mohloli o moholo
Setsi sa Nathan Kline, Orangeburg, New York, 10962, USA. [imeile e sirelelitsoe]
inahaneloang
Bana le ba lilemong tsa bocha ba ntse ba pepesetsoa li-psychostimulants, ebang ke ka tsela e seng molaong kapa bakeng sa kalafo ea maemo a tloaelehileng a neuropsychiatric, joalo ka tlhokomeliso ea khaello ea tlhokomelo le ntle le khatello ea maikutlo. Leha ho na le ts'ebeliso e pharalletseng ea li-psychomotor tse susumetsang lihlopheng tsa banyane, ha ho tsejoe mabapi le karabelo e sa fetoheng ea limolek'hule tse amanang le li-agents tsena bokong ba bongoana. Mona re bontša hore, kamora ts'ebetso e sa feleng ea li-psychostimulants k'hok'heine 'me amphetamine, ntlha ea phetisetso DeltaFosB e kenyelelitsoe ka har'a li-nucleus accumbens tsa periadolescent Litoeba empa eseng ho ea koala kapa ho ba motho e moholo Litoeba. Tlhahiso ea DeltaFosB hape e hlaha feela ho caudate putamen ea periadolescent Litoeba ka mor'a amphetamine tsamaiso. Liphetho tsena li bonts'a polasetiki e kholo bokong ba bongoana ba molek'hule e bohlokoa e laolang ts'ebetso ea psychostimulant mme e fana ka maikutlo a hore liphetoho tsena tsa neuroadaptive li ka ameha ho kopaneng ha E ntlafatsoa litšekamelo tse lemalloang ho motho ea lilemong tsa bocha le motho e moholo.
Selelekela
Psychostimulants e sebelisoa kalafo ea mathata a tloaelehileng a bongoana, joalo ka tlhokomeliso ea deficit hyperactivity. Ntle le moo, tlhekefetso ea litlatsetso, ho kenyelletsa le amphetamine le cocaine, e atile har'a bacha, e leng lilemo tseo ho nang le bopaki ba litšekamelo tse ntlafalitsoeng tsa bokhoba bo amanang le batho ba baholo (Estroff et al., 1989; Myers le Anderson, 1991). Leha ho na le datha e bonts'ang litla-morao tsa melao ea boitšoaro e ntlafalitsoeng nts'etsopele, ha ho tsejoe mabapi le likarabo tsa limolek'hule tsa 'mele bokong ba bongoana bo etsahalang nakong ea tsamaiso ea mahlahana ana. Cocaine le amphetamine li ka baka liphetoho tsa boitshwaro bo tšoarellang nakoana ka tšusumetso ea dopamine D1li-receptors le keketseho ea maemo a transcript, ho kenyeletsoa ΔFosB, dorsal striatum (ke hore, caudate putamen) le ventral striatum (ke hore, li-nucleus accumbens) (Chen le al., 1997). Keketseho ea maemo a ΔFosB, mohlomong ka ho tsitsisa lihlahisoa tsa protheine, e ts'oaroa libeke tse 'maloa ka mor'a ho pepesetsoa koae kapa amphetamine ka nako e telele' me e laoloa bonyane ka karolo ke tsela ea phetisetso ea pontšo ea dopamine.Chen le al., 1997; Nestler et al., 2001).
Sisteme e bohareng ea dopaminergic ea liphoofolo tse nyane e kenella haholo molemong oa maemo a fetohang a limolek'hule tse bohlokoa nakong ea kholo e tloaelehileng, ho kenyeletsoa le dopamine D1receptor DARPP-32 (dopamine le cAMP e lahliloeng phosphoprotein; Mr of 32 kDa) le cAMP (Ehrlich et al., 1990;Teicher et al., 1993; Perrone-Capano et al., 1996; Tarazi et al., 1999;Andersen, 2002). Ho pepesetsoa nakong ena ho li-psychostimulants, tse ntlafatsang neuropransication ea dopaminergic, ka hona ho ka baka likarabo tse ngata le / kapa tsa boleng bo fapaneng ba limolek'hule, ho kenyelletsoa le liphetoho tsa polelo ea ΔFosB. Ho leka ts'ebetso ea maikutlo ea hore ho na le likarabo tse tsamaeang le lilemo tsa neuroadaptive nakong ea ho pepesehela li-psychostimulants, lihlopha tse tharo tsa litoeba li ile tsa hlahlojoa liteko tsa serial: batho ba baholo (60 d ea khale qalong ea liente), periadolescent (33 d ea khale qalong ea liente), le post-weanling (24 d ea khale qalong ea ente). Ena ke papiso ea pele e tobileng ea likarabo tsa limolek'hule tsa neuroadaptive ho pepeseha peponong e sa feleng ea li-psychostimulant lihlopheng tsena tsa lilemo tse tharo. Re fumane hore, kamora ho ts'oaroa ka mokhoa o tšoanang oa kalafo, litoeba tsa periadolescent li bonts'itse ntlafatso ea ΔFosB ho arabela cocaine le amphetamine ka bobeli.
