Ho Kopanela Liphate, Lithethefatsi le Boikaketsi: Kamoo Boea bo Laolang Boikhathollo bo Susumetsang Kateng (2011)

Elaine M. Hull*

Physiol Behav. 2011 Julayi 25; 104(1): 173-177.

E phatlalalitsoe inthaneteng 2011 May 5. doi:  10.1016 / j.physbeh.2011.04.057

inahaneloang

Bart Hoebel o hlahisitse pono ea marang-rang a kopaneng a neural a pakeng tsa meputso ea tlhaho le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. O butse ts'ebeliso ea micodialysis, hape a sebelisa ka mokhoa o atlehileng ho tsosa motlakase, maqeba, li-microinjections le immunohistochemistry. O fumane hore ho fepa, ho khothaletsa taolo ea lithethefatsi, le ho tsosa ka motlakase oa "lateral hypothalamus" (LH) kaofela ho eketsehang ha dopamine (DA) ho tsoa ho li-nucleus accumbens (NAc). Leha ho le joalo, athe DA ho NAc e matlafalitse ts'usumetso, DA ho LH e ile ea sitisa mekhoa e susumetsang. Laborat ea Hull e letsetse tse ling tsa menahano eo. Re khothalelitse hore serotonin (5-HT) e fumanehang ka har'a mokhatlo oa likamano tsa botona le botšehali e thibela boitšoaro ba thobalano ka ho thibela li-orexin / hypocretin neurons (OX / HCRT), e neng e tla thabisa li-neurons ka har'a mesocorticolimbic DA. Re bontšitse hore tokollo ea DA tikolohong ea medial preoptic (MPOA) e bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa boitšoaro ba banna ba thobalano, le hore testosterone, glutamate, nitric oxide (NO) le boiphihlelo ba pejana ba thobalano bo khothaletsa tokollo ea MPOA le ho ruruha. Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e lokela ho latela ho hatisoa ha Bart Hoebel ho sistimi ea neural le ho sebelisana pakeng tsa libaka tsa boko le li-neurotransmitters.

Keywords: Dopamine, Serotonin, sebaka sa preoptic sa Medial, pampitšana ea Mesocorticolimbic, Testosterone, Nitric oxide, Orexin / hypocretin, Glutamate, Copulation

1. Patlisiso ea Bart Hoebel

Bart Hoebel ke senatla har'a litsebi tsa methapo ea kutlo. O ile a bula mekhoa e mecha 'me a hlahisa lintlha tsa semina ka tšebetso ea boko. Ts'ebeliso ea hae ea micodialysis le ts'ebetso e phahameng ea metsi chromatography (HPLC) ho bokella le ho sekaseka li-neurotransmitters libakeng tse fapaneng tsa boko li fane ka mehopolo ea bohlokoa mabapi le tšebelisano pakeng tsa hypothalamus le tsamaiso ea mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA). Boholo ba mosebetsi oa ka o bile litseleng tseo a li qalileng.

Sengoloa sa hae sa pele, se hatisitsoeng ka Science, e tlaleha hore ts'ebeliso ea lijo e thibetse, eseng feela ho fepa, empa le ho khothatsa hoa morao-rao, le hore sephetho sa "ventraledial hypothalamus"1]. Ea bobeli Science Sengoliloeng sena se ile sa eketsa lithuto tsa hae tsa boits'oaro bo susumetsang ho kenyelletsa ho qopitsa. E tlaleha hore tšusumetso ea motlakase ea posterior hypothalamus e khothalelitse ho qopitsa le moputso o susumetsoang ke mating [2]. Ha a ntse a ithuta ho qopitsa, o ile a thahasella karolo ea serotonin (5-HT) molomong oa eona. Ente ea acute ea p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) e thibelitseng basali rat ratosis ka lebaka la tokollo ea 5-HT. Leha ho le joalo, PCA e sa foleng e nolofalitse Lordosis, ka lebaka la ho nyahama ha 5-HT [3]. Ka hona, 5-HT e bile le phello e thibelang boitšoaro ba basali thobalanong.

