Ho tloaela ho amohela phetoho ea mesolimbic le mesocortical dopamine ho latsoa litlhahiso (2014)

Front integrated Neurosci. 2014 Mar 4; 8: 21. Doi: 10.3389 / fnint.2014.00021. eCollection 2014.

inahaneloang

Ho hlahisoa ha litakatso tsa nalane, e makatsang, ebile e sa lebelloang e eketsa phetisetso ea dopamine (DA) libakeng tse fapaneng tsa terminal tsa DA joalo ka khetla ea nucleus accumbens (NAc) le konopo le medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), joalo ka ha ho hakantsoe ke Ka vivo lithuto tsa Microdialysis ho likhoto. Phello ena e tsamaisoa le melaoana e tataisang, kaha ho na le phokotseho ea karabelo ea DA kamora ho pepesehela tatso e le 'ngoe pele. Ketsahalo ena eo ho thoeng ke sebaka sa bolulo e hlalositsoe e le e ikhethang molemong oa NAc khetla empa eseng ho phetoa ha NAc konokono le mPFC DA. Motheong ona, ho bile le tlhahiso ea hore likhoutu tsa DA tsa mPFC bakeng sa boleng bo susumetsang ba tšusumetso 'moho, hammoho le NAc mantlha ea DA, e tsamaisana hantle le karolo ho bonts'a tšusumetso. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, NAc shell DA e entsoe ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ke litakatso tse sa tloaelehang kapa tse nyane tsa meputso, mme e ka sebeletsa ho hokahanya likarolo tsa maikutlo tsa khothalletso e ntle le phello ea eona ea tlhaho (Bassareo etal., 2002; Di Chiara etal., 2004). Haholo-holo, ho lula ha karabelo ea DA litakatsong tse monate kapa tse babang ha ho amahanngoe le phokotso ea maikutlo a tatso ea hedonic kapa aversives, ka hona ho supa hore ho lula ntlong ho sa amanngoe le ho satiety kapa ho nyahlatsoa ha DAI. Tlhahlobo ena e nyane e hlalosa maemo a itseng a ho sitisoa ha tikoloho ea NAc shell DA karabelo.De Luca etal., 2011; Bimpisidis etal., 2013). Ka ho khetheha, re hlokometse ho felisoa ha sebaka sa NAc sa khokahano sa DA ho chokolete (tatso e monate) ka morphine sensitization le mPFC 6-hydroxy-dopamine hydrochloride (6-OHDA) lesion. Ntle le moo, maikutlo a morphine a ne a amana le ponahalo ea bolulo ho mPFC, le karabelo e eketsehang le e liehang ea NAc ea mantlha ea DA ho latsoa litlelabung tse se nang thuso, empa eseng liphoofolong tse pepesitsoeng. Liphetho tse hlalositsoeng mona li hlakisa mochine oa ntho e tloahelehileng ea phetisetso ea mesolimbic le mesocortical DA, le karolo ea eona ea ho tšoaea ho hloka kotlolloho maemong a ikhethang joalo ka ho lemalla.

Keywords: habituation, dopamine, nucleus accumbens, methapo ea methapo e tlang pele ho nako, tatso ea tatso,

SELELEKELA

Metheo ea mantlha e khothatsang, e ntle le e mpe, hangata e ahloloa ke ts'ebetso ea li-neuron tsa dopamine (DA) sebakeng sa ventral tegmental sebakeng (VTA) le lipehelo tsa bona tsa lefu, tse kang li-nucleus accumbens (NAc) le medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) . Likarolong tsena tsa lefu la ho qetela, DA e arabela litabatong tsa maikutlo kapa tse nyarosang ka mokhoa o fapaneng ho latela lintlha tse ikhethang tse kang khothaletso ea valence, tšusumetso ea maikutlo a khothaletso, litlatsetso tse ikhethileng tsa neuron ea DA, libaka tse fapaneng tsa thuto tse ithutoang, le mekhoa e sebelisitsoeng ho sibolla DA (mohlala, microdialysis vs. voltammetry; Fibiger le Phillips, 1988; Di Chiara, 1995; Westerink, 1995; Berridge le Robinson, 1998; Schultz, 1998; Redgrave et al., 1999; Di Chiara et al., 2004; Aragona et al., 2009; Lammel et al., 2012; McCutcheon et al., 2012).

