Horm Behav. 2009 Jan; 55 (1): 93-7. Epub 2008 Sep 12.
Christine M. Tenk, 1, * Hilary Wilson, 3, * Qi Zhang, 1 Kyle K. Pitchers, 1,2 le Lique M. Coolen1,2
Tlhahisoleseling ea sengoli
Phetolelo ea ho qetela ea sengoliloeng sa sengoliloeng sena e ea fumaneha ho Horm Behav
inahaneloang
Mefuta e fapa-fapaneng ea boits'oaro le lithuto li fane ka bopaki bo bontšang hore boitšoaro ba thobalano ba banna bo na le thepa e khotsofatsang le e matlafatsang. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le tlhaiso-leseling e fokolang mabapi le boleng bo putsa ba likarolo tse fapaneng tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano. Ka hona, thuto ena e sebelisitse paradigm ea sebaka se ikhethileng ho sebetsana le hore na kemolo ea tlhaho le lihlahisoa li fapana ka litekanyetso tsa bona tsa khothatso. Re boetse ra bua hore na boleng bo fapaneng ba moputso bo ne bo itšetlehile ka boiphihlelo ba pele ba thobalano. Ka thobalano banna le boiphihlelo ba batona ba amohetse pairing e le 'ngoe ea ho kenella kapa ho phunyelletsa le e' ngoe ea likamore tse ka lebokoseng la CPP. Nako e sebelisitsoeng kamoreng e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea lisebelisoa tsa CPP ka mor'a ho lekanya e ile ea lekanyetsoa. Ba batona le balekane ba nang le thobalano ba kopaneng ba bile le thobalano ba thehile CPP bakeng sa ho natefisoa, athe, ke baetsana feela ba thobalano, mme ba sena thobalano, banna ba thehile CPP bakeng sa ho kenella. Ho feta moo, ho ba batona ba basali ba thobalano, ho phahama ka makhetlo a mangata ka kamoreng e boletsoeng ho felletse ka hore ho be le CPP e amanang le phaposi ea taolo e pakiloeng ka lipontšo. Lintlha tsena li tšehetsa khopolo ea hore ho na le karolo e phahameng ea boitšoaro bo khotsofatsang ba thobalano, 'me e le karolo ea moputso ho fetisisa, le hore boleng bo khothatsang ba likarolo tse ling tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano bo itšetlehile ka boiphihlelo ba pele ba thobalano.
Mantsoe a bohlokoa: moputso, boikhethelo ba sebaka, ho qopitsa, boitšoaro ba thobalano, thuto e amanang
Selelekela
Litorong tsa banna, boitšoaro ba thobalano ke mokhoa o khotsofatsang le o matlafatsang, o kopantsoeng le lintho tse fapaneng, ho kenyelletsa lipatlisiso tsa tlatsetso, litheko, ho kenella le ho nyamela. Ejaculation e bonahala e le eona karolo e matlafatsang ho feta ea boitšoaro ba thobalano (Coolen et al., 2004; bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea bona Pfaus le Phillips, 1991). Mohlala, ho fapana le ba batona ba lumelloang ho kenella kapa ho hloa feela, empa eseng ejaculate, ba batona ba lumelloa ho kopanya kemiso e tsoetseng pele le lebelo le potlakileng la T-mazes (Kagan, 1955), runway arm-hand (Lopez et al., 1955) , kapa ho hloella litsietsi (Sheffield et al., 1951). Ntle le moo, ejaculation e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho theoa ha litakatso tsa maemo a kopanetsoeng. Ka mantsoe a mang, ho tloaelana le monko o monate oa maikutlo le mosali ea amohelang molaetsa ho lebisa ho khethoeng, le ho tataisetsoa boitšoaro ba thobalano ho bona, mosali ea nang le semelo se tšoanang ho banna ba lumelloang ho ikopanya, empa eseng ho banna ba lumelletsoeng ho bonts'a li-inturbation ntle le kemiso ( Kippin le Pfaus, 2001).