Hamorao, Ho Ho Hoel o ile a qala ho ba le tsebo ea micodialysis, le dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), le acetylcholine (ACh). Takatso ea lijo, cocaine, le hypothalamic ea boithati ea morao-rao li ile tsa eketseha DA ka pampitšana ea mesocorticolimbic DA [4, 5, 6]. Ntle le moo, ho bile le tšebelisano e sa lebelloang har'a libaka tsa boko. Mohlala, ho bile le kamano e fapaneng lipakeng tsa litlamorao tsa DA ho latela lateroth hypothalamus (LH) vs. NAc [7]. DA ho LH e ne e le bobe ebile e sa thibele boits'oaro bo bobe, empa DA ho NAc e ne e putsa ebile e khothaletsa boitšoaro bo susumetsang.

2. Patlisiso ea lab

Mosebetsi oa ka o latela tse ling tsa menahano ena. Re sebelisitse microdialysis, microinjection, le immunohistochemistry, hammoho le tlhahlobo ea boitšoaro, ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa potoloho e arolang boitšoaro ba litho tsa botona le botšehali.

2.1. Liphello tsa 5-HT ho anterior LH

Seithuti sa ka sa mehleng Dan Lorrain o sebelisitse microdialysis ho bontša hore 5-HT e lokolloa kahare LH ka nako ea ejaculation [8] (Bona Feie. 1), joalo ka ha Bart Hoebel a ne a tlalehile 5-HT tokollo moo ka ho fepa [9]. Ntle le moo, microinjection ea "antidepressant" e sebelisang motsoako oa ts'oaetso ea XHUMX-HT mokhatlong o thibelitsoeng oa LH, o ts'oanang le li-quyscence tsa morao-rao tsa morao-rao le tse tšoanang le litlamorao tsa thobalano tsa thobalano tsa SSRI li sebelisitsoeng ho phekola khatello ea maikutlo. Kahoo, lab ea Hoebel e bonts'itse hore keketseho ea kemiso ho boits'oaro bo bobe ba basali ba 5-HT [10], le lab ea Hull e lutseng bonyane sebakeng se le seng sa bokong, LH ea kantle, moo 5-HT ea lehae e eketsang boitšoaro bo sa thibeleng ba monna [8]. Karolong e 'ngoe ea morao-rao, re tlalehile hore ho khutlisetsoa ha 5-HT ho anterior (pericileical) LH ho fokotsitse tlhahiso ea DA ho NAc [11]. Ka hona, ho lokolloa ha 5-HT ho LH ka nako ea ejaculation ho ka kenya letsoho ho li-quyscence tsa post-ejaculatory, bonyane ka karolo, ka ho thibela tsela ea mesocorticolimbic DA.

Feie. 1     

Feie. 1

 

Liphetoho tsa nakoana ho serotonin ea extracellular (5-HT) e bokelletsoeng ho tsoa ho hypothalamus ea morao-rao ea likhoto tsa banna pele le nakong ea ho kopitsoa. Ntlha ka 'ngoe ea data ke moelelo (± SEM) oa sampole tsa 6-min dialysate tse bokellelitsoeng nakong ea mantlha (B), ka pel'a mosali oa moshemane oa (F), nakong ea papiso (C), nakong ea khefutso ea kamora ho ohla (P), mme kamora hore e tšehali e tlosoe (e hlahisitsoeng e le% ea maemo a motheo a tlase). Maemo a 5-HT a eketsehile nakong ea mekhahlelo ea bobeli ea (P2) le ea boraro (P3), ha e bapisoa ho motheo oa ho qetela. 5-HT nakong ea P3 e ne e boetse e phahame ho feta nako ea bone ea ho kopitsa. Sampole e bokelletsoeng nakong ea karolo ea bobeli le ea boraro ea tlhahlobo ha e ea hlahlojoa, hobane banna ba bangata ba qosoa pele sampole e felletseng ea 6-min e ka bokelloa. Graph graphing (inset) e bonts'a moelelo (± SEM) oa data bakeng sa linako tsa sampole tsa 15 e oeleng ka lihlopha tse hlano, ho ipapisitsoe le maemo a boitšoaro. Sampole e bokellelitsoeng nakong ea ha u qeta ho kopana le bona e bontšitse maemo a 5-HT a phahameng ho feta maemo ohle. (Setšoantšo se tsoang ho [8] ka tumello.)

