Dopamine, Noradrenaline le ho Fapana ka Boits'oaro ba Botona le Botšehali pakeng tsa Qoba e Phahameng ea Baroma le ea Bohlokoa Maqeba a banna: Thuto ea Microdialysis ho Medial Prefrontal Cortex

Ka pele. Behav. Neurosci., 07 June 2017 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00108
lesela
  • 1Lefapha la Saense ea Biomedical, Karolo ea Neuroscience le Clinical Pharmacology, le Setsi sa Botle bakeng sa Neurobiology of Addictions, Univesithi ea Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
  • 2Lefapha la Bophelo le Saense ea Tikoloho, Karolo ea Saense ea Bongaka, Bohlalefi le Nutraceutical, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
  • 3Setsi sa Neuroscience, Lekhotla la Sechaba la Lipatlisiso, Karolo ea Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Cagliari, Italy

Roman High- (RHA) le Low-kuzuiaance (RLA) li tsoa likhoto, tse fapaneng bakeng sa karabelo e potlakileng ea karabelo ea karabo e sebetsang ka lebokoseng le bonts'ang liphapang tsa ts'ebetso ea thobalano ha li beoa boteng ba thobalano. rat rat fem Ka sebele likhoto tsa RHA li bonts'a maemo a phahameng a tšusumetso ea thobalano le ts'ebetso ea ho kopitsa ho feta likhoto tsa RLA, tse tsoelang pele hape kamora ts'ebetso ea thobalano e pheta-phetoang. Liphapang tsena li kopantsoe le molumo o phahameng oa mesolimbic dopaminergic system ea likhoto tsa RHA vs. RLA, e senotsoe ke keketseho e phahameng ea dopamine e fumanoang ho dialysate e fumanoeng ho li-RNA tsa nucleus tsa RHA ho feta likhoto tsa RLA nakong ea thobalano. Mosebetsi ona o bonts'a hore extracellular dopamine le noradrenaline (NA) hape, e eketseha ka dialysate ho tloha medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) ea RHA ea monna le likhoto tsa RLA tse kentsoeng boteng ba morethetho o sa fihleheng oa thobalano. Keketseho e joalo ea dopamine (le metabolite ea eona e ka sehloohong ea 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, DOPAC) le NA li fumanoe liphoofolong tsa tlhaho tsa thobalano le tsa boiphihlelo, empa li ne li phahame: (i) ho RHA ho feta ho likhoto tsa RLA; le (ii) litlalehong tsa RHA le RLA tse nang le thobalano ho feta ho balekane ba bona ba naïve. Kamora nako, liphapang tsa dopamine le NA ho mPFC li etsahetse ka mokhoa o tšoanang ho ba etsang thobalano, joalo ka likhoto tsa RHA li bonts'a maemo a holimolimo a ts'usumetso ea thobalano le ts'ebetso ea ho kopitsa ho feta likhoto tsa RLA maemong a bobeli a thobalano le boiphihlelo. Liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore lentsoe le phahameng la dopaminergic le lona le hlaha ho mPFC, hammoho le molumo oa "noradrenergic" o ka amehang lipapatsong tse fapaneng tsa kopollo tse fumanehang ho RHA le RLA, joalo ka ha ho laetsoe sisteme ea mesolimbic dopaminergic.

Selelekela

Roman High- (RHA) le Low-qobaance (RLA) lits'oaetso tsa litekanyetso li sa tloheleha, li khethiloe ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le karabelo e mpe ea karabelo ea ho qoba ho sebetsa ka lebokoseng le tsamaeang (Bignami, 1965; Broadhurst le Bignami, 1965; Driscoll le Bättig, 1982; Fernández-Teruel et al., 2002; Giorgi et al., 2007) bonts'a phapano ea bohlokoa liketsong tsa thobalano ha o beoa ka pel'a mosali ea amohelang thobalano. Ho joalo, likhoto tsa RHA li bonts'a maemo a phahameng a tšusumetso ea thobalano ho feta likhoto tsa RLA, joalo ka ha ho hlahisitsoe ke palo e phahameng ea maiketsetso a sa kopaneng a bonts'itsoeng ke likhoto tsena ha a beoa boteng ba mosali ea amohelang molaetsa, le ts'ebetso e betere ho feta likhoto tsa RLA, joalo ka ha ho senotsoe ke phapang e kholo litemaneng tse ngata tsa ho qopitsoa tse fumanoeng tlhahlobo ea pele ea koporase lipakeng tsa mela e 'meli ea litekanyetso, empa le kamora liteko tse hlano tse kopaneng, leha a le haufi.Sanna et al., 2014a). Har'a liphapang tse tsejoang haholo tse fumanoeng lipakeng tsa likhoto tsa RHA le RLA ke liperesente tsa litoeba tse qalileng ho hola le ho tsepamisa maikutlo le tse etsisang tlhahlobo ea pele ea koporase, 80% ea likhakanyo tsa RHA khahlano le 40% ea likhoto tsa RLA, ka ho latellana (Sanna et al., 2014a). Bopaki bo bongata ba liteko bo fana ka maikutlo a hore modumo o fapaneng oa dopaminergic o kenya letsoho liphapatsong tsa ho qaptjoa lipakeng tsa likhoto tsa RHA le RLA. Ha e le hantle, mekhoa e fapaneng ea kopi ea RHA le RLA e fumanoe e fetotsoe ka mokhoa o fapaneng ke apomorphine, D1 / D2 dopamine receptor agonist e laeloang litekong tse nolofalletsang boitšoaro ba thobalano, mme ka haloperidol, D2 dopamine receptor antagonist, e laoloang ho tekanyetso tse tlase tse thibelang boitšoaro ba thobalano (Sanna et al., 2014b). Ka lebaka leo, litoeba tsa RLA li fumanoe li ameha haholo ts'ebetsong le lithibelisong tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano bo khothalletsoang ke apomorphine le haloperidol, ka ho latellana, joalo ka ha ho bontšoa liphetoho tse kholo tse hlahisitsoeng ke lithethefatsi tsena tse peli ha li fanoa ka tekanyetso e tlase liparong tse fapaneng tsa ho kopanya ho Likhoto tsa RLA mabapi le likhoto tsa RHA (Sanna et al., 2014b). Mohlomong ho bohlokoa le ho feta thutong ena, mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho kopitsa ea litoeba tsa RHA le RLA le tsona li amana le phapang ea tšebetso ea mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons, eo ts'ebetso ea eona e tsebahalang ho eketseha nakong ea boitšoaro ba thobalano (Pfaus et al., 1990; Pleim et al., 1990; Pfaus le Phillips, 1991; Damsma et al., 1992; Wenkstern et al., 1993; Balfour et al., 2004; Pitchers et al., 2010, 2013; Beloate et al., 2016). Ehlile, ho sa tsotelehe taba ea hore naïve ea thobalano le batho ba nang le thobalano ea RHA le litoeba tsa RLA li na le litekanyetso tse tšoanang tsa motheo tsa dopamine tsa extracellular ka hara dialysate ho tloha li-bokellase tsa nucleus, ho tsepamisa mohopolo ho extracellular dopamine le 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC, e 'ngoe ea metabolites ea eona e ka sehloohong. ), ho fumanoe ho eketsoa phapang ho dialysates tse fumanoeng kholumolumong e bokellanang ea "naïve" le "RLA" le litoeba tsa RLA ka bobeli mekhahlelong ea boitšoaro ba thobalano. Liphapang tse kaholimo li ne li tšoaetsoe haholo lipakeng tsa "RHA" tsa RHA le litoeba tsa RLA, empa li ntse li tsoela pele lipakeng tsa litoeba tsa RHA le RLA, leha li ne li batla ho fokotseha ho likotlo tsena, joalo ka ha li fumanoa le phapang ea boitšoaro ba thobalano (Sanna et al., 2015).

Karolo e sebetsang ea keketseho ea tšebetso ea dopaminergic ka har'a li-nucleus tse bokellaneng tse bonoang nakong ea thobalano (ebang ke lipapatsong tsa takatso ea takatso ea thobalano) e ntse e le taba ea ngangisano le e bonoang nakong ea ho fepa hore, joalo ka ts'ebetso ea thobalano, e na le matla a maholo. boiketlo bo susumetsang. Ka hona, le ha dopamine ho li-nucleus accumbens e kenella ho ts'usumetso mme mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons hangata e bitsoa li-neurons tse fanang ka moputso, lilemong tsa 15 tsa ho qetela, lithuto tsa morao-rao li tšehetsa khopolo ea hore mesolimbic dopamine ha e amehe ka polelo ea mantlha ea boits'oaro bo susumetsang kapa bo nang le moputso, empa haholoholo ka ho ithuta le ho hopola litloaelano tsa moputso tse susumetsang (Agmo et al., 1995; Berridge le Robinson, 1998; Ikemoto le Panksepp, 1999; Pitchers et al., 2013, 2014; Beloate et al., 2016; Salamone et al., 2016). Tumellanong le khopolo-taba ena, li-blockade tsa dopamine receptors ka bokong ba nucleus kapa inactivation ea dopaminergic neurons sebakeng sa ventral tegmental li sa tsoa fumanoa li sa khone ho fetola polelo ea takatso ea lijo le likarolo tse kopanetsang tsa boitšoaro bo kopanetsoeng ho litoeba tsa banna (Pitchers et al., 2013, 2014; Beloate et al., 2016).

Leha ho le joalo, karolo ea libaka tse ling tsa boko tse nang le dopamine phapusing e kaholimo ea boitšoaro ba thobalano lipakeng tsa RHA le likhoto tsa RLA e ke ke ea qheleloa ka thoko. Ka hona, hoa tsebahala hore dopamine e fana ka litlamorao ho tse lebelloang le maemo a phetheselang a boitšoaro ba thobalano ho liphoofolo tsa maiketsetso le bathong eseng feela ka har'a li-nucleus accumbens (Everitt, 1990; Pfaus et al., 1990; Hull et al., 1991; Pfaus le Everitt, 1995; Melis le Argiolas, 2011), empa hape le libakeng tse ling tsa boko, joalo ka sebaka sa medial preoptic, hypothalamus le nuclei (ke hore, paraventricular nucleus (PVN); Pfaus le Phillips, 1991; Argiolas le Melis, 1995, 2005, 2013; Hull et al., 1995, 1999; Melis le Argiolas, 1995; Melis et al., 2003; Succu et al., 2007; Pfaus, 2010). Sebaka se seng se nang le dopamine mme se ka bapalang karolo ea boitšoaro ba thobalano ke cortex ea makhopho (prePalal cortex (mPFC); Fernández-Guasti et al., 1994; Agmo le Villalpando, 1995; Agmo et al., 1995; Hernández-Gonzáles et al., 1998, 2007; Kakeyama et al., 2003; Balfour et al., 2006; Afonso et al., 2007; Davis et al., 2010; Febo, 2011). Ebile, sebakeng sena sa boko ho fumanoa lits'ebetso tsa methapo ea mesocortical dopamine neurons, ka 'mele ea bona ea lisele e fumanehang sebakeng sa ventral tegmental e le mesolimbic dopamine neurons. Ha e le maqhubu a li-nucleus, karolo e tobileng ea sebaka sena sa boko ho boitšoaro ba thobalano e ntse e hlakile haholo. Ho joalo ka hona, hangata makhopho a mPFC a fumanoa a sa khone ho fetola boitšoaro ba thobalano le likhoto tsa monna le mosali ea amohelang thobalano.Fernández-Guasti et al., 1994; Agmo le Villalpando, 1995; Agmo et al., 1995; Hernández-Gonzáles et al., 1998, 2007; Kakeyama et al., 2003; Balfour et al., 2006; Afonso et al., 2007), leha e le polelo ea sebaka se khethiloeng bakeng sa moputso oa thobalano (Davis et al., 2010). Leha ho le joalo maqeba a mPFC, a sa fetoleng ponahalo ea sebaka se ikhethileng bakeng sa moputso oa thobalano, a felisitse ho eona liphoofolo tse tšoanang bokhoni ba ho qhekella thobalano le batho ba ts'oaraneng ka thobalano (Davis et al., 2010) le ho thunya lisele ka mokhoa o ikhethileng nakong eo a atamelang boits'oaro ba monna ho mosali ea amohelang likamano tsa botona le botšehali ho lekantsoe mPFC ea likhoto tsa banna (Febo, 2011). Liphumano tsena li lebelletse ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso ea mPFC nakong ea boitšoaro ba thobalano e bapala karolo ea kopanyo ea tlhaiso-leseling ea kantle le ea ka hare bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea ho bolaoa le taolo ea boits'oaro bo lebisitsoeng ho e-na le ho fana ka karabelo ea kahare ho bahlahisi ba tlhaho (bona. Goto le Mohau, 2005). Ka hona, mmoho le li-nucleus accumbens, mPFC ke karolo ea ts'ebetso e rarahaneng ea neural e kenyellelitsoeng phetolelong ea boitšoaro bo susumetsoang (boits'oaro bo lebisitsoeng ho sepheo), bo hlokang ho kopanngoa ha tlhaiso-leseling e tsoang ho mPFC, leseli la maikutlo le tsoang ho amygdala le moelelo- tlhahisoleseling e amanang le hippocampus, ka har'a li-nucleusGoto le Mohau, 2005).

