse sa nke lehlakore (F (2,29) = 4.32, p = 0.022), sepheo sa likotsi (F (2,29) = 3.71, p = 0.036) le liphofu tse sa lebelloang (F (2,29) = 7.65, p = 0.002), liphofu tsa lithethefatsi (F (2,29) = 4.55, p = 0.019), le liphokotso tse senang lithethefatsi (ka lehlakoreng le letona feela, F (2,29) = 4.74, p = 0.016). Bakuli ba babeli ba bontšitse P3a latency ho litheko tse sa jeleng paate le tseo e seng sepheo sa tsona, athe lihlopha tse peli tsa SUD le DUAL li ne li na le li-latency tse telele ho lipehelo tsa lithethefatsi le tseo e seng sepheo sa tsona ho feta taolo. Ho ile ha senoloa liphapang tse ngata tse khahlisang nakong ea papiso ea lihlopha tse ling tsa bakuli le batho ba babeli feela. Stimulus mofuta (sepheo, se sa reroang) se ne se na le phello e kholo (F (1,20) = 5.52, p = 0.03), empa cue Category (ho se nke lehlakore, ho sithabetsoa ke maikutlo, cue) ha ho na ts'usumetso e kholo ho latency lihlopheng tsena. Stimulus × Category × Group (SUD, DUAL) e hlahisitse tšebelisano ea bohlokoa (F (2,38) = 5.56, p = 0.014). Haholo-holo, P3a latency e ile ea liehisoa lefats'eng ka bophara hore e se ke ea tobisa le ho se tsepole ho bakuli ba DUAL ha ba bapisoa le bakuli ba SUD, mme e ne e le teletsana le ho se ts'oenyehe ka sepheo sa ho ts'oenyeha le ho hlaseloa ke likotsi (Setšoantšo sa 5).

Setšoantšo sa 5 

FrPal ERP ea ho hlasela le likotsi tse sa amaneng le khatello ea maikutlo tse amanang le khatello ea maikutlo ka lihlopha tse tharo tsa lithuto (CNT, SUD, DUAL). Sehlopha sa DUAL se bonts'a P3a e phahameng ebile e lieha ho fihlela litšoantšong tse amanang le khatello ea maikutlo le tse sa lebelloang.

Centro-parietal P300 (P3b)

Amplitude of P3b

Ka bobeli li bua Category (F (2,28) = 56.01, p = 0.006) le Stimulus mofuta (sepheo, se sa reroang) (F (1,29) = 7.32, p = 0.011) e hlahisitse phello e kholo mathethong a P3b. Papiso ea P3b lipakeng tsa taolo le bokhoba li senotsoe Stimulus (sekheo, se sa reroang) × Hemisphere (ka letsohong le letšehali) Group (CNT, tsohle SUD) tšebelisano, F (2,58) = 4.21, p = 0.03., Sehlopha sa bakuli se ne se na le P3b e tlase ea ho se nke lehlakore, empa eseng litekong tsa lithethefatsi, le liphapang tse fokolang tse arohaneng tsa hemispheric ha li bapisoa le taolo. Phokotso ea P3b bokhoba ba lithethefatsi e ne e phahame ho arabela mekhahlelo ea sehlopha sa lithethefatsi karolong e ka letsohong le letšehali. A Stimulus × Hemisphere × Group tšebelisano e fumanoe hape ha lihlopha tsa CNT le DUAL li bapisoa (F (2,38) = 3.86, p = 0.031; GG e lokisitsoe, df = 1.59, p = 0.042).

Latency ea P3b

Tekanyo ena e bontšitse a Hemisphere × Group tšebelisano (F (1,28) = 4.84, p = 0.036 CNT vs. SUD kaofela). Phapang ena e ka tlase-ka letsohong le letšehali e ne e bonahala hantle ha sehlopha sa CNT le SUD-feela se bapisoa (F (1,28) = 5.40, p = 0.028). Phello e ts'oanang e ne e atametse haholo, empa e sa fihle boemong ba bohlokoa ha lihlopha tsa CNT le DUAL li bapisoa.

