Pontšo ea Dopamine ka boitšoaro bo amanang le moputso (2013)

TLHALOSO EA BOTSOALLE EA THOBALANO

Ho pepesehela psychostimulant e kang cocaine ho etsa hore motho a tsoelepele a be a matlafatsa tsoelo-pele ea phello ea matlafatso ea tšusumetso ea morao-rao, ketsahalo e tsejoang e le sensitization (Robinson le Berridge, 1993; Vanderschuren le Kalivas, 2000; Kalivas le Volkow, 2005; Steketee le Kalivas, 2011). Ts'ebetso ea maikutlo a boitšoaro e kenyelletsa likarolo tse peli tse ikhethileng; qalo le polelo. Mokhahlelo oa ho qala o bua ka nako eo karabelo e eketsehang ea boits'oaro e latelang taolo ea koae ka mehla e amanang le keketseho ea mahloriso a tsoang kantle ho DA. Boitšoaro ba boitšoaro bo ntse bo eketseha kamora ho felisoa ha taolo ea koae, mme ts'ebetso ena e hlahisa maikutlo a nako e telele, a tsejoang e le polelo ea maikutlo (Vanderschuren le Kalivas, 2000; Thomas et al., 2001; Steketee le Kalivas, 2011). Karolo ea polelo e tšoauoa ka karabelo e tsoelang pele ea lithethefatsi ka mor'a ho tlohela lithethefatsi, tse amanang le kotsi ea neuroadaptation (Kalivas le Duffy, 1990; Robinson le Berridge, 1993). Le ha ketsahalo ena e ithutile haholo ho liphoofolo tse lekang, ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kutlo e nang le ts'usumetso ea maikutlo e lumelloa e bonts'a li-neuroadaptations tse tlatsetsang ho hatelletseng litakatso tsa lithethefatsi ho batho (Robinson le Berridge, 1993; Kalivas le al., 1998). Ho 'nile ha fanoa ka tlhahiso ea hore tsamaiso ea mesolimbic DA ho tloha VTA ho ea bokong ba li-nucleus accumbens (NAc) le cortex ea pele ke mosireletsi oa bohlokoa oa liphetoho tsena tsa polasetiki, kamanong le "glutamatergic circry"Robinson le Berridge, 1993; Kalivas le al., 1998; Vanderschuren le Kalivas, 2000).

Liphoofolo li susumetsoa ka mokhoa oa boitšoaro cocaine, amphetamine, nikotine, kapa morphine (Kalivas le Duffy, 1990; Lipere le Toka, 1993) bonts'a tokollo ea DA e ntlafalitsoeng ho NAc ho arabela khahlisong ea lithethefatsi. Ntle le liphetoho tokollong ea neurotransmitter, DA e tlamang ho li-receptors tsa eona e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho boits'oarolo ba boitšoaro (Steketee le Kalivas, 2011). Mohlala, thabo e ntlafalitsoeng ea li-neurons tsa VTA DA tse etsahalang ka ho pepesetsoa khafetsa ha koae li amahanngoa le sensitivity ea D2 e fokotsehileng ea kutlo (Bosoeu le Wang, 1984; Henry et al., 1989). Ntle le moo, ente ea intra-VTA e pheta-phetoang ea litekanyetso tse tlase tsa D2 antagonist eticlopride, eo ho ka etsahalang hore ebe khetho ea autoreceptor-khetho, e ntlafalitsoeng ea likarabo tse latelang tsa amphetamine (Tanabe et al., 2004).

Boithuto bo bongata bo bontšitse hore li-receptors tsa D1 le D2 DA li kenya letsoho ka mokhoa o fapaneng phetohong e susumetsoang ke koae ke ts'ebetso ea locomotor. Mohlala, lithuto tsa pele tse sebelisang mekhoa ea litlhare e bontšitse hore litoeba kapa likhoto li kile tsa phekoloa ka D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 li bonts'itse karabelo ea locomotor ho phephetso e matla ea koae, athe D2 receptor antagonists haloperidol, le raclopride ha e na phello e joalo (Cabib et al., 1991; Ushijima et al., 1995; Hummel le Unterwald, 2002). Liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a likarolo tse fapaneng tsa li-receptor tsa DA ho fetoleng liphetho tsa "cocaine" tse matlafatsang. Leha ho le joalo, mabapi le maikutlo a susumetsang a khothalletsoang ke li-cocaine tse pheta-phetoang, ho tlalehiloe hore tsamaiso ea methapo ea D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390, kapa D2 receptor antagonists sulpiride, YM-09151-2 kapa eticlopride, ha e ame ho kenella. sensitization ea koae (Kuribara le Uchihashi, 1993; Mattingly et al., 1994; Steketee, 1998; White et al., 1998; Vanderschuren le Kalivas, 2000).

Litlamorao tsa tsamaiso ea SCH23390 e kenang ka kotlolloho mabapi le tšebeliso ea koae, ho ts'oaroa ha moea le khetho ea sebaka (CPP) li fumanoe lipuong, 'me lithuto tsena li bonts'a hore ho ts'oaroa ha li-receptor tsa D1 tse kang NAc hoa hlokahala bakeng sa koae- CPP, empa eseng bakeng sa letsoalo le susumetsoang ke koae (koae)Baker et al., 1998; Neisewander et al., 1998). Tšusumetso e tobileng ea intra-accumbens ea D2 / D3 receptor antagonist sulpiride ho litoeba e bonts'a hore blockade ea D2 receptors e khutlisa mofuta o mong o matla oa koae (cocaine-ikiwa).Neisewander et al., 1995; Baker et al., 1996), empa lithuto tsena ha lia ka tsa hlahloba phello ea maikutlo a boitšoaro bo khothalletsoang ke koae. Ho khahlisang, ho tlalehiloe hore ente ea D2 receptor agonist quinpirole ho intra-medial prefrontal cortex e thibelitse ts'ebetso mme e fumane polelo ea sensitization ea boitšoaro ea cocaine-e susumetsangBeyer le Steketee, 2002).