Lintlha tse khotsofatsang tsa ho qopitsa li bonts'itsoe ho sebelisa mofuta o ikhethileng oa sebaka (CPP) paradigm (Pfaus le Phillips, 1991). Paradigm ea CPP e nka likarabo ho susumetso ea tikoloho eo pele e neng e entsoe ka liketsahalo tse matlafatsang mme e ka sebelisoa ho lekola boleng ba ts'usumetso ea liketsahalo tsena tse lehlohonolo le sepheo se amanang le moputso (Carr et al., 1989). Lisebelisoa tse sebelisitsoeng ho bonts'a CPP hangata li na le likarolo tse arohaneng tse arohantsoeng ka mokhoa o fapaneng le ts'usumetso e se nang meeli: lehlakore le leng le ts'oaroe ka ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea kemiso, athe lehlakoreng le leng le ts'oantsoe le sena letho kapa thetso ea taolo. Ho joalo, likhoto tsa banna tse lumelloang ho kopanya kemisong ea kemiso ea lintho tsa tlhaho tse ratoang molemong oa karolo e ratoang ka mokhoa ona (Agmo le Berenfeld, 1990; Martinez le Paredes, 2001). Leha ho le joalo, ha ho tsejoe hore na nts'etsopele ea CPP e its'etlehile ho pontšo ea kemiso, kapa haeba pontšo ea li-intromissions e lekane. Re tšela taba ea hore ho nthekoloha ho na le moputso o moholo ho bapisoa le likarolo tse ling tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano tse fuoeng lithuto tse fetileng tse bonts'ang litheko tsa eona tse kholo.
Kahoo, litekanyetso tsa hona joale tsa liteko li hlahlobisisitse hore na kemolo ea tikoloho e na le moputso o moholo ho feta pontšong ea maqhubu a mangata a sebelisang CPP paradigm. Ho feta moo, tšusumetso ea boiphihlelo ba botona le botšehali ho boleng bo ruisang ba ho kenella ka hare ho litho tsa mpa e fumanoe.
Lisebelisoa le mekhoa
Animals
Liroto tsa banna ba baholo tsa Sprague Dawley (250-350g) li fumanoe laboratoring ea Harlan (Indianapolis, IN, USA) kapa Charles River (Senneville, QC, Canada) mme li lula ka bolulong molemong oa nako ea 12-nako e khutlileng / lebone le lefifi (mabone ho tloha 10 hoseng ). Lijo le metsi li ne li fumaneha ka linako tsohle ntle le nakong ea tlhahlobo ea boitšoaro. Basali ba Stimulus ba ne ba ovariectomised mme ba kentsoe ka subcutaneous 5% 17-β-estradiol benzoate Silastic capsules (1.98 limilimithara tse kahare, bolelele ba 0.5 cm, Dow Corning Corporation, MI, USA). Boitšoaro ba thobalano bo ile ba hlohlelletsoa ke liente tsa "progesterone" (500 μg ho 0.1 ml ea oli ea sesame) hoo e ka bang lihora tse 'ne pele ho nako ea ho kopanya. Ts'ebetso tsohle li amohetsoe ke Komiti ea Tlhokomelo ea Liphoofolo le Ts'ebeliso ea Univesithi ea Cincinnati, Univesithi ea Western Ontario Tlhokomelo ea Liphoofolo, 'me e lumellana le tataiso ea NIH le CCAC e kenyeletsang liphoofolo tse amanang le liphoofolo tse amanang le liphoofolo tse amanang le lefu lena.