Kamano e tobileng pakeng tsa sephethephethe se susumetsang le sephetho sa eona ho karabelo ea phetiso ea DA e ananeloa haholo ke Ka vivo lithuto tsa Microbalalysis ka har'a libaka tse tharo tse fapaneng tsa terminal ea DA: khetla ea NAc, NAc ea mantlha, le mPFC (Bassareo le Di Chiara, 1999; Bassareo et al., 2002). Haholo-holo ho hlokometsoe hore ho pepesetsoa meputso ea tlhaho (mohlala, lijo tse fumanehang habonolo) le litabatabelo tsa lijo tse hlasimolohileng (tse monate le tse bohloko) li eketsa phetisetso ea DA ka khetla ea NAc le mantlha le ho mPFC ea likhoto tse sa hlokeng lijo. Khetla ea NAc, empa eseng ho mantlha ea NAc kapa mPFC, karabelo ena e tsoa tlhahisong e khahlisang kamora ho pepesehela tatso / lijo tse le 'ngoe pele. Karabelo ena e fokotsa ho latela ts'usumetso e etsahalang khafetsa, 'me e reoa sebaka sa bolulo (Thompson le Spencer, 1966; Cohen et al., 1997; Rankin et al., 2009). Khetla ea NAc, mokhoa oa ho fumana meputso ea tlhaho ke mokhoa o ikhethang, 'me o khutlisoa ka lebaka la lijo tsa liphoofolo le ho fetoloa ka tlhahiso ea mekhoa e amanang le ts'usumetso (Bassareo le Di Chiara, 1999). Litlhahlobo tsena li bonts'a hore NAc khetla ea DA e hlahisoa ke takatso e sa rateheng ea litakatso ha DA ho likh'outu tsa MPFC tsa boleng bo ikemetseng ba boikemisetso ntle le ts'usumetso ea valence. Ntle le moo, sena se tiisa karolo ea NAc shell DA le sebaka sa eona thutong e kopaneng (Bassareo et al., 2002; Di Chiara et al., 2004).

Ho fapana le moo, mokhoa oa karabelo oa DA ha o teng kamora ho pepesetsoa lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso khafetsa (mohlala, nicotine, opiates, psychostimulants, cannabinoids), tse khethang pele li susumetsa phetiso ea DA ka khetla ea NAc ha e bapisoa le NAc mantlha (Pontieri et al., 1995,1996; Tanda et al., 1997). Leha ho le joalo, ts'ebeliso ea Ka vivo voltammetry ke li-lab tse ling li bonts'itse liphetoho tse fapaneng le tse ikhethileng tsa tikoloho mahlakoreng a mahlakore a DA ka karabelo ea takatso e matla le e sa laeloang ea takatso ea lijo kapa kamora ho ts'oara koae (Aragona et al., 2009; Brown et al., 2011; Badrinarayan et al., 2012).

Tlhahlobo ena e hlalosa bopaki ba liteko ba tšitiso ea ho lula ha sebaka sa NAc shell karabelo ea DA ho susumetso e susumetsang. ka vivo, le ka maemo a ikhethileng a ka kenyang liphetoho tsena tsa bohlokoa. Lintlha tse fanoeng mona li hlakisa karolo ea DA lithutong tsa ho ithuta le tsa hedonic.

TLHOKOMELISO HO FIHLELA HO FIHLELA MESOLIMBIC LE MESOCORTICAL DOPAMINE RESPONSIVESES TO TASTE STIMULI

Tsamaiso ea Morphine e eketsa phetiso ea DA tsamaisong ea mesolimbic, joalo ka ha e hakantsoe ke Ka vivo ts'ebetso ea microsalysis (Di Chiara le Imperato, 1988; Pontieri et al., 1996). Liprotheine tse ikhethang tsa liteko tsa ho pepesetsoa khafetsa ho morphine li hlahisitse maikutlo.

Kameho ea maikutlo a morphine ho bolulo ba karabelo ea phetiso ea DA ho kenyelletso e le 'ngoe ea tlhaiso-leseling, e makatsang le e sa lebelloang ea tatso e sekasekiloe (De Luca et al., 2011). Bakeng sa ho susumetsa maikutlo a boits'oaro le a biochemical, protocol e emisitsoeng ke Cadoni le Di Chiara (1999) e sebelisitsoe. Kahoo, likhoto li ne li fanoa habeli ka letsatsi matsatsi a mararo a latellanang ka litekanyetso tse ntseng li eketseha tsa morphine (10, 20, 40 mg / kg sc) kapa saline. Kamora matsatsi a 15 a ho tlosoa, likhoto li ile tsa fanoa ka tekanyo e nepahetseng ea tharollo ea chokolete e monate ka ho kenella ka hare ho cannula (1 ml / 5 min, io) nakong ea seboka sa Microdialysis bakeng sa NAc shell, mantlha le mPFC dialysate DA.