Bopaki ba boithuto bo fana ka maikutlo a hore ho lokolloa ha dopamine ho mPFC ho ameha taolong e lumellanang ea boits'oaro bo susumetsoang, mme ho phetoa mekhoa ena ho nahanoa hore e bapala karolo maemong a methapo kapa a mabe, joalo ka mathata a kelello le lefu la kelello. ADHD), khatello ea maikutlo (Dunlop le Nemeroff, 2007; Masana et al., 2011), kapa tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi le boits'oaro ba papali ea chelete (Everitt le Robbins, 2005). Ho khahlisang ke hore ketsahalo ea dopamine e lokollotsoeng ho mPFC e kanna ea susumetsoa ke noradrenaline (NA), e teng mPFC maemong a holimo ho feta dopamine, mme haholoholo ke NA transporter (NET), e seng feela e ngata ho feta ea dopamine transporter (DAT) ho mPFC (Carboni et al., 1990, 2006; Gresch et al., 1995; Westernik et al., 1998), empa hape e bonts'a kamano ea dopamine e phahameng haholo ho feta ea NA (Horn, 1973). Kaha dopamine le NA hangata li sebelisana mesebetsing e mengata ea mPFC, ho tloha mohopolong o sebetsang le ho tsepamisa mohopolo ho fetoheng ho fetoheng ho ithuteng, ho thibela karabo le karabelo ho khatello ea maikutlo (bona Robbins le Arnsten, 2009), sena se hlahisa monyetla oa hore dopamine, a le mong kapa hammoho le NA, ho mPFC le eona e ka bapala karolo lipapatsong tsa boits'oaro lipakeng tsa RHA le likhoto tsa RLA ho kenyeletsoa tse fumanoang ka boitšoaro ba thobalano.

E le ho leka mokhoa ona oa ts'ebetso, ts'ebetso ea mesocortical dopaminergic system le system ea noradrenergic ho mPFC e ithutile mehatong ea litekanyetso tse peli tsa RHA le RLA ka ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kutlo. Ka bokhutšoanyane, dopamine (le metabolite ea eona e ka sehloohong ea DOPAC) le NA li ile tsa lekanngoa ka dialysates tse fumanoeng litlamong tsa prelimbic (PrL) le infralimbic (IL) tsa mPFC ea thobalano naïve (mohlala, ha ho mohla e kileng ea pepesetsoa ke mosali ea amohelang) le RHA ea nang le bohlola. Likhoto tsa RLA (mohlala, tse ileng tsa etsa liteko tsa pele tsa bohlano ba ho qopitsoa le ho bonts'a maemo a ts'ebetso e sa fetoheng) ha li beoa ka pela mosali ea amohelang molaetsa le nakong ea likamano tse otlolohileng tsa thobalano ka khatello e phahameng ea chromatography e tsamaeang le tlhahlobo ea elektrochemical (HPLC-ECD).

Lisebelisoa le mekhoa

Animals

RAK ea khale le ea RLA ea likhoto tsa banna (N = 30 bakeng sa mola o mong le o mong, e boima ba ≈300 g qalong ea mosebetsi oa teko) kaofela li tsoa koloneng e thehiloeng 1998 Univesithing ea Cagliari, Italy (Giorgi et al., 2007). Ts'ebetso e sebelisitsoeng bakeng sa ho ikatisa ha kolone ea Sardinian e se e hlalositsoe ka botlalo (Giorgi et al., 2005).

Litlhaku tse tšehisang tsa basali tsa ovariectomised SD (250-300 g qalong ea mosebetsi oa liteko) tse sebelisitsoeng litekong tsohle, li fumanoe ho Envigo (San Pietro al Natisone, Italy). Liphoofolo li ile tsa rorisoa ka makhetlo a mane ho isa koung e le ngoe (38 cm × 60 cm x 20 cm) meahong ea matlo a Lefapha la Saense ea Biomedical Science of the University of Cagliari bakeng sa bonyane matsatsi a 10 pele ho qala liteko, ho 24 ° C, mongobo 60%, e khutliselitseng 12 h potoloho e bobebe / e lefifi (mabone a tima 08: 00 h ho 20: 00 h), metsi le lijo tse tloaelehileng tsa laboratori ad libitum. Liphoofolo li ne li tšoaroa letsatsi le letsatsi bakeng sa 1-2 min ho pholletsa le nako ea ho lula, e le ho fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo nakong ea liteko. kaholimo ho moo, ho ikopanya le basebeletsi ba tlhokomelo ea matlo a liphoofolo ho ne ho felletsoe feela ho mosebeletsi a le mong mme mealo ea matlong ka mekotla ea matlo ha e e-so ka e fetoloa ka letsatsi le fetileng kapa ka letsatsi la liteko. Liteko tsohle li entsoe pakeng tsa 10: 00 h le 18: 00 h. Boithuto bona bo entsoe ho latela litlhahiso tsa tataiso ea tataiso ea European Communities, Directive ea September 22, 2010 (2010 / 63 / EU) le Legislation ea Italy (DL Hlakubele 4, 2014, n. 26). Protocol e amohetsoe ke Komiti ea Boitšoaro ea Tlhahlobo ea Liphoofolo ea Univesithi ea Cagliari (tumello ea No. 361 / 2016-PR, April 08, 2016 ho FS).

Lihlopha tsa Tlhahlobo

Ho sebelisitsoe RHA ea monna le balekane ba nang le thobalano le litoeba tsa RLA. Likamano tsa thobalano le naveve e ne e le likhoto ha li so ka li pepesetsoa mosali ea amohelang ka thobalano le o-estradiol + progesterone primed-femme; litoeba tse nang le thobalano e ne e le likhoto tse seng li ntse li lekile liteko tse hlano tse latellanang tsa 60 min ka nako ea matsatsi a 3 le mosali ea amohelang (Sanna et al., 2014a,b). Basali ba ile ba tlisoa ka oestrus ka kalafo ka subcutaneous estradiol benzoate (200 μg / rat ka oli ea peanut) le progesterone (0.5 mg / rat ka oli ea peanut), 48 h le 6 h le pele ho liteko tsa ho kopitsa. Oestrus e netefalitsoe ke mebala ea May-Grunwald-Giemsa le tlhahlobo ea microsc tropical ea smears 1 h pele ho liteko. E lumellana le lithuto tse fetileng (Sanna et al., 2014a,b, 2015) liteko tse hlano tsa pele tsa ho qopitso li fumanoe li lekane ho ba le likhoto tsa banna ba Roma tsa mela e 'meli e bonts'ang maemo a ts'ebetso ea ho kopitsa: mohlala, RHA ea nang le thobalano le RLA e khotsofalitse tekanyetso ea bonyane tekanyetso e le' ngoe e fumanoeng ho e 'ngoe ea liteko tse peli tse fetileng (Rata e le 'ngoe ea RHA le likhoto tse peli tsa RLA tse sa kang tsa khotsofatsa mokhoa ona, li lahliloe mohatong ona). Matsatsi a mabeli kamora liteko tsena tsa pele ho koporasi, likhoto tsa Maroma tse nang le thobalano li ile tsa etsoa opereishene ea thipa bakeng sa ho kenngoa ha projeke ea micodial ho mPFC joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ka tlase (Sanna et al., 2015).

Microdialysis ho mPFC nakong ea Boitšoaro ba Thobalano

Letsatsi pele ho mahlale a likokoana-hloko, "naïve" kapa "RHA" ea sejoale-joale ea bootsoa le litoeba li ile tsa beoa ka har'a lisebelisoa tse bolokiloeng (Stoelting Co, Wood Dale, IL, USA) tlasa isoflurane anesthesia (1.5% -2%; Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, MA, USA) 'me e kenngoa ka proti ea maiketsetso ea maiketsetso ea maiketsetso (membrane membrane ≈3 mm ea sebaka se sa lefelloeng; Melis et al., 2003), hape e tataisoa ntle le kotloloho mPFC, PrL le IL komporong (likhokahano: 3.0 mm anterior le 0.7 mm lateral to bregma, and 5.5 mm ventral to dura; Paxinos le Watson, 2004). Letsatsi la teko, liphoofolo li ile tsa fetisoa nakong ea mohato o lefifi oa potoloho (45 cm x 30 cm x 24 cm), e neng e le ka phapusing ea bopaki bo hlakileng e khantšitsoeng ke khanya e khubelu e nang le khanya kahare ho e 'ngoe. khase e nyane ea Plexiglas (15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm) e nang le masoba a 25 (Ø 2 mm) marakong a otlolohileng ho lumella ho bonana, olgicory le acoustic empa eseng ho sebelisana ka kotloloho. Kamora nako ea ho lula sebakeng sa 2 h, probe ea microsalysis e hokahane le CMA / 100 microinfusion pump (Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, MA, USA) e nang le polyethylene tubing mme e entsoe ka tharollo ea Ringer (147 mM NaCl, 3 mM KCl le 1.2 mM CaCl2, pH 6.5), ka lebelo la phallo ea 2.5 μl / min. Kamora nako ea ho leka-lekana ea 2 h ea infurerame e nang le mokelikeli oa extracellular, diquysate aliquots tsa 37.5 minL li ile tsa bokelloa metsotsoana e meng le e meng ea 15 nakong ea liteko litekanyetsong tsa dopamine, DOPAC le NA, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ka tlase. Kamora ho bokelloa ha li-aliquots tse 'ne tse nang le "diquysate", "rat" e amohelang basali e ile ea kenngoa kahara k'haravene e nyane e kahare ea kokelo ea 30 min. Nakong ea metsotso ena ea 30, ho ile ha bokelloa li-afra tse ling tse peli tsa daalysate Maemong ana likhoto tsa banna li ke ke tsa sebelisana ka kotloloho le tšehali, empa bonts'a li-erections tse sa kopaneng (bona ka tlase). Kamora nako ena, likhopo tse nyane li tlositsoe, ho qopitsoa ho ile ha lumelloa bakeng sa metsotso ea 75, 'me ba bokelloa li-aliquots tse ling tse hlano tsa dialysate. Qetellong ea nako ena, e tšehali e ne e ntšoa ka mokotleng oa mating mme ho bokelloe li-aliquot tse ling tsa daalysate (Pfaus le Everitt, 1995; Melis et al., 2003; Sanna et al., 2015). Litekanyetso tsa thobalano tse amanang le maemo a lebelletseng le a phetheselang a boitšoaro ba thobalano li tlalehiloe ho pholletsa le liteko (bona ka tlase).

Boitšoaro ba Thobalano

Methati e 'maloa ea tšusumetso ea thobalano le ts'ebetso ea papiso e amanang le mekhahlelo ea boitšoaro ba thobalano e tlalehiloe ho pholletsa le tlhahlobo e entsoeng ke motho ea neng a sa tsebe maemo a tlhahlobo a itseng, mohlala, ea neng a sa tsebe mola le boemo ba boiphihlelo ba thobalano. tsa liphoofolo tse sebelisoang boitekong bona (bona ka tlase). Ka bokhutšoanyane, bokhothokhotho ba bokhoni ba pele ba ho se kopane le mosali (NCPEL), bo nakong ho tloha ho kenyelletsoa ha mosali ea amohelang kantle ho terata e nyane ea kahare) le maqhubu a bona (NCPEF, palo ea li-penile erections tse etsahalang nakong eo mosali a leng ka eona li teng ka hara k'harale e ka hare) li tlalehiloe. Litšila tsena tsa pilemon-mediated penile erections, tse etsahalang ho likamano tsa botona le botšehali tsa botona kapa botšehali ho na le mosali ea amohelang ea amohelang molaetsa, li nkuoa e le leseli la bohlokoa la ho tsosa ka thobalano (Sachs et al., 1994; Sachs, 2000; Melis et al., 2003). Ha likamano tsa botona le botšehali li ne li lumelloa, mohlala, nakong ea ho qopitsa, latency ho hloa le ho kenella (ML le IL, ho tloha nakong ea ho tlosoa hoa khosatsana e kahare e kahare ho fihlela thabeng ea pele kapa ho kenella pele, ka tatellano); khafetsa oa ho nyoloha le ho kenella (MF le IF, palo ea lisekoere le ho kenella, ka tatellano, letotong la pele la ts'ebetso ea ho kopitsa le nakong eohle ea ho qopitsoa); latency ho ejaculation (EL, e behiloe nako ho tloha ho kenngoeng pele letotong la pele ho fihlela ejaculation); khafetsa ea ejaculation (EF, palo e felletseng ea ejuko nakong ea tlhahlobo ea ho kopitsa) le nako ea ho feto-fetoha ha kemiso (PEI, e tloheletsoeng ho tloha kemong ea pele ho fihlela ho kenella ka hare), e tlalehiloe. Ho feta moo, ho sebetsa hantle ho kopi (CE; palo ea mats'oao a letoto le fanoeng a arotsoe ke palo ea litheolelo le ho kenella ka tatellano e tšoanang) le nako ea ho kenella (III; karolelano pakeng tsa kemolo ea tatellano ea tatellano e fanoeng letotong le fuoeng le palo ea litaba tse kenelletseng letotong leo) li ile tsa ba tsa baloa lethathamong la pele la ts'ebetso ea ho kopitsa (Sachs le Barfield, 1976; Meisel le Sachs, 1994; Melis et al., 2003; Sanna et al., 2014a,b, 2015).