Lisebelisoa tse khethiloeng tsa sebaka
Lisebelisoa tse nang le maemo a boikhethelo (CPP) lisebelisoa (Med Associates, Vermont, USA) li ne li na le likamore tse peli tsa liteko (28 × 22 × 21 cm) tse arotsoeng ke komporo e bohareng (13 × 22 × 21 cm). Likamore li ne li khethollotsoe ke lithahasello tsa pono le tse litšila. Kamore e le 'ngoe ea liteko e ne e e-na le marako a masoeu' me e katiloe ka gridi ea tšepe, athe e 'ngoe e ne e e-na le marako a maputsoa le lipharafu tse tšoanang tsa katara. Kamore e bohareng e ne e e-na le marako a moriri o moputsoa le mokatong o boreleli oa bohlooho. Menyako ka mahlakoreng a mabeli a kamore e bohareng e ne e arola likamore, mme e ne e ka phahamisoa ho lumella liphoofolo hore li tsamaee ka bolokolohi lisebelisoa tsohle, kapa li theoleloe sebakeng se itseng.
Boemo ba boitšoaro le tlhahlobo
Liteko tsohle li etsahetse karolong e lefifi (lihora tse tharo ho isa ho tse tšeletseng kamora hore mabone a tima). Litakatso tsa mantlha tsa mantlha li ile tsa khethoa ka letsatsi la e 'ngoe ea liteko ke mokhabo o mong le o mong moo phoofolo e' ngoe le e 'ngoe e fuoeng phihlello ea mahala likamoreng tsohle tsa lisebelisoa tsa CPP tsa metsotso ea 15. Lingoloa li ile tsa buloa videot, 'me nako e sebelisitsoeng ka kamoreng e' ngoe le e 'ngoe e ile ea hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa Microscoft Excel Custom Macro Program. Phoofolo e ne e nkuoa e le teng ka phapusing haeba kutu eohle ea setopo, ho kenyeletsa letheka, e ne e le ka phapusing eo. Kamore eo phoofolo e sebelisang nako e nyane ho eona (lehlakore la pele le neng le sa khethoe) e ne e khethetsoe lehlakore le kopaneng le thobalano, 'me lehlakore le leng (lehlakore le neng le ratoe pele) le ne le khetheloa lehlakore le laoloang. Boemo bo etsahetse ka matsatsi a mabeli le a mararo. Ka letsatsi la maemo a thobalano, liphoofolo tse kopantsoeng le mosali ea amohelang kantle ho ntlo ea bona, li ile tsa fetisetsoa kamoreng e 'ngoe ka balekane ka lisebelisoa tsa CPP tsa metsotso ea 30. Nakong ea boemo ba maemo a taolo, liphoofolo li ne li nkuoa ka kotloloho ntlong ea tsona 'me li behiloe kamoreng ea taolo ea lisebelisoa tsa CPP bakeng sa metsotso ea 30. Halofo ea liphoofolo molemong o mong le o mong oa teko o ile a fuoa thobalano ka letsatsi la bobeli mme a beoa kamoreng ea taolo ka letsatsi la boraro. Liphoofolo tse setseng li ne li fuoe matla a ho laela ka letsatsi la bobeli le ho etsa thobalano ka letsatsi la boraro. Kamora teko ena ea boemo bo le bong (e nang le matsatsi a mabeli a ho beha maemo), khetho ea liphoofolo bakeng sa likamore e ile ea boela ea hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa poso ka la ho qetela, letsatsi la bone, le neng le ts'oana hantle le moetlo.