Sephetho sa rona sa mantlha e ne e le hore maikutlo a ho hlasimolla le chokolete e sa bonahaleng a hlahisa tšusumetso ho karabelo ea phetiso ea DA mabapi le karohano e ikhethileng ea sisteme ea mesocorticolimbic DA. Figure Figure11 e bonts'a phello ea maikutlo a morphine ho karabelo ea likhetla tsa NAc le mantlha le mPFC DA ho chokolete e monate ea kahare ho likhoto tse sa naeloang le tsa chokolete tse senotsoeng pele. Re tlalehetse hore ho pepesetsoa chokolete e hlahisang liphetoho tse fapaneng phetisong ea DA mPFC le khetla ea NAc (De Luca et al., 2011). Ebile, ponahalo e sa lebelloang ea ho lula kahare ho ts'ebetso ea mPFC DA ho latsoa tatso e ne e tsamaisana le tahlehelo ea bolulo ka mokokotlong oa NAc. Ntle le moo, maikutlo a morphine a ne a amahanngoa le ho eketseha le ho lieha (50-110 min kamora chokolete) karabelo ea NAc ea mantlha ea DA ho latsoa litatsong tse sa nahaneng ha keketseho e potlakileng ea DA e bonoa liphoofolong tse senotsoeng pele. Liphetho tse tšoanang li fumanoe ka tšusumetso e matla (De Luca et al., 2011). Ntle le moo, le ha maikutlo a morphine a amahanngoa le liphetoho tse telele tsa ts'ebetso ea mesolimbic le mesocortical DA ho latsoa tšusumetso, liphetoho lipuisanong tsa tatso ea boits'oaro li ntse li fokola. Bopaki ba morao-rao bo tšehetsa khopolo-taba ea hore tatso-hedonia ha ea itšetleha ka DA (Berridge le Robinson, 1998), ka hona keketseho ea phetisetso ea DA libakeng tsena tsa boko e ka hlaha ho tsoa ho susumetso mme eseng ho tsoa maikutlong a maikutlo kapa a hedonic a tatso (Bassareo le Di Chiara, 1999; Bassareo et al., 2002).

Tšoantšiso 1 

Kameho ea ho pepesetsoa chokolete ea 24-h pele ho chokolete (C, 1 ml / 5 min, io) ho NAc khetla le konokono le mPFC e daela DA ka morphine e lemositsoeng kapa ho laola likhoto. Liphetho li bonts'oa joalo ka mean SEM ea phetoho maemong a DA a tsoang kantle ho naha e hlahisitsoeng e le liperesente ...

Libaka tsohle tsa terminal tsa DA tse ithutileng li bonts'itse liphetoho moahong (ke hore, phello e khahlano le ponahalo), e ka bang le tšusumetso e matla le ho ithuta. Haholo-holo, ts'ebetso ea karabelo ea mPFC DA ho tsokolate e hlahisa NAc khetla ea DA ho thibelo, ka ho etsa joalo e khaola ho lula ntlong e le 'ngoe ea teko ea DA. Tlas'a maemo ana, ho ka tsamaisoa mekhoa e phetoang khafetsa mabapi le tšusumetso.

TLHOKOMELISO EA MPFC DOPAMINE TERMINALS E BONAHATSA PUSELETSO EA MESOLIMBIC DOPAMINE RESPONSIVENESS TO TASTE STIMULI

Bokong bo hlakileng, mPFC DA e laola ka nepo ts'ebetso ea libaka tse tlase tsa DA tse kenyellelitsoeng moputsong le tšusumetsong ka tšebelisano e rarahaneng ea libaka tse ngata tse fapaneng tse kahare ho PFC (Murase et al., 1993; Taber le Fibiger, 1995; Kennerley le Walton, 2011). Taolo e joalo e fetoloa ke li-receptor tsa DA ho mPFC (Louilot et al., 1989; Jaskiw et al., 1991; Vezina et al., 1991; Lacroix et al., 2000). MPFC DA e etsa mesebetsi e hlokolosi (Li-Seamans le Yang, 2004), taolo ea maikutlo (Sullivan, 2004), mohopolo oa ho sebetsa (Khan le Muly, 2011) le lits'ebetso tsa botsamaisi tse kang ho hlophisa koloi, taolo ea karabo e thibelang maikutlo le tlhokomelo e tsitsitseng (Fibiger le Phillips, 1988; Granon et al., 2000; Robbins, 2002).