LISEBELISOA LE MEKHOA
Liphoofolo le tsamaiso ea lithethefatsi. Litoeba tsa CD-1 tsa banna (King River Laboratories, Kingston, NY) li ne li behiloe mochining oa 12 hr light / lefifi (6: 00 AM to 6: 00 PM) le ad libitumphihlello ea lijo le metsi. Liphoofolo li ile tsa lumelloa ho lula kamoreng ea liphoofolo bonyane ba 10 d pele ho ts'ebetso ea liente. Liphoofolo li ile tsa tšoaroa ke bafuputsi ba babeli ba neng ba kenya liente tsohle ka kamoreng e le 'ngoe eo liphoofolo li neng li behiloe ho eona. Liphoofolo tsohle li ile tsa khoesoa 21 d ea lilemo. Ho kenella ho qalile ho 24 (post-weanling), 33 (periadolescent), kapa 60 (motho ea moholo) d ea lilemo. Liphoofolo li fumane koae ea 20 mg / kg cocaine (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), 5 mg / kg amphetamine (Sigma), kapa palo e lekanang ea letsoai kahare lipakeng tsa 4: 00 le 5: 00 PM letsatsi le letsatsi bakeng sa 7 d. Liphoofolo li ile tsa bolaoa ke decapation kamora ho pepesetsoa nako e khutšoane ho CO2 ho 10: 00 AM ka letsatsi kamora ho ente ea ho qetela. Hang-hang methapo ea kutlo e ile ea tlosoa lehata, 'me ka potlako leqhetsoana le bitsoang "caudate putamen" le "nucleus" la qhibiliha le qaqisoa leqhoeng. Litšitiso tsohle li entsoe ka lipatlisiso tsa boko ba coronal ke mofuputsi a le mong, 'me lintlha tse tsoang liprotheine li hlophisitsoe ho tsoa lithong tse ncha ntle le ho bata. Tsamaiso eohle ea liphoofolo e amohetsoe ke Komiti ea Tlhokomelo ea Liphoofolo le Ts'ebeliso 'me e ne e tumellanong le Setsi sa Naha sa Bophelo Tataiso bakeng sa tlhokomelo le tšebeliso ea liphoofolo tsa liphoofolo.
Tlhahlobo ea blot ea Bophirimela. Bakeng sa litlhahlobo tsa blot tsa Bophirimela, liprotheine tse lekanang (40 μg bakeng sa caudate putamen le 20 μg bakeng sa li-nucleus kukusanya) ho tloha sampole e 'ngoe le e' ngoe li ile tsa jarisoa tseleng e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gel kamora tekanyo ea ho tsepamisa mohopolo oa liprotheine le mofuta oa BCA (Pierce, Rockford, IL). Ho lahla liprotheine tse lekanang ho boetse ho netefalitsoe ke pono ea protheine e felletseng ke Ponceau Red kamora ho fetisoa ho nitrocellulose le / kapa blotting ka anti-Actin antibody (1: 500; Sigma). Antiserum (FRA) e amanang le Fos, e hlokomelang li-isoforms tsa ΔFosB, e fanoe ka seatla se bulehileng ke Dr. M. Iadarola (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD) mme e sebelisitsoe molemong oa 1: 4000. Lithuto tse fetileng (Chen le al., 1997; Hiroi et al., 1997), ho kenyelletsa preadsorption ea Fris antiserum le M-peptide immunogen, e bontšitse ho hlaka ha antiserum ena. Anti-DARPP-32 5a anti-monoclonal antibody, e sebelisitsoeng ho 1: 10,000, e fanoe ka seatla se bulehileng ke Drs. Hugh Hemmings le Paul Greengard (Univesithi ea Rockefeller, New York, NY). The antiopathy ea dopamine (DAT) e ne e tsoa ho Chemicon (Temecula, CA). Blots li ile tsa arajoa ka sistimi ea chemiluminescence ea NEN-DuPont (Boston, MA) mme ea hlahella filimi. Litefiso tsa densitometric bakeng sa thibelo ea unFosB li fumanoe ho sebelisoa ScanAnalysis bakeng sa Apple (Biosoft, Ferguson, MO). Bohlokoa ba lipalopalo bo ne bo khethiloe ho sebelisoa ANOVA e le 'ngoe, e lateloe ke post hoc Tekoy ea liteko tse ngata tse bapisoang kapa Seithuti se se nang mohatla, sa mehatla e 'meli t tlhatlhobo joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe litsong tsa lipalo. Bakeng sa liteko tsa kalafo ea lithethefatsi, tlhahlobo ea sehlopha ka seng sa lilemo e ne e etsoa ka letheba le fapaneng, ka hona, sehlopha ka seng sa saline se ne se fuoa karabelo ea boleng ba 100% bakeng sa papiso pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa lilemo. Bakeng sa lithuto tsagengeny, mehlala ea lihlopha tsohle e ne e hlahlojoa hammoho ho letheba le le leng.