Moralo oa liteko
Ho ile ha etsoa liteko tse 'ne. Moralo oa maemo le lipalo tsa sehlopha bakeng sa teko e 'ngoe le e' ngoe o bontšoa Lethathamong la 1. Litekong tsa pele, banna ba nang le thobalano ba fumane ho emisoa (n = 10) kapa ho kenella (ho kenella ka makhetlo a tšeletseng le metso e robeli ntle le kemiso; Kamore e khethiloeng nakong ea ha ho ne ho se na boitšoaro ba thobalano e nang le kamore e ratoang pele. Pontšo ea ejaculation e ne e ikemiselitse ho latela semelo sa sebapali seo phoofolo e se bonts'ang ho emong, hammoho le boteng ba plug ea botšehali ho molekane oa mosali. Ntle le moo, sehlopha sa taolo se ile sa eketsoa, se na le banna (n = 11) ba neng ba pepesitsoe likamoreng tsa lisebelisoa tsa CPP kamora ho sebetsana le taolo ea mananeo, empa ntle le ho ts'oaroa, 'me ka hona ba sebetsa e le taolo e sa susumetsoang. Teko ea bobeli, ho ile ha sebelisoa banna ba nang le thobalano. Banna bana ba ne ba kopantsoe le kemiso e le 'ngoe mekhahlelong e mehlano ea ho hola pele ho boemo ba CPP. Ke ba batona feela ba bonts'itseng kemiso likarolong tse tharo ho tse hlano tse kenyellelitsoeng tlhahlobong ena. Joalo ka teko ea pele, banna bana ba nang le thobalano ba amohetse boemo ba ho emisoa (n = 10) kapa ho kenella (ho kenella ka tse tšeletseng ntle le ho emisoa; n = 1) ba pentiloe le kamore ea pele e sa rateng ha ho ne ho se na boitšoaro ba thobalano le e mong. kamore. Boitekong ba boraro, banna ba thobalano ba nang le thobalano (n = 10) ba bonts'itse kemiso e pentiloeng ka kamore e sa khethoeng le litheko (tse tšeletseng le tse robeli ntle le kemiso) tse kopantsoeng le kamore e 'ngoe (taolo). Qetellong, tekong ea bone, ba batona ba neng ba kopanetsetse ka thobalano pele ho teko ena (n = 10) ba bonts'a ho phahama kapa ho kenella kahare (likamore tse tšeletseng le tse robeli) tse pentiloeng ka likamore tse sa khethoeng kapa tsa taolo ka ho latellana, joalo ka tlhahlobo e fetileng. Leha ho le joalo boitekong bona ba ho qetela, boemo ba maemo bo ile ba atolosoa ho ba matsatsi a tšeletseng a maemo, ka nako eo ba batona ba fumana mefuta e meng e fapaneng ea ho emisoa kapa ho kenella kahare (8 ea ho emisoa ka leng). Halofo ea ba batona e amoheloa ka mokhoa o qaqileng ka letsatsi la pele la maemo, 'me halofo e ile ea fumana ho kenella kahare.
Lethathamo 1
Moralo o behang maemo le lipalo tsa sehlopha bakeng sa e 'ngoe ea liteko tse' ne tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano
Tlhahlobo ea lintlha
Lintlha tse entsoeng pele ho feta nakong tsa tlhahlobo ea boitšoaro ba thobalano li bontšitsoe e le kakaretso ea liphetho (lipalo tsa nako e sebelisitsoeng ka phapusing e kopantsoeng le thobalano) le lintlha tsa phapang (nako e sebelisitsoeng ka kamoreng ea ho robala ka nako ea thobalano e sebelisitsoeng ho se Kamore e bapalang ka thobalano). Liteko tsa t-paired li ile tsa sebelisoa ho sekaseka bohlokoa ba tlhaiso ea khetho le lintlha tsa phapano lipakeng tsa ea makatsang le ea morao-rao. Ntle le moo, tlhahlobo ea Pearson Product Moment Correlation e sebelisitsoe ho sekaseka khokahano e teng lipakeng tsa linomoro tsa ho kenella le sekhahla sa khetho ea morao-rao le lintlha tsa phapang lipakeng tsa teko e ngoe le e ngoe. Sekoahelo sa bohlokoa se thehiloe 0.05.