Litoeba tsa D1 receptor null li se li hlahlobisitsoe maemong a boitšoaro bo lemaletseng, 'me liphuputso tsa pele li senotse hore litoeba tsa D1 receptor mutant ha lia atleha ho bonts'a litlamorao tsa kelello tsa cocaine ho likoloi le boits'oaro bo bobe.Xu et al., 1994; Drago et al., 1996). Leha ho le joalo, ho bonahala eka D1 receptor KO e hlakola karabelo e matla ea locomotor ho cocaine, empa ha e thibele ka botlalo ts'usumetso ea locomotor ho cocaine ho hang.Karlsson le al., 2008), ho bonts'a hore genetic KO ea li-receptor tsa D1 ha ea lekana ho thibela ka botlalo kutlo ea cocaine tlas'a maemo ohle.

Ho D2 receptor KO litoeba, ka mesebetsi e fokotsehileng ea locomotor, boemo ba likoloi tse tsamaisanang le koae bo tlase haholo ha bo bapisoa le litoeba tsa WT, empa liphoofolo tsena li ne li tšoana ka mokhoa oa ho susumetsa boits'oaro bo kopanetsoeng le koae, kapa boits'oaro bo batlang cocaine. ho fokotseha ho fokolang ha kutloelo-bohloko (Chausmer et al., 2002; Welter et al., 2007; Sim et al., 2013). Ho fokotseha ha li-receptor tsa D2 ho NAc ka ho kenngoa ha sehokelo sa lentiviral le shRNA khahlano le D2 receptor ha hoa ka la ama ts'ebetso ea basal locomotor, kapa tšusumetso ea boitšoaro bo khothalletsoang ke koae, empa e hlahisitse khatello ea maikutlo e hlahisang khatello ea maikutlo ea ts'ebetso ea koae.Sim et al., 2013). Liphumano tsena, hammoho le litlaleho tse fetileng, li khothaletsa ka matla hore blockade ea li-receptor tsa D2 ho NAc ha e thibele maikutlo a boitšoaro a cocaine-Mediated, le hore D2 receptor ho NAc e bapala karolo e ikhethang ho taolo ea phetoho ea synaptic e bakiloeng ke khatello ea maikutlo le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi. .

Boithuto ba morao-rao bo sebelisang litoeba tse hlahisitsoeng ka liphatsa tsa lefutso tse hlalosang mofuta oa Cre recombinase ka mokhoa o khethehileng oa sele, bo senotse karolo e itseng ea D1 kapa D2 receptor-expression MSN receptor in boitšoaro bo ts'oarehang ba koae. Mohlala, tahlehelo ea DARPP-32 liseleng tse bonts'a li-D2 e hlahisitse karabelo e ntlafalitsoeng ea locomotor ea cocaine (Bateup, 2010). Hikida le basebetsi mmoho le bona ba sebelisitse veA ea VAV ho hlalosa tetracycline-repression transaction factor (tTa) ba sebelisa ntho P (bakeng sa D1-expression MSNs) kapa enkephalin (bakeng sa babapatsi ba D2 ba hlalosang li-MSN)Hikida et al., 2010). Li-veector tsena li ile tsa kenngoa ka har'a NAc ea litoeba, moo ketane ea taolo ea leseli (TN) e neng e laoloa ke karolo e arabelang ea lefu la tetracycline, ho khetha ka nepo phetiso ea synaptic karolong e ngoe le e 'ngoe ea MSN. Inactivation e khutlisetsang ea D1 / D2-receptor-expression receptor-expression MSNs with the tetanus toxin (Hikida et al., 2010) e senotse likarolo tse ka sehloohong tsa lisele tse fanang ka maikutlo a D1 ho ithuta ka moputso le ho lemosa ka koae, empa ho ne ho sena phetoho ho maikutlo a bakoang ke ho se sebetse ha lisele tse fanang ka maikutlo tsa D2. U sebelisa meralo ea DREADD (li-receptors tse ntlafalitsoeng feela ke lithethefatsi tsa moqapi), ka polelo e kopantsoeng le vaerase ea GPCR ea enjine (G_{i / o}-motsoana oa batho oa mokokotlo oa M₄Moamoheli oa DREADD, hM₄D) e hlahisoang ke motsoako o mong oa meriana o sa sebetseng, Ferguson et al. (2011) e bonts'itse hore ts'ebetso ea li-neurons tsa "striatal D2-receptor-expression" e nolofalletsa nts'etsopele ea sensorization ea amphetamine. Leha ho le joalo, ts'ebetso ea optogenetic ea lisele tse hlahisang li-D2 receptor-expression ho NAc ha ea ka ea tlisa phetoho ho maikutlo a susumetsang a cocaine-ikiwaLobo, 2010).

