Karolo ea nucleus accumbens le rostral anterior cingulate cortex ka anhedonia: Kopano ea EEG, fMRI, le mekhoa ea boithaopo (2009)

Nako ea mokokotlo. 2009 May 15; 46 (1): 327-37. Doi: 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2009.01.058. Epub 2009 Feb 6.

Jan Wacker,1,2 Daniel G. Dillon,2 'me Diego A. Pizzagalli2

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Eya ho:

inahaneloang

Anhedonia, tekanyo e fokotsehileng ea ho natefeloa, ke tšepiso e ts'episang ea monyetla oa ho ba kotsing ea mafu a kelello, ho kenyeletsa khatello ea maikutlo le lefu la kelello. Phuputsong e teng hona joale, re sebelisitse phomolo ea "electroencephalogram", ts'ebetso ea ho lekola maqhubu a matla, le tlhahlobo ea volumetric ho netefatsa likamano lipakeng tsa anhedonia le phapang ea motho ka mong linthong tsa bohlokoa tsa tsamaiso ea moputso oa boko ho sampole eo e seng ea bongaka. Re fumane hore anhedonia, empa eseng matšoao a mang a ho tepella maikutlo kapa ho tšoenyeha, e ne e hokahanngoa le likarabo tse fokotsang tsa khutso ea (nucleoc) (NAcc) meputsong (moputso mosebetsing oa ho lieha ho potlakisa), e fokolitse palo ea NAcc, mme ea eketseha ea ho phomola hoa delta hona joale (ke hore e fokotsehile. ts'ebetso ea ho phomola) ho rostral anterior cingrate cortex (rACC), sebaka seo pele se neng se entsoe ka boiphihlelo bo botle ba subjective. Ntle le moo, likarabo tsa moputso oa NAcc li ne li hokahanngoa le ts'ebetso ea restaine ea RACC, ho ts'ehetsa maikutlo a hore delta e ka amana ka molao le ts'ebetso ea potoloho ea moputso oa boko. Ha li kopana hammoho, liphetho tsena li thusa ho hlakisa motheo oa nehedonia le ho matlafatsa khang ea anhedonia e le mofuta oa endophenotype oa khatello ea maikutlo.

Keywords: khatello ea maikutlo, anhedonia, striatum, moputso, cortex ea anterior

Eya ho:

Selelekela

Litsebi tsa thuto ea pele li khothalelitse hore anhedonia, tekanyo e fokotsehileng ea ho natefeloa, e ka ba sesosa sa ho ba le mathata a mafu a kelello, ho kenyeletsoa le Major Depression Disorder (MDD) le schizophrenia (mohlala, Meehl, 1975; Rado, 1956). Tumellanong le maikutlo ana, anhedonia hajoale e nkoa e le mofuta o ts'episang oa MDD, hobane ke letšoao la pherekano empa e bonahala e le bobebe, e hlakisoa habonolo, hape e hokahane le ho se sebetse ho potoloha ha moputso, e ntseng e eketseha hantle. utloisisa (Hasler et al., 2004; Pizzagalli le al., 2005). Ka hona, tlhaiso-leseling e amanang le neural ea anhedonia e ka fana ka leseli la bohlokoa ho pathophysiology le etiology ea mafu a kelello 'me qetellong e ka lumella ho khetholloa ha batho ba kotsing e kholo.

Lits'ebetso tsa neural tse tlisoang ke moputso le nyakallo esale e le ntho e hlahlobiloeng ke saense (bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea morao-rao. Bona Berridge le Kringelbach, 2008). Ho qala ho tsoa lithutong tsa pele tsa boithati tse lithutong tse entsoeng ke Olds and Milner (1954), 'mele o moholo oa mosebetsi oa liphoofolo o totobalitse karolo ea mesocorticolimbic pathways ho ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso le boiphihlelo ba thabo. Le pele ho qaleha ha mekhoa ea sejoale-joale ea ho hlasela, Heath (1972) e bonts'itse hore ts'ebetso ea libaka tsena e na le litlamorao tse matla, tse khothatsang ho batho ka ho ngola boitlhathatso bo matla ho mokuli ea kentsoeng ka li-electrodes sebakeng sa dopamine-rich mesolimbic septum / nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Haufinyane tjena, lithuto tsa "imagiconon imaging" (fMRI) tse sebetsang ka ho fetesisa le li-positron emission tomography (PET) li hlalositse ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ts'ebetsong ea basal ganglia, ho kenyelletsa le ventral striatum, ho arabela mekhoa e fapaneng ea takatso ea lijo (bona Phan et al., 2002, bakeng sa tlhahlobo). Ho feta moo, lithuto tsa PET tse sebelisang li-tropers tsa dopaminergic li bonts'itse hore litlamorao tse ntle tsa amphetamine li amana le li-receptor tse tlamang ka har'a ventral striatum (mohlala, Drevets et al., 2001; Leyton et al., 2002; Oswald et al., 2005). Kahoo, karolo ea "ventral striatum" mabapi le ts'ebetso ea moputso e thehiloe ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho sebelisa mekhoa e mengata.

Lithuto tse nchafatsang li boetse li hokahne le boiphihlelo ba thabo le ts'ebetso ea neural ho "cortex" ea makhopho.Berridge le Kringelbach, 2008; Phan et al., 2002). Ka ho khetheha, Roll le basebetsi-'moho (de Araujo et al., 2003; Grabenhorst et al., 2008; Rolls et al., 2003, 2008ba hlalositse kopano e lipakeng tsa litekanyetso tse khahlisang tsa monate bakeng sa mefuta e fapaneng ea maikutlo le likarabelo ho tsena tse susumetsang libakeng tsa cortex (vmPFC) le tsa "rostral anterior" cingates cortex (rACC) (Setšoantšo sa 1). Libaka tsena tsa cortical li fumana lingoloa tse matla tsa dopaminergic (Gaspar et al., 1989), projeke ea striatum (haholo-holo NAcc) le sebaka se arohaneng sa (Haber et al., 2006; Öngür le Theko, 2000; Sesack le Pickel, 1992), bonts'a mesebetsi e eketseha ka karabelo ho lithethefatsi tse dopamine (Udo de Haes et al., 2007; Völlm et al., 2004), hape li bile le tšusumetso ho likahlolo tsa khetho (mohlala, Paulus le Frank, 2003), e tsamaellanang le karolo ea ho etsa liqeto tse tataisoang ke moputso (Rushworth et al., 2007).

Setšoantšo sa 1

Setšoantšo sa 1

LORETA tlhahlobo ea kelello eohle. Liphetho tsa khokahano ea voxel-ka-voxel lipakeng tsa tekanyo ea Anhedonic Depression of the Mood and Anxiety Syndromeom Questionnaire (MASQ AD) le letsoalo le fetotsoeng ka logong (1.5-6.0 Hz) hona joale. 'Mapa oa lipalo o thibetsoe ...

Ho tlatsa liphumano tsena, bopaki bo hlahang bo tsoang lipatlisisong tsa neuroimaging ka har'a sampuli tsa kliniki li bontša hore matšoao a anhedonic a hokahantsoe le likarabo tsa moputso maemong a bohlokoa a sistimi ea moputso (Epstein et al., 2006; Juckel et al., 2006a, 2006b; Keedwell et al., 2005; Mitterschiffthaler et al., 2003; Tremblay et al., 2005). Ka mohlala, Epstein et al. (2006) e tlaleha hore lithuto tse tepelletseng maikutlo li tšoauoa ka likarabo tse fokotsang tsa maikutlo tsa litho tsa ka hare ho litšoantšo tse ntle, 'me matla a likarabo tsena a ne a kopantsoe hampe le anhedonia e itlalehileng. Ka mokhoa o tšoanang, sampoleng ea bakuli ba leshome le metso e 'meli ba nang le MDD, Keedwell et al. (2005) o fumane kamano e mpe lipakeng tsa anhedonia (empa eseng ho teba ha maikutlo) le likarabo tse nepahetseng tsa maikutlo lithutong tse ntle. Ho khahlisang, lingoli tsena le tsona li fumane litholoana tse ntle tse khokahano lipakeng tsa anhedonia le likarabo ho vmPFC (BA10) le rACC (BA24 / 32). Ho seo ho bonahalang eka ke sona feela thuto e natefisang maikutlo bokong ba anhedonia lithutong tse phetseng hantle, Harvey et al. (2007) ha a ka a bona kamano e kholo lipakeng tsa anhedonia le likarabo tsa boemo ba leholimo tsa litšoantšo tse ntle. Leha ho le joalo, ba ile ba etsa joalo Keedwell et al.'s (2005) tlhokomeliso ea litholoana tse ntle tse khokahano lipakeng tsa anhedonia le likarabelo tsa tse khothatsang tse tikolohong e vmPFC, hape e pharalla ho RACC. Holim'a moo, Harvey et al. (2007) e fumane hore anhedonia e amahanngoa le molumo o fokotsehileng libakeng tsa caudate tse kenellang ho NAcc.

Ha li kopana hammoho, liphumano tsena tsa pejana li khothaletsa hore anhedonia e ka amahanngoa le likarabo tse fokolang tsa maikutlo a khothatsang le ho fokotsoa ha molumo ho striatum, hammoho le karabelo tse matla ho susumetso e ntle ho vmPFC / rACC. Mokhatlo oa morao-rao oa makatsa, ha ho nahanoa hore ts'ebetso ho vmPFC / rACC e amana hantle le litekanyetso tsa thabo joalokaha ho hlalositsoe ka holimo (mohlala, de Araujo et al., 2003; Grabenhorst et al., 2008; Rolls et al., 2008; Rolls et al., 2003). Habohlokoa, lipalo tsa vmPFC / rACC li hlahella hantle marang-rang a ts'ebetso ea boko, e sebetsang nakong ea phomolo, linaha tse se nang mosebetsi mme e fetoha ha barupeluoa ba etsa mosebetsi (Buckner et al., 2008). Ho joalo, bopaki bo fetolang ba bopaki bo hlahisa monyetla oa hore likamano lipakeng tsa anhedonia le ts'ebetso e amanang le ts'ebetso libakeng tse haufi tsa maikutlo li ka bonts'a phapang e le 'ngoe ho phomoleng mosebetsi oa mmuso.