Results
Liphetho ho tsoa tlhahlobong ea pele, li bonts'a hore banna ba nang le bootsoa ba thobalano ba na le CPP ea bohlokoa kamoreng e katiloeng ka lipopae, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe papiso ea nako e sebelisoang likamoreng nakong ea boithuto ba pele le bo morao. (Sa feiga. 1). Ka bobeli palo ea likhetho (p = 0.023) le lintlha tsa phapano (p = 0.012) li bonts'itse keketseho e kholo ea nako e sebelisitsoeng ka phapusing ea ho tsamaisoa ka matsoho. Ntle le moo, banna ba naïve ba tsa thobalano le bona ba fumane CPP ea bohlokoa kamoreng ea ho kenella ka maoto. Kamora ho beha maemo, banna ba naïve ba qetile nako e ngata kamoreng ea ho kenella ka marang-rang ho feta phapusing ea taolo (p = 0.006 preference lintlha; p = 0.005 kusiyana lintlha; Fig. 1). Baimana ba laoloang ba sa susumetsoa ha ba a etsa khetho ea mofuta ofe kapa ofe (Kgetho ea ho khetha: O motle haholo ha o bapisoa le Posttest: 35.8% ± 2.9 bapisoa le 38.3% ± 2.7, p = 0.47; Phapang lintlha: Ponahalo e ntle ho bapisoa le Posttest: 168.4 sec ± 34.4 bapisa 152.4 sec ± 33.3, leq. = 0.71).
Setšoantšo sa 1
Pairing e le 'ngoe e nang le pontšo ea ejaculation (A, B) kapa intromissions (C, D) e hlohlellelitse CPP ho banna ba sa rutehang ka thobalano. (A, C) lintlha tsa khetho, liperesente tsa nako e sebelisitsoeng kamoreng ea ejaculation- (A) kapa intromissions- (C). (B, D) phapang ea lintlha, nako (ho feta…)
Liphetho tse tsoang tekong ea bobeli li senotse hore banna ba fumaneng boiphihlelo ba thobalano pele ho tlhahlobo ea CPP le bona ba thehile CPP ho phapusi e nang le peo ea botona, joalo ka ha ho bonts'oa ke keketseho e kholo lipakeng tsa likhetho (p <0.001) le phapang lintlha (p <0.001; Setšoantšo sa 2). Leha ho le joalo, ho fapana le se fumanoeng ke banna ba nang le tsebo ea ho kopanela liphate, banna ba nang le boiphihlelo ba thobalano ha baa ka ba theha CPP kamoreng e nang le marang-rang. Le lintlha tseo u li ratang (p = 0.183) kapa phapang ea lintlha (p = 0.235) ha lia fetoha haholo kamora maemo a boemo bo botle (Setšoantšo sa 2).
Setšoantšo sa 2
Mokha o le mong o bonts'ang ejaculation (A, C), empa eseng ka li-intromissions (C, D) e hlohlellelitse CPP ho banna ba nang le boiphihlelo ba thobalano. (A, C) lintlha tsa khetho, liperesente tsa nako e sebelisitsoeng kamoreng ea ejaculation- (A) kapa intromissions- (C). (B, D) phapang (more…)
Tekong ea boraro le ea bone, khopolo-taba ea hore ejaculation e putsa haholo ha e bapisoa le li-intromissions e ile ea lekoa. Liphetho tsa lithuto tsena li bontšitse, pele, banna ba neng ba e-na nave ka thobalano pele ho tlhahlobo ea CPP ha baa ka ba theha CPP ho phaposi e nang le peo ea peo ea botona le botšehali kamora kamore e le 'ngoe ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali ka kamoreng eo (Fig. 3). Re ile ra nahana hore ho kopanya ka nako e le 'ngoe ho ntša metsi le ho kenella kahare ho ne ho sa lekana ho baka phapang ho thehoeng ha CPP liphoofolong tsa thobalano. Ka hona, teko ea bone e ile ea etsoa ka nako e telele ea maemo a nang le mefuta e meraro ea mofuta o mong le o mong oa teko ea maemo. Ka 'nete, kamora ho kopanya habeli e' ngoe le e 'ngoe ea li-intromissions le ejaculation, banna ba bonts'itse keketseho e kholo ho likhetho le likhetho tse fapaneng (p <0.001 bakeng sa likhetho tsa likhetho le phapang; Setšoantšo sa 3) bakeng sa peeletso e kopantsoeng le phallo ea kamore e kenang kahare. Kahoo, ka li-pairings tse ngata, ejaculation e hlohlellelitse ho theoa ha CPP ha e bapisoa le pontšo ea li-intromissions ntle le ejaculation.