 

2.2. OX / HCRT ho anterior (pericileical) hypothalamus

Haufinyane tjena re fane ka tatellano e latelang pale ea hypothalamic 5-HT. Sehlopha sa li-neuron ho LH se hlahisa peptide orexin (OX, e tsejoang hape ka hore ke hypocretin, HCRT). Ho feta moo, 5-HT e ne e tlalehiloe ho thibela li-neuron (12). OX / HCRT e tsebahala haholo ka ts'usumetso ea eona ea boitšoaro ba ho fepa [13,14] taolo ea mekhahlelo ea boroko15, 16]. Li-neurons tse nang le "OX / HCRT" li ne li tlalehiloe ho tla fihlela projeke ea sebakeng sa moea (VA) [17], mohloli oa pampitšana ea mesocorticolimibc DA. Ho feta moo, tsamaiso ea intra-VTA ea OX / HCRT e tlalehiloe e le ho eketsa tokollo ea DA ho NAc [18]. Moithuti oa ka oa mehleng John Muschamp o ile a nahana hore li-neuron tsa morao-rao tse neng li thibetsoe ke li-post-ejaculatory 5-HT e kanna ea ba lisele tse nang le li-OX / HCRT. Re bonts'a hore ho hloa mekoalaba ho matlafalitse c-Fos-immunoreactivity liseleng tse nang le OX / HCRT [19]. Ntle le moo, ho fallisoa ho fokolitse palo ea li-neuron tsa OX / HCRT-immunoreactive, tse neng li tsosolositsoe haholo ke liente tsa systemic tsa estradiol. OX / HCRT e na le boits'oaro bo botle, joalo ka ts'ebetso ea tsamaiso ea mohanyetsi ea qhekellang oa OX / HCRT [19]. Ntle le moo, microinjection ea OX / HCRT ho VTA e hlahisitse litlamorao tse tsamaeang le tekanyetso ho thunong ea sele ea dopaminergic. Methapo e 'meli e tlase e ile ea eketsa ho thunya ha lisele le likarabo tsa baahi, leha ho le joalo lethata le phahameng ka ho fetesisa le ile la baka ho putlama ha "VTA dopaminergic neurons", e ileng ea khutlisoa ka ho khothaletsa autoreceptors ea DA le apomistphine ea DA. Qetellong, makhetlo a mararo a reng immunohistochemistry a senola hore ho nts'etsana ha marang-rang ho ile ha eketsa c-Fosimmunoreactivity ho dopaminergic neurons ho VTA e neng e etsoa ka likhoele tsa OX / HCRT. Ka hona, li-neuron tsa OX / HCRT li shebahala li sebetsa ka mokhoa o itšetlehileng ka steroid ho kenya letsoho tseleng ea mesocorticolimbic DA, ka hona e khothaletsa boitšoaro ba thobalano le meputso e meng ea tlhaho le e khothalletsoang ke lithethefatsi.

2.3. Ho lokolloa ha DA tikolohong ea medial preoptic (MPOA)

Ntle le SH le mesocorticolimbic DA mokhoa oa ka o lipatlisiso tsa karolo ea MPOA, qetellong ea hypothalamus, taolong ea boitšoaro ba banna ba thobalano. Litho tsa MPOA li senya boitšoaro ba banna ba botona le botšehali ho mefuta eohle ea li-vertebrate e ithutileng (e lekantsoe ho [20]). Ts'usumetso ea motlakase kapa ea lik'hemik'hale ea MPOA e ntlafatsa ho kopitsoa le ex copula bohlola. Li-neurons tsa lehae tsa A14 tsa periventricular DA li ka hare ho MPOA, joalo ka li-neurons tsa DA tse tsoang litsing tse ling tse 'maloa [21].