Taba ea pele, khatello ea maikutlo e hokahane le mosebetsi oa ho phomola o sa sebetseng ho vmPFC / rACC, mme lithuto tse ling tse tlalehang li fokotsehile (mohlala, Drevets et al., 1997; Ito et al., 1996; Mayberg et al., 1994le tse ling li eketsehile (mohlala, Kennedy et al., 2001; Videbech et al., 2002) ketsahalo, le mesebetsi e fokotsang phomolo ea RACC e fumanoe ho bolela karabelo e mpe kalafong (Mayberg et al., 1997; Mülert et al., 2007; Pizzagalli le al., 2001). Taba ea bobeli, ho sebelisa PET ka bobeli le litekanyo tsa ts'ebetso ea electroencephalographic (EEG), Pizzagalli et al. (2004) ho tlalehiloe ho fokotsehile hoa tšebetso ea ho phomola (ke hore, ho fokotsa metabolism ea glucose le tšebetso e eketsehang) ho Agengenic ACC (BA 25) ho bakuli ba nang le melancholia - e leng subtype e nyahamisang e khetholloang ke ho sitisoa ha psychomotor le anhedonia e atileng. Kamora nako, maemo a fapakaneng le maloetse a tšoauoa ke ho phomola hoa mosebetsi oa PFC a amanang le ho fokotsoa ha mosebetsi oa ho susumetsoa ke PFCFletcher et al., 1998; Kennedy et al., 2006; Listig et al., 2003), le lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao ke Grimm et al. (2008) bontša hore sena se ka sebetsa le ho tepelletseng maikutlo. Ka ho qaqileng, bangoli bana ba hlokometse lits'ebetso tse nyane tse susumetsang ho batho ba tepeletseng maikutlo le taolo libakeng tse 'maloa tsa netweke e sa sebetseng, ho kenyeletsoa sebaka se lumellanang haholo le se khahliloeng ke Keedwell et al. (2005) 'me Harvey et al. (2007). Ka kopanelo, lipatlisiso tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore kamano e hlakileng e makatsang pakeng tsa anhedonia le ts'ebetso ea vmPFC / rACC ho susumetsa ka mokhoa o nepahetseng e kanna ea bakoa ke kamano e pakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea mantlha sebakeng sena le anhedonia, e lebisang ho deactivations tse nyane nakong ea ts'usumetso. Ho tsebo ea rona hypothesis ea mokhatlo pakeng tsa phomolo e tlase ea vmPFC / rACC le anhedonia ha e so ka e lekoa pele.

Haeba mokhatlo o joalo o teng, ho ka etsahala hore o bonahale sehlopheng sa khafetsa sa delta EEG. Joalo Knyazev (2007) ha morao tjena ho hlokometsoe ha a ntse a lekola likarolo tsa tšebetso tsa li-oscillations tse fapaneng tsa EEG, maikutlo a mangata a ts'ehetsa mohopolo oa hore morethetho oa delta ke lets'oao la ts'ebetso ea meputso le ho sibolloa ha bohlanya. Taba ea pele, lithuto tsa liphoofolo li hlokometse baetsi ba mesebetsi ea delta libakeng tsa bohlokoa tsa sesebelisoa sa moputso oa boko, joalo ka NAcc (Leung le Yim, 1993), ventral pallidum (Lavin le Mohau, 1996), le li-neurone tsa dopaminergic tsa sebaka sa ho kenella ka mokokotlong (Mosa, 1995). Taba ea bobeli, le ha ts'ebetso ea motlakase ka har'a striatum e ke keng ea lekanngoa e sa senyehe bathong, lithuto tsa ts'ebeliso ea tikoloho ea EEG li kentse letsoho libakeng tse ka pele tsa semelo molatong oa tšebetso ea liminerale.Michel le al., 1992; 1993). Ka mokhoa o makatsang, mehloli ena e anela libakeng tse hokahaneng le tikoloho ea moea e sa bonahaleng 'me e hlaha lithutong tsa fMRI kaha e amahanngoa le likarabo tsa boithati tse itlhalositseng (bona ka holimo). Taba ea boraro, tlhaiso-leseling ea liphoofolo e fumanehang hore tlhahiso ea dopamine ho NAcc e amana le ts'ebetso e theohileng ea delta (Chang le al., 1995; Ferger et al., 1994; Kropf le Kuschinsky, 1993; Leung le Yim, 1993; Luoh et al., 1994). La bone, tsamaiso ea opioid le koae li amahantsoe le liphetoho mesebetsing ea limakatso ho batho (Greenwald le Roehrs, 2005; Reid et al., 2006; Scott et al., 1991). Leha ho le joalo, ho fapana le tlhaiso-leseling ea liphoofolo, ho eketseha ho e-na le ho fokotseha ha mesebetsi ea delta (bona hape Heath, 1972). Le ha hona ho bonahala karohano lipakeng tsa tlhaiso-leseling ea liphoofolo le batho e sa rarolloe, empa bopaki bo teng bo fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso ea delta ea EEG e ka hokahana le ts'ebetso ea moputso. Ka hona thuto ea hona joale e ikemiselitse ho hlakisa khokahano e reriloeng pakeng tsa delta le moputso.

Ka kakaretso, lipheo tsa mantlha tsa lipatlisiso tse teng e ne e le: (1) ho hlahloba hore na anhedonia e fosahetse ebile e amana hantle le karabelo ea moputso maemong a mantlha le vmPFC / rACC, ka tatellano, joalo ka ha e hlahlojoa ke fMRI hammoho le tšibollo ea chelete ea tebeletso. Mosebetsi o tsejoang ka ho bokella marang-rang a moputso oa boko (Dillon et al., 2008); (2) ho ikatisa Harvey et al.'s (2007) ho shebella kamano e sa lumellaneng pakeng tsa anhedonia le bophahamo ba litaba tsa striatal; (3) ho etsa patlisiso ea hore na anhedonia e amana le ho eketseha ha khutsufatso ea EEG hona joale (ke ho re, mosebetsi oa phomolo o fokotsehileng) ho vmPFC / rACC; le (4) ho hlahisa khokahano e khothalelitsoeng pakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea EEG delta le tsamaiso ea moputso oa boko (Knyazev, 2007) ka ho lekola tumellano lipakeng tsa likarabo tsa moputso oa litheko tse lekantsoeng ka fMRI le ho phomola EEG delta hona joale vmPFC / rACC.

Eya ho:

Lisebelisoa le mekhoa

barupeluoa ba

Lintlha tse tsoang tlalehong ea hajoale li tsoa thutong e kholoanyane e kopanyang boits'oaro, boits'oaro ba motlakase (ho phomola EEG, lintho tse amanang le liketsahalo), le meuroimaging (fMRI, MRI) ea sebopeho hammoho le liphatsa tsa lefutso ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa neurobiology ea ts'ebetso ea moputso le anhedonia ka sampole e seng ea bongaka. Khatiso e fetileng mohlaleng ona e shebile lintlha tse amanang le ketsahalo tse amanang le ketsahalo tse bokelletsoeng nakong ea mosebetsi oa ho matlafatsa (Santesso et al., 2008), mme tlaleho ea lihokela pakeng tsa mofuta oa khetho le tlhaiso-leseling ea fMRI e ntse e hlophisoa (Dillon, Bogdan, Fagerness, Holmes, Perlis, le Pizzagalli, ka ho itukisetsa). Ho fapana le litlaleho tsa pele, sepheo sa mantlha sa thuto ea morao-rao e ne e le ho etsa lipatlisiso likamano lipakeng tsa karohano ea motho ho anhedonia le (1) ho khutlisa lintlha tsa EEG, le (2) litekanyo tse sebetsang le volumetric tsa libaka tse amanang le moputso oa basal ganglia. Sekolo sa bobeli se sekaseka sepheo sa ho lekola likamano lipakeng tsa mefuta e meraro ea neuroimaging.

Sebokeng sa pele sa boits'oaro, batho ba baholo ba phetseng hantle ba 237 ba pakeng tsa 18 le 40 ea lilemo li qetile mosebetsi o khethiloeng o nang le likhetho tse peli moo ho tsebahatsoa ho nepahetseng ha e 'ngoe ea lintlha tse peli tse khothatsang khafetsa. Pele ho mosebetsi likampong tse ikemetseng tsa bongaka le tse seng tsa bongaka li ile tsa senola hore mosebetsi ona oa moputso o makatsang o nahanne le phapano ea karabelo ea moputso le anhedonia (Bogdan le Pizzagalli, 2006; Pizzagalli le al., 2009; Pizzagalli le al., 2005). Ho ipapisitse le ts'ebetso ea bona thutong ea pele, 47 ea lithuto tsa 170 e kopana le litekanyetso tsa thuto ea morao-rao (letsoho le letona; ho se be teng ha mafu a bongaka kapa methapo, boimana, ts'ebeliso e mpe ea joala / lithethefatsi, ho tsuba, ts'ebeliso ea meriana ea psychotropic nakong ea ho qetela Libeke tsa 2, kapa claustrophobia) li ile tsa memeloa bakeng sa mananeo a EEG le fMRI (odara ea thupelo e hanyetsanang). Barupeluoa ba ile ba khethoa ho akaretsa liphapang tse fapaneng tsa thuto ea moputso joalo ka ha ba lekantsoe ke mosebetsi oa moputso o ikhethang: ka ho hlakileng, re qalile re tseba karolo ea Karolo e holimo le e tlase ea 20% ea kabo ea thuto ea moputso, ebe re khetha ba setseng ba nang le sepheo. ea ho fihlela moseho o sa feleng thutong ea moputso e ka ba moemeli oa sechaba ka kakaretso (bakeng sa lintlha tse ling ka mekhoa ea khetho, bona Santesso et al., 2008).