Boikemisetso ba Dopamine, DOPAC le Noradrenaline Concentrations ho Dialysate ho tsoa mPFC

Dopamine, DOPAC le NA ho tsepamisa mohopolo ho ne ho lekantsoe ho 20 μL ea diquysate aliquot e tsoang mPFC ke khatello e matla ea chromatography (HPLC) e kopantsoeng le tlhahlobo ea motlakase e sebelisang sele ea bobeli ea 4011 (Coulochem II, ESA, Cambridge, MA, USA) joalo ka e se e hlalositsoe (Melis et al., 2003). Ho sibolloa ho entsoe ka mokhoa oa phokotso ho + 350 le −180 mV. HPLC e ne e e-na le kholomo ea Supelcosil C18 (7.5 cm × 3.0 mm id, 3 μm size particle; Supelco, Supelchem, Milan, Italy), e entsoe ka 0.06 M citrate / acetate pH 4.2, e nang le methanol 20% v / v, 0.1 mM EDTA, 1 μM triethylamine, le 0.03 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate joalo ka mohala oa selefouno, ka lebelo la phallo ea 0.6 mL / min le mocheso oa kamore. Boikutlo ba tlhaselo eo e ne e le 0.125 pg bakeng sa dopamine, 0.1 pg bakeng sa DOPAC le 0.2 pg ea NA.

Histology

Qetellong ea liteko, litoeba li ile tsa bolaoa ka ho sesa, methapo e ile ea tlosoa hanghang lehata mme ya qoelisoa ka 4% aquible formaldehyde bakeng sa matsatsi a 12-15. Kamora nako ena, likarolo tsa boko ba 40 μm tsa coronal li ile tsa lokisoa ka microtome ea leqhoa, e entsoe ka Neutral Red 'me ea hlahlojoa ka microscope ea phapang. Boemo ba ntlheng ea phuputso bo ile ba fumaneha ho mPFC ka ho latela pampitšana ea projeke ka tatellano ea likarolo tsa boko (bona setšoantšo. 1). Ke litoeba feela tse fumanoeng li na le karolo e sebetsang ea sebopeho sa dialyzing se behiloeng ka nepo ho likarolo tsa PrL le IL tsa mPFC tse ileng tsa nkuoa bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea lipalo tsa sephetho (rat e le ngoe ho tsoa sehlopheng se seng le se seng sa liteko e ile ea lahloa khetlong lena).

Tšoantšiso 1

www.frontiersin.orgSetšoantšo sa 1. Setšoantšo se reriloeng sa karolo ea coronal ea boko ba rat se bontšang tšekamelo ea tlhahlobo ea microsalysis ho likarolo tsa PrL le IL tsa medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC; Paxinos le Watson, 2004). Sekhechana sa polasetiki se ka har'a foto e nyane se bonts'a karolo ea Karolo e Ntle ea Bosootho e bonts'a karolo e mafolofolo ea karolo ea bohloeki ea probe ea micodial. Selelekela: PrL, sebaka sa prelimbic; IL, sebaka sa infralimbic; AC, commissura ea ka ntle; CC, Corpus callosum.

Lipalo-palo li

Litlhahlobo tsa lipalopalo tsa biochemical (dopamine, DOPAC le NA) le boits'oaro (NCPEL le NCPEF, ML, IL le EL, MF, IF le EF, le PEI) li ile tsa etsoa mohlomong ho kenyeletsoa lithuto tsohle tsa liteko (joalo ka tloaelo ho etsoa ka lithuto tsa rat ea banna. boitšoaro bo kopanetsweng) kapa ho sa kenyeletswe lithuto tseo tse sa kang tsa ikopanya ho emisa nakong ea teko ea maiketsetso. Khetlong la pele, ha liphoofolo tsohle li kenyelelitsoe tlhahlobisong, liphoofolo tse neng li sa bonts'e NCPE ka nako eo mosali a neng a sa fumanehe kapa a sa kang a hloella kapa a tsoa kahare kapa a le teng ka mosali ea neng a fumaneha a ne a abeloa lintlha tse felletseng tse fapaneng: 1800 s haeba e motona ha ea ka ea bontša NCPE ka 30 min moo mosali a neng a sa fumanehe; 900 s ea ML le IL haeba e tona e sa holise kapa e sa kopanele le mosali ea teng; 1800 s bakeng sa EL haeba e motona e sa fihle ho ejaculation le 600 s bakeng sa PEI haeba e tona e sa kenella kamora ho ts'oaroa pele. Khetlong la bobeli, liphoofolo tse neng li sa kopanele ho emong li ile tsa behelloa ka thoko ho tlhahlobisong. Sena se ne se etsoa ho lekola hore na phapang ea boitšoaro ba thobalano e ka tsamaellana le phapang e teng ho dopamine ea extracellular dopamine, DOPAC le NA ka mPFC ea mela ea litekanyetso tsa Roma nakong ea mekhahlelo e 'meli ea ts'ebetso ea thobalano e ahlola liphapang tse ka bakang pherekano ka lebaka la ho kenyelletsoa. ea lithuto tse sa kang tsa bonts'a boitšoaro ba thobalano ka ho ba fa melao e tsitsitseng ea likarolo tse hlahliloeng tsa thobalano.

Litlhahlobo tse 'maloa tsa lipalo li ile tsa etsoa le li-ANOVA ho bona le ho khetholla hamolemo phapang e teng lipakeng tsa maemo a liteko a sebelisitsoeng. Pele o etsa li-ANOVA, litekanyetso tsa datha tsa mofuta o mong le o mong oa liteko tse fapaneng li ile tsa hlahlojoa bakeng sa homogeneity ea ho fapana lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse 'ne tsa liteko (li entsoe ka liphoofolo tsohle kapa ka likhoto tse kopanelang ho emong feela) ka tlhahlobo ea Bartlett kapa ea Levine ho latela nyeoe. Ha ho fumaneha phapang e kholo phapusing, litekanyetso tsa data li ile tsa fetoloa (ke hore, litekanyetso tsa liteko tsa Y li fetotsoe ho boleng ba Log Y), li hlahlojoe hape bakeng sa phapang ea liphapang ebe li hlahlojoa ke li-ANOVA. Ka bokhutšoanyane, litekanyetso tsa boits'oaro tse fumanoeng pele (mohlala, le mosali ea sa fumaneheng) le nakong ea tatellano ea pele ea ts'ebetso ea ho kopitsa (ho tloha thabeng / ho kenella pele ho isa thabeng ea pele / ho kenella kamora ho ts'oaroa pele) ea naveve le monna ea amanang le thobalano ea nang le thobalano le RLA nakong ea Microbalalysis e ile ea hlahlojoa ke mekhoa e 'meli ea li-ANOVA, ka ho sebelisa moeli oa litekanyetso le boemo ba boiphihlelo ba thobalano joalo ka lipakeng tsa lintlha (boleng ba litekanyetso tsa boitšoaro bo tlalehiloe ho Lethathamo 1 le F litekanyetso le litekanyetso tsa bohlokoa tsa litlhahlobo tsa ANOVA ho Tafole 2).

TABLE 1

www.frontiersin.orgLethathamo 1. Litemana tsa Copulatory tse lekantsoeng lethathamong la pele la lintho tse amanang le kopelo (e qalang ka ho qala ho nyoloha / ho kenella ha mosali ho etsoa hore e be e tona mme e fela kamora nako ea kamora nako ea ho feto-fetoha le thaba ea pele / ho kenella letotong la bobeli) le ho se kopane ha penile maiketsetso a lits'oants'o tsa thobalano le RHA ea boiphihlelo le RLA.

TABLE 2

www.frontiersin.orgLethathamo 2. F litekanyetso le maemo a bohlokoa a ANOVA ea mekhoa e 'meli e entsoeng ho data e tlalehiloeng ho Lethathamo 1 ka ho sebelisa moeli oa litekanyetso (RHA vs. RLA) le boemo ba boiphihlelo ba thobalano (naïve vs. boiphihlelo) joalo ka lipakeng tsa lintlha.

Ntle le moo, tlhahlobo ea tlhaiso-leseling e fumanoeng ho litekanyetso ka bomong nakong ea maqhubu a microsalysis e entsoe ka ho bala pele li-AUC tse fumanoeng ka ho rera litekanyetso tsa likhakanyo tsa dopamine, DOPAC kapa NA kapa palo ea li-erections tse sa kopaneng, litefiso, ho kenella le li-ejaculations vs Nako. (ho qala 1 h kamora ho kenngoa ha lenane la banna ho koalo ea matlakala ho fihlela qetellong ea teko N180 min e arotsoe ka likarolo tsa 15 min bakeng sa li-neurochemical values- kapa ka nako ea ha mosali a ne a hlahisoa ka har'a koti ea mating bakeng sa litekanyetso tsa boits'oaro) mme ka ho bapisa boleng bo baliloeng ka mekhoa e 'meli ea li-ANOVA ka ho sebelisa moeli oa litekanyetso le boemo ba boiphihlelo ba thobalano joalo ka lipakeng tsa lintlha (ho bolela boleng ba li-AUC tsa methapo ea kutlo le boits'oaro bo tlalehiloe ho Lethathamo 4 le F litekanyetso le litekanyetso tsa bohlokoa tsa litlhahlobo tsa ANOVA ho Tafole 5). Kamora moo, ntlha e qaqileng haholoanyane ea ho supa tlhahlobo ea datha e ngoe le e ngoe (ke hore, boleng ba likhopolo tsa dopamine, DOPAC, NA le lipalo tsa li-erections tse sa kopaneng, litefiso, ho kenella le nako ea temoso) li entsoe ka netefatso Li-ANOVA tsa mehato e pheta-phetoang, ka ho sebelisa mohala oa litekanyetso le boemo ba boiphihlelo ba thobalano lipakeng tsa lintlha tsa nako le nako (ke hore, dikarolwana tsa dialysate) joalo ka har'a li-factor F boleng le bohlokoa ba maemo ana a tlhahlobo ea ANOVA li tlalehiloe ho Lethathamo 6). Ho ile ha etsoa tlhahlobo e ts'oanang hape ho nahanoa feela ka litekanyetso tsa motheo tsa methapo ea methapo (tse nne tsa ho qetela tsa diquysate tse bokelletsoeng pele ho kenyelletso ea mosali ea amohelang), eo litekanyetso tsa hae li tlalehiloeng ho Lethathamo 3. Joalo ka pele, empa eseng ts'ebelisano ea tatellano ea bobeli e fumanoe ha ho etsoa li-ANOVA tsa mantlha tsa lithuto bakeng sa mehato e phetoang, haholo-holo Line × Nako le Boiphihlelo x 6), li-ANOVA tse peli tse nang le mola kapa boemo ba boiphihlelo ba thobalano joalo ka lipakeng tsa li-factor factor le nako joalo ka ha ho etsoa taba ho etsoa ka li-data tsena ka ho bapisa ka kotloloho thobalano ea naïve kapa RHA e nang le boiphihlelo ba RLA, kapa litoeba tsa bong bo fapaneng le bona. litoeba tsa naïve RHA kapa batho ba nang le thobalano vs. naïve RLA rats. Liphetho tsa post hoc lipapiso tse bohlale tse entsoeng ka ho sebelisa tlhahlobo ea Tukey's HSD mabapi le tšebelisano e kholo e senotsoeng ke li-ANOVA tse peli tse tlalehiloeng ho Setšoantšo. 2. Maemong ohle a mang, post hoc lipapiso ha lia tlaleheloa, kaha li-ANOVA li ile tsa sitoa ho senola tšebelisano leha e le efe ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa mola oa likhoto, boemo ba boiphihlelo ba thobalano le nako. Litlhahlobo tsa lipalopalo kaofela li entsoe ka Graph Pad 5 (PRISM, San Diego, CA, USA) le STATISTICA 12 (Statsoft, Tulsa, OK, USA) ka boemo ba bohlokoa bo behiloeng ho P <0.05.