Ho na le khokahano e haufi pakeng tsa boitšoaro ba setho sa botona ba botona le botšehali ho maemo a DA ho MPOA. DA e lokolloa ho MPOA ea likhoto tsa banna ho arabela ho mosali e motšehali le nakong ea ho qhekelloa [22] (Bona Feie. 2). Ho ba teng ha testosterone ha morao ho ne ho hlokahala bakeng sa ho lokolloa le ho kopitsoa ha DA ka bobeli. Ba batona ba kenang, li-castrate tse entsoeng ka testosterone, le li-castrate tse entsoeng ka oli tse kopilitsoeng li bonts'itse keketseho ea DA pele ho kopi, e ileng ea bolokoa kapa ea eketseha le ho feta nakong ea ho ruruha [22, 23]. Li-castrate tse entsoeng ka oli tse neng li sa kopanye ha lia ka tsa bontša keketseho. Ho ne ho e-na le litekanyetso tsa boits'oaro ba DA ka bobeli. Ntle le moo, taba ea hore DA e ile ea eketseha pele ho ho nyaloa e bonts'a hore keketseho ha e bakoe ke ho kopitsoa, ​​empa mohlomong e ne e amana le sepheo sa thobalano. Likarolo tse peli, tse hlano,, le matsatsi a leshome tsa kalafo ea testosterone ea li-castrate li bakile bokhoni bo eketsehang ba ho qopitso bo amanang haufi-ufi le ho khutlisoa ha tokollo ea DA [24]. Phekolo ea testosterone bakeng sa matsatsi a mabeli ha ea ka ea khutlisa ho ruruha kapa karabelo ea DA. Boholo ba li-castrate tse tšoeroeng tsa testosterone tse nkileng matsatsi a mahlano li ile tsa khona ho etsisa le ho bontša karabelo ea DA, mme halofo ea bona e khona ho ejaculate. Li-castrate tsohle tse tšoaroang ka testosterone bakeng sa matsatsi a 10 li kopilitsoe ho ejaculation, mme kaofela li bontšitse karabelo ea DA. Ho bile le likhohlano tse ngata lipakeng tsa mehato ea ho qholotsa le maemo a DA. Ka hona, tahlehelo ea mats'oafo kamora ho fallisoa le ho khutlisoa ha eona ke testosterone li amana haufi le karabo ea MPOA DA ho mosali ea makatsang.

Feie. 2     

Feie. 2

 

Ts'usumetso ea testosterone-Mediated ea ts'ebetso ea thobalano e kanna ea hlaha ka karolo ka ho eketsoa ha DA ho MPOA. Litšoelesa tse tšehali tse se nang mahlo li bonts'itse keketseho ea DA ea kantle ho nako nakong ea ho pepesehela mosali ea sa tsebeng letho ka eena, mme banna bohle ba ts'oanang ba kopantsoe ha mosali a kenngoa mokotleng oa bona. Basali ba ile ba beheloa libeke tsa 2 libeke tse fetileng ba sa bonts'e ho lokolloa ha DA ka lebaka la mosali, mme ha ho le ea mong ea qotsitsoeng. Likarolo tse peli tsa 1-beke li-castrate li qopile mme li bonts'itse keketseho ea DA, athe ea boraro e setseng e ne e sa kopanye mme e sa bonts'e keketseho ea DA. * P <.05, ha e bapisoa le motheo oa li-castrate tse tšoaroang ke testosterone; ** P <.01, ha e bapisoa le motheo oa hoqetela oa banna ba tiileng kapa bakeng sa li-castrate tse tšoaroang ka koloi beke e le 'ngoe; + P <.05, ha e bapisoa le motheo oa hoqetela oa li-castrate tse tšoaroang ke likoloi tse sa atlehang ho etsisa. (E ngotsoe hape ho Ref. [22] ka tumello.)

 

Li-metabolites tsa Testosterone li ne li sebetsa ka mokhoa o fapaneng ho khutliseng ho lokolloa ha DA ho li-castrate tse telele [25]. Estradiol e khutlisitse maemo a tloaelehileng a basal a DA, empa eseng keketseho ea karabelo ho mosali. Li-castrate tse tšoeroeng ke Estradiol li ile tsa kenella, empa ha ho le e 'ngoe e bonts'itseng mokhoa oa boitšoaro oa ejological. Leha e le dihydrotestosterone kapa koloi ea oli e bolokileng ho kopitsa kapa basal kapa basali-ba susumetsoang ke DA. Leha ho le joalo, ha dihydrotestosterone e ne e tsamaisoa ka estradiol, motsoako o ile oa khutlisa ho kopitsa le basal le basali ba hlohlellelitsoeng ke DA [25].