Ho bankakarolo bana ba 47, 41 (5 African American, 5 Asia, 29 Caucasian, 2 tse ling) ba ile ba lumela ho nka karolo lenaneong la EEG, 'me 33 ea tsena le tsona li phethe karolo ea FMRI. Barupeluoa bohle ba 41 (bolele ba lilemo: Lilemo tsa 21.2, SD: 3.1; thuto e bolelang: lilemo tsa 14.2, SD: 1.5; 20 e motona) e ne e na le monyetla oa ho phomola data ea EEG. Ho bankakarolo ba 33 ba qetileng lithuto ka bobeli, ba bahlano ba ile ba qheleloa ka thoko tlhahlobisong ea fMRI ka lebaka la lits'oants'o tse feteletseng tsa ts'ebetso tse hlahisang sampole ea N = 28 bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea fMRI (e bolela lilemo: 21.5 lilemo, SD: 3.5; bolelang thuto: lilemo tsa 14.5, SD: 1.6; 14 e motona). Ntle le karolo ea motho a le mong ea neng a e-na le phobia e itseng le ea nang le khatello e nyarosang ea maikutlo, ha ho le ea mong oa barupeluoa ea neng a e-na le mathata a kelello a kelello, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ka Puisano le Clinical Clinical ea DSM-IV. Ho ne ho na le bopaki ba fetileng ba Axis I pathology hara sehlotšoana sa bankakarolo (MDD e fetileng: n = 1; bokuli bo sithabetsang bo fetileng bo sa boletsoeng ka tsela e ngoe: n = 1; bothata ba ho ja tse fetileng: n = 1; anorexia mothosa: n = 1; ts'ebeliso e mpe ea joala: n = 1).

Barupeluoa ba amohetse chelete e ka bang $ 12, $ 45, le $ 80 bakeng sa boits'oaro, EEG, le fMRI, ka ho latellana, moputsong oa mosebetsi le tefo ea nako ea bona. Barupeluoa bohle ba fane ka tumello e ngotsoeng e nang le tsebo mme lits'ebetso tsohle li amohetsoe ke Komiti mabapi le Ts'ebeliso ea Lintho tsa Botho Univesithing ea Harvard le Boto ea Thupelo ea Baeti ba ka Hare ea Partner-Massachusetts General.

Tsamaiso

Seboka sa boitšoaro

Sebokeng ka bobeli sa boits'oaro le boitšoaro ba EEG, mofuta o mokhuts'oane oa lipotso tsa Mood and Anxiety Syndromeom Questionnaire (MASQ, Watson et al., 1995) e ne e fanoa ho lekanya matšoao a amanang le khatello ea maikutlo (Anhedonic Depression, AD), matšoao a amanang le ho tšoenyeha (Anxious Arousal, AA) le matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo a tloaelehileng a sithabetsang maikutlong le matšoenyehong (Matšoenyeho a akaretsang: Matšoao a sithabetsang, GDD; Matšoenyeho a Kakaretso: Matšoao a Khathatso , GDA). Boithuto ba pele bo bonts'a hore likala tsohle tsa MASQ li na le ts'episo e ntle haholo (alpha e lekanang: .85-.93 ho mehlala ea batho ba baholo le baithuti) le netefatso ea 'nete ea converge / khethollo mabapi le likala tse ling tsa matšoenyeho le khatello ea maikutlo (mohlala, Watson et al., 1995). Mohlala oa morao-rao, ho ts'epahala ho khutlisehang bohareng ba nako ea boits'oaro le EEG (matsatsi a mahareng = matsatsi a 36.6; matsatsi a 2-106 matsatsi a AD, GDD, AA, le GDA e ne e le .69, .62, .49, le .70, ka ho latellana, e bonts'a tekano ho isa botsikeng bo phahameng. Bohlahlobisong ba hona joale re hlahlobisitse lintlha tsa MASQ ho tloha sebokeng sa boits'oaro e le ho (1) ho bonts'a bonnete ba mehato ea boitlhahlobo bakeng sa mehato ea 'mele, mme (2) e fokotsa ts'usumetso ea litlamorao tsa mmuso ho MASQ-physiology Likeletso ka ho netefatsa hore mehato ea EEG le ea FMRI e fumanoe setsing se fapaneng le sa data sa MASQ. Leha ho le joalo, ho bile le liphetho tse ts'oanang ha ho ne ho hlahlojoa mefuta ea tsamaiso ea MASQ e 'meli (ya data e fumanehang ka kopo). Ntle le moo, mofuta oa mmuso oa Positive and Negative Afitive schedule (PANAS, Watson et al., 1988) e ne e fanoa ka linako tsa boits'oaro le tsa EEG ho lekola maemo a hajoale.

Ho phomola nako ea EEG

Barupeluoa ba ile ba laeloa ho lula ba phomotse 'me ba phomole ha EEG e phomotseng e rekota metsotso e robeli (metsotso ea 4 ka mahlo a bulehileng, metsotso ea 4 ka mahlo a koehileng ka tatellano ea ho hanyetsa). Kamora nako, barupeluoa ba ile ba pheta moputso oa mosebetsi o ikhethang o sebelisitsoeng bakeng sa khetho ea lithuto nakong ea lirekoto tse amanang le ketsahalo (Santesso et al., 2008).

Seboka sa MRI

Kamora ho bokella tlhaiso-leseling ea MRI ea sebopeho, barupeluoa ba entse mosebetsi oa ho lieha ho khothaletsa chelete (MID) nakong ea ts'ebetso ea ho nahana. MID e hlalositsoe pejana ho sampole e ikemetseng (Dillon et al., 2008). Ka bokhutšoanyane, barupeluoa ba ile ba qeta li-5 tsa liteko tsa 24. Teko e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e qalile ka ho hlahisa e 'ngoe ea lintlha tse tharo tse ka bang teng (nako: 1.5 s) e bonts'ang phaello e ka fumanoang ka chelete (+ $), ha ho khothaletso (0 $), kapa tahlehelo (- $). Kamora nako ea "jIIT" (XIUMX-3 s) ea jitIT, ho ile ha hlahisoa sekwere se sefubelu moo barupeluoa ba ileng ba arabela ka mochine oa konopo. Kamora ho ts'oaroa ha ISI ea bobeli (7.5-4.4 s), ho ile ha hlahisoa karabo e bonts'ang phaello (bophara: $ 8.9 ho $ 1.96; bolela: $ 2.34), phetoho, kapa kotlo (mefuta: - $ 2.15 ho - $ 1.81; bolela - $ 2.19). Barupeluoa ba ile ba bolelloa hore nako ea bona ea ho arabela (RT) ho sepheo se ammeng sephetho sa teko e le hore RTs e potlakileng e eketse monyetla oa ho fumana phaello mme ea fokotsa monyetla oa ho fumana likotlo. Ebile, 2.00% ea moputso le liteko tsa tahlehelo li hlahisitse phano ea melemo le likotlo, ka ho latellana (bona Dillon et al., 2008, bakeng sa lintlha tse ling). Tlhahiso ea sephetho e kopantsoe le likarabo ka mokhoa ona e le ho lumella sebopeho se lekanang hantle, le palo e lekanang ea liteko tse nang le sephetho se seng le se seng. Leha ho le joalo, ho boloka ts'ebetso ea tumelo le ts'ebelisano, bakeng sa liteko tse lebisang sephethong se nepahetseng (mohlala, ho fumana melemo litekong tsa moputso), nako ea tlhaiso e lebisitsoeng e lumellanang le 85th percentile ea RTs e bokelletsoeng nakong ea kemiso ea liteko tsa 40 e tsamaisoang hang-hang pele ho hlahlojoa; bakeng sa liteko tse reretsoeng ho hlahisa sephetho se sebe (mohlala, ha ho na phaello litekong tsa moputso), nako ea ho pepesoa ea sepheo e tsamaellanang le 15th percentile ea RTs. Taelo ea tlhahiso ea sephetho e ne e ipapisitse le tatellano e reriloeng esale pele e ntlafalitseng katleho ea lipalo ea moralo oa fMRI (Dale, 1999).

Pokello ea data le boithuto

Ho rekota EEG

Ho khutlisa EEG ho tlalehiloe ho sebelisoa 128-Channel Electrical Geodesic system (EGI Inc., Eugene, OR) ho 250 Hz e nang le 0.1-100 Hz filthara ea analog e lebisitsoeng ho vertex. Impedances e ne e bolokiloe ka tlase ho 50 kΩ. Lintlha li ne li hlahisitsoe bocha mohalahanong ho ea bohareng bo akaretsang. Kamora ho lokisa litsebi tsa ho tsamaisa mahlo ka ho sebelisa Tlhatlhobo ea Karolo e Ikemetseng e sebelisitsoeng ho Brain Vision Analyzer (Brain Products GmbH, Jeremane), tlhaiso-leseling e ile ea fuoa lintlha bakeng sa litheko tse setseng, 'me litsela li ne li kenelletsoa ka tšebeliso ea li-spline.

Ho latela lits'ebetso tsa pele (mohlala, Pizzagalli le al., 2001, 2004, 2006), Thibelo ea Electroleite ea Tharollo e Tlaase (LORETA, Pascual-Marqui et al., 1999) e sebelisitsoe ho lekanya ho phomola ha boteng ba methapo ea methapo ea methapo methating e fapaneng ea maqhubu. Ho fihlela sena, litlhahlobo tsa pono li ile tsa etsoa ka lekhetlo la pele ho li-epochs tse se nang li-2048-ms tse sebelisoang ka letsoho tse sebelisang leseli le nang le enjene ea Transier le boxcar. LORETA e ile ea sebelisoa ho lekanya ho hasoa ha methapo e teng hona joale bakeng sa lihlopha tse latelang: delta (1.5-6.0 Hz), theta (6.5-8.0 Hz), alpha1 (8.5-10.0 Hz), alpha2 (10.5-12.0 (1-12.5) 18.0-2 Hz), beta18.5 (21.0-3 Hz), beta21.5 (30.0-36.5 Hz), le gamma (44.0-XNUMX Hz). E ipapisitse le liphumano tse fetileng (mohlala, Knyazev, 2007; Pizzagalli le al., 2004; Scheeringa et al., 2008), Ts'ebetso ea "delta" e ne e le frequency ea mantlha ea phaello; lihlopha tse ling tsa EEG li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho hlahloba bonnete ba liphetho tse ka fumanoang.