TABLE 3

www.frontiersin.orgLethathamo 3. Basal dopamine (DA), 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) le noradrenaline (NA) tsepamiso (nM) ka dialysate ho tloha medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) ea nareve ea thobalano le rato le RLA.

TABLE 4

www.frontiersin.orgLethathamo 4. Tlhahlobo ka kakaretso ea liphapang tse teng ho DA, DOPAC le NA ho tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano lipakeng tsa lefutso la thobalano le RHA le RLA ka tlhahlobo ea li-Aucs tse kengoang tse fumanoeng liphetho tse bonts'itsoeng ho Litšoantšo. 2 'me 3.

TABLE 5

www.frontiersin.orgLethathamo 5. F litekanyetso le litekanyetso tsa bohlokoa tsa li-ANOVA tsa tsela tse peli tse entsoeng ho data e tlalehiloeng ho Lethathamo 4 ka ho sebelisa moeli oa litekanyetso (RHA vs. RLA) le boemo ba boiphihlelo ba thobalano (naïve vs. boiphihlelo) joalo ka lipakeng tsa lintlha.

TABLE 6

www.frontiersin.orgLethathamo 6. F boleng le bohlokoa ba maemo a kakaretso ea li-ANA tsa 'nete bakeng sa mehato e phetoang e entsoeng mabapi le liphetho tse bonts'itsoeng ho Litšoantšo 2 'me 3 ka ho sebelisa moeli oa litekanyetso (L; RHA vs. RLA) le boemo ba boiphihlelo ba botona le botšehali (E) (na vsve vs. boiphihlelo) joalo ka lipakeng tsa lintlha le nako (T) (dikarolwana tsa dialysate) joalo ka hara element factor.

Tšoantšiso 2

www.frontiersin.orgSetšoantšo sa 2. Dopamine (DA), DOPAC le noradrenaline (NA) li tsepamisitse mPFC dialysates from sex naïve (A, C, E) le boiphihlelo ba banna ba RHA le RLA (B, D, F) nakong ea thobalano le mosali ea amohelang molaetsa. Ka thobalano na (ve (ke hore, ha e e-so ka e pepesoa pele ho mosali ea amohelang thobalano le motho ea nang le thobalano (ea ileng a ngola liteko tse hlano) tsa mela ka bobeli ka tlhahlobo ea microsalysis e kentsoeng mPFC e kentsoe ka bonngoe mokotleng oa mating. Bopaki ba microsalysis bo ile ba tlotsoa ka moriana o kopanyang lijo joalokaha ho hlalositsoe Karolong ea "Lisebelisoa le Mekhoa". Kamora ho bokelloa ha li-aliquots tse 'nè tsa dialysate bakeng sa qeto ea melao-motheo ea basal, mosali ea amohelang ea amohelang molaetsa o ile a kenngoa kahare ho kharetene ea lisebelisoa tsa mating (nako = 0, inaccess.fe). Kamora metsotso ea 30, chisi e nyane e ile ea tlosoa mme ho kopitsoa ho ile ha lumelloa bakeng sa 75 min (kopi), ka mor'a moo mosali eo o ne a tlosoa mokokotlong oa mating (fe.remov). Nakong ea teko, li-non-erections tsa ho ikopanya le likarolo tse kopaneng li ne li lekantsoe, 'me li-diquysate li-aliquots li ne li bokella metsotso e meng le e meng ea 15 ebe li hlahlojoa bakeng sa dopamine, DOPAC le NA joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe Karolong ea "Lisebelisoa le Mekhoa". Lits'ebetso ke mekhoa ± SEM ea boleng bo fumanoeng ke likhakanyo tsohle tsa 12 ka sehlopha (RHA_all = mela e tala e tiileng, RLA_all = mela e sootho e sootho) kapa tse kopantseng ho imoloha feela (RHA_cop = mela e khubelu e sohlokehileng); Litsing tsa RHA tse nang le boiphihlelo, liphoofolo tsohle li fihletse karolo e kholo, 'me boleng ba eona bo tšoana. *P <0.05 mabapi le litekanyetso tsa basal (ha ho na mosali) oa sehlopha (botala bakeng sa RHA_all; bofubelu bakeng sa RHA_cop, bosootho bakeng sa RLA_all, boputsoa bakeng sa RLA_cop); #P <0.05 mabapi le litekanyetso tse lumellanang tsa sehlopha sa RLA (red, RHA_all vs. RLA_all; green, RHA_cop vs. RLA_cop); §P <0.05 mabapi le litekanyetso tse lumellanang le nako ea likhoto tsa naveve tsa botona le botšehali (botala, boiphihlelo RHA_all vs. RLA_cop) (li-ANOVA tsa mahlakore a mabeli tse entsoeng ho data e bonts'itsoeng kamora phetoho ea bona ea logarithmic, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ho "Lisebelisoa le Mekhoa", "Lipalopalo" Karolwana, e lateloa ke liteko tsa Tukey tsa HSD).

Results

Likala tsa RHA le RLA li bonts'a Nomoro e fapaneng ea Li-Erections tse sa Ikopanye le Mefuta e fapaneng ea Boitšoaro ba Copulatory

Tumellanong le lithuto tsa pejana (Sanna et al., 2014a,b, 2015), palo e fapaneng ea "RHA" ea banna le "rats" ea thobalano e ile ea kopanela liketsong tsa thobalano ha e ne e kopantsoe le mosali ea amohelang molaetsa nakong ea pokello ea li-diquysate aliquots tse tsoang MPFC ke intracerebral microdialysis. Ka bokhutšoanyane, thutong ena 10 ho tsoa ho 12 ka thobalano ea banna RHA rats (83%) e kopilitsoe ho ejaculation litekong tsa bona tsa pele tsa koporasi, khahlano le 6 feela ea 12 naïve RLA rats (50%) nakong ea tlhahlobo ea Microdial. Phapang ena e fumanoe hape litlalehong tsa banna ba nang le bohlola ba RHA le RLA (kamora liteko tse hlano tse kopaneng), leha e le litheko, ka litoeba tsohle tsa 12 RHA tse fihlang ho ejaculation khahlano le 9 ho tsoa lipapatsong tsa 12 RLA nakong ea micodialysis. Kamehla e lumellana le lithuto tsa pejana, hape thutong ena mela e 'meli ea likhoto tsa Roma e bonts'itse maqhubu a fapaneng le maqhubu a mekhoa e mengata ea ho ikopanya ha a pepesoa le mosali ea amohelang molaetsa hammoho le mekhoa e fapaneng ea boitšoaro nakong ea thobalano. Liphapang tsena li fumanoe mohlomong ha ho nahanoa ka datha ea liphoofolo tsohle tse lekiloeng tsa sehlopha se fuoeng, ho sa tsotelehe hore li kopantsoe le kemiso kapa che (mohlala, ka ho abela lintlha tse felletseng ho liphoofolo tseo tse sa bontsheng boitšoaro, ke likhoto tse sa kang tsa qobelloa ho ejaculation) kapa ha o nahana ka dintlha tsa liphoofolo tse bonts'itseng boitšoaro ba sehlopha se fuoeng feela (mohlala, liphoofolo tse ikopisitseng ho emong; Lethathamo 1). Ka hona, litlhahlobo tsa lipalo-palo tsa boleng ba li-erections tse se nang mabitso (NCPE) le tsa paramente tse lekantsoeng lethathamong la pele la ts'ebetso ea ho kopitsa ke li-ANOVA tse peli li senotse phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa mela e meholo e mmedi ha ho nahanoa likhoto tsohle tsa liteko kapa likotlo tse kopanyang feela lihlopheng tse 'ne tsa liteko (sheba Lethathamo 2). Ebile, ha data e fumanoang ho liphoofolo tsohle tse lekiloeng e ne e nahanoa, palo ea li-erections tsa ho ikopanya e ne e le holimo mme NCPEL, ML, IL le PEI li ne li le khuts'oane haholo ho likhoto tsa RHA ha li bapisoa le likhoto tsa RLA. Ho feta moo, EF le CE li ne li phahame, ha III e ne e le khuts'oane haholo, likoteng tsa RHA ha li bapisoa le likhoto tsa RLA. A mang a phapang e kaholimo lipakeng tsa mela e meholo ea Roma a neng a batla a fokotseha kapa a nyamela ka liteko tse kopitsoang khafetsa. Le ha ho le joalo, tse ling tsa liphapang tsena li ne li ntse li le teng kamora ho tsitsisoa ha boitšoaro ba thobalano ka boiphihlelo bo pheta-phetang ba thobalano. Liphetho tse ts'oanang li fumanoe ha ho nahanoa feela ka boleng ba liphoofolo tsa lihlopha tse 'ne tsa liteko tse kopaneng ho emoloa, ntle le bakeng sa EF (bona litafole 1, 2).

Litaba tsa Basal tsa Dopamine tsa extracellular, DOPAC le Noradrenaline ho mPFC Dialysates tse tsoang ho tsa thobalano Naïve le RHA e nang le boiphihlelo le litekanyetso tsa RLA

Tlas'a maemo a teko a hona joale, litekanyetso tsa dopamine, DOPAC le NA ka har'a dialysates tse fumanoeng ho mPFC ea tsohle (mohlala, ho sa tsotelehe hore na ba ne ba kopitsa li-ejaculation kapa che) litekanyetso tsa thobalano le Rve le RLA, e ne e le 2.32 pg le 2.11 pg bakeng sa dopamine, 322.56 pg le 124.42 pg ea DOPAC le 6.05 pg le 2.24 pg ea NA, ka ho latellana, ho 20 μl ea dialysate. Litefiso tse tšoanang li ile tsa lekanngoa ka har'a li-dialysate tse fumanoeng ho mPFC ea RHA le RLA rats (dopamine: 3.73 pg le 3.33 pg, DOPAC: 353.62 pg le 133.32 pg, NA: 7.17 pg le 2.78 pg ho RHA le RLA rats, ka ho latellana) . Lintlha tsena li bonts'a pokello ea ≅0.8-1.2 nM le ≅95-100 nM bakeng sa extracellular dopamine le DOPAC, ka ho latellana, le ≅1.8-2.2 nM ea extracellular NA, mPFC ea litoeba tsa RHA, le mahloriso a ≅0.8-X le ≅1.2-35 nM ea dopamine ea extracellular le DOPAC, ka ho latellana, le ≅40-0.6 nM bakeng sa NA ea kantle ho naha, ho mPFC ea likhoto tsa RLA (Lethathamo 3). Lithetho tse kaholimo li fumanoe kamora nako ea ho lekana ea 2 h ea dialysis buffer ka mPFC extracellular fluid. Ha ho khutlisoa ha dopamine ea 'nete, DOPAC le NA ea lipatlisiso tsa dialysis e hakanngoa hore e haufi le 20%, dopamine ea extracellular, DOPAC le NA ho tsepamisoa e kanna ea ba haufi le ≅4-5 nM ka mela ka bobeli bakeng sa dopamine, ≅500 le ≅ 200 nM ea DOPAC le ≅10 le ≅4 nM ea NA mPFC ea RHA le RLA rats, ka ho latellana. Factorial ANOVA bakeng sa mehato e phetoang e entsoeng ka boleng bo boletsoeng ka holimo kamora phetoho ea logarithm, e senotse phapang e kholo maemong a basal a dopamine lipakeng tsa naïve ea thobalano le litoeba tse nang le bohlola (F(1,44,132) = 26.05, P <0.001), le maemong a mantlha a DOPAC (F(1,44,132) = 63.36, P <0.001) le tsa NA (F(1,44,132) = 42.14, P <0.001) lipakeng tsa likhoto tsa RHA le RLA (mehlala ea hoqetela e mene e bokelletsoeng pele ho kenyelletsoa mosali ka hokong e nyane) Litekanyetso tse ts'oanang li fumanoe ha ho nahanoa feela likhoto tse kopaneng le ejaculation nakong ea liteko tsa microdialysis (Tafole 3). Hape khetlong lena thuto ea li-ANOVA bakeng sa mehato e phetoang e entsoeng ka boleng kamora phetoho ea logarithm e senotse phapang e kholo maemong a basal a dopamine lipakeng tsa naïve ea thobalano le litoeba tse nang le thobalano (F(1,33,99) = 26.97, P <0.001), le maemong a mantlha a DOPAC (F(1,33,99) = 42.95, P <0.001) le tsa NA (F(1,33,99) = 27.63, P <0.001) lipakeng tsa likhoto tsa RHA le RLA.