Leha maemo a kantle ho MPOA DA e le a tlase haholo ho feta ho ba batona ba tsitsitseng, maemo a makatsang a hlile a phahame ho feta ho ba batona ba sa tsitsang [26]. Ka 'nete ho bile le khokahano e mpe lipakeng tsa litekanyo tsa lisele (tse bolokiloeng) tsa DA le bokhoni ba ho etsisa [27]. Liphoofolo tse sa kopang (dihydrotestosterone- le li-castrate tse nkiloeng ka oli) li ne li e-na le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa li-DA ho feta lihlopha tse neng li kopitsa (estradiol−, estradiol + dihydrotestosterone-, le li-castrate tsa testosterone tse tšoaroang). Ka hona, synthet le polokelo ea DA ho MPOA e batla e le kholo ho li-castrate joalo ka ho batona ba sa tsitsang; khaello ea li-castrate ha e matleng a bona a ho kopanya le ho boloka DA, empa ho bokhoni ba bona ba ho lokolla mabenkele a bona a mangata.

2.4. Karolo ea NO ho MPOA DA tokollo

Boithuto ba pejana bo ne bo tlalehile hore tokollo ea DA ho striatum e nolofalitsoe ke NO [28, 29]. Ka hona, re ile ra leka hore na NO e tla ba le litlamorao tse tšoanang ho MPOA. Ka 'nete, moetapele oa NO, L-arginine, ho lokolloa ha basotho ba MPOA DA, le NO antthonist (NOS) mohanyetsi L-NMMA e fokotse tokollo [30]. Inhibitor e fapaneng ea NOS, L-NAME, e thibelletse ho qobelloang ho susumetsang ho susumetsang ha DA [31], phello e neng e tsamaisana le cGMP [32]. Ho feta moo, immunoreactivity ea neuronal NOS (nNOS) e ile ea fokotseha kamora ho ts'oaroa mme ea khutlisoa ke tsamaiso ea testosterone [33]. Ka hona, tsela e 'ngoe eo testosterone e thusang ho kopitsoa ka eona ke ka ho eketsa li-NNOS ho MPOA, tseo ka tsona li eketsang tokollo ea DA ea basal le basali e khothalletsoang ho banna ba sa tsitsang le li-castrate tsa testosterone.

2.5. Litlamorao tsa boiphihlelo ba thobalano

Lab rona re boetse re lekotse litlamorao tsa boiphihlelo ba thobalano. Tse tona tse nang le boiphihlelo li sebetsana ka katleho le "ts'ebetso" e kholoanyane. Li na le methati e khuts'oane ea ho hloella, ho kenella ka hare, le ho fofa mme li khona ho tsoha ka likhoto tse nyane le tse kenang (tse hlahliloeng ho [20]). Ho pepesetsa lekhalo la monna khafetsa ho mosali ea motšehali ho lekane ho matlafatsa bokhoni ba hae ba ho kopitsa le ho eketsa boitšireletso ba c-Fos ho MPOA e khahliloe ke ho nyekeloa ho le leng.34]. HA HO motho ea ka sebelisang liphihlelo tse ling tsa boiphihlelo ba boiphihlelo. NOS inhibitor L-NAME, e kenyellelitsoeng ho MPOA, e thibetse ho ikopanya le batona ba botona le botšehali mme ea fokotsa lenane la ho kenella le ho hlaseloa hoa banna ba nang le thobalano [35]. Ha e fanoa ho MPOA pele ho tlhahiso e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e supileng ho mosali oa semmuso, e ne e thibela litlamorao tsa tlhahiso eo. Ho feta moo, thibelo ea ts'ebetso ea nNOS ho MPOA e eketseha ka boiphihlelo ba pele ba thobalano [36]. Ka hona, keketseho ea tlhahiso ea NO ho MPOA, le keketseho ea eona ea tokollo ea DA, e kanna ea akaretsa tse ling tsa litlamorao tsa boiphihlelo ba thobalano.