LIPOTSO
Ho hlahisoa ha ΔFosB kamora cocaine le amphetamine ho etsahala ka har'a nucleus ea "litoeba" tsa periadolescent
Polelo ea ΔFosB e lekantsoe ho li-bokellase tsa nucleus le caudate putamen ea post-weanling, periadolescent, le litoeba tsa batho ba baholo ka mor'a 7 d ea amphetamine kapa tsamaiso ea koae. Li-nucleus accumbens ke sebaka sa boko seo ho lumeloang hore ke sa bohlokoahali bakeng sa ho kopanya litlamorao tsa melemo ea li-psychostimulants. ΔFosB immunoreacaction (35 kDa) e ile ea kenyelletsoa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ho li-nucleus accumbens tsa liphoofolo tsa periadolescent kamora taolo e sa feleng ea amphetamine (sa feiga. 1 A) kapa cocaine (sa feiga. 1 B). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, maemo a ΔFosB (35 kDa) a ne a sa fetoloe haholo ho li-bokono tsa nyutlelie ea liphoofolo tsa morao-rao kapa tsa batho ba baholo (sa feiga.1 A,B). Ka caamate putamen, maemo a ΔFosB (35 kDa) le ona a ile a ngolisoa haholo kamora ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea amphetamine e sa feleng ho liphoofolo tsa periadolescent (sa feiga.2 A). Lihlopheng tsohle tse tharo tsa lilemo li bontšitse keketseho e kholo ea polelo ea ΔFosB (35 kDa) ho caudate putamen kamora taolo e sa tsitsang ea koae.2 B). Bophahamo ba induction, leha ho le joalo, e ne e le kholo ho liphoofolo tsa periadolescent, haholo ha li bapisoa le li-weanlings tsa feiga. 2 B). Li-isoforms tse ling tsa FRA le Fos li ne li sa phahamisoe ka lihlopha tsohle tsa lilemo (datha e sa bontsitsoeng).
UnFosB immunoreactivity ka har'a nucleus e bokellana ka mor'a tsamaiso e sa foleng ea psychostimulant. Litoeba tsa CD-1 li ne li kenngoa hang ka letsatsi le letsoai, amphetamine, kapa cocaine ea 7 d ho qala ka letsatsi 24 (P24; post-weanling), 33P33; periadolescent), kapa letsatsi 60 (batho ba baholo). Mekhahlelo ea ΔFosB (35 kDa) ts'ebetsong ea li-nucleus e bontšoa ka mor'a amphetamine e sa foleng.A) kapa koae (B) tsamaiso. Li-immunoblots tse tsoang ho saline- (S), amphetamine- (A), le koae- (C) Ho tsoa likotsi kamora ho khoesoa (P24), periadolescent (P33), le litoeba tsa batho ba baholo li bontšoa ho liphanele tse holimo. Liphanele tse ka tlase show mean ± SEM lekholong ea polelo ea basal ΔFosB. n Melao ea sehlopha ka seng e bontšoa ho mekoallo. Keketseho e kholo ea ΔFosB e fumanoe ka har'a li-nucleus tsa bokone ea feela litoeba tsa periadolescent. *p <0.05; **p <0.01 (Seithuti sa t tlhahlobo; saline vs drug).