Litekanyetso tsa extracellular Dopamine, DOPAC le Noradrenaline ho mPFC Dialysates ho tloha ho tsa thobalano Naïve le R uzoefu RHA le RLA Rats E fetoha ka mokhoa o fapaneng nakong ea ts'ebetso ea thobalano.

Ho ba teng ha mosali ea amohelang ea amohelang kahare ho cage e nyane e kamora nako le likamano tsa thobalano tse tlang kamorao ho thobalano ho ekelitse maikutlo a extracellular dopamine, DOPAC le NA ho li-dialysates tsa mPFC tse fumanoang ho tsoa bong le nave le banna ba nang le boiphihlelo ba RHA le RLA, leha ho bile le phapang lipakeng tsa mela le likala tse peli le maemo a boiphihlelo, ekaba ha o nahana ka liphoofolo tsohle tse lekang kapa tse feela tse kopilitsoeng ho emong (Setšoantšo) 2). Ha e le hantle, li-ANOVAs tse peli tsa li-AUC tse mabapi le dopamine, DOPAC le NA, li bonts'itse hore litaba tse akaretsang tsa dopamine, DOPAC le NA ea tlhahlobo eohle, li ne li phahame haholo ho likhoto tsa RHA ha li bapisoa le likhoto tsa RLA, le ka thobalano. boiphihlelo ha bo bapisoa le likhoto tsa naïve (bona Lethathamo 4 bakeng sa litekanyetso tsa AUCs le Tafole 5 etsoe F boleng le boemo ba bohlokoa). Liphapang tsena li ile tsa tiisoa hape ke ntlha ea ho supa li-ANOVA tsa liteko tsa khafetsa tsa dopamine, DOPAC le NA palo ea mela le litekanyetso tse peli tsa thobalano le boiphihlelo, tse senotseng litlamorao tsa mantlha tsa Line, Boiphihlelo, Nako le Line Line ea bohlokoa le boiphihlelo × Nako litokellano tsa pele tsa tatellano (sheba Lethathamo 6 etsoe F boleng le boemo ba bohlokoa).

Litekanyetso tsa extracellular Dopamine, DOPAC le Noradrenaline ho mPFC Dialysates tse Fumanehang ho tsa thobalano Naïve RHA le litoeba tsa RLA li fetoha ka mokhoa o fapaneng nakong ea ts'ebetso ea thobalano.

Ka thobalano naïve RHA le RLA rats extracellular dopamine, empa eseng DOPAC, e ile ea eketseha pele ha e beoa boteng ba mosali ea sa fumaneheng, athe NA e eketsehile feela ho litoeba tsa RHA. Ka likhoto tsa naïve RHA, dopamine ea extracellular e eketsehile le ho feta ka 15 min ea thobalano ea thobalano joalo ka ha e fumanoe ka DOPAC le NA. Keketseho ea dopamine ea extracellular dopamine, DOPAC le NA e tšoarelletse nako eohle ea ho e kopitsa, ka dopamine, DOPAC le NA e fihlela boleng bo phahameng ho 60 min, 75 min le 75 min, ka ho latellana, ebe dopamine ea extracellular mme, ho isa boholeng bo tlase ba DOPAC le NA , e fokotsehile ho boleng bo ts'oanang le ba basal kamora ho tlosa mosali.

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, keketseho ea pele ea bohlokoa, le boleng ba tlhoro, ho dopamine ea extracellular, DOPAC le NA li etsahetse ka litoeba tsa RïX nakong ea 15 ea min ea ho qopitsoa. Leha ho le joalo, phapusing ea RHA, lithetleng tsa RLA extracellular dopamine, DOPAC le NA li ikemiselitse ho khutlela ho boleng bo tšoanang le ba basal kahare ho 30 ea min ea tšebelisano-mmoho ka kotloloho le mosali (bona Litšoantšo. 2A, C, E).

Khabareng, nakong ea ho qopitsoa, ​​li-dopamine tsa extracellular dopamine li ne li le kholo ebile li phehella ho feta thobalanong le RHA ho feta likhoto tsa RLA (bona setšoantšo. 2A) athe boteng ba basali ha bo na lintho tse tšoanang, leha li ne li sa ts'oane, kahare ho mela e meholo ea litekanyetso (bona kaholimo le Tafole. 3). Ho khahlisang ke hore, leha ho sena phapang e fumanoeng lipakeng tsa mela e 'meli ea Roma ka keketseho ea liperesente tsa DOPAC,' me ho isa tekanyong e tlase, lintlha tsa NA ka nako ea boteng ba mosali ea amohelang, phapang e fetang makhetlo a mabeli ho litekanyetso tse felletseng tsa lintlha tsa DOPAC le NA. e ne e bonoe pakeng tsa mela e 'meli ea likhakanyo ka bobeli maemong a basal (bona Lethathamo 3) le nakong ea tlhahlobo le mosali ea amohelang (bona Litšoantšo 2C, E).

Litekanyetso tsa extracellular Dopamine, DOPAC le Noradrenaline ho mPFC Dialysates tse Fumaneng ho Rental R vane le RLA Rats E fetoha ka mokhoa o fapaneng nakong ea Thobalano.

Joalo ka ha ho fumanoe liphatseng tsa lefutso tsa RA le RLA, ho ba teng ha basali ba sa fumaneheng le likamano tse latelang tsa thobalano ka kotloloho ho lebisitse keketseho ea dopamine ea extracellular le DOPAC ho mPFC dialysate e fumanoeng ho banna ba nang le bohlola ba RHA le litoeba tsa RLA. Leha ho le joalo, hape ntlheng ena ho fapana ho amanang le litekanyetso ho fumanoe, ekaba ha ho nahanoa ka liphoofolo tsohle tsa liteko kapa, ho isa tekanyong e tlase, ke tsona feela tse kopilitsoeng ho emong (Setšoantšo) 2). Ho RHA ea nang le boiphihlelo ba ho kopanela liphate le litoeba tsa RLA keketseho ea pele ea dopamine ea extracellular e bile le mosali ea sa fumaneheng. Kamora moo, lintlafatso tsa dopamine li ile tsa eketseha nakong ea ho kopitsoa mela ka bobeli. Ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho Dopamine ho fihletse boleng ba bona bo phahameng ka mor'a ho qopitsoa ha 45-60, mme e fokotseha butle butle ho fihlela litekanyetso tsa basal qetellong ea tlhahlobo ea kopi (bona setšoantšo. 2B). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho likhoto tsa na sexuallyve tsa thobalano, likhakanyo tsa dopamine tsa extracellular li ne li phahame ho litheko tsa RHA tse nang le thobalano ha li bapisoa le likhoto tsa RLA haholo-holo li-aliquots tsa dialysate tse bokelitsoeng nakong ea karolo e bohareng ea karolo ea ho qopitso (kamora ho 30-45 min ea ho kopitsa). Ho tsepamisa mohopolo ho DOPAC ho ile ha eketseha nakong ea ho ba teng ha mosali ea sa fumaneheng feela ho likhoto tsa RHA, ha e ntse e eketseha ka tekanyo e ts'oanang litseng ka bobeli tsa li-rat nakong ea ho kopitsa (boleng bo phahameng ba 75-90 min), mme e ikemiselitse ho khutlela ho boleng ba basal qetellong ea tlhahlobo ea hau (ho bona setšoantšo) 2D). Mehopolo ea NA e boetse e eketsehile mela e meholo ka bobeli ea thobalano ka mor'a ho kenngoa ha basali ba fihlella litekanyetso tsa 90 min ho litekanyetso tsa RHA le ho 45 min ho likhakanyo tsa RLA (bona setšoantšo. 2F). Ho phapang ho tloha ho dopamine (bona kaholimo), phapang e ts'oanang e fumanoe keketseho ea DOPAC le ho tsepamisoa ha NA litekong tse nang le tsebo ea thobalano ho tsoa mela ka bobeli ha ho nahanoa liphoofolo tsohle le liphoofolo tse fihletseng kemolo feela. Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka ha ho fumanoe litlamong tsa naïve tsa thobalano, leha keketseho ea liperesente ea DOPAC le NA e lekana, phapang e kholo ea boleng bo felletseng ba DOPAC le NA e fumanoe lipakeng tsa RHA le RLA ea litoeba ho pholletsa le tlhahlobo (ke hore, pele le nakong le kamora eona boteng ba mosali ea amohelang), le litoeba tsa RHA li bonts'a boleng bo phahameng ho feta likhoto tsa RLA (bona Lethathamo 3 bakeng sa boleng ba basal le Litšoantšo 2D, F bakeng sa boleng bo hlahang tlhahlobo eohle).

Boiphihlelo ba thobalano bo susumetsa liphetoho phetohelong ea Dopamine le Noradrenaline ho mPFC Dialysates tse fumanoang ho RHA le RLA Rats nakong ea ts'ebetso ea thobalano.

Papiso ea lintlafatso tsa dopamine ea extracellular dopamine le NA ho tsa thobalano naïve le Rats ea nang le boiphihlelo le RLA e bonts'itse hore boiphihlelo ba thobalano bo fetotse khatello ea maikutlo a extracellular dopamine mme, ho isa tekanyong e tlase, ea NA ka mela ka bobeli ea litekanyetso, ekaba ha o nahana ka liphoofolo tsohle tse lekang kapa tse kopantseng ho imoloha feela (Lipalo 2A, B, E, F). Ka hona, ho bile le phapang e kholo lithutong tsa mantlha tsa dopamine lipakeng tsa thobalano naïve le likhoto tse nang le boiphihlelo tsa mela ka bobeli (bona Lethathamo 3) le boleng ba dopamine nakong ea ts'ebetso ea ho kopitsa li ne li phahame haholo lithutong tsa RHA tse nang le thobalano le RLA ha li bapisoa le bo-mphato ba bona ba na (ve (bona setšoantšo. 2B). Ho feta moo, litlalehong tsa RHA tse nang le thobalano, leha keketseho ea dopamine e fumanoeng nakong ea boteng ba mosali ea sa fumaneheng e ile ea latela mokhoa o tšoanang oa nakoana o bonoeng litšoantšong tsa thobalano le liphapang, liphapang tsa mokhoa oa nakoana li fumanoe nakong ea papiso. Ebile, ntlheng ena, ka ho fapana ho se hlokometsoeng ho litoeba tsa RHA tsa thobalano (tlhoro e le 'ngoe e kholo ho 60 min), ho fumanoe litekanyetso tse peli tsa mantlha, ea pele kamora 15 min le ea bobeli kamora ho 45 min. Kamora keketseho ena ea ho qetela, boleng ba dopamine bo ile ba khutlela ho boleng ba basal (bona setšoantšo 2B).

Setšoantšo se ts'oanang se fumanoe litšoantšong tsa bootsoa tsa naïve vs. ba nang le boiphihlelo ba RLA. Ha e le hantle, ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le se fumanoeng ho litoeba tsa RHA, le Rats ea nang le boiphihlelo setaele sa nakoana se khethiloeng ka keketseho e kholo ea dopamine ea extracellular se fumanoe: ea pele ka mosali ea sa fumaneheng le tse ling tse peli nakong ea ho qopitsa, ke hore, kamora 15 min le 60 metsotso ea ho qopitsoa (bona Litšoantšo 2A, B). Ka kakaretso, boiphihlelo ba thobalano bo bonahala bo hlahisa liphetoho tse tšoarellang moetlong oa nakoana oa tokollo ea dopamine mehatong ka bobeli ea litekanyetso ha o tloha ho naïve ea thobalano ho ea boemong bo nang le boiphihlelo.

Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Litšoantšo 2C-F, ke liphapang tse nyane feela tse fumanoeng DOPAC le NA mahloriso a NA lipakeng tsa naïve le rats tse nang le boiphihlelo tsa mela ka bobeli. Leha ho le joalo, mokhoa o se nang bohlokoa oa extracellular NA ho boleng bo phahameng bo nang le boiphihlelo ha o bapisoa le likhoto tsa naïve o ile oa bonoa basal (pele ho kenyelletsa mosali ea amohelang, bona Lethathamo 3) le ka kakaretso kakaretso ea NA, joalo ka ha ho hlahisitsoe ke boleng ba li-AUCs (bona Lethathamo 4) e baloa ka likhakanyo tsa kantle tse fumanoeng ho tsoa tlhahlobong eohle (pele le nakong ea ho ba teng ha mosali ea amohelang). Kamora nako, mokhoa oa nakoana oa ho tsepamisa maikutlo oa NA o ne o ts'oana ha o bapisa likhoto tse nang le boiphihlelo tsa mela ka bobeli ea manaka ho balekane ba tsona ba nave, ho supa hore boiphihlelo ba thobalano bo ka lebisa keketseho e akaretsang ea NA ea kantle ho naha ho fapana le ho fetoha ka mokhoa oa keketseho ea ona (bona Litšoantšo 2E, F).

Liphetoho maikutlong a extracellular Dopamine le Noradrenaline ho mPFC Dialysates Rethotse ho Ts'oaetso ea Letsoalo ka Rona le ea Razo le RLA Rats Nako le Nako ka Phetoho.

Phapang e teng litekanyetsong tsa dopamine ea extracellular, DOPAC le NA ka har'a dialysates tse fumanoeng ho mPFC tse fumanoeng litabeng tsa thobalano le batho ba nang le boiphihlelo ba RHA le RLA nakong ea liteko. 2) li etsahetse hammoho le liphetoho liparong tse fapaneng tsa thobalano tse lekiloeng nakong ea liteko tse peli tse kholo (ke hore, basali ha ba fumanehe ebile ba fumaneha ho monna, ka tatellano), tse kenyelletsang, har'a tse ling, li-penile erections (Litšoantšo. 3A, B), lisekoere (Litšoantšo 3C, D), likhahla (Litšoantšo 3E, F) le ejaculations (Litšoantšo 3G, H). Phapang tsena li fumanoe ekaba ha ho nahanoa ka liphoofolo tsohle tse lekang kapa tse kopaneng feela le emong feela. Ha e le hantle, tlhahlobo ea pele ea litekanyetso tsa li-AUC tsa litekanyetso tsena ka li-ANOVA tse peli (bona Lethathamo 4 bakeng sa litekanyetso tsa AUCs le Tafole 5 etsoe F boleng le boleng ba bohlokoa) e lateloang ke ntlha ho supa boleng ba litekanyetso tsena hammoho le tlhahlobo ea lithuto ANOVA bakeng sa mehato e phetoang e senotse litlamorao tsa mantlha tsa Lineano, Boiphihlelo, Nako, tatellano ea pele ea tatellano Line le Nako le boiphihlelo x Nako, le tšebelisano ea bohlokoa ea tatellano ea litheko (sheba Lethathamo 6 etsoe F boleng le boemo ba bohlokoa). Ka hona, tumellanong le lithuto tse fetileng (Sanna et al., 2015): (i) likhoto tsa RHA tsa thobalano li bonts'itse likhopo tsa maiketsetso tse sa kopaneng, likhahla, ho kenella le ho emoloa ho feta balekane ba bona ba RLA; (ii) litoeba tsa RHA tse nang le thobalano li bontšitse palo e phahameng ea li-erections tsa penile tse sa kopaneng, ho kenella le ho emoloa ho feta balekane ba bona ba RLA; le (iii) likhoto tse nang le tsebo ea thobalano tsa likhoele ka bobeli, haholo-holo likhoto tsa RLA, li bonts'itse maqhubu a pherekano e sa kopaneng, ho kenella le ho ts'oaroa ho feta balekane ba bona ba hlokang thobalano. Ebile, nakong ea litekanyetso tsa RHA karolo e kholo ea liphetoho tse hlahisitsoeng ke boiphihlelo ba thobalano e etsahetse nakong ea nako ho fapana le khafetsa ea litekanyetso tsa boits'oaro (mohlala, likhoto tse nang le boiphihlelo li kopantsoe haholo halofo ea pele ea tlhahlobo, athe likhoto tsa naïve li bonts'itse mokhoa o ts'oanang oa ho kopitsa ho pholletsa le tlhahlobo), ho RLA litheko ntlafatso e akaretsang haholoanyane ea boitšoaro ba thobalano, haholo ts'ebetsong ea thobalano, e hlahisitsoe ke boiphihlelo ba thobalano, joalo ka ha ho senotsoe ke liphetoho tsa boleng ba litekanyetso tsa lipampiri tsa litekanyetso tsa RLA tse nang le boiphihlelo ha li bapisoa le tsa bona balekane ba bo-naïve.

Tšoantšiso 3

www.frontiersin.orgSetšoantšo sa 3. Liphetoho lipalo tsa li-penile erections tse sa kopaneng (NCPE), lisekoere, ho kenella le ho hlaseloa ho tlalehiloeng ho tsoa ho thobalano le nave (A, C, E, G) le liphihlelo tsa RHA tse nang le boiphihlelo (B, D, F, H) nakong ea liteko tsa Microbalalysis tse tlalehiloeng ho Setšoantšo 2. Maemo ohle a liteko a ne a lekana le a hlalositsoeng molemeng oa setšoantšo 2. Lits'ebetso ke mekhoa ± SEM ea boleng bo fumanoeng ke likhakanyo tsohle tsa 12 ka sehlopha (ho kenyelletsa le tse neng li abetsoe lintlha tse felletseng; RHA = mela e tiileng e botala, RLA = mela e sootho e sootho) kapa tse kopantseng ho imoloha feela (RHA = mela e khubelu e sohlokehileng ; RLA = ho qaqetse mela e putsoa). Litsing tsa RHA tse nang le boiphihlelo, liphoofolo tsohle li fihletse karolo e kholo, 'me boleng ba eona bo tšoana. Kaha ha ho na tšebelisano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa rat line factor (RHA vs. RLA), boemo ba boiphihlelo ba thobalano (naïve vs. boiphihlelo) le nako li fumanoe ka ho sekaseka data ka mekhoa e 'meli ea li-ANOVA joalokaha ho bontšitsoe Tafoleng 6, post hoc Ha ho bapisoa lipapiso li ne li sa tlaleheloe, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ho "Lisebelisoa le Mekhoa", "Lipalo".

Puisano

Boithuto bona bo tiisa le ho atolosa liphetho tsa lithuto tsa pejana tse bonts'ang likhoto tsa RHA le RLA, tse bonts'ang mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho sebetsana ka katleho le maemo a ho fetohela (Driscoll le Bättig, 1982; Giorgi et al., 2003a; Steimer le Driscoll, 2003), bonts'a mekhoa e ikhethileng ea boits'oaro bo teng ho mosali ea nang le monyetla oa ho amohela le nakong ea liteko tsa khale tsa ho kopitsa (Sanna et al., 2014a,b, 2015). Ka ho tšoanang, tlhahlobo ena e boetse e bonts'a hore litoeba tsa ho hlala ka thobalano tsa RHA (ha ho so ka ho pepesetsoa mosali ea amohelang pele) li bonts'itse ts'usumetso e phahameng ea thobalano le ts'ebetso e ntle ea thobalano ha e bapisoa le likamano tsa botona le botšehali tsa RLA, mohlala, likotsi tsa RHA li bonts'a palo e phahameng ea likamano tse sa amaneng le li-penile erections (pheromone- li-penile erections li nka index ea maikutlo a ho tsosa takatso ea botona kapa ea botšehali; Sachs et al., 1994; Sachs, 2000) le liphetoho tse fapaneng tsa botona le botšehali ka maemo a fapaneng a kopaneng joalokaha li fumanoe lithutong tse fetileng (Sanna et al., 2014a,b, 2015). Liphapang tsena li ne li ntse li tsoela pele mela ea bobeli ea litekanyetso tsa Roma kamora ho hapa boiphihlelo ba thobalano, ke hore, kamora ho tsitsa boits'oarong ba botona le botšehali ho hlahisa le liteko tsa ho kopitsa le mosali ea amohelang. Phuputso ena e bonts'a ka lekhetlo la pele hore ka bobeli ba RHA le RLA rat rat, maemong a naïve kapa a nang le boiphihlelo, litumellano tse sa kopaneng tsa puisano le likamano tsa thobalano, li etsahetse ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le keketseho ea litekanyetso tsa dopamine tsa extracellular (le metabolite ea eona e ka sehloohong ea DOPAC ) le NA ka har'a li-dialysates tse fumanoeng ke intracerebral micodialysis e tsoang mPFC ea mela ka bobeli ea Rate. Ho khahlisang, keketseho ena ea dopamine ea extracellular le NA ho mPFC e bonahala e amana le ho fapana ha mofuta oa rat phenotype kapa boemong ba boiphihlelo ba thobalano. Ka hona, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe haholo Karolong ea Liphetho, likhoto tsa bobeli tsa thobalano le RHA tse nang le boiphihlelo li bonts'itse keketseho e telele le e telele ea dopamine ea extracellular le NA ha li bapisoa le balekane ba bona ba RLA ka bobeli mohatong oa takatso ea thobalano. Ho feta moo, litoeba tse nang le thobalano tsa mela e 'meli ea Roma li bonts'itse keketseho e kholo le e telele ea dopamine ea extracellular le NA ho mPFC maemong ana ka bobeli a boitšoaro ba thobalano ha bo bapisoa le balekane ba bona ba naïve. Kamora nako, liphapang tsohle tse kaholimo ho li-dopamine tsa extracellular le NA ho mPFC li ne li bonahala li amana le phapang lipapaling tsa boits'oaro ba boitšoaro ba thobalano, mohlala, likhakanyo tsa thobalano tsa mela ka bobeli tsa Roma li bonts'itse ts'usumetso e phahameng ea thobalano le ts'ebetso e ntle ea ho bapisa ha e bapisoa le balekane ba bona ba naïve. le litoeba tsa RHA tsa thobalano le RHA tse nang le boiphihlelo li bonts'itse ts'usumetso e phahameng ea thobalano le ts'ebetso e betere ha e bapisoa le balekane ba bona ba thobalano le RLA.

Mabapi le keketseho ea dopamine ea extracellular dopamine e fumanoang ho dialysate ea thobalano nakong ea thobalano, keketseho ea pele e etsahetse ka hara 15 min kamora ho kenyelletsa mosali ea amohelang thobalano ka lisebelisoa tsa mating, ha mosali a ne a sa fumanehe ho monna, eo hangata e bonts'ang maemong ana ha ho kopane le li-penile erections. Keketseho ea bobeli le e kholo ea dopamine ea extracellular e etsahetse nakong ea metsotso ea 15 ea pele kamora hore e be mosali e fumanehe bakeng sa monna hore a e kopitsoe. Ho khahlisang, athe maemong a naïve extracellular dopamine e ile ea eketseha haholo karolong ea pele ea tlhahlobo le mosali ea fumanehang ea nang le tšekamelo ea ho khutlela ho litekanyetso tsa motheo karolong ea bobeli, maemong a ho kopanela liphate a dopamine a ile a lula a phahame tekong eohle ea tlhahlobo kamora ho qopitsoa ha 45-60 min ka bobeli mela ea litekanyetso tsa Roma.