2.6. Kenyelletso ho tsoa ho amygdala ea medial ho ea ho MPOA

Khothatso e kholo ho karabelo ea MPOA DA ho mosali ke phetoho e tsoang ho medial amygdala (MeA). Juan Dominguez o ile a etsa liso tse kholo tsa thabo ea amygdala, e felisang ho kopitsa ho likhoto tsa banna [37]. Le ha ho le joalo, li-microinjections tsa DA agonist apomorphine ho MPOA li khutlisitse ho kopitsa ka botlalo ho banna bao. Likokoana-hloko tse nyane tsa radiofreqency ea MeA e holofetse, empa ha ea ka ea felisa ho kopitsoa. Maemo a Basal MPOA DA ha a ka a ameha, empa keketseho ea DA ea karabelo ho mosali e thibetsoe [37] (Bona Setšoantšo sa 3). Ka hona, joalo ka ha ho tsosolosoa hoa estradiol ho qopitso ho li-castrate [25], basal MPOA DA maemo a ne a lekane ho tlolelanoa e sa lekaneng, empa keketseho e 'ngoe e khothatsang ea basali e ne e hlokahala bakeng sa ho kopitsoa hantle. Liphoofolong tse sa sebetseng, tšusumetso ea lik'hemik'hale ea MeA, e sebelisa glutamate hammoho le glutamate reuptake inhibitor, e ile ea eketsa maemo a DA a kantle ho MPOA, a etsisa sephetho sa ho qopitsoa [38] (Bona Feie. 4). Ka hona, tsela e 'ngoe eo MeA e khothalletsang ho qopitsa ke ka ho eketsa tokollo ea DA ho MPOA.

Feie. 3    

Feie. 3

 

Mabala a amygdala ea medial a thibela ho lokolloa ha DA ho MPOA ka lebaka la ho pepesehela mosali oa motšehali le kopi. Maemo a emetse liphetoho tsa% ho tloha molemong oa mantlha (BL) ho arabela ho pepeseha hoa mosali ea ts'oanelang (PRE), nakong ea ho kopitsa (C1 - C3) le kamora ho kopitsa (POST). DA ea li-extracellular e eketsehile haholo nakong ea methati ea pelehi le ea ho kopitsa ea liteko tsa liphoofolo tse nang le liso tsa sham empa eseng bakeng sa liphoofolo tse nang le liso tsa MeA. Litekanyetso li hlahisoa e le tse mpe ± SEM. * P <.05; ** P <.01. (E hatisitsoe ho tsoa ho [37] ka tumello.)

 
Feie. 4    

Feie. 4

 

Maemo a DA ka dialysate ho tsoa ho MPOA ea liphoofolo tse fumanang tšusumetso ea MeA kapa microinjection ea koloi. Maemo a emela phetoho ea% ho tloha ho baseline (BL) ho arabela Me-tsosa kapa microinjection ea koloi; disampole tse bokelletsoeng kamora li-microinjections ho MeA ke mehlala ea li-post-injection 1 - 6 (P1 - P6). Maemo a DA a kantle ho naha a eketsehile haholo kamora MeA microinjection bakeng sa liphoofolo tse fumanang tšusumetso ea MeA empa eseng bakeng sa liphoofolo tse amohelang koloi. Litekanyetso li hlahisoa e le tse mpe ± SEM. (* P <.05) (E ngotsoe hape ho tloha ho [38] ka tumello.)

 

2.7. Glutamate ho MPOA

Mokena-lipakeng a le mong oa ho lokolloa ha DA ho MPOA ke glutamate [39]. E lokolloa ho MPOA nakong ea ho kopitsa, mme e eketseha ka hoo e ka bang 300% ka nako ea ejaculation [40]. Ho feto-fetoha ha litšupiso tsa mefuta-futa ea li-glutamate reuptake inhibitors ho ekelitse glutamate ea extracellular, joalo ka ha ho ne ho lebelletsoe, hape le ho thusa ho qopitsoa. Leha ho le joalo, revers-dialysis ea serotonin (5-HT) ho MPOA e amme tokollo ea bobeli le ts'ebetso ea glacamine e susumetsang [41]. Ka hona, sebaka sa bobeli moo 5-HT e ka thibelang ho ruruha ke MPOA, moo e ka fokotsang tokollo ea glutamate.