Setšoantšo sa 3
Pairing e le 'ngoe e nang le pontšo ea ho khaotsa ho tsuba ha ea ka ea susumetsa CPP ho banna ba nang le thobalano ha kamore ea taolo e ne e kopantsoe le pontšo ea li-intromissions (A, B). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, banna ba neng ba e-na le likamano tsa botona le botšehali pele ho maemo a boemo ba bophelo ba fumane (More…)
Ho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea liteko, ha li-pair li etsoa ka pontšo ea ho kenella, banna ba ne ba lumelloa ho bonts'a methapo ea 6-8, kaha sena se ts'oana haholo le palo ea li-intromissions tse tloaelehileng pele ho ejaculation (Coolen et al., 1996a; Coolen et al., 2003a ). Ho joalo, ba batona ba bangata ba lihlopheng tse tsamaeang ka maoto ba bontšitse likamano tse 8 kapa tse fokolang pele ho kemiso. Leha ho le joalo, ba batona ba bang ho e ngoe le e 'ngoe ea liteko ba bonts'itse tse ling tse robeli ho feta pele ho kemolo. Ka hona, ho khaola khokahano e nepahetseng lipakeng tsa lipalo tsa ho kenella le ho theha CPP, ho ile ha etsoa tlhahlobo ea khokahano. Tlhahlobo ena e senoletse hore ha ho khokahano efe kapa efe boitekong lipakeng tsa lipalo tsa ho kenella le polelo ea CPP.
Puisano
Boithuto ba hajoale bo letile maikutlo a hore kemolo e na le boleng bo putsa ba ho bapisoa le ho bonts'oa ha ho kenella ha ho hlahlojoa ho sebelisa paradigm ea CPP le hore boiphihlelo ba thobalano bo susumetsa thepa e ntle ea ho kenella. Ehlile ho ile ha bonts'oa hore kemolo, empa eseng ho kenella kahare ho iseng ho fumanoe ha CPP ho liphoofolo tse nang le bohlola. Ho feta moo, banna ba nang le bootsoa ba thobalano ba fumane CPP bakeng sa tikoloho e kengoang ka nko ho feta tikolohong e kengoang ka matsoho. Boiphihlelo ba thobalano bo amme boleng bo khotsofatsang ba ho kenella (ntle le ho omisoa), hobane ponts'o ea kemiso e fumanoe feela e le bohlokoa bakeng sa CPP ho banna ba nang le thobalano, ha banna ba nang le thobalano ba na le nts'etsopele ea CPP kamora ho kenella le ho nyamela.
CPP ke paradigm e thehiloeng hantle e sebelisetsoang ho ithuta likarolo tse ruisang tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano (Hughes et al., 1990; Mehrara le Baum, 1990; Miller le Baum, 1987). Liphetoho tse peli tsamaisong ea CPP, CPP ea morao-rao le CPP e kopaneng, e fapana ka hore na ho ruruha ho etsahala ka phapusing ea CPP kapa che (Pfaus et al., 2001). Ts'ebetsong ea pele, e neng e sebelisoa thutong ea hajoale, likhoto tsa banna li lumelloa ho sebetsa lebaleng le fapaneng ebe li fetisetsoa kamoreng e 'ngoe e ikhethileng ea lisebelisoa tsa CPP. Ts'ebetsong ea bobeli, ho kopitsoa ho ejaculation ho lumeletsoe ho etsahala kahare ea phaposi ea CPP ka boeona. Ts'ebetso ka bobeli li fella ka CPP e matla le e tšepahalang. Leha ho le joalo, CPP ea morao-rao e sebelisitsoe thutong ea hona joale ho tlosa tšusumetso ea tebello ea moputso oa thobalano ho thehoeng ha CPP. Ha likhoto tsa banna li pepesetsoa mekhoa ea tikoloho e amanang le boitsoaro ba pele ba thobalano, sisteme ea mesolimbic e ea sebetsa (Balfour et al., 2004) ka mokhoa o hlakileng o bonts'a karabelo ho arabela litekeng tse nang le maemo. Ts'ebeliso ea paramente ea CPP e kopaneng e tla lebisa ho tšusumetso ea ho pepesehela litekanyetso tse boemo bo amanang le boiphihlelo ba pele ba thobalano ka phapusing ea CPP. Ka hona, molemong oa ho arola karolo ea ho kenella le ho nyamela ho tsa thobalano le liphoofolo tse nang le boiphihlelo ho bopeng CPP, ts'ebetso ea postcopulatory e ile ea sebelisoa.