Ntle le phapang e kaholimo ho dopamine ea extracellular dopamine nakong ea mekhahlelo e fapaneng ea thobalano lipakeng tsa RHA le RLA rats maemong a thobalano naïve le boiphihlelo, boithuto bona bo boetse bo bonts'a phapang e sa lebelloang ea bohlokoa le ea bohlokoa haholo kholisong ea extracellular ea DOPAC pakeng tsa mela e meholo ea Roma ea pele ho moo. , boleng ba basal) le kamora ho kenyelletsa mosali ea amohelang ka har'a lisebelisoa tsa mating. Ka hona, litekanyetso tsa basal tsa extracellular DOPAC ho mPFC dialysate li fumanoe likoteng tsa RHA ho ba ka bang 2.6-fold ho feta tse fumanoeng litlelong tsa RLA. Phapang ena pakeng tsa likhoto tsa RHA le RLA e etsahetse ebile e ntse e tsoela pele ka hara thobalano ea na sexuallyve le maemo a nang le boiphihlelo ho sa tsotellehe phapang e fokolang litekanyetsong tsa motheo tsa dopamine ea extracellular dopamine mPFC dialysates e fumanoeng meheleng e mehlano ea litekanyetso tsa Roma maemong ana a liteko. Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, liphapang tsena li ka supa phetoho e fapaneng ea dopamine maemong a mPFC lipakeng tsa mela e meholo ea Roma. Ka lebaka leo, lits'ebetso tsa DOPAC hangata li bonts'a palo ea dopamine e lokolotsoeng ebe e fetoloa hape ke dopaminergic nerve terminals ebe e fetoloa ho DOPAC ke monoaminooxydase (MAO; Carlsson, 1975). Ka hona, lintlha tse phahameng tsa "DOPAC" tse fumanehang litekong tsa RHA li fana ka tlhahiso ea hore litekanyetso tse ngata tsa "dopamine" li lokolloe 'me li boeloe ke liphetho tsa methapo ea methapo ho MPFC ea litheko tsa RHA, mohlala, ts'ebetso e phahameng ea basal ea mesocortical dopaminergic system ea RHA ha e bapisoa le RLA. likhoto. Molumo o phahameng oa mesoportical dopaminergic ho likhoto tsa RHA ho feta ho likhoto tsa RLA o boetse o tšehetsoa ke lintlha tse phahameng tsa extracellular dopamine tse fumanoang nakong ea thobalano ho mPFC dialysate ho tsoa ho balekane ba botona le botšehali le liphihlelo tsa RHA mabapi le bao e leng balekane ba bona ba RLA. Mabapi le sena, ho bohlokoa ho hopola hore molumo o phahameng oa dopaminergic o nkuoa o ikarabella, bonyane ka karolo, ea mekhoa e mengata e fapaneng le e fapaneng ea boitšoaro e teng litšoantšong tsa RHA le RLA. Ka hona, likhoto tsa RHA ke bakopitsi ba mafolofolo, ba susumetsang haholo, ba sa tsebeng letho ka maikutlo a bona ebile ba tloaetse ho sebelisa le ho hlekefetsa mekhahlelo e mengata ea lithethefatsi tsa lithethefatsi, athe likhoto tsa RLA ke bakopitsi ba sebetsang, ba hyperemotional ebile ba tloaetse ho ba le matšoao a kang a khatello ea maikutlo (Zeier et al., 1978; Giorgi et al., 1994, 2003b, 2007; Corda et al., 1997, 2014; Escorihuela et al., 1999; Steimer le Driscoll, 2003; Lecca et al., 2004; Giménez-Llort et al., 2005; Carrasco et al., 2008; Fattore et al., 2009; Moreno et al., 2010; Coppens et al., 2012; Díaz-Morán et al., 2012; Sabariego et al., 2013; Manzo et al., 2014a,b; Oliveras et al., 2015), ho kenyelletsa sepheo se phahameng sa thobalano le ts'ebetso e betere ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali le likhoto tsa RHA tse nang le boiphihlelo Rats (Sanna et al., 2015). Keketseho e phahameng ea lintlafatso tsa li-dopamine tsa extracellular tse fumanoeng dialysate ho tsoa ho mPFC ea thobalano naïve le Rats ea nang le boiphihlelo li tšoana le likhakanyo tse holimo tsa extracellular dopamine tse fumanehang ka hara dialysate ho tloha maqhubu a li-nucleus tsa li-naïve tsa bootsoa le liphihlelo tsa RHA mabapi le li-RLA tsa tsona. (Sanna et al., 2015). Leha ho le joalo, phapang e fapaneng le MPFC, maemo a basel ea extracellular dopamine le DOPAC ka hara dialysate ho tloha li-nucleus accumbens tsa bobeli ba na sexuallyve le boiphihlelo ba RHA le li-RLA li ne li sa fapana haholo (Sanna et al., 2015). Ka hona, molumo o phahameng oa mesolimbic dopaminergic molomong oa kokoana-hloko le Rats ea nang le boiphihlelo ea RHA e ka kenngoa feela ke likhakanyo tse holimo tsa extracellular dopamine tse fumanehang ka har'a dialysates tse tsoang li-nucleus tsa li-RNA ha li bapisoa le li-RLA ka pel'a ba amohelang. le basali, eseng ka ts'ebetso e fapaneng ea basal dopaminergic e senotsoeng ke maemo a holimo le a tlase a tlhaselo ea DOPAC litekong tsa RHA le likhoto tsa RLA, ka ho tšoana, joalo ka ha li fumanoe mPFC thutong ena. Sena se tsamaisana le sephetho sa litlaleho tsa pejana tse bonts'ang hore maemo a dopamine a extracellular ho dialysate ho tsoa ho mPFC ea likhoto tsa RHA a fumanoe a phahame ho feta a likhoto tsa RLA, ha litekanyetso tse tšoanang tsa dopamine li fumaneha ka dialysate ho tloha khetla ea li-nucleus accumbens ea li-rats ka bobeli le tsa RLA tlasa maemo a fapaneng a liteko.D'Angio et al., 1988; Scatton et al., 1988; Willig et al., 1991; Giorgi et al., 2003a, 2007). Ho sa tsotellehe liphapang tse kaholimo lipakeng tsa mPFC le li-bokellane tsa "nucleus", boiphihlelo ba thobalano bo bonahala bo hlahisa mPFC e ntse e eketseha ka nako e telele moetlong oa nakoana oa tokollo ea dopamine mehatong ka bobeli ea litekanyetso tsa Roma ha o feta ho tloha ho naïve ho ea maemong a nang le boiphihlelo, leha ho le joalo keketseho e joalo hangata li ne li phahame haholo ho likhoto tsa RHA ho feta likhoto tsa RLA. Sena se fapane hole le se fumanoeng ho li-nucleus accumbens, moo boiphihlelo ba thobalano bo neng bo tloaetse ho fetohela dopamine ea extracellular e nyolohela karolong ea pele ea tlhahlobo ea kopi ho likhoto tsa RHA, ha e ntse e e eketsa tekong eohle ea tlhahlobo ho litoeba tsa RLA (Sanna et al., 2015).

Ho tsebo ea rona, thuto ena e boetse e bonts'a ka lekhetlo la pele hore eseng feela dopamine ea extracellular, empa le extracellular NA e eketseha nakong ea thobalano ho dialysate ho tloha mPFC ea RHA le RLA likhoto, joalo ka ha li fumanoe ka dopamine, empa hape le joalo le phapang e amanang le mola oa litekanyetso tsa Roma le boiphihlelo ba thobalano. Haholo-holo, phapang ho tloha maemong a basal dopamine a ileng a fumanoa a ts'oana haholo ho dialysate ho tsoa ho MPFC ea RHA le likhoto tsa RLA, litekanyetso tsa basal tsa extracellular NA tse dialysate ho tloha mPFC ea likhoto tsa RHA li ne li phahame haholo (ka 2,5-fold ) ho feta tsa likhoto tsa RLA. Mabaka a phapang ena ha a tsejoe, empa joalo ka ha ho tšohliloe ka holimo bakeng sa dopamine le DOPAC, liphetho tsena li ka supa hore molumo o phahameng oa basal Noradrenergic o teng bonyane ho mPFC cortex ea likhoto tsa RHA ha e bapisoa le likhoto tsa RLA. Molumo o phahameng joalo oa noradrenergic o ka boela oa ameha mekhoeng e fapaneng ea boits'oaro e fapaneng e atisang ho ba teng litsing tsa RHA le RLA, joalo ka ha ho tšohliloe ka holimo bakeng sa dopamine. Ts'ehetso e tsoetseng pele ea molumo o phahameng oa li-noradrenergic litekong tsa RHA ho feta ho likhakanyo tsa RLA ka har'a mPFC e tsoa liphetho tse bonts'ang hore liphapang tsa basal extracellular NA li ntse li tsoela pele le nakong ea ts'ebetso ea thobalano maemong ohle a thobalano le boiphihlelo, mohlala, maemo a NA a tsoang kantle ho naha a eketsehile ka. lenane la mPFC le kopanya likhoto tsa RHA ha li pepesetsoa tšebetso ea basali e sa fumaneheng le nakong eohle ea ho qopitsoa haholo ho feta ho likhoto tsa RLA, tseo maemong a NA a ileng a eketseha feela ka metsotsoana ea 15 ea pele ea nako ea ho ikopisa, kamora moo litekanyetso tsa NA li khutlelang litekanyetsong tsa basal . Liphetoho tsena maemong a NA tsa morao-rao li ile tsa bonoa maemong a bobeli a thobalano le boiphihlelo, empa keketseho ea maemo a NA e ne e phahame ho litheko tsa RHA le RLA ha li bapisoa le balekane ba bona ba thobalano. Kahoo, boiphihlelo ba thobalano ho bonahala bo kenya letsoho le ho feta mesebetsing ea noradrenergic ho mPFC ea likhoto tsa RHA, le ho isa tekanyong e fokolang ea likhoto tsa RLA, joalokaha ho se ho buisanoe ka tsona bakeng sa dopamine. Lithane tse kopaneng tsa "noradrenergic" le "dopaminergic" tse phahameng ho mPFC ea likhoto tsa RHA ha li bapisoa le likhoto tsa RLA li lokela ho fuoa maikutlo. Ebile, ho tlalehiloe hore ts'ebetso ea noradrenergic ho mPFC e ka ama ho lokolloa ha dopamine ka mekhoa e fapaneng (mohlala, bona Carboni et al., 1990, 2006; Gresch et al., 1995; Westernik et al., 1998 le litšupiso ho eona). E 'ngoe ea tsena e amana le ts'ebetso ea NET, e bonts'itsoeng ho tlama dopamine ka tumellano e phahameng le ho feta bakeng sa NA ho li-synaptosomes tse fumanoeng ho homogenates tsa PFC (Horn, 1973). Haeba sena se ne se ka etsahala mPFC Ka vivo, dopamine e lokollotsoeng ho mPFC e ka hlakoloa hape eseng ke dopaminergic empa hape le lits'oaetso tsa methapo ea methapo ea noradrenergic ka lebelo le phahameng haholo ho feta la NA. Sena se ka etsa hore le keketseho ea tokollo ea dopamine ho tsoa litsing tsa dopaminergic (mohlala, molumo o eketsehileng oa dopaminergic) ho lefella palo ea dopamine e tlositsoeng ho mokokotlo oa synaptic; ka hona, molumo o phahameng oa noradrenergic o fumanoang ho litoeba tsa RHA o ka kenya letsoho, bonyane ka karolo, ho molumo o phahameng oa dopaminergic o fumanoeng mPFC ea litoeba tsa RHA ha e bapisoa le likhoto tsa RLA. Ho hlokahala lithuto tse ling hape ho netefatsa monyetla ona. Haholo, phapang e teng mesebetsing ea noradrenergic e khethiloeng thutong ena ho mPFC pakeng tsa RHA le likhoto tsa RLA le eona e ka bapala karolo ea bona karabelong ea bona e fapaneng kalafong ea meriana e hatellang. Ebile, likhoto tsa RHA li nkuoa e le mohlala oa ho tiisetsa 'me likhoto tsa RLA ke mohlala oa ho ba kotsing ea khatello ea maikutlo. Ka lebaka leo, kalafo e matla kapa e sa foleng e nang le li-antidepressants tse kang desipramine, fluoxetine le chlorimipramine, kaofela li ntlafalitse haholo likarabo tsa boits'oaro litekong tse qobelloang tsa ho sesa ka likhoto tsa RLA ntle le ho ama likarabo tsa likhoto tsa RHA (Piras et al., 2010, 2014).