Ka lereng le leng le le leng (n = 2394; qeto ea voxel = 7 mm3), segokanyipalo sa hajoale se ne se kopantsoe e le boholo bo lekantsoeng ba methati e teng hona joale kahare ho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea lihlopha tse robeli tsa maqhubu (unit: amperes ka mitha ea skwere, A / m2). Bakeng sa thuto e 'ngoe le e' ngoe le sehlopha, melao ea LORETA e ile ea fetoloa hore e be matla a 1 kaofela ebe e fetoloa pele ho tlhahlobo ea lipalo. Litaba tsa Voxel-by-voxel Pearson lipakeng tsa MASQ AD le letsoalo le fetotsoeng le fetotsoeng le fetotsoeng logong li ile tsa kenngoa 'me tsa hlahisoa holima template e tloaelehileng ea MRI (sebaka sa MNI) kamora ho kenella p <.001 (e sa nepahala).

Ntle le likhakanyo tsa voxel-by-voxel, re boetse re sekasekile mathata a hona joale ka makhetlo a 'maloa a priori ho hlalositsoe libaka tse khahlisang (ROI) ka har'a ACC. Mokhoa ona o ile oa khethoa ho (1) ho eketsa matla a lipalo, (2) ho lumella lipapiso lipakeng tsa MASQ AD le sekala se seng sa MASQ se sa ts'oaroeng ke ho bolaoa hoa lipalo (ke hore, tlhahlobo ea matšoao a ikhethang), le (3) ho lumella papiso lipakeng tsa likarohano tse fapaneng tsa ACC ( ke ho re, tekolo ea tikoloho e ikhethileng. Ho fihlela sena, bakeng sa thuto e 'ngoe le e' ngoe le sehlopha, boholo ba boholo ba hona joale bo kopantsoe bakeng sa likarolo tse latelang tsa ACC (bakeng sa lintlha tse ling Bush et al., 2000; Pizzagalli le al., 2006): litlatsetso tse atileng ka ho fetisisa tsa "subsential", ho kenyelletsa BA25 (17 voxels, 5.83 cm)3), BA24 (li-voxels tsa 12, 4.12 cm3), le BA32 (li-voxels tsa 17, 5.83 cm)3), le litlatsetso tse eketsehileng tsa "dictitive" tse kenyeletsang BA32 ′ (20 voxels, 6.86 cm)3) le BA24 ′ (li-voxels tsa 48, 16.46 cm)3). Sebaka le boholo ba likarolo tsena tse arotsoeng li hlalositsoe ho ipapisitsoe le limmapa tsa sebopeho-mohlomong (Lancaster et al., 1997) le matšoao a linaha tse lingDevinsky et al., 1995; Vogt et al., 1995), joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ka botlaloPizzagalli le al., 2006). Ka karolelano, likhakanyo tsa ho phomola letsoalo la hona joale li ne li thehiloe ho 110.7 ea maiketsetso e se nang mabitso (SD: 37.2, range: 37-174). Chelete e fetotsoeng ea delta e fetotsoeng nakong ea hajoale ka BAs 24, 25, le BA32 e ne e sa amanngoe le palo e felletseng ea likhechana tsa maiketsetso tse senotsoeng kapa liperesente tsa menyetla ea mahlo e bulehileng e tlatselletsang likarong tse ikhethileng. rs (39) ≤ .10, p ≥ .52.

data ea fMRI

Protocol ea imaging le molapo oa ts'ebetso oa FMRI o hlalositsoe pele (Dillon et al., 2008; Santesso et al., 2008). Ka bokhutšoanyane, data ea fMRI e fumanoe ho scan ninemanga ea 1.5 T Sonmphony / Sonata (Nokia Medical Systems; Iselin, NJ). Nakong ea ts'ebetso ea ho nahana, litšoantšo tsa gradient echo T2 * -senegean tsa echoplanar li ile tsa fumanoa li sebelisa li-parameter tse latelang: TR / TE: 2500 / 35; FOV: 200 mm; matrix: 64 × 64; Linoko tsa 35; Meqolo ea 222; li-voxels: 3.125 × 3.125 × 3 mm. Boholo bo boholo ba li-TRNUMX tse boima ba T1 li ile tsa bokelloa bakeng sa ho hlophisa bochaba le ho huloa ha li-ROI tsa sebopeho li sebelisa li-parameter tse tloaelehileng (TR / TE: 2730 / 3.39 ms; FOV: 256 mm; matrix: 192 × 192; 128 slices; voxels: 1.33 × 1.33 × 1 mm). Padding e ne e sebelisetsoa ho fokotsa ho sisinyeha ha hlooho.

Ho ile ha etsoa tlhahlobo ho sebelisoa FS-FAST (http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu) le FreeSurfer (Fischl et al., 2002; Fischl et al., 2004). Ho lokisa pele ho ne ho kenyelletsa tokiso ea motsamao oa nako le litheko, ho tlosoa ha litekanyetso butle butle, ho teba ha botebo, le ho thella ha sepakapaka ka sekepe sa 6 mm FWHM Gaussian. Ho sebelisitsoe filthara e tšoeu ea nakoana e neng e sebelisoa ho hakanya le ho nepahala bakeng sa ho hlaba litlatse. Ka mor'a moo, ts'ebetso ea "gamma" (e etselitsoeng ho etsa mohlala oa karabo ea hemodynamic) e ile ea etsoa ka tšusumetso ea ts'usumetso, mme mohlala oa mola o akaretsang oa lekola ho lekana lipakeng tsa mohlala le data. Barupeluoa ba nang le ho sisinyeha ha molumo (vol-to-volume) kapa ho sisinyeha ha hlooho ho feta 3.75 mm kapa li-degree ba tlositsoe tlhahlobisong (n = 5). Bakeng sa barupeluoa ba setseng, likarolo tsa motsamao li ne li kenyellelitsoe mohlaleng joalo ka li-regisor regressors.

Bakeng sa thuto ena, liphetho tsa mantlha tsa fMRI tsa lithahasello e ne e le li-coefficients tsa betra (boima ba beta) tse nkiloeng likarolong tse 'ne tsa basal ganglia (NAcc, caudate, putamen, le globus pallidus) le rACC.1 Li-ROI tsena li ne li hlalosoa ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng ke li-algorithms tsa tšohanyetso tsa FreeSurfer le li-sub-cortical parcellation, tse tšepahalang haholo li bapisa mekhoa e metle ea tataiso (Desikan et al., 2006; Fischl et al., 2002; Fischl et al., 2004). Bakeng sa morupeluoa e mong le e ROI, ho bolela hore boima ba beta bo ile ba tlisoa molemong oa ho tlisa phaello ea chelete, likotlo tsa lichelete, le karabo ea phetoho. Molemong oa ho lumellana le ts'ebetso ea pele ea neuroimaging, eo ho eona anhedonia e amanang le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko ho ea ho khothaletso e nepahetseng (Epstein et al., 2006; Harvey et al., 2007; Keedwell et al., 2005), FMRI e lekola lintlha tse mabapi le likarabo liphetho. Ka kopo ea mohlahlobuoa ea sa tsejoeng, ho bolela hore boima ba beta bo boetse bo nkiloe bakeng sa likhakanyo tsa moputso ho hlahloba boleng ba ho ikamahanya le li-anhedonia vis-a-vis Consummatory le mekhahlelo e lebelletsoeng ea ts'ebetso ea moputso.

Li-algorithms tsa FreeSurfer li boetse li fana ka tlhaiso-leseling ea volumetric bakeng sa ROI ka 'ngoe le kakaretso eohle e kenelletseng. Ho fetolela mofuta oa tekano le bonyatsi z-volated intracranial volume le palo ea li-ROI tse ling ho ba batona le ho ingolisa hape z-Likalimo tsa ROI ka 'ngoe ho z-Kalimo ea bophahamo ba Intracranial. Mokhoa ona oa boits'oaro o ile oa khethoa ho qoba ho hlahisa likamano tsa botona le botšehali ka lebaka la bophahamo bo boholo ba makatso a banna le basali. Litlhahlobo tsohle tsa lipalo bakeng sa lipalo tsa volumetric li ile tsa etsoa le masala a nkiloeng lits'oants'o tsena.

Lipatlisiso tsa Statistical

Lintlha tsa fMRI li ile tsa hlahlojoa le li-ANOVA tse tsoakaneng tse sebelisoang Feedback (fumana, ha ho phetoho, kotlo) le bong (e motšehali, e tšehali) e le mabaka. Bakeng sa libaka tsa basal ganglia, Hemisphere (ka ho le letšehali, ka ho le letona) le sebakeng (NAcc, caudate, putamen, pallidus) li ekelitsoe e le lintlha tse ling tsa kahare ho taba. Greenhouse-Geisser khalemelo e sebelisitsoe ha e sebetsa. Likahare tsa Pearson li ne li kopantsoe ho lekola li-hypotheses tsa sehlooho. Phapang lipakeng tsa li-coefficients tse itšetlehileng ka kopanelo li ile tsa lekoa ho sebelisa foromo e hlahisitsoeng ke Steiger (1980). Liphetho li tlalehiloe ka tekanyo ea alpha ea 0.05 (tse peli-taere) ntle le ha ho boletsoe ka tsela e ngoe. Ha re nahana ka lintho tse fumanoeng pele (Epstein et al., 2006; Harvey et al., 2007), ea a priori litekanyetso tsa khokahano e mpe lipakeng tsa anhedonia le (1) NAcc bonyofo le (2) karabelo ea NAcc ho moputso li lekiloe ka lehare le le leng. Tlhahlobo ea mantlha e kenyelletsa ho hokahanya tse hlano tse boletsoeng esale pele (bophahamo ba anhedonia-NAcc, karabelo ea anhedonia-NAcc ea ho fumana melemo, karabelo ea anhedonia-RACC ea ho fumana melemo, ts'ebetso ea anhedonia-phomolo ea RACC, karabelo ea NAcc mesebetsing ea ho phomola ea RACC. Liphetoho tse ling tsohle li entsoe ka sepheo sa ho leka bonnete ba tse fumanoeng tse hlano tse kholo; ka lebaka leo, liphoso tsa liteko tse ngata ha lia ka tsa sebelisoa.