Haufinyane tjena re ithutile ka phello ea lesapo la mPFC 6-OHDA leqhepheng la NAc le karabelo ea mantlha ea DA ho chokolete e litoebeng tse sa nahaneng le tsa chokolete. Litaba tse kopaneng tsa 6-OHDA tse peli ho mPFC li fetola boikarabello ba NAc DA ho susumetso ea ts'ebetso e tsamaisoang ke catheter ea methapo. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe Figure Figure22, re hlokometse hore ho NAc khetla ea lithuto tse se nang thuso lesion ha e fetole karabelo ea DA ho chokolete e kenang. Leha ho le joalo, lesion of termeals ea mPFC DA e hlahisitse keketseho e phahameng, e liehang, le nako e telele ea DA ho mantlha ea NAc ho arabela ts'usumetso ea tatso ea takatso. Ho lithuto tse boletsoeng esale pele, lesapo ha lea ka la ama karabo ea mantlha ea DA ho chokolete ha e ntse e hlakola teko e le 'ngoe ea karabo ea DA ea tatso ea NAc ho tatso e monate. Kamora ho ruruha ha lesapo la DA, phello ea boleng ba tatso ea hedonic kapa ts'ebetso ea makoloi e se e bonoe (Bimpisidis et al., 2013).

Tšoantšiso 2 

Kameho ea ho pepesetsoa chokolete ea 24-h pele ho chokolete (C, 1 ml / 5 min, io) ho NAc shell le ho daela mantlha DA ho 6-OHDA e bontšitsoeng mPFC kapa ho laola likhoto. Liphetho li bonts'oa joalo ka mean SEM ea phetoho maemong a DA a tsoang kantle ho naha e hlahisitsoeng e le liperesente ...

Maikutlo ana a ka supa hore taolo ea mPFC ea DA ea karabelo ea DA libakeng tse sa tsamaeang ka ho fapana e fapana ho latela sebaka se ithutileng. Ntle le moo, libaka tse fapaneng tsa mPFC (mohlala, prelimbic, infralimbic) li na le lipalo tse fapaneng tsa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa NAc. Ka hona, khetla ea NAc, e fumanehang haholo sebakeng sa infralimbic, kamano ea cortical-subcortical e ka sebetsa ka tsela e fapaneng le eo ea mantlha ea NAc.

Sena se tsamaisana le karabelo e fapaneng ea karabo ea NAc le motheo oa DA ho susumetsa maemo le maemo (Di Chiara et al., 2004; Di Chiara le Bassareo, 2007; Aragona et al., 2009; Corbit le Balleine, 2011; Cacciapaglia et al., 2012).

QETELLO

Liphetho tsa liteko tse hlalositsoeng mona li ka thusa ho hlalosa, ka karolo e itseng, ke hobaneng mabaka a bohloko a PFC hangata a thusa nts'etsopele ea mathata a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (Delmonico et al., 1998). Ka hona, tšitiso ea mesebetsi ea PFC e hlaha kamora maemo a bohloko a mabeli (Bechara le Van Der Linden, 2005) le nalane ea bokhoba ba lithethefatsi (Van den Oever et al., 2010; Goldstein le Volkow, 2011). Lintlha tsa rona li boetse li fana ka maikutlo a amanang pakeng tsa karabelo ea NAc DA ho pepesehela khafetsa khothatsong e susumetsang le taolo ea ts'ebetso ea eona ke mPFC DA. Sena se bolela mPFC karolo ea bohlokoa ho sebetsaneng ka tlasa kelello, e ka hlahang mehatong e fapaneng ea tahi ea lithethefatsi. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, mPFC e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho sebetsaneng ka tlasa kelello, e ka hlahang mehatong e fapaneng ea bokhoba ba lithethefatsi. Boithuto bo bong bo bonts'a ho kenya letsoho ka kotloloho ho ts'ebetso ea mPFC ho ho lemeng.Schenk et al., 1991; Weissenborn et al., 1997; Bolla et al., 2003), ho batla lithethefatsi, ho lakatsa le ho khutla, e amanang le lithethefatsi tse nkiloeng ke batho kapa liphoofolo (Kalivas le Volkow, 2005).