TŠOHLOA

Teko ea rona e lekile hypothesis ea hore li-circuits tsa tlhahlobo ea cortical li se li le maemong a lithethefatsi sehlopheng sa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi (reagection ea lithethefatsi), mme li hlahelletsoe ho litlolo tse amanang le lithethefatsi le khatello ea maikutlo sehlopheng sa bakuli ba lemaletseng koae le koae ea PTSD (lithethefatsi) - Reactivity ea khatello ea maikutlo. Likarolo tse ka pele tsa P3a le li-centro-parietal P3b li ile tsa boleloa esale pele hore li tla ba kholo ho litebelo ho feta tse sa lebelloang mokhahlelong ka mong oa litšoantšo ka lihlopha tsohle tsa lithuto (CNT, SUD, DUAL), empa P3a le P3b li ne li boletsoe esale pele hore li tla ba kholo ho lithethefatsi- likhokahano tse amanang (ka bobeli le tseo e seng sepheo sa tsona) sehlopheng sa SUD feela ha li bapisoa le taolo, athe tse kholo ho likarolo ka bobeli tse amanang le lithethefatsi le khatello ea maikutlo lithutong tse fumanoeng ka bobeli li bapisoa le taolo le bokhoba ba koae ntle le PTSD. Ka ho khetheha likhakanyo tse joalo li nka ho ba teng ha phello ea mantlha ea mofuta oa khothalletso (sepheo, se sa reroang), P300 e kholo ho lipehelo, empa ha ho joalo Stimulus × Group tšebelisano. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang maikutlo a rona a boletseng esale pele a na le phello e kholo ea Category (se nke lehlakore, khatello ea maikutlo, lithethefatsi), le a Category × Group ho sebelisana, e leng li-ERPs tse kholo ho litšoantšo tsa lithethefatsi ka lihlotšoana tse peli tsa batho ba lemaletseng koae (SUD, DUAL), le li-ERPs tse kholo tsa thahasello ho litšoantšo tse sithabetsang tsa khatello ea maikutlo sehlopheng sa DUAL ha li bapisoa ka bobeli le lihlopha tsa SUD.

Seo re se bolelang esale pele se netefalitsoe ke sephetho se fumanoeng. Lintlha tsa rona li bonts'itse likarolo tse kholo tse boletsoeng esale pele tsa P3a le P3b ho shebisa sepheo (sephetho se ka sehloohong sa Stimulus), ho sa tsotelloe tšusumetso Category (ho se nke lehlakore, khatello ea maikutlo, lithethefatsi), litlamong le taolong, leha e le hore ts'ebeliso ea maikutlo le likotsi tsa lithethefatsi tse sa lebelloang li ne li phahame haholo lefatšeng ka bophara lihlopheng tsa bokhoba ha li bapisoa le taolo. Litšebelisano tse 'maloa tse phahamengStimulus × Category × Group; Sehlopha × Hemisphere × Sehlopha) li fumanoe molemong oa ho eketseha le latency ea P3a ha lihlopha tsa bokhoba li bapisoa le sehlopha sa taolo. Bakuli ba DUAL ba bonts'itse ntlafatso e boletsoeng esale pele ea P3a ho likotsi tsa khatello ea maikutlo (ka mokhoa o fapaneng ho lits'ebetso le tseo e seng sepheo) tse fihletseng bohlokoa, ka hona ho ts'ehetsa karabelo e ntlafalitsoeng le ho tataisa khatello ea maikutlo ho bakuli ba nang le bothata ba meno. Sehlopha sa bakuli ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi ntle le PTSD se bonts'itse P3a e kholo e boletsoeng esale pele sehlopheng sa lithethefatsi, 'me P3a e le kholo holima hemisphere, e tsejoang hore e kenya letsoho ts'ebetsong ea tšusumetso ea takatso (takatso ea takatso) (Davidson, 2002). Hoa bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore Centro-parietal P3b e bontšitse thutong ea rona e ts'oanang empa e sa boleloe haholo Category × Group litlamorao ho feta P3a ea kapele, e fana ka maikutlo a hore P3a e kanna ea ba leseli le tebileng la tšusumetso ea lithethefatsi le khatello ea maikutlo e amanang le khatello ea koae ka lithethefatsi tsa koae ka comorbid PTSD.