UnFosB immunoreacacion ho caudate putamen kamora ts'ebetso ea psychostimulant e sa foleng. Litoeba tsa CD-1 li ne li kenngoa hang ka letsatsi le letsoai, amphetamine, kapa cocaine ea 7 d ho qala ka letsatsi 24 (P24; post-weanling), 33P33; periadolescent), kapa letsatsi 60 (batho ba baholo). Mekhahlelo ea ΔFosB (35 kDa) ts'ebetso ea tlhaho ea caudate e bonts'oa kamora ho hlonama ha amphetamine (A) kapa koae (B) tsamaiso. Li-immunoblots tse tsoang ho saline- (S), amphetamine- (A), le koae- (C) litoeba tse amanang le periadolescent (P33) li bonts'itsoe holiphanele tse holimo. Liphanele tse ka tlase show mean ± SEM lekholong ea polelo ea basal ΔFosB. n Melao ea sehlopha ka seng e bontšoa ho mekoallo. Keketseho ea bohlokoa ea tlhasimollo ea amphetamine ho immFosB e fumanoe ho caudate putamen ea litoeba tsa periadolescent feela (A). Tsamaiso ea koae e sa foleng e hlahisitse keketseho ho ΔFosB ka lihlopha tsohle tse tharo (B). *p <0.05; **p <0.01 (Seithuti sa t tlhahlobo; saline vs drug).
Maemo a DAT le DARPP-32 ha a fetoloe ka mor'a cocaine e sa feleng kapa amphetamine
Limolek'hule tse 'maloa tsa bohlokoa tse hlahisitsoeng ke dopaminergic le / kapa dopaminocepts neurons, ho kenyelletsa DARPP-32, the D1 dopamine receptor, le DAT, li kenya letsoho likarabo tse mpe le tse sa foleng tsa li-psychostimulants (Moratalla et al., 1996; Fienberg et al., 1998; Sora et al., 1998; Gainetdinov et al., 2001). Lintlha tse tsoang ho DARPP-32, D1 li-receptor, le litoeba tsa DAT le tsa morao-rao li bontša kamano e rarahaneng lipakeng tsa maemo a bona, molao oa tšebetso ea dopaminergic, le likarabo ho li-psychostimulants. Ebile, induction ea ΔFosB ha e hlahe ho litoeba tsa DARPP-32 null tse fumanang koae e sa foleng (Fienberg et al., 1998). Ho litoeba tsa batho ba baholo, leha ho le joalo, ho pepesoa ha 7 d ho 20 mg / kg cocaine ha e fetole maemo ohle a DARPP-32 (Fienberg et al., 1998). Tekanyetso ea protheine ea DAT ha e e-so tlaleheloe pejana ho litoeba tse senotsoeng haholo ho li-psychostimulants, le ha liphetoho lipakeng tsa radioligand tse tlamang ho transporter ea dopamine kamora ho pepesetsoa li-psychostimulants li tlalehiloe mefuta e meng (Letchworth et al., 2001). Mona re lekantse maemo a protheine ea DARPP-32 le DAT ho bona hore na polelo ea liprotheine tsena e fetotsoe ka mora ts'ebetso ea psychostimulant e sa fetoheng ho efe kapa efe ea lilemo tse tharo tsa litoeba. Liphumano tsa rona li bonts'a hore ha ho na liphetoho tse kholo maemong a DARPP-32 kapa DAT ka har'a caudate putamen kapa nucleus accumbens kamora taolo e sa fetoheng ea cocaine kapa amphetamine ho a mang a lihlopha tsa lilemo tse tharo (Lethathamo 1).
Mekhoa ea densitometry e amanang le DARPP-32 le DAT ho amphetamine- le P24 e entsoeng ke koae, P33, le litoeba tsa batho ba baholo tse amanang le taolo, boleng ba saline, boleng bo sa lekanyetsoang ho 100%
Maemo a motheo a ΔFosB a laoloa nts'etsopele
Re hlahlobe ho kenella ha ΔFosB hobane litoeba tsa batho ba baholo ba nang le liphatsa tsa lefutso tse ntlafalitseng polelo ea ΔFosB maemong a phahameng a boitšoaro li na le karabelo e phahameng ea boitšoaro ho li-psychostimulants (Kelz et al., 1999). Re fumane hore maemo a motheo a ΔFosB a ne a le tlase haholo ho liphoofolo tse nyane ha a bapisoa le batho ba baholo ho li-caudate putamen le nucleus accumbens (Fig.3 A). Maemo a matšoao a sebetsang a dopamine system, ho kenyelletsa DARPP-32 (Ehrlich et al., 1990), DAT (Perrone-Capano et al., 1996), le li-receptor tsa dopamine (Teicher et al., 1993; Tarazi et al., 1999) le tsona li laoloa nts'etsopele. Litlaleho tse fetileng ho litoeba tsa CD-1 li bonts'a tlhoro e phahameng ea litheko DARPP-32 ka letsatsi la kamora 28 (P28)Ehrlich et al., 1990). Ho rat caudate putamen le li-bokellase tsa nucleus, D1Tekanyetso ea li-receptor ho tloha P28 ho ea P40 (Teicher et al., 1993; Tarazi et al., 1999), empa lithuto tse ts'oanang ha li so etsoa ho panya. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mona re fumane hore maemo a protheine ea DAT ho caudate putamen le li-bokellase tsa nucleus li ne li lula li le teng pakeng tsa letsatsi la kamora 24 le ho ba motho e moholo. 3 B). Kahoo, litekanyo tse lekanang pakeng tsa D1 li-receptors, DAT, DARPP-32, le ΔFosB li fapana pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa lilemo, li ka hlahisang liphapang tsa D1 ketsahalo ea li-receptor e ka bang le tšusumetso ea tlhahiso ea ΔFosB.