Ho makatsang ke hore re fumane ho tšoana lipakeng tsa phello ea khafetsa ea morphine le likhetho tsa mPFC tsa DA tse ikhethileng phetisong ea DA ka karabelo ea tšusumetso ea tatso e susumetsoang ka kotloloho le mokokotlong oa NAc. Leha ho le joalo, khokahano ena e bonahala e le teng feela kamora taolo ea nako e telele ea lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, joalo ka ha tlhahiso e le 'ngoe ea lithethefatsi e sa ka ea ntlafatsa mokhoa oa ho lula ka hara khetla ea NAc (De Luca et al., 2012). Ntle le moo, ho ba sieo ha kamano pakeng tsa ho lula ha DA le tatso ea tatso hape (Berridge, 2000; Bassareo et al., 2002; De Luca et al., 2012) e netefalitsoe.

Ka bokhutšoanyane, maemo a tobileng a lebisang ho felisoe ha bolulo bo bontšitsoeng mosebetsing ona a hlakisa moelelo oa phello ea phetoho ea phetisetso ea mesolimbic le mesocortical DA. Habituation hangata e ba teng ka mokokotlong oa NAc, empa eseng ho NAc konokono kapa mPFC, mme e busoa ke phetisetso e tiileng ea DA kahare ho mPFC. Le ha ho le joalo, ponahalo ea ho lula kahara mPFC e ka nkoa e le sesupo sa ho se sebetse hantle ha mPFC bokhoni ba eona ba ho thibela mesebetsi ea bohlokoa ea subcortical. Sena se ka fella ka tšusumetso e fetelletseng ea liketso tse sa lokang tse tsoang ho tahlehelo e hlakileng ea taolo ea tšusumetso. Qetellong, leha ho le bohlokoa, ho ka nahanoa ka bolulo ba NAc DA ka bobeli e le lets'oao la ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le boikarabello ba eona.

Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso

Sengoli se phatlalatsa hore lipatlisiso li entsoe kamora ho se be le kamano efe kapa efe ea khoebo kapa ea lichelete e ka nkuoang e le khohlano e ka bang teng ea phaello.

lumela hore baa fokola

Mosebetsi ona o tšehelitsoe ka thuso ke Fondazione Banco di Sardegna, le RAS LR 7, 2007. Sengoli se rata ho leboha Mme Tonka Ivanisevic bakeng sa thuso ka tokiso ea buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho.

khutsufalitsoeng

  • C
  • tsokolate
  • DA
  • dopamine
  • io
  • kahare
  • mPFC
  • khetho ea lipere tsa libaka
  • NAc
  • nucleus accumbens
  • 6-OHDA
  • 6-hydroxy-dopamine hydrochloride
  • sc
  • ka tsela e poteletseng
  • VTA
  • sebaka sa ventral tegmental