Ha lithuto li ntse li sebelisana le basebelisi ba koae ba 'nile ba supa karabelo e matla ea' mele ho susumetso e amanang le lithethefatsi (Carter le Tiffany, 1999, Ngaka ea bana et al., 1993; Grant et al., 1996, London et al., 1999), patlisiso e lekolang leeme la tlhokomelo bakeng sa ts'usumetso e amanang le koae e lekantsoe (Franken et al., 2000). Boithuto ba rona bo ile ba holisa boholo ka ho sebelisa litheko tse amanang le lithethefatsi le khatello ea maikutlo sehlopheng sa bakuli ba fumanoeng ba le babeli. Lintlha tse fumanoeng li bonts'itse ts'ebetso e khutsitseng ea ho se nke lehlakore maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo ho batho ba lemaletseng koae ntle le PTSD. Ho bonts'itsoe hore boiphihlelo ba maikutlo le bahanyetsi ba lintho tse sebelisang psychostimulant li khopamisitsoe ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea methapo ea methapo e amehang ts'ebetsong ea maikutlo le maikutlong (Goldstein le Volkow, 2002; Volkow et al., 2004). Liphetho li lumellana le litlaleho tse tsoang ho lithuto tse ling tsa hore batho ba lemaletseng koae ba hlahisa ts'ebetso e tlase ho e susumetsang ea tlhaho, empa ba hlahisa ts'ebetso e phahameng lits'ebetsong tsena tsa boko ho arabela lintho tse amanang le lithethefatsi (Garavan et al., 1999, 2000; Grant et al., 1996; Hester, Dixon, & Garavan, 2006).

Ho bile le tlhahiso ea hore maikutlo a lipotoloho tse susumetsang tse lebisang litlamong a ka amahanngoa le karabelo ea takatso ea takatso (Bonson et al., 2002; Robinson le Berridge, 1993), e ka boela ea baka tšitiso ea karabelo ea maikutlo ho matlafatso a mang a tlhaho a sa amaneng le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. E 'ngoe ea likarolo tsa mantlha tsa bokhoba ba ho lemalla ke ho ameha haholo ka batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi ka lithethefatsi le lithethefatsi tse ling. Franken (2003) e le khethollo e hlokolosi. Bokhobeng ba koae, lintho tse amanang le koae le lithethefatsi tsa koae li khethoa khafetsa ka tlhokomelo bakeng sa ts'ebetso e hlokometsoeng, 'me litlatsetso tse amanang le lithethefatsi li tšoailoe ka tsela e sa lokelang.

Boikemisetso ba ho lebisa tšebetsong ea tšusumetso e ikhethang e entsoe hore e be ts'ebetso e hlakileng ea taolo e sa laoloang hantle. Ts'ebetso e joalo e itlhomphang e ts'oana le ponts'etsopele ea ponts'o ea rialo. Tloaelo ea boits'oaro bo bobebe e hlalositsoe le lithuto tse ling (Hester, Dixon, & Garavan, 2006; Lubman et al., 2000). Ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi tse amanang le litla morao tsa kalafo ea kalafo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo e ka tsamaisoa le mathata a ho laola maikutlo, le ho thibela ts'usumetso eohle le maikutlo a mang ntle le ho lakatsa (London et al., 2000; Shalev, Grimm, & Shaham, 2002). Taolo e felisitsoeng ea PFC ea lipotoloho tse nang le maemo a marang-rang e lumella likarabo tse tloahelehileng tse kopanngoang ke likarolo tsa morao le subcortical (mohlala, basal ganglia, striatum) ho nka taolo ea boits'oaro.