Eya ho:

Results

Ho hlaseloa ha sekala sa MASQ le PANAS

Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Lethathamo 1, likala tsa MASQ li ne li hokahane ka tsela e itekanetseng 'me li bile le tšusumetso e mpe ea PANAS maemong a mabeli. Leha ho le joalo, seipone se shebileng pele (Watson le Clark, 1995), ke MASQ AD feela e bonts'ang khokahano e mpe e amanang le PANAS e nang le tšusumetso e ntle likopanong ka bobeli. Khelohelo e tloaelehileng le e tloaelehileng ea MASQ AD (e boima ba bong) e ne e sa fapana le boleng bo tlalehiloeng ke Watson et al. (1995, Lethathamo 1) bakeng sa sampole e kholo ea baithuti, t(1112) = 1.28, p = .20, F(40, 1072) = 1.07, p = .35.

Lethathamo 1

Lethathamo 1

Lits'ebetso Pakeng tsa Makala a MASQ le Melemo e Nepahetseng ea Naha le e Ntle

Basal Ganglia le likarabo tsa RACC ho Chelete le Lipheko

Ho netefatsa hore mokha oa basal ganglia o kentsoe tšebetsong ea chelete mosebetsing oa MID, re ile ra kopanya a Feedback × sebakeng × Hemisphere × bong ANOVA. Liphumano li senotse phello e kholo ea Feedback, F(2, 51.5) = 8.00, p = .001, 'me ea bohlokoa Feedback × sebakeng tšebelisano, F(3.3, 85.6) = 6.97, p = .0003 (bona Setšoantšo sa 2A). A priori lipapatso tse boletsoeng li bonts'a hore libaka tsohle tsa basoa tsa ganglia li ile tsa hlahisoa ka matla le ho feta ka ho fumana karabelo ntle le phetoho, F(1, 26) ≥ 4.43, p ≤ .045. Haholo, ke NAcc feela e amanang le ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng kamora likotlo tse amanang le karabelo e sa fetoheng, F(1, 26) = 3.83, p = .06. Kahoo, likarolong tsohle tsa botona le botšehali, gangal ea basal e ile ea kenngoa ts'ebetsong ka ts'epahalo, mme ke NAcc feela e bonts'itseng matšoao a ho tlohela kamora kotlo kamora kotlo e sa fetoheng.

Setšoantšo sa 2

Setšoantšo sa 2

Bohlokoa ba beta (le liphoso tse tloaelehileng) ho (A) libaka tse 'ne tsa basal ganglia le (B) RacC e arabelang phaello ea chelete, karabo ea phetoho, le likotlo tsa lichelete (tse anngoeng ka nqane ho li-hemispheres). Hlokomela hore ho bonts'itsoe feela li-nucleus accumbens (NAcc) ...

Ho lekola hore na rACC ROI e hlalositsoeng ka moralo oa chelete e kenelletse, re ile ra ngola a Feedback × bong ANOVA mme e fumane phello ea bohlokoa ea Feedback, F(1.9, 50.4) = 5.63, p <.007 (Setšoantšo sa 2B). A priori lipapatso tse boletsoeng li senotse ts'ebetso e phahameng ho fumana phaello le maikutlo a sa fetoloang, F(1, 26) = 12.48, p = .002, hammoho le ts'ebetso e phahameng ho likotlo ha e bapisoa le tlhahiso e sa fetoleng, F(1, 26) = 4.18, p = .051.

Likarolo tse sebetsang le tsa sebopeho sa Anhedonia

Kamano le likarabo tsa NAcc mabapi le katleho le likotlo

Joalo ka hypothesised, anhedonia joalo ka ha e lekantsoe ke MASQ AD e ile ea hokahanngoa hampe le likarabo tsa NAcc mabapi le ho fumana melemo e meholo habeli, r(26) = −.43, p = .011, e nang le taisara e le 'ngoe (bona Lethathamo 2 'me Setšoantšo sa 3A). Ha ho litlatsetso tsa bohlokoa tse hlokometsoeng pakeng tsa MASQ AD le likarabo tse amanang le phaello ho efe kapa efe ea libaka tse ling tse 'ne tsa phaello (putamen, caudate, pallidus, rACC). Ho totobatsa ho hlaka ha liphetho tsena, ha ho sekala se seng sa MASQ se amanang hantle le karabelo ea NAcc ho se fumanoeng (bona Lethathamo 2), le khokahano lipakeng tsa MASQ AD le NAcc li fumana likarabo li lula li sa fetohe kamora hore ka nako e tšoanang li aroloe likhaolo tse ling tse tharo tsa MASQ, r(23) = −.35, p = .041, e le 'ngoe. Ntle le moo, khokahano lipakeng tsa MASQ AD le likarabo tsa NAcc mabapi le melemo li fapane haholo pakeng tsa likarabo tsa (non-bohlokoa) pakeng tsa likarabo tsa MASQ AD le NAcc likotlo, r(26) = .25, p = .20, z = 2.41, p = .016, kapa karabo ea phetoho, r(26) = .11, p = .58, z = 2.30, p = .021. Le ha e ne e se sepheo sa mantlha thutong e teng hona joale, likarabo tsa NAcc likotlo li ne li hokahanngoe hantle le lintlha tsa MASQ GDA (bona Lethathamo 2), ho bontša hore barupeluoa ba nang le matšoenyeho a eketsehileng ba bonts'a likarabo tse matla tsa NAcc likotlo.2

Setšoantšo sa 3

Setšoantšo sa 3

Scatterplots bakeng sa khokahano (A) lipakeng tsa tekanyetso ea khatello ea maikutlo ea Anhedonic ea lipotso tsa Mood and Anxiety Syndromeom (MASQ AD) le karabelo ea NAcc ho katleho ea chelete, (B) lipakeng tsa MASQ AD le NAcc bophahamo ba modumo oa bong le bonyatsi ...

Lethathamo 2

Lethathamo 2

Likamano lipakeng tsa MASKALA a MASQ, Moqolo oa Nucleus Accumbens (NAcc) le likarabo ho fana ka maikutlo, le ho phomola mosebetsi oa Delta libakeng tsa Rostral Anterior Cingulate Regions

Tlatsetso e hlahlobisisa likarabo tsa ho fumana meputso ha e a ka ea senola kamano efe kapa efe ea bohlokoa le MASQ AD bakeng sa NAcc, r(26) = .12, p = .54, kapa efe kapa efe ea tse ling tse 'ne tsa ROI,r(26) | ≤ .25, p ≥ .20. Ntle le moo, khokahano lipakeng tsa MASQ AD le likarabo tsa Nacc ho melemo e ne e le matla haholo ho feta khokahano e kenyelletsang likarabo tsa NAcc tsa ho putsa likhau, z = 2.03, p = .04, e bonts'a hore mokhatlo o ne o khethehile ho putsa tšebeliso ho e-na le tebello.

Kamano le moqolo oa NAcc

Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Lethathamo 2 'me Setšoantšo sa 3B, MASQ AD e bontšitse khokahano e mpe le bophahamo ba NAcc (e fetotsoe bakeng sa bong le bophahamo ba litaba) e ileng ea lula e bohlokoa kamora nako e tšoanang e arola likala tse ling tse tharo tsa MASQ, r(23) = −.38, p = .03, e le 'ngoe. Ha ho mekhatlo e meholo e hlokometsoeng pakeng tsa MASQ AD le liphetoho tse fetotsoeng tsa libaka tse ling tsa basal ganglia, .22 ≥ r(26) ≥ .02, ps ≥ .27. Ntle le moo, likarabo tsa moputso oa NAcc le likarabo tsa moputso oa NAcc li sa fumane letho.Lethathamo 2), ho supa hore mefuta ka bobeli e hlalositse likarolo tse arohaneng tsa MASQ AD phapang (bona ka tlase).

Kamano le boikhathollo ba ho phomola ha EEG hona joale

C complication ea voxel-ka-voxelllel pakeng tsa MASQ AD le letsoalo le fetotsoeng le fetotsoeng logong le bonts'a sehlopha se le seng feela sa khokahano e ntle ea bohlokoa ho p <0.001. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Setšoantšo sa 1, ROI ena e hlalositsoeng ka mokhoa o hlakileng oa XIUMX, 16 cm3) e ne e le libakeng tsa RACC tse fetang le libaka tse tsoang ho lithuto tsa fMRI tsa anhedonia le litekanyo tsa monyaka. Ntle le moo, MASQ AD e ne e tsamaellana hantle le ho phomola ha letsoalo hona joale ho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea tse tharo a priori Likarolo tse hlalositsoeng tse thusang tsa ACC (BAs 24, 25, le 32; bona Setšoantšo sa 3C 'me Lethathamo 2).

Tlhahlobo ea taolo e bonts'itse hore ho fumana sena ho ne ho khetholloa ka ho khetholoha haholo. Taba ea mantlha, lintlha tsa MASQ AD ha lia ka tsa lumellana le letsoalo la hona joale mokhoeng o fetisisang oa bohlanya, oa likarolo tse hlakileng tsa ACC (rs = .12 le .04 bakeng sa BA24 ′ le BA32 ′, ka ho latellana), e totobatsa ho ikhethang ha sebaka. Taba ea bobeli, khokahano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa MASQ AD le letsoalo la hona joale la delta li bonts'itsoe ho Lethathamo 2 e ile ea lula e bohlokoa kamora hore ka nako e tšoanang e be le likarolo tse ling tse tharo tsa MASQ, r(36) ≥ .33, p ≤ .042, e totobatsa boemo ba matšoao. Ho fapana le moo, khokahano lipakeng tsa MASQ GDD le litekanyetso tsa hona joale tsa BA32 le ROI e hlalositsoeng hantle Lethathamo 2) li ne li se li sa bohlokoa kamora ho etsa karohano ea MASQ AD, r(38) =. 09. Ntle le moo, masapo a MASQ AD-delta hona joale a lula a bohlokoa kamora hore ka nako e tšoanang a arabe litekanyetso tsa ba nkang karolo tsa tse ntle le tse mpe nakong ea taolo ea MASQ le ho rekota ha EEG, r(33) ≥ .39, p ≤ .021, e fana ka maikutlo a hore mekhatlo e hlokometsoeng e ne e sa ipapisitse le phapang ea motho ka mong nakong ea liteko.3 Qetellong, joalo ka ha hypothesised, likamano lipakeng tsa MASQ AD lintlha le phomolo ea tšebetso ea EEG li ne li le matla ho sehlopha sa delta.4

Kamano lipakeng tsa Phomolo ea EEG Delta Hona joale le likarabelo tsa NAcc ho melemo

Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Lethathamo 2, Karabelo ea NAcc ho leruo, empa eseng likotlo, e ne e sa tsamaellane hantle le khatello ea hona joale ea delta ka bobeli ho ROI e hlalositsoeng hantle le a priori Likarolo tse hlalositsoeng tsa RACC, rs (26) ≤ −.41, ps ≤ .031. Ntle le moo, likhokahano tsena li ne li fapana (1.60 ≤ z ≤ 2.62, p ≤ .11) ho tloha khokahanong e ananang le likarabo tsa Nacc ho isa likotlong, rs (26) ≤ .16, ps ≥ .42, kapa ha ho na maikutlo a tšusumetso, rs (26) ≤ .07, ps ≥ .71. E totobatsa botebo ba mokhatlo o lipakeng tsa ho phomola mosebetsi oa delta ho RACC le likarabo tsa NAcc ho li fumana, ha ho khokahano e teng pakeng tsa letsoalo la hona joale RacC le likarabo ho fumana melemo e 'ngoe ea libaka tse ling tsa basal ganglia kapa karabelo ea ho fumana moputso ho NAcc. .