Kamora nako, thuto ena e tiisa le ho phahamisa liphumano tse fetileng tse bonts'ang hore mPFC e kentse letsoho taolong ea boitšoaro ba thobalano, leha karolo e tobileng ea sebaka sena sa boko ho tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano e sa hlaka.Fernández-Guasti et al., 1994; Agmo le Villalpando, 1995; Agmo et al., 1995; Hernández-Gonzáles et al., 1998, 2007; Kakeyama et al., 2003; Balfour et al., 2006; Afonso et al., 2007; Davis et al., 2010; Febo, 2011). Haufinyane, ho thunya seleng e ikhethileng mPFC nakong ea ha a ntse a ea ho mekhoa ea setho sa botona ho mosali ea amohelang litaba tsa thobalano ho bontšitsoe a sebelisa sele e le 'ngoe e thunya paradigm (Febo, 2011). Ho khahlisang, li-neurons tse sa kang tsa arabela nakong ea tlhahiso ea pele ea monna ho mosali ea amohelang ea amohelang molaetsa, e ba mafolofolo nakong ea tlhahiso ea bobeli, joalo ka ha boiphihlelo bo fetileng bo khonne ho etsa liphetoho tsa polasetiki tse lebisang phapusing ea karabelo ea boits'oaro. Leha ho le joalo, liphoso tse nang le ibotenic acid ea mPFC li fumanoe li sa khone ho fetola boitšoaro ba thobalano le likhoto tsa banna le mosali ea amohelang thobalano, leha e le polelo e khethiloeng bakeng sa moputso oa thobalano. Le ha ho le joalo, bokhoni ba ho qhekella tšebetso ea thobalano ha bo kopantsoe le takatso e nyonyehang bo fumanoe bo felisitsoe ka ho felletseng liphoofolong tsena tse se nang lesapo (Davis et al., 2010). Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso ea mPFC nakong ea boitšoaro ba thobalano e bapala karolo ea kopanyo ea tlhaiso-leseling ea kantle le ea ka hare bakeng sa ho etsa le taolo ea boits'oaro bo lebisitsoeng ho e-na le ho fana ka karabelo ea kahare ho bahlahisi ba tlhaho (bona. Goto le Mohau, 2005). Habohlokoa le ho feta bakeng sa mosebetsi ona, liphuputso tse 'maloa li bonts'itse hore libaka tsa boko tse kenyelletsang ts'usumetso ea thobalano le boitšoaro ba thobalano joalo ka senotlolo sa "nucleus tegmental", sebaka sa medial preoptic, boroko ba "stria terminalis, basolateral amygdala" le "parvocellular subparafascicular thalamic" ho tsoa ho mPFC nakong ea thobalano (bona Balfour et al., 2006). Boholo ba libaka tsena tsa boko bo nka karolo ho potleng e rarahaneng ea neural e kentsoeng taolong ea boitšoaro ba thobalano, ho tloha ho takatso ea thobalano le moputso ho ea thobalanong. Potoloho ena e kenyelletsa "oxytocinergic neurons" e tsoang PVN ea hypothalamus (PVN) le projeke ea tikoloho ea sepheo sa methapo ea methapo, li-nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, amygdala, PFC, "nucleus" ea "stria terminalis" li-neurons tse hlahang ho tloha sebakeng sa "ventral tegmental" ho ea ho li-nucleus accumbens le PFC, li-neurons tsa "incertohypothalamic dopaminergic neurons" le "glutamatergic neurons" tse nkang karolo boemong ba lehae le tsamaiso libakeng tse 'maloa tsa potoloho. Melis le Argiolas, 1995, 2011; Melis et al., 2003, 2007, 2009, 2010; Succu et al., 2007, 2008, 2011). Kahoo, keketseho ea li-dopamine tsa extracellular (empa le ea NA) ka har'a dialysates tse tsoang MPFC tse bonoang nakong ea thobalano e ka supa hore mPFC ke karolo e sebetsang ea potoloho ena, ke hore, mesocortical dopaminergic neurons e nka karolo taolong ea liketso tsa thobalano hammoho le noradrenergic, mesolimbic dopaminergic, oxytocinergic le glutamatergic neurons, leha ho bonahala ho sa hlokahale haholo bakeng sa polelo ea boitšoaro ba thobalano (Davis et al., 2010). Tumellanong le khopolo-taba ena, thuto ena e bonts'a hore liphapang tsa dopamine le NA ho lokolloa ha mPFC nakong ea thobalano li etsahetse ka ho tšoana le phapang ea palo ea li-erections tsa penile tse sa kopaneng le liphetoho lipapisong, ka tokollo e phahameng ea dopamine le NA ka nako ea. mekhahlelo ea takatso ea lijo le e phetheselang e amanang le tšusumetso e phahameng ea thobalano le tšebetso tse ntle tsa ho qopitsa ho latela mela ea litekanyetso tsa Roma le maemong a bohlano a thobalano le boiphihlelo.

Puisano e fanoeng kaholimo e ipapisitse le keketseho e tsebahalang ea dopamine ea extracellular e etsahalang ka har'a li-nucleus tsa li-rats tsa banna nakong ea thobalano (Pfaus et al., 1990; Pleim et al., 1990; Pfaus le Phillips, 1991; Damsma et al., 1992; Wenkstern et al., 1993). Leha ho le joalo dopamine le li-neurotransmitter tse ling li ka lokolloa ho mPFC (le ho li-nucleus accumbens) maemong a mang a liteko, joalo ka nakong ea khatello ea maikutlo kapa ho sebetsana le eona (Thierry et al., 1976; Fadda et al., 1978), tse sa amaneng ka thata le boitšoaro ba thobalano. Kahoo, motho a ka pheha khang ea hore keketseho ea dopamine e fumanoang ho dopamine ea extracellular ho mPFC (thuto ena) kapa ho li-nucleus accumbens (Sanna et al., 2015), e amana haholo le khatello ea maikutlo ho, kapa ho sebetsana le ho ba teng le / kapa ho sebelisana le mosali ea amohelang thobalano ho fapana le ketso ea thobalano. Sena se ka ba le bohlokoa bo itseng ho li-RHA le likhoto tsa RLA, tse bonts'ang mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho sebetsana le maemo a fapaneng a hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis ts'ebetsong ho arabela maemong a hlohlotsang (likhoto tsa RLA li bonts'a ts'ebetso ea axis ena e phahameng haholo ho feta ea likhoto tsa RHA; bona Carrasco et al., 2008; Díaz-Morán et al., 2012). Sena se boetse se hlahisa monyetla oa hore lihormone tsa khatello ea maikutlo (ke hore, corticosteroids) li ka susumetsa tšebetso ea dopaminergic ho mPFC le libakeng tse ling tsa boko. Ho joalo ka likhoto tsa RLA ke bakopitsi ba sebetsang hape li bonts'a boits'oaro bo botle ba kelello le tšenyo ea mali, ha litoeba tsa RHA li bonts'a ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ho sebetsana ka katleho e etselitsoeng ho fumana taolo holim'a khatello ea kelello (Driscoll le Bättig, 1982; Willig et al., 1991; Escorihuela et al., 1999; Steimer le Driscoll, 2003; Giorgi et al., 2007). Le ha ho sa khonehe ho hlakola ka botlalo hore sena se ka hlaha likhoto tsa naïve tsa thobalano (tse neng li sa sebelisane le mosali ea amohelang pele) le likhoto tsa RLA tsa thobalano ka ho khetheha (bona kaholimo), sena ha se na monyetla. Maemong a rona a liteko ho etsoa ka hohle ho qoba khatello ea maikutlo (sheba "Lisebelisoa le Mekhoa" Karolo) mme liteko li hlophisitsoe ka tsela eo banna ba sa sebelisaneng hanghang le e tšehali, empa feela kamora ho bonts'a metsotso e 30 ho eena. , nakong eo keketseho e lekantsoeng ea dopamine e tlase haholo ho feta e etsahalang nakong ea thobalano. Haeba keketseho ea dopamine e fumanoang mPFC (le li-nucleus accumbens) tsa likhoto tsa Roma (naïve ea thobalano RHA le likhoto tsa RLA li na le metheo ea basel ea dopamine ea kantle ho dialysate e tsoang mPFC le nucleus accumbens, e ts'oanang haholo) li ne li hlile li le bobeli ho khatello ea maikutlo ka lebaka la, kapa ho sebetsana le boteng ba / ho sebelisana le basali: (i) keketseho ea dopamine e ka be e fumanoe e phahame haholo nakong ea pele ea nako ha banna ba beoa boteng ba basali eseng hamorao, joalo ka ha ho fumanoe nakong ea ho kopitsa; le (ii) keketseho ea dopamine e ka lebelloa hore e nyamele kapa e fokotsoe ka matla kamora ho fumana ts'ebetso e tsitsitseng ea thobalano, ke hore, ha lits'ebetso tsa ho ithuta (ho kenyeletsoa ho sebetsana le bocha) li phethetsoe mme li bapala karolo e nyane feela phethahatsong ea thobalano ketsahalo, ha ka ho fapana e ntse e tsoela pele ho etsahala ha thobalano e phetoa. Ka mantsoe a mang, extracellular dopamine ho mPFC (le ho li-nucleus accumbens) e lula e eketseha nakong ea tšebetso, leha e se e ithutile boitšoaro ba thobalano. Lithuto tse ling li hlokahala ho hlakisa karolo e sebetsang ea keketseho ena ea ts'ebetso ea dopamine ho mPFC (le ho li-nucleus accumbens; bona Karolo ea "Selelekela le Litšupiso" ho eona).

Qetellong, thuto ena e bontša ka lekhetlo la pele hore ho ba teng ha, le ho feta moo, ho sebelisana le mosali ea amohelang thobalano ho lebisa keketseho ea dopamine ea extracellular le NA dialysate ho tsoa ho MPFC ea thobalano naïve (le ka mohla ha e hlahisoe ke takatso ea thobalano. ) le ba nang le thobalano (ba ileng ba etsa liteko tsa pele tsa bohlano tsa ho qopitsoa le ho bonts'a ts'ebetso e tsitsitseng ea thobalano) Liroto tsa RHA le RLA, tse bonts'ang mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho sebetsana le maemo a feto-fetohang le mekhoa e fapaneng ea boitšoaro bo kopanetsoeng le mosali ea amohelang thobalano. Ka hona, dopamine le mohopolo oa NA o fumanoe o phahame ka ho fetisisa ho dialysate ho tloha ho tsa thobalano le litoeba tsa RHA ha li bapisoa le balekane ba bona ba RLA nakong ea mekhahlelo e lebelletsoeng le e matla ea ho etsa thobalano. Liphetho tsena li ka hlaha ka lebaka la karolo e itseng ea dopaminergic le noradrenergic ho mPFC ea likhoto tsa RHA e phahameng ho feta ea likhoto tsa RLA, joalo ka ha ho tlalehiloe dopamine ho li-nucleus accumbens (Sanna et al., 2015). Ntle le moo, li-dopamine tsa morao-rao tsa extracellular mPFC le NA hape li fumanoe li phahame ho RHA ea nang le thobalano mme, ho isa tekanyong e fokolang, likhoto tsa RLA ha li bapisoa le balekane ba tsona ba thobalano ba maemong a tlase le nakong ea takatso ea lijo le boits'oaro bo bobe ba thobalano. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore boiphihlelo ba thobalano bo etsa hore tšebetso ea polasetiki e hlahise dopamine ka ho feteletseng le NA neurotransication ho mPFC, joalo ka ha ho fumanoe dopamine ka har'a li-nucleus accumbens tsa mela e 'meli ea litekanyetso tsa Roma (Sanna et al., 2015). Phapang e kaholimo ho dopaminergic le noradrenergic neurotransization ho mPFC ea mela e mmedi ea Roma e ka bapala karolo eseng feela lipapatsong tse fapaneng tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano empa hape le litloaelong tse fapaneng le khafetsa tse fapaneng tse atisang ho ba le litšobotsi tsena tse peli tsa mela.

Menehelo ea Mongoli

FS, AA, MRM, OG le MGC ba thehile morero. FS le JB ba qapile, ba etsa le ho sekaseka tlhaiso-leseling ho tsoa boits'ebetsong ba thobalano le liteko tsa maiketsetso. MAP, OG le MGC ba khethile le ho lata litoeba tsa Roma. FS, AA, MRM, OG le MGC ba tsamaisitse thuto. FS, AA, MRM, OG le MGC ba ngotse mongolo. Bangoli bohle ba ile ba buisana ka liphetho mme ba hlahisa mongolo.

dithuso tsa ditjhelete

Mosebetsi ona o ne o tšehelitsoe ka nepo ke lithuso tse tsoang Lefapheng la Italy la Yunivesithi le Patlisiso (MIUR) (Boipuso ba Saense ba Bafuputsi ba banyenyane, SIR 2014, Code no. RBSI14IUX7) ho FS, ho tsoa Autonomous Region of Sardinia (ARS) (LR 7 / 2007 , "Kholiso ea Patlisiso ea Mahlale le Tlhabollo ea Mahlale ho Sardinia", European Social Fund, 2007-2013, Code Code No. CRP-59842) ho OG, le ho tloha Univesithing ea Cagliari ho ea AA, MRM, FS, OG le MGC.

Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso

Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.

lumela hore baa fokola

Ngaka Barbara Tuveri, Univesithi ea Cagliari, bakeng sa bolulo ba liphoofolo le tlhokomelo.

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Mantsoe a bohlokoa: boits'oaro ba thobalano, dopamine, noradrenaline, mPFC, microdialysis, RHA le RLA rats

Caring: Sanna F, Bratzu J, Piludu MA, Corda MG, Melis MR, Giorgi O le Argiolas A (2017) Dopamine, Noradrenaline le Phapang Litekanyetsong tsa Thobalano pakeng tsa LITLHAKU TSE TSOANG PELE TSA KOLOBETSO ea Marena: Tlhahlobo ea Microdialysis ho Medial Prefrontal Cortex . Ka pele. Behav. Neurosci. 11: 108. Doi: 10.3389 / fnbeh.2017.00108

E amohetse: 22 December 2016; E amohetsoe: 19 May 2017;
E phatlalalitsoe: 07 June 2017.