Polelo ea nts'etsopele ea ΔFosB le DAT. A, "UnFosB (35-37 kDa) ts'oaetso ea litoeba tsa caudate le li-nucleus li bokellana ka litoeba tsa CD-1 tsa maiketsetso e le ts'ebetso ea lilemo. Li-immunoblots tse emelang li bonts'oa ho liphanele tse holimo.Liphanele tse ka tlase show bolela ± SEM ea litoeba tse tharo ka sehlopha. *p <0.05, motho e moholo khahlanong le P24; #p <0.05, motho e moholo khahlanong le P36 (Tekoy ea liteko tse ngata tsa papiso kamora ANOVA). B, Lits'ebetso tsa Densitometric tsa DAT immunoreactivity ho caudate putamen le li-nucleus tse bokellaneng bakeng sa litoeba tsa CD-1 tse se nang thuso joalo ka ts'ebetso ea lilemo. Maemo a DAT a ne a sa fapana hara lihlopha tsa lilemo tse tharo.
TŠOHLOA
Litlamorao tsa boiketsetso tsa li-psychomotor tse susumetsang li itšetlehile ka lilemo. Litakatso tsa ho lemalla li phahame haholo lilemong tsa bocha, ha tšebeliso ea lintho tse seng molaong e eketseha (Estroff et al., 1989; Myers le Anderson, 1991). Ha e le hantle, bana ba banyenyane hangata ba fetoha dysphoric ha ba pepesetsoa li-psychostimulants, athe bacha le batho ba baholo ba ba le thabo e kholo.Rapoport et al., 1980). Ho mefuta ea litoeba, lithuto tse ling li fana ka maikutlo a hore liphoofolo tsa periadolescent li na le maemo a holimo a ts'ebetso (Spear le Brake, 1983) le likarabelo tse fetotsoeng ho li-psychostimulants tse amanang le liphoofolo tse nyane le tse kholo. Ka hona, li bonts'a maikutlo a nyane le a bonyatsi a batlang karabelo ho ts'ehetso e matla ea litekanyetso tse tlase tsa li-psychostimulants tse amanang le ho khoesoa le liphoofolo tse holileng empa a eketsa khatello ea maikutlo kamora kalafo ea tekanyetso e phahameng. Ka taolo e sa feleng, ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho cocaine e kenyellelitseng koae ho hoholo ho likhoto tsa periadolescent ha li bapisoa le batho ba baholo, athe maikutlo a ho ts'oara maemo a tlase a tlase. Hape, data ea Microbalalysis e senotse liphapang lipakeng tsa periadolescent le likhoto tsa batho ba baholo mabapi le sensitization ho lokolloa ha amphetamine-indedu dopamine (Laviola et al., 1995; Adriani et al., 1998; Adriani le Laviola, 2000;Laviola et al., 2001). Leha ho le joalo, ho na le lithuto tse hanyetsanang mabapi le ho khutla ha nako e telele ho cocaine kamora ho tsamaisoa ha methylphenidate liteketeng tsa bongoaneng (Brandon et al., 2001; Andersen et al., 2002). Litlaleho tsena tse peli tsa ho qetela li totobatsa bothata ba ho bapisa lithuto ha ho sebelisoa lipapatso tse fapaneng tsa liteko. Boiteko ba ho bapisa lithuto tsa boits'oaro ho liphoofolo tse nyane bo soetseha le ho feta ka mefuta ea mefuta e fapaneng.