Litaolo tsa litšusumetso tse ka bang tsa botona le botšehali

Litokellano tsohle tsa bohlokoa ka Lethathamo 2 e lula e le bohlokoa ba 'maraka (p ≤ .05, e le 'ngoe-tailed), ha mefuta eohle e qala ho emisoa kahare ho tekano ea bong le boemo ba Spearman sebakeng sa likhokahanyo tsa Pearson. Kahoo, phapang ea bong le barekisi e ne e sa tsamaise mekhatlo. Ntle le moo, ha ho le e 'ngoe ea mekhatlo ea bohlokoa e Lethathamo 2 li ne li tataisoa haholo ke bong, ho bontša hore likhohlano tse tšoanang li ile tsa bonoa bakeng sa banna le basali.

Multivariate Model Predicting Anhedonia

Ho sekaseka monehelo o ikhethileng le o kopaneng oa litheko tse fapaneng tsa 'mele ho anhedonia, likarabo tsa NAcc ho katleho, bophahamo ba NAcc, le ho phomola boteng ba hona joale ho RacC (functional ROI) li ile tsa kenngoa ka nako e tšoanang maemong a mangata a boletsoeng esale pele ka lintlha tsa MASQ. Liphumano li senotse hore mefuta eohle e meraro e ne e le baetapele ba bohlokoa ba anhedonia (likarabo tsa NAcc ho se fumanoeng: tsa beta = −.30, p = .05, mohatla o le mong; Boholo ba NAcc: tsa beta = −.43, p = .005, mohatla o le mong; phomolo ea delta rACC ea hona joale: tsa beta = .37, p = .024, tse peli-tailing). Ka hona, likarolo tsa MASQ AD phapang tse hlalositsoeng ke mefuta e meraro li ne li ikemetse ka mokhoa o ikemetseng, leha ho le kamano e kholo lipakeng tsa mehato e 'meli ea tšebetso. Haholo, mohlala o hlalositse 45% ea phapang ea matšoao a anhedonic, R2 = .45, F(3, 24) = 6.44, p = .002.

Eya ho:

Puisano

Phuputso ena e kopantseng phomolo ea EEG, MRI ea sebopeho, le fMRI ho khetholla li-anemia tse amanang le anhedonia, ntho ea bohlokoa ea endophenotype le tlokotsi ea mafu a kelello (mohlala, Gooding et al., 2005; Hasler et al., 2004; Lero, 1996; Pizzagalli le al., 2005). Ha re nahana ka litaba tsa kelello, re hlokometse (1) kamano e mpe lipakeng tsa anhedonia le NAcc ho arabela karabo (ke hore, phaello ea chelete), (2) mokhatlo o mobe pakeng tsa anhedonia le bokhutšoanyane ba NAcc, le (3) kopano e ntle pakeng tsa anhedonia le phomolo ea EEG mosebetsi oa delta (ke hore, mosebetsi oa phomolo o tlase) ho RACC. Ho fapana le maikutlo a rona, ha ho khokahano lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea RACC ea ho putsa maikutlo le anhedonia e hlahileng. Leha ho le joalo, ho phomola mosebetsi oa "RacC delta" ho ne ho amana le karabelo ea NAcc ho seo a se finyeletseng, ho bonts'a hore morethetho oa "delta" o kopantsoe le ts'ebetso e matlafatsang tsamaisong ea moputso oa boko joalo ka ha ho laetsoe ke Knyazev (2007). Kahoo, liphumano tsa morao-rao li fana ka leseli la lipale ka mekhoa ea boko e amanang le anhedonia le li-correlates tse sebetsang tsa mosebetsi oa Delta ea EEG.

Sebopeho sa Anhedonia le NAcc le Mosebetsi

Ho pheta mosebetsi oa pele (Epstein et al., 2006; Keedwell et al., 2005), re fumane khokahano e mpe lipakeng tsa matšoao a anhedonic le likarabo tsa NAcc ho lintlha tse khothatsang (tse fumanehang ka chelete) tse lekantsoeng thupelong e arohaneng (ka karolelano, ho feta khoeli e le 'ngoe hamorao). Ho fapana le lithuto tsa pele, litlhahlobo tsa hajoale li senotse hore mokhatlo ona o ne o bua ka ho hlaka ka matšoao a anhedonic (khahlanong le matšoao a ho tšoenyeha kapa khatello ea maikutlo, joalo ka ha ho lekotsoe ke likala tse ling tse tharo tsa MASQ), ho NAcc (khahlanong le libaka tse ling tse tharo tsa basal ganglia), ho putsa maikutlo (bapisoa le kotlo le karabelo ea ho se nke lehlakore), le ho isa karolong ea tšebeliso ea meputso. Liphumano tsena li bonts'a hore anhedonia e bolela esale pele likarabo tsa maikutlo a tsoang ho bakuli ba tepelletseng maikutlo (Epstein et al., 2006; Keedwell et al., 2005), empa hape le lithutong tse phetseng hantle, 'me u totobatse ho khetheha pakeng tsa likarabo tsa NAcc tse amanang le moputso le anhedonia. Ho fana ka leseli la pele ho tataiso e bakoang ke mokhatlo ona, Schlaepfer et al. (2008) haufinyane ho bontšitse hore ts'usumetso e tebileng ea boko ho NAcc e ile ea eketsa metabolism ea glucose sebakeng se tsosang mme ea fokotsa anhedonia ho bakuli ba bararo ba nang le mefuta e thibelang khatello ea maikutlo. Ha ho kopanngoa hammoho, lipatlisiso tsena li bontša hore litlolo tse sebetsang ho NAcc li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ponts'ong ea anhedonia.

Ho pheta liphetho ka Harvey et al. (2007), re boetse re hlokometse kopano e 'ngoe e mpe pakeng tsa MASQ AD (mme eseng sekala se seng sa MASQ) le bophahamo ba NAcc. Ho fapana le thuto e fetileng, mokhatlo ona o ne o ikhethile ho NAcc mme o sa fetele libakeng tse ling tsa basal ganglia (mohlala, caudate). Ho khahlisang ke hore phapang ea anhedonia e tlalehiloeng ke liphapang tsa NAcc ha e ea ka ea fapana ka phapang e amanang le karohano e le 'ngoe karabelong ea NAcc mabapi le katleho. Sena se hlahisa potso ea hore na karolo ea sebopeho e emela phapang ho tšobotsi anhedonia, athe karolo ea ts'ebetso e kanna ea theoa haholo ho khethollo ea motho ka mong ho boemo anhedonia. Bonyane ho hlokometsoe lintlha tse peli tse hanyetsanang le monyetla ona. Taba ea pele, likarabo tse sebetsang mabapi le likhothaletso li ile tsa hlahlojoa sebokeng se fapaneng, se etsahetseng, ka kakaretso, nako e fetang khoeli kamora taolo ea MASQ. Kahoo, ke maemo a feto-fetohang feela a tsitsitseng a ka fokotsang mekhatlo e shebelletsoeng. Taba ea bobeli, re kopantse likarolo tsa tumellano kamora ho bala lintlha tsa MASQ AD maemong ohle a boitšoaro le a EEG. Litlhahlobo tsena li senotse khokahano e eketsehileng bakeng sa likarabo tsa NAcc mabapi le katleho. r(26) = −.49, empa eseng ka bokhutšoanyane ba NAcc, r(26) = −.20 (bapisa le boleng ho Lethathamo 2). Ka lebaka leo, ho bonahala ho na le monyetla oa hore phapang ea tšebetso le tšebetso ea NAcc e kenella likarolong tse fapaneng tsa ts'ebetso ea moputso oa neural e ka bang teng ka bobeli ho amanang le anhedonia.

Thutong ea hajoale, ha re khone ho supa likarolo tsena tse arohaneng. Ntle le moo, ho tla hlokahala mosebetsi o eketsehileng ho etsa qeto ka menehelo e lekanyelitsoeng ea likarolo tse lebelletsoeng tsa ts'ebetso ea moputso ho anhedonia. Mosebetsing oa liphoofolo, ho rata "hedonic" ho amana le ts'ebetso ea NAcc opioid, athe NAcc dopamine e bonahala e tlamahane haholo le ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso ("ho batla") le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso (Berridge, 2007; Salamone et al., 2007) mme ka bobeli ho "rata" le "ho batla" ho ka 'na ha fokotseha ka mabaka a hore o na le "anhedonia". Mohlaleng oa rona, kamano pakeng tsa anhedonia le likarabo tsa NAcc e ne e ikhethile mohopolong oa "ho rata") ho fapana le karolo ea "ho batla") ea ts'ebetso ea moputso. Sena se fumanoa se bapisoa le data ea morao-rao ho bakuli ba schizophrenic, moo matšoao a fosahetseng (ho kenyeletsoa le anhedonia) a hokahantsoeng le karabelo ea maikutlo a morao-rao ho litheko tse lebelletsoeng mofuteng o ts'oanang oa mosebetsi oa MID (Juckel et al., 2006a, 2006b). Ntle le liphapang tse hlakileng tsa sebopeho sa sehlopha (bakuli ba nang le lefu la kelello le mafu a kelello), ho se tšoane ka moralo oa mesebetsi ho ka hlalosa phapang lipakeng tsa liphihlelo tsa hajoale le Juckel. Ka ho khetheha, ho fapana le lithuto tsa pele, moo 66% ea liteko tsa moputso li lebisitseng tefong ea moputso (Juckel et al., 2006a, 2006b), thutong ea hona joale, phaello e tlisitsoe ho 50% ea liteko tsa moputso, ka hona li ne li sa lebelloa ho feta. Hobane likarabo tsa striatal li fumanoe li le ngata ha meputso e sa lebelloa (mohlala, Delgado, 2007; O'Doherty et al., 2004), moralo oa hajoale o kanna oa eketsa bokhoni ba rona ba ho khetholla mekhatlo e lumeletsoeng lipakeng tsa NAcc ho arabela le katleho le anhedonia mohlaleng ona oa bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Motheong oa liphapang tsena, re lumela hore e sa le pele ho ka boleloa ka nepo hore na anhedonia e tšoauoa haholo ke ho se sebetse maemong a lebelletsoeng a ts'ebetso ea moputso. Boithuto ba nako e tlang bo sebelisang mesebetsi e fapaneng ea liteko le / kapa boqhekanyetsi ba dopamine le opioid, bo tla hlokahala ho hlakisa likarolo tsa "ho batla" le "ho rata" ho anhedonia.