Ho na le bopaki bo fetolelang ba hore lits'ebetso tse ikhethileng tse ikhethileng le tsona li kentse letsoho ts'ebetsong ea ts'abo (Mogg le Bradley, 1998). Liphuputso tse entsoeng ka neuroimaging li bonts'a hore libaka tsa pele ho tsa tlhaho tsa "cortical" li fetole tšabo ka ho hokahana ka khokahano ea inhibitory le amygdala (Davidson, 2002; Devinsky et al., 1995). Ho ile ha nahanoa hore ho se sebetsane ha tšebelisano ea libopeho tsa pele le tsa bonono ho bapala karolo ea ho hloleha ho timela hoa tšabo ho PTSD (Bremner et al., 1996, 1999, 2004). PTSD hangata e hlalosoa ka mokhoa oa tšabo e nang le boemo bo nang le tšebeliso ea maikutlo e ntlafalitsoeng ke amygdala le ho lieha ho felisoa ka lebaka la ho se khone ho laola taolo ea methapo ea PFC le anterior cingate cortex (ACC) holim'a amygdala (Charney et al., 1993; Gilboa et al., 2004; Grillon et al., 1998; Li & Sinha, 2008; Rauch et al., 1996). Lits'oaetso tsena tsa PFC li ka holisa le ho feta litlamorao tsa amygdala hyperactivation, ka ho etsa joalo ho eketsa maqhubu le ho teba ha matšoao a PTSD (Bremner et al., 1999). Maikutlo a fosahetseng a tloaelehileng bakeng sa PTSD le ho fokotsa khatello ea khatello ea maikutlo ho ka matlafatsa takatso ea hau le ho khothaletsa boits'oaro ba lithethefatsi le ho khutla boits'oarong (Goeders, 2003; Koob, 1999). Khethong ea motho ea nang le lefu la setho ka bobeli, ho ka ba le karabelo e kopaneng le e se nang 'nete e eketsang tlokotsi ea tsoelo-pele ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi.

Bokhoba ba lithethefatsi bo lebisa bofokoli ba pele-tlase ba taolo tlase. Taolo e haelloang ea thibelo e baka ho se khone ho fetisa mekhoa e tloahelehileng ea ho batla lithethefatsi, ka hona e lumella mekhoa e ka thoko ea kantle (litloaelo tse amanang le lithethefatsi, le lithethefatsi tse amanang le lithethefatsi le khatello ea maikutlo maemong a comorbid PTSD), le litakatso tsa methapo ea kelello (le tšabo ho PTSD) boits'oaro ba ho khanna. Batho ka tloaelo ba khethiloeng hore ba se ke ba bolaoa ke ts'oaetso ba kotsing ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi hampe (Bauer, 1997). Phokotso ea lithibelo tsa taolo ea tšibollo ea mantlha le bokhoni bo fokotsehileng ba ho arabela likarabo tsa khatello ea maikutlo le bokhoni bo bobe ba ho sebetsana le khatello ea maikutlo (Koob & Le Moal, 2001; Li & Sinha, 2008; Sinha et al., 1999). Ka hona, boits'oaro ba bokhoba bo lebisa ho ts'ebetsong e sa sebetseng hantle e lebisang ho se leka-lekane ho boleng ba moputso ka lebaka la khatello ea maikutlo mabapi le tšusumetso ea maikutlo le tšusumetso e amanang le lithethefatsi ka litšenyehelo tsa ts'ebeliso ea tlhaho. PTSD e kenya letsoho hape bothateng ba ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ka ts'ebeliso e ntlafalitsoeng ea kelello e susumetsang khatello ea maikutlo e amanang le khatello ea kelello le maemo a mabe a maikutlo ha a arabela litekong tsa kantle tsa kahare (mohlala, li-flashbacks, mehopolo e amanang le khatello ea maikutlo le rumous, joalo-joalo).