Panya e ntse e fetoha mohlala oa liphoofolo oa bohlokoa ho ithuteng tšebeliso le tlhekefetso ea li-psychostimulants, 'me ona ke tlhahlobo ea pele ea karabelo ea limolek'hule tsa methapo e meraro ea tsoelo-pele ea kholo ho panya kapa mefuta efe kapa efe e le' ngoe. Boithuto bo fetileng boo re tsoang ho bona kalafo ea rona ea kalafo bo bonts'itse keketseho ea ΔFosB khoebong e ikhethileng ea dorsal le ventral striatum ea batho ba mofuta o hlaha ka mora ts'ebetso ea cocaine e sa feleng le tsamaiso ea amphetamine (Hope et al., 1994; Nye et al., 1995; Turgeon et al., 1997) empa ke maemong a kopaneng a dorsal le ventral striatum kapa dorsal striatum ea litšoelesa tsa mofuta oa hlaha ka mor'a cocaine e sa foleng.Fienberg et al., 1998; Zachariou et al., 2001).
Ha joale re bonts'a phapano ea sebaka le ho eketseha ha psychostimulant-e susumetsang ΔFosB ka morao ho loya, periadolescent, le litoeba tsa batho ba baholo. Ho shebella karabelo e phahameng liphoofolong tsa periadolescent ha li bapisoa le batho ba baholo le li-post-weanlings li matlafatsoa ke 'nete ea hore karabelo e ts'oana le litoeba tse tšoaroang ke koae- le amphetamine. The psychostimulants cocaine le amphetamine ka bobeli ba eketsa synaptic dopamine, hammoho le serotonin le norepinephrine, empa ka mekhoa e fapaneng. Cocaine e tlama ho ba tsamaisang ka plasmalemma bakeng sa dopamine, serotonin, le norepinephrine mme e sitisa ho pheta-pheta ha bona litsing tsa preynaptic. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, amphetamine e khothalletsa ho lokolloa ha li-transmit tsena. Ho kenella ka mokhoa o ikhethileng oa inFosB bokong ba nyutlelie ba sehlopha sa lilemo tsa periadolescent feela ka mor'a 7 d ea tsamaiso ea matlafatso le tlhahiso e phahameng ea ΔFosB ho putulen ea caudate e ka ba sesupo sa lefutso kapa sesosa sa ts'ebetso e atileng ea ho hlekefetsa psychostimulants ho sena sehlopha (Estroff et al., 1989; Myers le Anderson, 1991) le liphetoho tse ling tsa nako e telele ho polelo ea tlhaho, tse fapaneng lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa lilemo (Andersen et al., 2002). Ntle le moo, liphapang tsena li ka laoloa ka mokhoa o makatsang ke liphetoho tse ntlafalitsoeng maemong a limolek'hule tsa bohlokoa, ho kenyeletsoa ΔFosB ka boyona. Litlamorao tsa phapang ea litheko tsa mantlha tsa ΔFosB lipakeng tsa lilemo li ea ananya ho seo ho nahanoang mabapi le phapang lipakeng tsa litekanyetso tsa litekanyetso (Haile et al., 2001). Ebile, re lebelletse hore liphapang tse tšoanang tsa khatello li tla fumanoa har'a litoeba tse inbred. Hape ho ka etsahala hore litoeba tsa lilemo tse fapaneng li tla bonts'a liphetoho tse fapaneng tsa limolek'hule libakeng tsa boko tse ling ntle le li-nucleus accumbens. Tlhahlobo e eketsehileng e sebelisang litoeba tsa periadolescent tse nang le liphetoho tse amanang le liphatsa tsa lefutso maemong a limolek'hule tsa bohlokoa le tlhaiso e ts'oanang ea boits'oaro e tla leka litekanyetso tsena haholoanyane.
Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe
- E amohetse April 8, 2002.
- Tlhahlobo e amohetse August 6, 2002.
- E amohetse August 8, 2002.
Mosebetsi ona o tšehelitsoe ke National Institutes of Health / National Institute of Neurological Disriers le Stroke Grant NS41871 (MEE le EMU) le National Institute on Drug Abuse Grant P30-DA13429 (EMU).
Litaba tsa mangolo li lokela ho lebisoa ho Dr. Michelle E. Ehrlich, Univesithi ea Thomas Jefferson, Curtis 310, 1025 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107. Lengolo-tsoibila: [imeile e sirelelitsoe].
- Copyright © 2002 Mokhatlo oa Neuroscience
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