Optogenetic inactivation of D1 receptor-expression MSNs using the light activated chloride pump, halorhodopsin eNpHR3.0 (e ntlafalitsoe Natronomonas pharaonis halorhodopsin 3.0), nakong ea ho pepesetsoa koae ho hlahisitse tlhokomeliso ea sensitization ea cocaine-induction locomotor (Chandra et al., 2013). Ntle le moo, ho hlophisoa bocha ha maemo a sebetsang a D1 receptor ho latela likarolo tsa NAc ho D1 receptor KO litoeba ho hlahisitse polelo ea D1 receptor sebakeng sa mantlha sa NAc, empa eseng khetla, Mediated D1 receptor-sensitization cocaine (Gore le Zweifel, 2013). Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore mekhoa ea DA e sebelisana le litekanyetso tsa boitšoaro tsa cocaine ka mokhoa o hlakileng, e nang le likarolo tse ikhethileng tsa D1 le D2 receptors, leha monehelo o nepahetseng oa li-receptor tsa D1 le D2 le litsela tsa bona tse tlase tsa lets'oao li ntse li tlameha ho beoa.

TLHOKOMELISO PUSELETSO

CPP paradigm ke mokhoa oa tloaelo o sebelisoang tlhahlobong ea boitsoaro le mokhoa oa maemo. Nakong ea thupelo ea CPP, moelelo o le mong o ikhethileng o entsoe ka liente tsa lithethefatsi, ha taba e 'ngoe e ngotsoe ka liente tsa koloi (Thomas et al., 2008). Nakong ea tlhahlobo ea CPP e se nang lithethefatsi e latelang, phoofolo e khetha lipakeng tsa lithethefatsi le lintho tse tsamaeang ka koloi. Khethollo e eketsehang bakeng sa moelelo oa lithethefatsi e sebetsa e le tekanyo ea litlamorao tsa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa Pavlovian (Thomas et al., 2008).

Leha ho kile ha tlalehoa pejana hore tsamaiso ea bobeli le ea maiketsetso ea D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 e thibetse cocaine CPP (Cervo le Samanin, 1995; Baker et al., 1998), Litoeba tsa D1 receptor mutant ho tlalehiloe ho bonts'a likarabo tse tloaelehileng ho litlamorao tse khahlisang tsa koae ka har'a parala ea CPP (Miner et al., 1995; Karasinska et al., 2005). Mabapi le karolo ea li-receptor tsa D2 ho CPP, ho na le tumellano e kholo ho lingoliloeng hore D2-joalo ka bahanyetsi ba hloleha ho susumetsa khetho ea se hlahisoang ke cocaine (Spyraki et al., 1982; Shippenberg le Heidbreder, 1995; Cervo le Samanin, 1995; Manazi et al., 2004). E lumellana le lithuto tsena tsa litlhahlobo tsa meriana, litoeba tsa D2 receptor KO li bonts'itse palo ea CPP e lekanang le litoeba tsa WT (Welter et al., 2007; Sim et al., 2013). Ho feta moo, D2L - / - litoeba li qalile CPP ho sebelisa koae joalo ka litoeba tsa WT (Smith le al., 2002).

Haufinyane, phello ea phepelo e tlamang ea KO ea li-receptor tsa D2 mabapi le boits'oaro bo bobebe e tlalehiloe, 'me tlhahlobo ena e bontšitse hore litoeba tse haellang tsa D2 autoreceptors li bonts'itse kokeine ea cocaine, hammoho le sepheo se ntlafalitsoeng sa moputso oa lijo, mohlomong ka lebaka la ho ba sieo ha thibelo ea presynaptic e etsoang ke li-autoreceptors tse phahamisang DA tsa kantle ho naha le ho phahamisa tšebetso ea li-receptors tsa DA tsa postynaptic (Bello et al., 2011).

Liphetho tse fumanoeng mohloling o mong o fapaneng oa lipatlisiso li bonts'a hore ha li-DNNUMX tse hlahisang maikutlo a marang-rang li etsoa ka tšebetso ea optogenetics, litoeba tsa D1-Cre li hlahisa DIO-AAV-ChR1-EYFP ho NAc e bonts'itse keketseho e kholo ea khethollo ea koae / e putsoa - ha e bapisoa le sehlopha sa taolo (Lobo, 2010). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, litoeba tsa D2-Cre tse hlalosang DIO-AAV-ChR2-EYFP li bonts'itse paballo ea bohlokoa ea khethollo ea koae / leseli le buluuLobo, 2010), ho kenya letsoho karolo ea ho kengoa tšebetsong ha li-DNNUMX-expression MSNs ho matlafatsa litlamorao tse khahlisang tsa koae, ka ts'ebetso ea D1-e hlalosang li-MSN li hanyetsa phello ea moputso oa koae. Thibelo ea li-MSN tse hlahisang li-DNNUMX ka tetanus toxin (Hikida et al., 2010) e bakiloe ke ho fokotsoa ha cocaine CPP, ha ho sa fetoloe liphetoho lipakeng tsa CPP tsa cocaine kamora ho felisa phetiso ea li-synaptic ho li-DNNUMX-expression e hlalosang li-MSN (Hikida et al., 2010). Ka hona, lintlha tsena tse sebelisang li-optogenetics le mofuta o itseng oa inactivation ea li-neurons li kenya likarolo tse hanyetsanang tsa li-DNNUMX-le D1-e hlahisang li-MSN ho CPP, ka li-MSNs tsa D2-receptor-expression li hlahisa karolo ea ho phahamisa likarabo ka bobeli tsa moputso ho li-psychostimulants, le D1 receptor-expression e hlalosang li-MSNs. mekhoa ena (Lobo le Nestler, 2011).

COCAINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION LE COCAINE-SEEKING BAHAHA

Ts'ebetso ea cocaine ke mokhoa o sebetsang oo ho oona liphoofolo li etsang liteko (kapa pokello ea nko) bakeng sa ente ea lithethefatsi. Boitšoaro ba "ho itaola" bo sebetsa e le mohlala oa boitšoaro ba phoofolo oo motho a lemalloang ke ho lemalla (Thomas et al., 2008). Ho tlalehiloe hore lesion e khethiloeng ea liteishene tsa DA tse nang le 6-hydroxy DA (6-OHDA), kapa le neurotoxin kainic acid e NAc ka mokhoa o hlakileng e fana ka ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea koae, e ts'ehetsa maikutlo a hore litlamorao tse matla tsa koae li itšetlehile ka mesolimbic DA (Pettit et al., 1984; Zito et al., 1985; Caine le Koob, 1994). E lumellana le liphetho tsena, Ka vivo lithuto tsa Microdialysis li bonts'a hore maemo a DA a ntlafalitsoeng a ntlafatsoa nakong ea tsamaiso ea cocaineself ka bobeli ba likhakanyo (Hurd et al., 1989; Pettit le Toka, 1989) le monkey (Czoty et al., 2000). Ka kopanelo, liphumano tsena li bonts'a hore phetisetso ea DA e ntlafalitsoeng ea NAc e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa boits'oarong ba koae.

DA receptor antagonists le agonists moderate cocaine self-management, e bontšang phello e itšetlehileng ka litekanyetso tsa biphasic. Mohlala, bahanyetsi ba ikhethileng bakeng sa D1 ka bobeliWoolverton, 1986; Britton et al., 1991; Hubner le Moreton, 1991; Vanover et al., 1991; Caine le Koob, 1994) le D2 (Woolverton, 1986; Britton et al., 1991; Hubner le Moreton, 1991; Caine le Koob, 1994) li-receptors li eketsa boineelo ba koae ka ho arabela litekanyetso tse tlase tsa mohanyetsi, empa li fokotsa taolo ea hau ho arabela tekanyetso e phahameng. Modulation ena e bonahala e hlakile haholo ha e kenngoa ka har'a NAc empa eseng senotlolo sa caudate, e bonts'a karolo e ikhethang ea li-receptors tsa NAc DA litloaelong tsa boikoetliso tsa koae.

Hamorao, ho sebelisa litoeba tsa D1 le D2 receptor null, ho ameha ha li-receptors tsena tsamaisong ea koae ho ile ha hlahlojoa. Ho khahlisang ke hore, le ha ho ne ho bonoa CPP e tloaelehileng ea litoeba ka har'a litoeba tsa D1 receptor KO, ho iphelisa ka koae ho felisitsoe ka litoeba tsena (Caine et al., 2007). Ho litoeba tsa D2 receptor KO leha ho le joalo, ho ipusa ha litekanyetso tse 'meleng tse tlase tsa cocaine ho ne ho sa amehe, athe ho ipusa ka litekanyetso tse ngata tsa cocaine e ne e hlile e eketseha (Caine et al., 2002). Haufinyane, Alvarez le basebetsi-mmoho ba tlalehetse hore ntlafatso ea synaptic ho li-DNNUMX tse hlahisang li-NNN ho etsahala ka litoeba tse nang le nalane ea boits'oaro ba koae ea koae (Bock et al., 2013). Ho thibela D2-MSN ho sebelisa mokhoa oa chemicogenetic ho matlafalitse ts'usumetso ea ho fumana koae, ha ts'ebetso ea optogenetic ea D2-MSN e hatelletse boits'oaro ba koae, e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho haptjoa ha D2-MSNs mesebetsing ea NAc ho khutlisetsa tsamaiso ea cocaine (Bock et al., 2013).

Boithuto bo batlisisang ho khutlisetsoa morao hoa boitšoaro bo batlang cocaine bo senotse hore tsamaiso ea D2 receptor agonists e khutlisetsa boits'oaro ba ho ts'oara koae (Boithati le al., 1996; De Vries et al., 1999, 2002; Spealman et al., 1999; Khroyan et al., 2000; Fuchs et al., 2002). Tumellanong le liphumano tsena, bahanyetsi ba li-receptor ba D2 ba latela mokhoa oa ho ts'oara lithethefatsi tse sebelisang koae (koae)Spealman et al., 1999; Khroyan et al., 2000), nakong ea kalafo ea kalafo ea kalafo ea morao-rao ka ngaka ea maiketsetso e kang D2 pele ho pente ea ente ea cocaine e bakileng boitšoaro (Boithati le al., 1996; Fuchs et al., 2002). Leha ho le joalo, ho bonahala eka li-agonists tsa D1 tse kang receptor ha li khutlise boitšoaro bo batlang cocaine (Boithati le al., 1996; De Vries et al., 1999; Spealman et al., 1999; Khroyan et al., 2000). Ha e le hantle, li-agonists tse tsamaisang tšebetso ea D1 le bahanyetsi ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng ba latela mokhoa oa ho batla lithethefatsi o susumetsoang ke ente ea "priming cocaine" (Boithati le al., 1996; Norman et al., 1999; Spealman et al., 1999; Khroyan et al., 2000, 2003), e bonts'ang karolo e fapaneng ea li-receptor tsa D1 le D2 ho priming-e susumetsang ea ho khutlisetsa morao ea ho batla koae.