Mosebetsi oa Anhedonia le oa RACC

Thutong ea hona joale, kamano e ntle pakeng tsa anhedonia le ho phomola mosebetsi oa delta ea EEG libakeng tsa rACC e hlahile. Mokhatlo ona o ne o bua ka ho khetheha ho li-anhedonia (bapisoa le lipeeletso tse ling tsa MASQ), ho rostral (bapisoa le dorsal, tlhalohanyo e eketsehileng) litloaelo tsa ACC, le sehlopha sa maqhubu a delta (ntle le likamano tse tšoanang empa li se na matla sehlopheng sa theta; bona mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe 4) . Ntle le moo, sehlaha se bonts'ang khokahano e matla pakeng tsa letsoalo la hona joale le anhedonia e koahelang libaka tse amanang le anhedonia / khatello ea maikutlo le lets'oao la FMRI mabapi le ts'usumetso e ntle e fumanoe mosebetsing oa pele (mohlala, Harvey et al., 2007; Keedwell et al., 2005). Kaha ho phomola delta oscillation ho amana haholo le ho phomola hoa ts'ebetso ea boko ho batho ka bomong (Niedermeyer, 1993; Pizzagalli le al., 2004; Reddy et al., 1992; Scheeringa et al., 2008), lits'ebetso tsena li tšehetsa khopolo ea hore anhedonia e amahanngoa le ts'ebetso ea boko e theohileng ka tekanyo sebakeng sa boko se amanang le litekanyetso tsa thabo tsa karabelo ho arabela lintšing tsa maemo a fapaneng (de Araujo et al., 2003; Grabenhorst et al., 2008; Rolls et al., 2008; Rolls et al., 2003). Ntle le moo, ho lokela ho hopoloa hore ho hlokomela ha rona kamano e nepahetseng lipakeng tsa anhedonia le litekanyetso tsa hona joale tsa mokokotlo oa ACC (BA25) tse hlahang ho tsoa pele ho ROI e sekaseka litaba tse ntle ka tse fumanoeng pele litekong tse phahameng tsa hona joale (le tšebetso e tlase ea metabolic) ho BA25 ho bakuli ba sithabetsang ba nang le melancholia (ke hore, subtype ea khatello e kholo ea maikutlo e tsebahalang haholo ke anhedonia, Pizzagalli le al., 2004).

Ha ho kopantsoe hammoho, liphumano tsa hona joale (1) li bonts'a hore anhedonia, ho fapana le mahlomola a akaretsang, matšoenyeho kapa litšobotsi tse ling hape e re maemo a phahametseng a khatello ea maikutlo, a ka amahanngoa le ts'ebetso ea kelello e fetotsoeng ho RACC, mme (2) e fana ka maikutlo a hore anhedonia e ka se be feela e tšoauoa ke karabelo ea NAcc e fokotsang meputso, empa hape le mosebetsi o mongata oa ho phomola o tlase ho RACC. Tlhahlobo ena ea morao-rao ke pale empa e lumellana le bopaki bo bongata ba hore lipalo tsa racC li hlahella ka kotloloho meputsong ea meputso ea boko. E fumana letsoalo le matla la dopaminergic (Gaspar et al., 1989) le merero ho striatum (haholo-holo NAcc) le sebaka se arohaneng sa (Haber et al., 2006; Öngür le Theko, 2000; Sesack le Pickel, 1992). Litekong, ho hlohlona ha RACC ho eketsa mekhoa ea ho thunya ha methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo (dopamine neurons) (Gariano le Groves, 1988; Murase et al., 1993), mme mekhoa ena e phatlohileng ho thunya e eketsa tlhahiso ea dopamine ho NAcc (Schultz, 1998), e kentsoeng ts'ebetsong ea ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso le ts'ebetso ea boits'oaro (bona ka holimo). Bathong, racC e bonts'a ts'ebetso e eketseha ho arabela lithethefatsi tse dopamine (Udo de Haes et al., 2007; Völlm et al., 2004), khokahano e sebetsang ea ho kopanya le libaka tsa striatal kamora ho theoha ha dopamine (Nagano-Saito et al., 2008), lipontšo tse fokotsoang tsa ho ithuta moputso khatellong ea maikutlo e hananang le kalafo (Kumar et al., 2008), hape e bile le tšusumetso litlamorao tsa boithatelo bo botle (bona kaholimo) le likahlolo tsa khetho (mohlala, Paulus le Frank, 2003).

Ka bomalimabe, racC e boetse e nkuoa e le senotlolo sa marang-rang a bokhelohi ba boko (ke hore, marang-rang a libaka tse hokahaneng a sebelisitseng nako ea ho phomola le ho sebetsa nakong ea ho etsa mesebetsi, Buckner et al., 2008), Le Scheeringa et al. (2008) e bontšitse hore tšebetso ea "frontline midline delta / theta" e hokahane ka tsela e mpe le ts'ebetso ho netweke e sa sebetseng. Kahoo, ha ho talingoa ka pono ena, liphetho tsa hona joale li fana ka maikutlo a kamano pakeng tsa anhedonia le ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng khokahanong ea mantlha, eo ho nahanoang hore e "nolofalletsa lipatlisiso tsa kelello tse ikamahanyang le litekanyetso - lits'oants'o - tse fanang ka mokhoa oa ho lebella le ho lekola liketsahalo tse tlang pele ba etsahala ”(Buckner et al., 2008, leq. 2). Bakuli ba sithabetsang maikutlo ha ba nyenyefatse ketsahalo ea maikutlo a monate a ba tlisoang (mohlala, Ikhefutse et al., 2003) hape o lebelletse litholoana tse fokolang tse fokolang nakong e tlang haufinyane (MacLeod le Salaminiou, 2001; MacLeod et al., 1997; Miranda le Mennin, 2007; Moore et al., 2006). Litlhokomeliso tsena li phahamisa monyetla o makatsang oa hore tšebetso e fokotsang phomolo sebakeng sa marang-rang sa RacC e ka thatafatsa boemo ba maikutlo bo hlakileng ba nako e tlang (joalo ka, ho se natse liketsahalo tse ntle tsa nakong e fetileng hammoho le bofokoli ba ho nahana maemo a monate a bokamoso). Ho tla hlokahala lithuto tsa nako e tlang ho leka mohopolo ona.

Le ha racC e ne e boetse e ts'epahala e tsositsoe ka karabo ea moputso mosebetsing oa MID, ha rea ​​ka ra boloka kamano e ntle e lebelletsoeng pakeng tsa likarabo tsa moputso sebakeng sena le anhedonia (Harvey et al., 2007; Keedwell et al., 2005). Rea hlokomela, leha ho le joalo, hore likamano tse ntle pakeng tsa anhedonia / khatello ea maikutlo le likarabo tsa RACC li tlalehiloe ka mokhoa o ts'oanang maemong a rACC ka kakaretso deactivations ho susumetsoa ke maikutlo, ka taolo e phetseng hantle le batho ba maemo a tlase ba bontšang li-deactivations tse tsebahalang haholo (Gotlib et al., 2005; Grimm et al., 2008; Harvey et al., 2007). Ka hona hoa etsahala hore batho ba nang le matšoao a anhedonic ba se ke ba bonts'a lits'oants'o tse tlatselletsang ts'ebetsong ena ea marang-rang ea boko ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea bona e tlase sebakeng sena tlas'a phomolo. Khopolo-taba ena ea nalane, e ka 'nang ea boela ea hlalosa likamano tse ntle tsa maikutlo pakeng tsa anhedonia le likarabo tsa moputso oa RacC tse bonoang lithutong tse ling (Harvey et al., 2007; Keedwell et al., 2005), e ka lekoa habonolo lithutong tse kopantseng mehato ea fMRI ea deactivation e amanang le mosebetsi le mehato ea PET kapa EEG ea mosebetsi oa ho phomola.

Rostral ACC Delta Ketso le Likarabo tsa NAcc Reward

Lits'ebetso tse matla le tse sa nepahalang tse boneng lipakeng tsa letsoalo la hona joale sebakeng sa rostral, likarolo tse amehang tsa ACC le karabelo ea NAcc ea ho fumana melemo li hlahisa bopaki ba nalane ho batho ba phetseng hantle bakeng sa khopolo ea hore morethetho oa litheko oa EEG o amana le ts'ebetso ea moputso maemong a kantle ho naha (Knyazev, 2007). Tataiso ea phello ena e lumellana le datha ea liphoofolo e bonts'a hore ho lokolloa ha dopamine ho NAcc ho amana le ts'ebetso e theohileng ea delta (Chang le al., 1995; Ferger et al., 1994; Kropf le Kuschinsky, 1993; Leung le Yim, 1993; Luoh et al., 1994) le ka tlaleho ea haufinyane ea ketsahalo e amanang le "delta" e amanang le liketsahalo tsa lefu la Huntington, lefu la mokokotlo le amanang le phokotso ea matšoao a dopamine DopN DXX le D1 receptor density (Beste et al., 2007). E ikhethang ea phello ho RACC le NAcc e kenyelletsa tšehetso e eketsehileng bakeng sa karolo ea hypothesised bakeng sa delta e le index ea ts'ebetso ea moputso oa neural.

Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe kaholimo, RACC ka boyona ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea moputso oa boko oa ho putsa le lithuto tsa boiphihlelo ho litšoene li bonts'itse hore litereke tsa RACC li khetha projeke pele ho NAcc ha e bapisoa le libaka tse ling tsa litoro (Haber et al., 2006). Leha e fana ka bopaki bo matla ba khokahano lipakeng tsa delta le moputso, liphetho tse teng tsa ho phomola data ea EEG ha li bue ka mesebetsi e hlakileng ea ts'ebetso ea delta ts'ebetsong ea moputso. Cohen, Elger, le Fell (2008) haufinyane tjena li tlaleha hore tšebetso ea "delati" e ka pele e fokola nakong ea tebello ea tahlehelo le ho hapa maikutlo le ho eketseha ha karabo ea maikutlo ka boeona, haholo-holo karabo ea win e sa lebelloang. Lintlha tsena li fana ka maikutlo a phetoho e fapaneng mesebetsing ea litoro maemong a lebelletseng le a phetheselang a ts'ebetso ea moputso mme li bonts'a kamoo bafuputsi ba ka kenyang chelete e ngata tharollong e kholo ea nakoana ea EEG ho fumana phapano ea motho ka mong maikutlong a ts'ebetso ea moputso oa neural.

Meeli le Liphetho

Ntle le matla a mang a mangata (mohlala, tšebeliso ea mekhoa e mengata ea ho hlapolla, boholo ba sampole e kholo ho feta lithuto tse fetileng), re lokela ho hlokomela le likhaello tse ling tsa bohlokoa. Taba ea mantlha ke hore, mohlala oa rona o ne o e-na le bana ba banyenyane ba sa kenang sekolo, ho ntse ho tla bonahala hore na liphetho tse teng li tla lumellana le mehlala e meng e mengata. Taba ea bobeli, le ha re nkile mehato e 'maloa ea ho laola tšusumetso e ka bang teng lipusong tsa mokhatlo pakeng tsa anhedonia le EEG ea phomolo (tlhahlobo litekong tse arohaneng, karabelo ea maemo a amehang a mmuso), re ke ke ra hlakola hore maemo a amehileng a kentse letsoho liphumisanong tsa hajoale. Boithuto bo nang le tlhahlobo khafetsa ea ho phomola EEG bo ka fana ka leseli le khahlisang ka bohlokoa bo lekanang ba liphallelo tsa mmuso le boits'oaro phapusing ea mosebetsi oa RACC delta (Hagemann et al., 2002). Taba ea boraro, lithuto tse nang le tekanyo e tšoanang ea ho phomola EEG le PET ka har'a sampole tse lekaneng hantle li ikemiselitse ho tiisa ts'ebeliso ea rona ea LORETA likhakanyo tsa tekano ea hona joale ho RACC e le sesupo sa ketso ea boko tikolohong ena, kaha ho kopantsoe (tlase. ) "Delta" le "glucose metabolism" ea "delta" le "" glucose metabolism "e ka se ts'oaroe ke li-sampole tsa kliniki (Pizzagalli le al., 2004). Taba ea bone, le ha ho hokahantsoe likarolo tse hlano tse lekiloeng lithutong tsa mantlha a priori e ipapisitse le liphumano tse fetileng le / kapa mabaka a hanyetsanang, liphetho tsa hona joale li emetse ho phetoa ka lebaka la khaello ea khalemelo bakeng sa lipapiso tse ngata. Kamora nako, joalo ka lithuto tsohle tse lumellanang, liphumano tse teng ha li bolele ho khangoa, kapa tataiso Ka hona, hajoale ha ho tsejoe hore na bophahamo ba NAcc bo fokotsoe, mohlala, ke ntho e ka bang kotsing ea ho hlaha kapa ka lebaka la anhedonia. Lithuto tsa nako e tlang li sebelisa meralo ea nako e telele, mananeo a liteko tsa liteko tsa PFC le litekanyetso (mohlala, Schlaepfer et al., 2008), le / kapa ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho genetics ea limolek'hule tsa ts'ebetso ea moputso (mohlala, Kirsch et al., 2006) ho tla hlokahala ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa maiketsetso tse ntlafalitsoeng haholoanyane ka methapo ea kutlo ea anhedonia.

Le ha ho le joalo, ka ho sebelisa mokhoa o fapaneng oa ho feto-fetoha ha methapo e mengata, re bonts'itse hore anhedonia e hokahane le likarabo tse fokolang tsa NAcc mabapi le phaello ea chelete, ea fokotseha palo ea NAcc, mme ba eketsa ts'ebetso ea ho phomola ea EEG (ke hore, ba fokotsa mosebetsi oa boko) libakeng tsa RACC ka mohlala oa bacha baithaopi. Ka kopanelo, mehato ena e meraro ea 'mele e hlalositse 45% ea phapang matšoao a anhedonic. Anhedonia ka bobeli le likarolo tsa tsamaiso ea moputso oa boko tse kenyelletsoeng thutong ea hona joale li hokahane le mathata a mangata a kelello a kelello, ho kenyelletsa khatello ea maikutlo le lefu la kelello. Kahoo, liphumano tsa rona li fana ka ts'ehetso e eketsehileng bakeng sa conceptualization ea anhedonia e le ts'episo e ts'episang ea endophenotype le ts'oaetso bakeng sa mathata ana, mme re fana ka maikutlo a hore lithuto tse ling ka motheo oa neuralonia oa anhedonia ho batho ba phetseng hantle li ka thusa ho hlola meeli ea nalology ea hona joale ea kelello le ho fana ka bohlokoa leseli ho pathophysiology.

Eya ho:

lumela hore baa fokola

Phuputso ena e ne e tšehelitsoe ke lithuso tse tsoang ho NIMH (R01 MH68376) le NCCAM (R21 AT002974) e fuoeng DAP. Likahare tsa eona feela ke boikarabello ba bangoli ebile ha se hakaalo hore li emela maikutlo a semmuso a NIMH, NCCAM, kapa Mekhatlo ea Naha ea Bophelo. Dr. Pizzagalli o fumane tšehetso ea lipatlisiso ho tsoa ho GlaxoSmithKline le Merck & Co, Inc. bakeng sa merero e sa amaneng le patlisiso ena. Jan Wacker o ne a tšehelitsoe ke thuso e tsoang ho G.-A.-Lienert-Stiftung zur Nachwuchsförderung ho Biopsychologischer Methodik nakong eo a neng a lula Lefapheng la Psychology, Univesithing ea Harvard.

Bangoli ba ka thabela ho leboha Jeffrey Birk le Elena Goetz ka thuso ea bona e nang le bokhoni, Allison Jahn, Kyle Ratner, le James O'Shea ka tlatsetso ea bona mathoasong a lipatlisiso tsena, Decklin Foster bakeng sa tšehetso ea tekheniki, le Nancy Brooks le Christen Deveney bakeng sa karolo ea bona ho hloa sampole ena.

Eya ho:

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

1Tlhahlobisong e 'ngoe, re fumane litekanyo tse fapaneng tsa beta bakeng sa li-ROI tse tsamaeang le radius ea 8 mm e shebaneng le sebaka se haufi sa khokahano ea tlhoro lipakeng tsa anhedonia le karabelo ea BOLD ho khothaletso e ntle ka ho le letšehali le ka lehlakoreng le letona la li-PFC (x = ± 8, y = 44, z = −7) joalo ka ha ho tlalehiloe ke Harvey et al. (2007) 'me Keedwell et al. (2005). Liphetho li ne li ts'oana haholo le tse tlalehiloeng mona bakeng sa racC.

2E totobatsa botebo ba khokahano ena, khokahano ena e ne e fapana le mekhatlo e seng ea bohlokoa e hlokometsoeng pakeng tsa likarabo tsa MASQ GDA le NAcc mabapi le katleho. r(26) = −.19, p = .34, z = 2.07, p = .038, le karabo ea phetoho, r(26) = −.00, p = .99, z = 1.71, p = .087, 'me ea lula e bohlokoa kamora nako e tšoanang e lekanya likarolo tse ling tse tharo tsa MASQ, r(23) = .41, p = .041. Ho sa tsotellehe taba ena e ts'episang, khokahano lipakeng tsa MASQ GDA le NAcc likarabo tsa likotlo tsa lichelete li lokela ho hlalosoa ka hloko, hobane ha ea ka ea boleloa esale pele ebile e ke ke ea fihlela bohlokoa ba lipalo kamora ho lokisoa bakeng sa liteko tse ngata.

3Barupeluoa ba babeli ba ne ba haelloa ke tlhaiso bonyane e le ngoe ea litekanyetso tsa bona tse ntle le tse mpe ka hona ba ka se kenyele ho tlhahlobo ena.

4Lits'oants'o tse ts'oanang empa tse nyane li hlaha lipakeng tsa lintlha tsa MASQ AD le letsoalo la hajoale, rs (39) = .35, .30, le .45, bakeng sa BAs 24, 25, le 32, ka ho latellana, p ≤ .06. Ntle le moo, ntle le tumellano pakeng tsa MASQ AD le beta1 letsoalo la hona joale ho BA32, r(39) = .33, p = .035, ha ho mekhatlo ea bohlokoa e hlokometsoeng pakeng tsa MASQ AD le letsoalo la hona joale libakeng tsena ho lihlopha tse ling tsa maqhubu a EEG.

Boitlhotlhollo ba Mohoeletsi: Ena ke faele ea PDF ea mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho o sa amoheloang o amoheletsoeng bakeng sa ho hatisoa. Joaloka tšebeletso ho bareki ba rona re fana ka phetolelo ena ea pele ea mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho. Mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho o tla ba le ho kopitsa, ho kenya lihlopha le ho hlahloba bopaki bo hlahang pele o hatisoa ka mokhoa oa oona oa ho qetela. Ka kopo hlokomela hore nakong ea mekhoa ea tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa e ka fumanoa e ka amang litaba, le litsebiso tsohle tsa molao tse sebetsang koranteng e amanang le eona.

Eya ho:

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