Tšebeliso e sebetsang ea k'hok'heine le liphetoho tse amanang le koae ka meaho e amanang le karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo li tsejoa haholo (Koob et al., 2004), le liphetoho tsena tsa neuroadaptave maemong a khatello, ho latela Li le Sinha (2008), e ka kenya letsoho ho eketseheng ha botsitso ba lithethefatsi le lithethefatsi tse amanang le phephetso e fapaneng kapa maemo a "khatello ea maikutlo" (Robinson & Berridge, 2000; Sinha, 1999). Ho feta moo, ba boetse ba hlahisitse maikutlo a hore liphetoho tse amanang le bokhoba ba li-circuits tsa cortico-striatal-limbic li ka kenya letsoho ho fokotseng bokhoni ba ho sebetsana le maemo, ho se sebetse hantle ha boitšoaro le ho rarolla mathata a lekaneng nakong ea maemo a eketsehang a khatello ea maikutlo kapa a maikutlo a basebelisi ba matlafatsang ba kelello (Li & Sinha, 2008; Sinha et al., 2006).

Morero ona o ithuta likarolo tse ikhethileng tsa bokhoni ba boko bo amanang le ketsahalo le boits'oaro (nako ea karabelo le ho nepahala) mehato ea ho fuputsa ho ts'oaroa ha lithethefatsi le khatello ea maikutlo ho batho ba nang le ts'oaetso ea ts'ebeliso ea koae le PTSD ea comorbid. E bonts'a hore ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea kelello e sebelisang maikutlo a phephetsang maikutlong e ka sebelisoa e le sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa sa ho hlahloba ho lekola ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea maikutlo le maikutlo maikutlong a tlhekefetso ea cocaine le PTSD. Meeli ena ea ERP le boits'oaro e kanna ea sebelisoa e le mehato e metle e ka sebelisoang ho lekola sephetho sa kliniki le lipatlisiso liketsong tsa pharmacologic le boits'oaro le neurofeedback. Liteko tsena tsa ts'ebetso ea kelello le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea kelello ea ERP e ne e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea litlhahlobo tsa bongaka tsa bakuli ba rona ba kantle nakong ea kamohelo kaha bongata ba batho ba lemaletseng koae ba bontšitse boikemisetso ba bona ba ho ingolisa tekong e kopaneng ea kalafo ea boits'oaro ho latela neurofeedback le lipotso tse khothatsang. Liphetho tsena li tlatsetsa kutloisisong e betere ea tšebelisano ea "neurobiologic" lipakeng tsa mathata ana a kelello, hape e fana ka motheo oa mohlala o hlalosang ho ata ha mofuta ona o khethehileng oa ho hlahlojoa habeli ka ho sebelisa mekhoa le likhopolo-taba tsa kelello.

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Setšoantšo sa 6 

Amplitude ea centro-parietal P3b ho bohle ba sa jeleng paate, khatello le maikutlo a lithethefatsi litulong le litlamong tsa koae ntle le PTSD.
Setšoantšo sa 7 

Centro-parietal ERP ea ho hlasela le ho se fihle sepheo sa lithethefatsi tsa lithethefatsi ka lihlopha tse tharo tsa lithuto. Litlokotsi tsa Cocaine tse tsoang lihlopheng ka bobeli tsa SUD le DUAL ha li bapisoa le taolo li bonts'a ts'ebetso e phahameng ho litheko tsa lithethefatsi tse sa lebelloang.
Setšoantšo sa 8 

Menyetla e amanang le ketsahalo ketsahalong ea pele le ea parietal ROI ka karabelo ea litheko tsa lithethefatsi tse sa lebelloang. Litla-morao tsa Cocaine tse tsoang lihlopheng tsa SUD le DUAL li na le ts'ebetso e phahameng ea cue ho ROI ea pele.

Liteboho

Boithuto bona bo tšehelitsoe ke tumello ea Komiti ea Patlisiso ea ISNR le thuso ea NIDA R03DA021821 ho Tato Sokhadze.

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