Liphetho tse tsoang laboratoring ea rona li bonts'a hore ha ho na li-receptor tsa D2, ho khutlisetsoa ka koae ha hoa ka ha ameha (Sim et al., 2013). Ho khothaletsoa hore ho khutlisetsoa morao hoa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho ka fanoa hape ke ho pepesetsoa hape ho susumetsa ho amanang le koae kapa khatello ea maikutlo (Shaham le al., 2003). Ha monyetla ona o lekoa, litlamorao tse tsoang laboratoring ea rona li fumane hore le ha khatello ea kelello e baka puseletso e kopantsoeng le koae ho litheko tsa WT, khatello ea maikutlo e hatelletse ho khutlisetsoa hoa koae ka diphoofolong tsa D2, e fana ka maikutlo a karolo e sa sebetseng ea li-receptor tsa D2 taolong ea synaptic phetoho e bakoa ke khatello ea maikutlo le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi (Sim et al., 2013).

TLHALOSO EA MOTSOALLE OA D2 TLHOMPHOFUTSOENG EA MOTSOALLE

Bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha bo fana ka maikutlo a hore ho fapana ho li-receptor tsa DA le ho lokolloa ha DA ho bapala karolo ea ho nona le ho nona haholo, haholoholo kamanong le ts'ebetso le polelo ea striatal D2 receptor function and expression (Stice et al., 2011; Salamone le Correa, 2013). Lithutong tsa liphoofolo, ho bontšitsoe hore ho fepa ho eketsa khatello ea kantle ea DA ho NAc (Bassareo le Di Chiara, 1997), ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso. Leha ho le joalo, ho fapana le phello ea eona boits'oarong bo amanang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, NAc DA depletion feela ha e fetole mokhoa oa ho fepa (Salamone et al., 1993). Ho bonahala eka "blockacological blockade" ea D1 le D2 receptors ho NAc e ama tsela eo koloi e sebetsoang ka eona, palo le nako ea ho fepa, empa ha e fokotse palo ea lijo tse jeoang.Baldo et al., 2002). Ho khahlisang, data ea morao-rao e bonts'itse hore ho ja ka mokhoa o hlonephang ho ntlafalitsoe ke ts'ebetso e matla ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea uncateral NAc shell, mme phello ena e kopantsoe le karolo ke ts'ebetso ea D2 receptor, ha maikutlo a tebileng a ts'usumetso ea dorsal striatum a ne a sena tšusumetso ts'ebetsong ena (Halpern et al., 2013) ka litoeba. Leha ho le joalo, ho tlalehiloe hore ha ho pepesetsoa lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata, litoeba tse nang le methapo e tlase ea li-receptor tsa D2 ka har'a putamen li bonts'a phaello e fetang ea boima ho feta litoeba tse nang le li-receptorin tse phahameng tsa D2 sebakeng se le seng (Huang et al., 2006). Phuputso ena e bapisitse li-receptor tsa DAT le D2 tse maemong a sa foleng a mafura a mangata, a nang le mafura a mangata le a mafura a mangata, 'me a fumana hore letsoalo la "receptor" la D2 le theohile haholo karolong ea rostral ea caudate putamen maemong a phahameng a sa foleng. - litloholo tse nang le mafura a bakoang ke ho ja li bapisoa le litoeba tse thibelang mafura le lijo tse fokolang tse mafura a mangata (Huang et al., 2006). Boemo bona bo tlase ba D2 receptor bo ka amahanngoa le ho lokolloa ha DA, mme ho boetse ho tlalehiloe hore tšebeliso ea lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata, e nang le tsoekere e ngata e lebisa ho tlotsoeng ha li-receptor tsa D2 (Tse nyenyane le al., 2003) le phokotso ea theko ea DA (Davis et al., 2008).

Lithutong tsa batho, batho ba batenya le ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi ka bobeli ba tloaetse ho bonts'a polelo e fokotsehileng ea li-receptor tsa D2 libakeng tse nang le mathata, le liphuputso tse entsoeng ka monahano li bonts'itse hore likarolo tse tšoanang tsa boko li hlahisoa ke lijo le lithahasello tse amanang le lithethefatsi (Wang et al., 2009). Lipatlisiso tsa Positron emission tomography (PET) li bontša hore ho fumaneha ha li-receptor tsa D2 ho fokotsehile ho batho ba batenya ho lekana le index ea bona ea boima ba 'mele (Wang et al., 2001), ka hona, e fana ka tlhahiso ea hore khaello ea DA ho batho ba batenya ho ka ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea lijo joalo ka mokhoa oa ho lefella ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng ea li-circuits tsa meputso tsa DA. Volkow le basebetsi-mmoho ba boetse ba tlaleha hore batho ba baholo ba sa ts'oanang le ba baholo ba hlokang leeme ba bonts'a li-receptor tse fokolang tsa D2, le hore sena se ne se amana hantle le metabolism sebakeng sa dorsolateral pele, medial orbitof Pambal, anterior cingulate gyrus le somatosensory cortices (Volkow et al., 2008). Tlhahlobo ena e lebisitse ho lipuisano mabapi le hore na ho fokotseha ha li-receptor tsa D2 ho ka kenya letsoho ho nona ka ho fetoloa ha methapo ea methapo ea methapo e nkang karolo taolong ea thibelo le tšilafalo ea methapo, le hore na kamano e teng lipakeng tsa li-receptor tsa D2 le metabolism ho li-cortices tsa somatosensory. process palatability) e ka hlakola e 'ngoe ea mekhoa eo ka eona DA e laolang thepa e matlafatsang ea lijo (Volkow et al., 2008).