LITLHAHISO

  • Aragona BJ, Day JJ, Roitman MF, Cleaveland NA, Wightman RM, Carelli RM (2009). Ho khetheha ha tikoloho ho nts'etsopele ea nako ea 'nete ea phasic dopamine phetisetso ea nako nakong ea ho fumana mokhatlo oa cue-cocaine ho likhoto. EUR. J. Neurosci. 30 1889–189910.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.07027.x [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Badrinarayan A., Wescott SA, Vander Weele CM, Saunders BT, Couturier BE, Maren S., et al. (2012). Li-stivuli tse fetolang ka mokhoa o fapaneng li fetoha ka nako ea sebele ea matla a phetisetso ea dopamine kahare ho nucleus e bokella mantlha le khetla. J. Neurosci. 7 15779–1579010.1523/JNEUROSCI.3557-12.2012 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Bassareo V., De Luca M. A, Di Chiara G. (2002). Polelo e fapaneng ea thepa ea susumetso e susumetsang ka dopamine ho li-nucleus e bokella li-shell khahlanong le cortex ea mantlha le ea pele. J. Neurosci. 22 4709-4719 [E fetotsoe]
  • Bassareo V, Di Chiara G. (1999). Modulation ea phepelo e matlafatsang ea phetisetso ea phetisetso ea mesolimbic dopamine ka takatso ea takatso ea takatso le kamano ea eona le boemo bo susumetsang. EUR. J. Neurosci. 11 4389–439710.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00843.x [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Bechara A, Van Der Linden M. (2005). Ho etsa liqeto le ho susumetsa taolo kamora ho tsoa likotsi tsa lobe ea pele. Borr. Opin. Neurol. 18 734–73910.1097/01.wco.0000194141.56429.3c [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Berridge KC (2000). Ho lekanya phello ea hedonic liphoofolong le masea: sebopeho sa mekhahlelo ea tatso e amanang le tatso. Neurosci. Biobehav. Tšen. 24 173–19810.1016/S0149-7634(99)00072-X [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Berridge KC, Robinson TE (1998). Karolo ea dopamine moputsong ke efe: tšusumetso ea hedonic, ho ithuta ka moputso, kapa ho hlohlona? Brain Res. Brain Res. Tšen. 28 309–36910.1016/S0165-0173(98)00019-8 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Bimpisidis Z., De Luca MA, Pisanu A, Di Chiara G. (2013). Lesion ea lits'oants'o tsa dopamine tsa medial pele ho dopamine li felisa ho lula ha li-reactionbens tsa khetla ea dopamine ho latsoa tšusumetso. EUR. J. Neurosci. 37 613-62210.1111 / ejn.12068 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Bolla KI, Eldreth DA, London ED, Kiehl KA, Mouratidis M., Contoreggi C., et al. (2003). Ho hlekefetsoa ha cortex ea Orbitof Pambal ho ba hlekefetsang ba koahelang koae ho etsa mosebetsi oa ho etsa liqeto. Nako ea mokokotlo 19 1085–109410.1016/S1053-8119(03)00113-7 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Brown HD, McCutcheon JE, Cone JJ, Ragozzino ME, Roitman MF (2011). Moputso oa mantlha oa lijo le sepheo sa ho etsa moputso esale pele li tsosa mekhoa e fapaneng ea phasic dopamine e bontšang ho theosa le striatum. EUR. J. Neurosci. 34 1997–200610.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07914.x [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Cacciapaglia F., MP ea Saddoris, Wightman RM, Carelli RM (2012). Phapang ea dopamine e lokollang matla a khoheli e bokellla motheo le boitšoaro bo ikhethileng ba boitšoaro bo tataisoang ke sepheo bakeng sa ho ikemela. Neuropharmacology 62 2050-205610.1016 / j.neuropharm.2011.12.027 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Cadoni C, Di Chiara G. (1999). Liphetoho tse bang teng phetong ea dopamine ka mokokotlong li bokellana khetla le konokono le mokokotlong oa dorsal caudate-putamen ka likhoto tse hlokomelisitsoeng morphine. Khopolo-taba 90 447–45510.1016/S0306-4522(98)00466-7 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Cohen TE, Kaplan SW, Kandel ER, Hawkins RD (1997). Tokiso e nolofalitsoeng ea ho amana le liketsahalo tsa selula ka boits'oaro: mekhoa e tlatselletsang ho aheng, ho jeng sejana le ho hlasimolla maikutlo a Aplysia gill-draal Reflex. J. Neurosci. 17 2886-2899 [E fetotsoe]