Tlhaloso e ka bang teng ea tšusumetso ea glutamate ho DA e kenyelletsa HONA. NNOS inhibitor L-NAME, ha e kenella hare ho MPOA, e thehile motheo oa DA mme ea thibela tokollo ea DA e futsitsoeng e mpe. Leqhubu le sa sebetseng la D-NAME ha lea ka la ba le phello. Glutamate e hokahana le li-receptor tsa NMDA ho khothaletsa calcium calcium, e sebetsang ka mokhoa o khutsitseng, o hlahisang nNOS. HA HO na motho ea ka thibelang DA ho fumana lits'oants'o tsa boahisani, ho eketsa litlamorao tsa eona, hape e kanna ea phahamisa ho longoa ha leihlo, ho eketsa tokollo ea DA ka kotlolloho (e hlahlojoe ho [42]). Ka hona, glutamate, ka ho susumetsa ha eona ea NNOS, e eketsa tokollo ea DA ho MPOA, e leng eona e nolofalletsang ho qopitsoa. MPOA glutamate e kanna ea thusa ho phahamisa kemiso.

3. Summary

Ka bokhutšoanyane, Bart Hoebel o thehile "setšoantšo se seholo" sa libaka tsa boko tse susumetsang meputso ea tlhaho le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso. A sebelisa tšusumetso ea motlakase, marang-rang, li-microinjection, Micracalalism, le immunohistochemistry, hammoho le boits'oaro bo hlokolosi le bo hlophisehileng, o ile a fumana likarolo tsa boko le li-neurotransmitters tse laolang ho fepa, ho tlolella batho ba bang mabifi, khatello ea maikutlo, ho ja lithethefatsi le moputso. Labalo ea Hull e latetse tse ling tsa mehopolo eo, ho kenyelletsa tšebelisano lipakeng tsa LH le tsamaiso ea mesocorticolimbic DA. Re khothalelitse hore 5-HT ho potoloho ea LH e ka thibela boitšoaro ba thobalano ka ho thibela li-neuron tsa OX / HCRT, tse neng li ka natefisa methapo ea DA ho VTA. Re ithutile haholo boitšoaro ba banna ba thobalano, ho bonts'a hore testosterone le boiphihlelo ba thobalano bo eketsa nNOS ho MPOA, le hore sephetho sa tlhahiso ea NO e tla eketsa ho lokolloa ha bobeli ba Basal le basali. Ntle le moo, glutamate e boetse e lokolloa ho MPOA nakong ea ho ts'oaroa, haholo nakong ea kemolo, le bonyollo, ho sebetsa ka li-receptors tsa NMDA le calcium inflow, li ka eketsa NO, 'me ka hona ho lokolloa ha DA. Re tlameha ho atleha, eseng feela ts'ebelisong ea bopula -ngoe ea Bart Hoebel ea mahlale a morao-rao le mekhoa e meng, empa hape le molemong oa hae lits'ebetsong tsa neural le tšebelisanong ea libaka tsa boko le li-neurotransmitters.

Kamora nako, re na le lebaka le leholo ho Bart Hoebel bakeng sa ho theha moea o mofuthu, oa tšehetso, oa boits'oaro, oa kopanelo le o monate bophelong ba saense le bophelong ba motho. Ho thabisa haholo ho tseba, ho sebelisana le eena le ho ithuta ho eena.

Liteboho

Patlisiso e tlalehiloeng mona e tšehelitsoe ke NIH ho fa MH040826 ho EM Hull.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

Boitlhotlhollo ba Mohoeletsi: Ena ke faele ea PDF ea mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho o sa amoheloang o amoheletsoeng bakeng sa ho hatisoa. Joaloka tšebeletso ho bareki ba rona re fana ka phetolelo ena ea pele ea mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho. Mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho o tla ba le ho kopitsa, ho kenya lihlopha le ho hlahloba bopaki bo hlahang pele o hatisoa ka mokhoa oa oona oa ho qetela. Ka kopo hlokomela hore nakong ea mekhoa ea tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa e ka fumanoa e ka amang litaba, le litsebiso tsohle tsa molao tse sebetsang koranteng e amanang le eona.

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