Stice le basebetsi-'moho ba sebelisitse imaging ea matla a ho sebetsa ka matla a sefahleho (fMRI) ho bontša hore batho ka bomong ba ka ba le chelete e ngata ea ho lefella sephetho sa hypofunctioning dorsal striatum, haholo tse nang le liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa A1 allele ea TaqIA sebakeng sa D2 receptor (DRD2 / ANKK1) mofuta, o amanang le khatello e tlase ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo le D2.Stice et al., 2008a,b). Litlhokomeliso tsena li bonts'a hore batho ba bonts'ang ts'ebetso e kenelletseng nakong ea lijo, ba kotsing ea ho ba le botenya, haholo-holo ba nang le tšoaetso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso bakeng sa ho pepesoa ha DA ho supa libakeng tsa boko tse kenyelletsoeng moputsong oa lijo (Stice et al., 2008a, 2011). Leha ho le joalo, tlhaiso-leseling ea morao-rao e bonts'itse hore batho ba baholo ba batenya ba nang le bothata ba ho ja ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang kapa ba nang le bothata ba ho ja ba na le mofuta o ikhethang oa polymorphism ea "TaqIA D2 receptor (DRD2 / ANKK1) mofuta (Davis et al., 2012); ka hona, hoa utloahala hore lits'ebetso tse tšoanang tsa DA tsa boko li sitisoa ke tšusumetso ea lijo le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, leha ho e-so ho hlake hore na li-data tsa receptor tsa DA li emela eng ponong ea tšebetso ea methapo ea kutlo ea DA bokong.

Joalo ka batho ba batenya, ho fumaneha ka mokhoa o tlase oa D2 ho amana le tlhekefetso e sa foleng ea koae ho batho (Volkow et al., 1993; Martinez et al., 2004). Ho fapana le moo, ho hlonepha ho feta ha li-receptor tsa D2 ho fokotsa taolo ea tahi ho litoeba (Thanos et al., 2001). Ho batho, ho fumaneha ka mokhoa o phahameng ho feta o tloaelehileng oa D2 receptor ho litho tse se nang joala ba malapa a joala.Volkow et al., 2006; Gorwood et al., 2012), e ts'ehetsa ts'oaetso ea hore maemo a tlase a li-receptor tsa D2 a ka amahanngoa le kotsi e eketsehileng ea mathata a lemallo. Ka hona, ho a khonahala hore ka bokong ba batho ba batenya ka ho fetesisa le ba sebelisang lithethefatsi tse sa feleng, ho na le lintlha tse tlase tsa DA, le tokollo ea DA ka linako tse ling e amanang le lijo kapa litheko tsa lithethefatsi, hammoho le polelo e tlase, kapa li-receptor tsa D2 tse sa sebetseng.

Methati ea dopamine receptor libakeng tse ling tsa boko le eona e ka ba ea bohlokoa. Ka mohlala, Fetissov et al. (2002) o hlokometse hore likhoto tsa Zucker tse feteletseng, tse bonts'ang mokhoa oa ho fepa o nang le boholo bo boholo ba lijo le palo e nyane ea lijo, li na le polelo e tlase haholo ea polelo ea D2 receptor ho ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). Ho khahlisang, thutong ea bona, ha mohanyetsi ea khethiloeng oa D2 receptor, sulpiride e kenngoa ho VMH ea likhofu tse feteletseng le tse bobebe, karabelo ea hyperphagic e ile ea phahamisoa feela ho likhoto tse feteletseng, e fana ka maikutlo a hore ka ho mpefatsa boemo bo seng bo ntse bo le tlase ba li-receptor tsa D2, e ne e le hoa khoneha ho eketsa takatso ea lijo. Polelo ena e tlase ea D2 ea receptor e ka baka tlhahiso e fetelletseng ea litheko tse makatsang nakong ea ho ja lijo le sephetho se fokotsoang sa maikutlo a DA, se tla nolofalletsa DA ho lokolloa libakeng tsa kelello "tse lakatsang" DA (Fetissov et al., 2002).

Haufinyane tjena, boithuto bo botle bo entsoeng ke Johnson le Kenny (2010), e ne e bonoa e le liphoofolo tse fuoang "lijo tse tsoang ka jareteng" tse kenyelletsang lijo tse matlafatsang tse nang le mafura a mangata, tse bonts'ang boitšoaro bo qobelloang. Ntle le ho ho rata ha bona haholo le ho ja ka thata joalo ka likhoto tsa lijo tsa kofi le tsona li fokotse polelo ea D2 receptor ho striatum. Ho makatsang ke hore li-receptor tsa lentivirus tse kopantsoeng le li-receptor tsa D2 li ile tsa potlakisa nts'etsopele ea bofokoli ba menyetla e kang ea ho lemalla joala kapa ho qalella ha lijo tse matlafatsang tse kang tloaelo ea ho ja lijo ka phihlello e atolositsoeng ea lijo tse matlafatsang tse nang le mafura a mangata (Johnson le Kenny, 2010), hape e bonts'a hore mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea hedonic ka hona e ka eketsa botenya le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi. Leha ho le joalo, laboratori ea rona e fumane litlamorao tse sa lebelloang tse bonts'ang hore litoeba tsa D2 KO li na mokhoa o tsitsitseng o nang le lets'oao le ntlafalitsoeng la hypothalamic leptin ha le bapisoa le litoeba tsa WT (Kim et al., 2010). Ka hona, re ke ke ra hlakola hore li-receptor tsa D2 li bapala karolo ea tsamaiso ea homeostatic ea ho ikamahanya le taolo ea homeostasis ea matla joalo ka leptin, ho tlatselletsa ho karolo ea eona boitshwarong ba tšusumetso ea lijo. Mohlala oa phoofolo e nang le liphatsa tsa lefutso tse sebelisang liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa D2 liseleng tse hlahisang leptin mohlala, kapa lisele tse ling tse amanang le moputso, hammoho le lisebelisoa tse kopanyang tsa neural, li ka hlakisa karolo ea tsamaiso ea DA ka li-receptors tsa D2 lijong. moputso le taolo ea homeostatic ea lijo.