  • Corbit LH, Balleine BW (2011). Mefuta e akaretsang le e tobileng ea sephetho sa phetiso ea tumellano ea Pavlovian e arohantsoe ka mokhoa o fapaneng le khubu ea nucleus e bokellanang mantlha le khetla. J. Neurosci. 31 11786–1179410.1523/JNEUROSCI.2711-11.2011 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Delmonico RL, Hanley-Peterson P., Englander J. (1998). Psychotherapy ea sehlopha bakeng sa batho ba nang le likotsi tse bohloko tsa boko: taolo ea pherekano le tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi. J. Hlooho ea Trauma Regency. 13 10–2210.1097/00001199-199812000-00004 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • De Luca MA, Bimpisidis Z., Bassareo V, Di Chiara G. (2011). Tšusumetso ea maikutlo a morphine mabapi le karabelo ea phetisetso ea mesolimbic le mesocortical dopamine ho takatso ea takatso le boiphetetso ba maikutlo. Psychopharmacology 216 345–35310.1007/s00213-011-2220-9 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • De Luca MA, Solinas M., Bimpisidis Z., Goldberg S. R, Di Chiara G. (2012). Cannabinoid tataiso ea likarabo tsa tatso ea boitšoaro le tatso ea biochemical hedonic. Neuropharmacology 63 161-16810.1016 / j.neuropharm.2011.10.018 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Di Chiara G. (1995). Karolo ea dopamine ts'ebelisong e mpe ea lithethefatsi e shebiloeng ho tloha ka pono ea karolo ea eona ho susumetso. Tšebeliso ea Lithethefatsi e Tšepahala. 38 15510.1016/0376-8716(95)01164-T [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Di Chiara G., Bassareo V. (2007). Sistimi ea moputso le boko: seo dopamine e se etsang le se sa se etseng. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 7 69-7610.1016 / j.coph.2006.11.003 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Di Chiara G., Bassareo V., Fenu S., De Luca MA, Spina L., Cadoni C., et al. (2004). Dopamine le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi: li-nucleus li bokella khokahano ea khetla. Neuropharmacology 47 227-24110.1016 / j.neuropharm.2004.06.032 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Di Chiara G., Imperato A. (1988). Lithethefatsi tse hlekefetsoang ke batho ka mokhoa o ikhethileng li eketsa li-synaptic dopamine ho tse ling tsamaisong ea mesolimbic ea likhoto tse tsamaeang ka bolokolohi. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. usa 85 5274-527810.1073 / pnas.85.14.5274 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Fibiger HC, Phillips AG (1988). Sisteme ea Mesocorticolimbic dopamine le moputso. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 537 206–21510.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb42107.x [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Goldstein RZ, Volkow ND (2011). Ho felloa ke matla ha cortex ea pele ho tšenyo: litlamorao tsa neuroimaging le litlamorao tsa tleleniki. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 12 652-66910.1038 / nrn3119 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Granon S., Passetti F., Thomas KL, Dalley JW, Everitt BJ, Robbins TW (2000). Ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng le e senyehileng ea ts'ebetso ka mor'a ho kenngoa ha li-receptor tsa D1 dopaminergic receptor ho rat prefrontal cortex. J. Neurosci. 20 1208-1215 [E fetotsoe]
  • Jaskiw GE, Weinberger DR, Crawley JN (1991). Microinjection ea apomorphine e kahara cortex ea pele ea lere e fokotsa ho tsepamisa mohopolo ho dopamine metabolite ho micodialysate e tsoang moqoqong oa caudate. Biol. Psychiatry 29 703–70610.1016/0006-3223(91)90144-B [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Kalivas PW, Volkow ND (2005). Motheo oa bokhoba ba ho lemalla: mokhoa oa tšusumetso le khetho. Am. J. Psychiatry 162 1403-141310.1176 / appi.ajp.162.8.1403 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Kennerley SW, Walton ME (2011). Ho etsa liqeto le moputso ho cortex ea ka pele: Bopaki bo tlatselletsang bo tsoang lipatlisisong tsa neurophysiological le neuropsychological. Behav. Neurosci. 125 297-31710.1037 / a0023575 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Khan ZU, Muly EC (2011). Mechine ea limolek'hule tsa memori e sebetsang. Behav. Resin ea Boko. 219 329-34110.1016 / j.bbr.2010.12.039 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Lacroix L., Broersen LM, Feldon J., Weiner I. (2000). Litlamorao tsa infusions ea lehae ea lithethefatsi tsa dopaminergic kahara methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ho lithibelo tsa morao-rao, tšitiso ea pele le ts'usumetso e mpe ea amphetamine. Behav. Resin ea Boko. 107 111–12110.1016/S0166-4328(99)00118-7 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Lammel S., Lim BK, Ran C., Huang KW, Betley MJ, Tye KM, et al. (2012). Ts'ebetso e ikhethileng ea moputso le bokhopo sebakeng sa kotloloho ea mocheso. Nature 491 212-21710.1038 / nature11527 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Louilot A., Le Moal M., Simon H. (1989). Litlhaselo tse hanyetsanang tsa litseleng tsa dopaminergic tseleng ea pele ho cortex kapa septum ho phetisetso ea dopaminergic ho li-nucleus accumbens. An Ka vivo boithuto ba voltammetric. Khopolo-taba 29 45–5610.1016/0306-4522(89)90331-X [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • McCutcheon JE, Ebner SR, Loriaux AL, Roitman MF (2012). Ho kenyelletsa ho hlohlelletsoa ke dopamine le li-nucleus tsa li-nucleus. Ka pele. Neurosci. 