DOPAMINERGIC REWARD LITLHAKISO TSE LING TSA HO FIHLELA CIRCUIT

Bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha bo bonts'a hore balaoli ba homeostatic ba ho ja lijo, joalo ka leptin, insulin, le ghrelin, ba laola le ho sebelisana le moputso oa lijo, 'me ka hona ba laola likarolo tsa boits'ireletso ba lijo le maemo a boits'oaro ba lijo tse susumetsang (Abizaid et al., 2006; Fulton et al., 2006; Hommel et al., 2006; Baicy et al., 2007; Farooqi et al., 2007; Palmiter, 2007; Konner et al., 2011; Volkow et al., 2011). Liphumano tsa morao-rao li senola hore lihormone tse kenelletseng ho laola matla a homeostasis li boetse li ama ka ho toba li-neuron tsa DA; mohlala, leptin le insulin li thibela li-neurons tsa DA ka ho toba, ha li-ghrelin li li kenya tšebetsong (Palmiter, 2007; Kenny, 2011).

Hommel le basebetsi-mmoho ba bonts'itse hore li-neurons tsa VTA DA li hlahisa leptin receptor mRNA, mme e arabela leptin ka ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea "JAK-STAT" (Janus kinase-sign transducer le activator of transcript), e leng tsela e kholo e kenyelitsoeng ho leptin receptor ho theoha hoa mats'ooao, le phokotso ea sekhahla sa ho thunya ha methapo ea DA (Hommel et al., 2006). Boithuto bona bo bonts'itse hore taolo e tobileng ea leptin ho VTA e bakile ho fokotseha ha lijo, ha RNAi-mediated ea nako e telele ea li-receptors tsa leptin ho VTA e lebisitse keketseho ea lijo, ts'ebetso ea methapo le kutloelo-bohloko ea lijo tse fumanehang habonolo. Lintlha tsena li tšehetsa karolo ea bohlokoa bakeng sa VTA leptin receptorsin e laolang boitšoaro ba ho fepa, hape e fana ka bopaki bo sebetsang bakeng sa ketso e tobileng ea lets'oao la metabolic ea pheriferale ea li-neurons tsa VTA DA. Liphetho tsena li tsamaisana le mohopolo oa hore leptin ho tšoaea VTA hangata e hatelletse ho saena ha DA, mme ka lebaka leo e fokotse takatso ea lijo le ts'ebetso ea locomotor. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a karolo ea 'mele bakeng sa ho supa leptin ho VTA, leha bangoli ba sa ka ba bontša hore phello ea ente ea vaerase ea ho fepa e amana hantle le ho eketseha ha ho saena ha DA (Hommel et al., 2006).

Fulton le basebetsi-mmoho le bona ba fuputse bohlokoa ba tšebetso ba ketso ea leptin ho li-neurons tsa VTA DA, ho holisa kutloisiso ea liketso tse ngata tsa leptin ho potoloho ea moputso oa DA (Fulton et al., 2006). Ba sebelisa immunohistochemistry habeli-label, ba bone ho eketseha ha phosphorylation ea STAT3 ho VTA kamora ho tsamaisoa ha leptin. Li-neurons tsena tse ntle tsa pSTAT3 li-colocalized ka li-neurons tsa DA, le ho isa tekanyong e tlase le matšoao a li-neurons tsa GABA. Retrogade neuronal e ts'oereng ho tsoa ho NAc e senoletse colocalization ea tracer ka pSTAT3, e bonts'a hore sephutheloana sa li-neurons tsa VTA DA tse hlalosang projeke ea leptin ho NAc. Ha ba lekola ts'ebetso ea leptin ho VTA, ba fumane hore ob / ob litoeba li bile le karabelo e fokolang ea locomotor ho amphetamine, mme e haelloa ke maikutlo a locomotor ho li-injection tse phetoang tsa amphetamine, ka bofokoli ka bobeli bo khutlisoa ke ts'ebetso ea leptin, ka hona e bonts'a hore tsela ea DAaccardbenss, e bohlokoa ho kenyelletsa boitšoaro bo susumetsoang, e boetse e arabela pontsong ena e tsoang ho adipose (Fulton et al., 2006). Lintlha tsena tsa bopaki li khothalelitse ketso ea leptin tsamaisong ea moputso ea DA. Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la boemo ba 'mele ba polelo ea leptin receptor e bonahala e le tlase haholo bohareng ba mokokotlo, maemo a tloaelehileng a potolohileng a leptin a bonahala a se na tšusumetso e kholo ho leptin receptor signature kahare ho VTA. Kahoo, hore na Ka vivo Leptin e ka fana ka phello e kholo ho thibela ts'ebetso ea neuron ea DA ka li-receptors tsa bona ho VTA e lula e belaella.Palmiter, 2007).