6: 137 10.3389 / fnins.2012.00137 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Murase S., Grenhoff J., Chouvet G., Gonon GG, Svensson TH (1993). Preortal cortex e laola ho phatloha ho hoholo le ho fetisoa ha lithuto tsa "mes mesimbimbic dopamine neurons" Ka vivo. Neurosci. Lett. 157 53–5610.1016/0304-3940(93)90641-W [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Pontieri FE, Tanda G, Di Chiara G. (1995). K'hok'heine ea "intravenous" cocaine, morphine le amphetamine ka ho khetheha li eketsa "dopamine" ea "extracellular" dopamine ha e bapisoa le "konopo" ea "konokono" ea "rat". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. usa 92 12304-1230810.1073 / pnas.92.26.12304 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Pontieri FE, Tanda G., Orzi F, Di Chiara G. (1996). Litla-morao tsa nicotine ho li-nucleus li bokellanang le ho tšoana le lithethefatsi tse lemalloang. Nature 382 255–25710.1038/382255a0 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Rankin CH, Abrams T., Barry RJ, Bhatnagar S., Clayton DF, Colombo J. (2009). Tloaelo e ntlafalitsoeng: Tlhaloso e ntlafalitsoeng le e ntlafalitsoeng ea litšobotsi tsa boitšoaro ba ho lula ntlong. Neurobiol. Ithute. Mem. 92 135-13810.1016 / j.nlm.2008.09.012 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Redgrave P., Prescott TJ, Gurney K. (1999). Na karabelo e khutšoane ea "dopamine" e khutšoanyane haholo hore e tšoaee phoso ea moputso? Trends Neurosci. 22 146–15110.1016/S0166-2236(98)01373-3 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Robbins TW (2002). Ts'ebetso ea nako ea 5-khetho ea serial reaction: pharmacology ea boitšoaro le ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kutlo. Psychopharmacology 163 362–38010.1007/s00213-002-1154-7 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Schenk S., Horger BA, Peltier R., Shelton K. (1991). Supersensitivity ho litlamorao tse matlafatsang tsa koae ka ho latela li-6-hydroxydopamine lesions ho cortex ea medial prefrontal in rats. Resin ea Boko. 543 227–23510.1016/0006-8993(91)90032-Q [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Schultz W. (1998). Pontšo ea moputso e boletsoeng esale pele ea li-neurone tsa dopamine. J. Neurophysiol. 80 1-27 [E fetotsoe]
  • Seamans JK, Yang CR (2004). Likarolo tse kholo le mekhoa ea ho feto-fetoha ha dopamine ka cortex ea pele. Prog. Neurobiol. 74 1-5810.1016 / j.pneurobio.2004.05.006 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Sullivan RM (2004). Hemispheric asymmetry ts'ebetsong ea khatello ea maikutlo ho rat prefrontal cortex le karolo ea mesocortical dopamine. Khatello ea Kelello 7 131-14310.1080 / 102538900410001679310 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Taber MT, Fibiger HC (1995). Matla a motlakase a cortex ea pele-pele e eketsa tlhahiso ea dopamine ka har'a li-nucleus tse bokelletsoeng ka molekong: modumo ke li-receptors tsa metabotropic glutamate. J. Neurosci. 15 3896-3904 [E fetotsoe]
  • Tanda G., Pontieri F. E, Di Chiara G. (1997). Cannabinoid le ts'ebetso ea heroin ea phetisetso ea mesolimbic dopamine ka mochine o tloaelehileng oa μ1 opioid receptor. Science 276 2048-205010.1126 / science.276.5321.2048 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Thompson RF, Spencer WA (1966). Habituation: ketsahalo ea mohlala bakeng sa boithuto ba methapo ea kutlo ea neuronal. Psychol. Tšen. 73 16-4310.1037 / h0022681 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Van den Oever MC, Spijker S., Smit A. B, De Vries TJ (2010). Mehato ea pele ea kotloloho ea cortex ho sebeliseng lithethefatsi le ho oela hape. Neurosci. Biobehav. Tšen. 35 276-28410.1016 / j.neubiorev.2009.11.016 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Vezina P., Blanc G., Glowinski J., Tassin JP (1991). Liphello tse hanyetsitsoeng tsa boitšoaro ba phetisetso ea dopamine e eketsehang libakeng tse khethiloeng le tsa subcortical: karolo ea li-receptor tsa dopamine tsa cortical D-1. EUR. J. Neurosci. 10 1001–100710.1111/j.1460-9568.1991.tb00036.x [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Weissenborn R., Robbins TW, Everitt BJ (1997). Litlamorao tsa kalafo ea methapo ea methapo kapa ea pele ea cingrate cortex ha motho a arabela k'hok'heine e le ka tlase ho karolelano ea nako le litekanyetso tsa tatellano ea tatellano ea likhoto. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 134 242-25710.1007 / s002130050447 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]
  • Westerink BH (1995). Brain microdialysis le ts'ebeliso ea eona bakeng sa boithuto ba boitšoaro ba liphoofolo. Behav. Resin ea Boko. 70 103–124 10.1016/0166-4328(95)80001-8 [E fetotsoe] [Ref Ref Cross]