Ho boetse ho na le lithuto tsa batho tse bontšang hore kannete leptin e ka laola likarabo tse khotsofatsang. Farooqi le basebetsi-mmoho ba tlaleha hore bakuli ba nang le bofokoli ba tlhaho ea leptin ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso ea lipheo tsa mesolimbic tsa DA (Farooqi et al., 2007). Naheng e haelloang ke leptin, litšoantšo tsa lijo tse ratoang hantle li ile tsa hlahisa karabo e batlang e batsi, leha taba e sa tsoa fepa, le ha e le ka mor'a kalafo ea leptin, litšoantšo tse ratehang tsa lijo li hlahisitse karabelo ena feela maemong a potlakileng. ka karabelo lithutong tsa taolo. Leptin e fokotsa ts'ebetso ho NAc-caudate, le ts'ebetso ea mesolimbic (Farooqi et al., 2007). Kahoo, thuto ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore leptin e fokotse likarabo tse khotsofatsang mabapi le lijo, li sebetsa ka har'a tsamaiso ea DA (Farooqi et al., 2007; Volkow et al., 2011). Phuputso e 'ngoe ea fMRI e entsoeng ke Baicy et al., Eo hape a etsoang le bakuli ba nang le bofokoli ba tlhaho ea leptin, e bonts'itse hore nakong ea ho shebella maikutlo a amanang le lijo, ho khutlisetsa leptin ho fokotse ts'ebetso ea neural libakeng tsa boko tse amanang le tlala (insula, parietal le temport cortex), ha a ntse a ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso libakeng tse hokahaneng le thibelo le satiety (senepe se etellang pele pele; Baicy et al., 2007). Ka hona, ho bonahala eka leptin e sebetsa ho li-circuits tsa neural tse kenyelletsang tlala le ho satiety ka taolo ea inhibitory.

Hormone e 'ngoe ea peptide, ghrelin, e hlahisoang ka mpeng le manyeme, e tsejoa ho eketsa takatso ea lijo le takatso ea lijo (Abizaid et al., 2006). The ghrelin receptor ukuaji wa lekunutu sephiri secagorue 1 receptor (GHSR) e fumaneha litsing tsa hypothalamic hammoho le VTA. Abizaid le basebetsi-mmoho ba bonts'itse hore ho litoeba le likhoto, ghrelin e tlameletsoe ho li-neurons tsa VTA, moo e ileng ea baka ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea methapo ea DA, sebopeho sa methapo ea kutlo, le phetoho ea DA ho NAc, ka mokhoa o itšetlehileng ka GHSR. Ntle le moo, ba bonts'itse hore taolo e otlolohileng ea VTA ea ghrelin e boetse e bakile boitšoaro ba ho fepa, ha ho tsamaisoa ha VA ea motho ea ikhethileng ea GHSR ho thibetse phello ea orexigenic ea li-ghrelin tse potolohang, mme ba phephetsa phepelo ea lijo kamora ho itima lijo, ba fana ka maikutlo a hore meputso ea DA ea potoloho e lebisitsoe ghrelin ho susumetsa tšusumetso ea lijo (Abizaid et al., 2006).

Insulin, e leng e 'ngoe ea lihormase tsa bohlokoa tse kenyelletsoeng taolong ea metabolism ea tsoekere, le ho thibela phepo, ho bontšitsoe hore e boetse e laola tsamaiso ea DA bokong. Li-receptor tsa insulin li hlahisoa libakeng tsa boko tse ruileng li-neuron tsa DA, joalo ka striatum le midbrain (Zahniser et al., 1984; Figlewicz et al., 2003), ho fana ka maikutlo a ts'ebelisano e sebetsang pakeng tsa litsamaiso tsa insulin le tsa DA. Ho joalo, ho bontšitsoe hore insulin e sebetsa ho li-neuron tsa DA, mme ho kenella ha insulin ho VTA ho fokotsa ho ja lijo ho likhoto (Figlewicz et al., 2008; Bruijnzeel et al., 2011). Boithuto ba morao-rao mabapi le ho hlakoloa ha li-insulin receptors ka har'a li-neuron tsa midbrain DA ho bontša hore ho qhekella hona ho baka boima ba 'mele, boima ba mafura le hyperphagia (Konner et al., 2011). Ha insulin e hlohlelletsa ho thunya khafetsa ho 50% ea li-neuron tsa dopaminergic VTA / SN, karabelo ena e ile ea felisoa ho litoeba tse nang le insulin receptor tse tlositsoeng ka boomo li-neuron tsa DA. Ho khahlisang, ho litoeba tsena, polelo ea li-receptor ea D2 ho VTA e ile ea fokotseha ha e bapisoa le litoeba tsa taolo. Ho feta moo, litoeba tsena li bontšitse karabelo e fetohileng ea koae ka tlasa maemo a thibeloang ke lijo (Konner et al., 2011). Tlaleho e 'ngoe ea morao-rao e bonts'a hore insulin e ka baka khatello ea maikutlo ea nako e telele (LTD) ea li-synapses tsa mouse tse mahareng ho li-neurons tsa VTA DA (Labouèbe et al., 2013). Ntle le moo, kamora lijo tse matlafatsoang tse nang le mafura a mangata, tse phahamisang maemo a "insulin" a tsoang kantle ho "insulin", a qhekelloa. Kamora nako, insulin ea VTA e fokotsa boitšoaro bo lebelletseng ho litoeba, le CPP bakeng sa lijo ho likhoto. Phuputso ena e hlahisa bothata bo khahlisang mabapi le hore na insulin e ka fetola moputso oa potoloho ea moputso joang, mme e fana ka tlhahiso ea mofuta o mocha oa "insulin" e kentsoeng polasetiki ea synaptic ho li-neurons tsa VTA DA (Labouèbe et al., 2013).

Mosebetsi ona o ne o tšehelitsoe ke thuso ea National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) e tšehelitsoeng ke mmuso oa Korea (MSIP; Che. 2011-0015678, No. 2012-0005303), MSIP: Lekala la Saense, ICT le Moralo oa Bokamoso le thuso ea Morero oa R&D oa Theknoloji ea Bophelo ea Korea (A111776) ho tsoa Lefapheng la Bophelo le Boiketlo, Rephabliki ea Korea.

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