Mofuta o mong o fapaneng oa liteko tsa CPP ke palo ea liteko tsa maemo: E single single (Straiko et al., 2007) kapa li-pairings tse ngata (Garcia Horsman le Paredes, 2004; Hughes et al., 1990; Miller le Baum, 1987) li fella ka ho ruruha- kenyelletsa CPP. Kaha sepheo se le seng sa thuto ea morao-rao e ne e le ho fuputsa tšusumetso ea boiphihlelo ba thobalano ho CPP e hoheletsoeng ka thobalano, ho sebelisitsoe li-single pair bakeng sa liteko tse ngata ho thibela ho fihla mokatong oa CPP e kenyellelitseng batho ba bang thobalano. Ho joalo, liphetho tsa rona li netefalitse lithuto tsa pejana (Agmo le Berenfeld, 1990) hore karolo e le 'ngoe ea tikoloho, e lekane ho fumana CPP ho banna.
Litekong tse teng hona joale, banna ba nang le bootsoa ba thobalano le marang-rang bakeng sa tikoloho e kengoang ka nko ho feta tikolohong e kengoang ka matsoho e bonts'a hore kemolo o na le moputso o moholo ho feta ho kenella. Sephetho sena se lumellana le lithuto tsa pele tsa ho ithuta / tsa ho matlafatsa ho T-mazes (Kagan, 1955), Runway arm-hand (Lopez et al., 1955), kapa ho nyoloha ka sekhahla (Sheffield et al., 1951), e bonts'ang hore kemolo ke e matlafatsa haholo ho feta litheolelo kapa ho kena feela. Ntle le moo, kemolo ea tlhaho e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho theoa ha likhetho tsa maemo a kopanetsoeng (Kippin le Pfaus, 2001). Ka kopanelo, liphumano tsena li ts'ehetsa maikutlo a boletsoeng pele ke Crawford et. al. (1993) "matla a thobalano e le se matlafatso a amana ka kotloloho le moo lithuto li phethisang tatellano ea boitšoaro bo kopanetsoeng".
Boitekong ba hona joale, khetho ea tikoloho e amanang le ho emisoa ka kamoreng e kenngoeng ka marang-rang e ne e hloka liteko tse ngata, 'me ho hira ka bonngoe ho ne ho sa lekana ho kenya CPP. Tlhaloso e ngoe ke hore ho liphoofolo tsa naïve tsa thobalano, ho rohakana ha e le 'ngoe ha ho lekane ho khetholla boleng bo khotsofatsang ba kemolo le ho kenella. Tlhaloso e 'ngoe e kanna ea ba hore menyetla e khotsofatsang ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali e fokotseha ka boiphihlelo ba thobalano, e tsamaellanang le ho fumana hore ho nts'oa maiketsetso ho bohlokoa bakeng sa CPP ho banna ba nang le thobalano ha likhohlopo li kenya CPP ho liphoofolo tse sa kopaneleng thobalano.
Ho fumana hore ejaculation e na le thepa e ruisang haholo ho feta ho kenella ho tšehetso ea methapo e arohaneng ea litsela tsa neural bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea matšoao a amanang le ho emisoa kapa a amanang le ho kenella. Bakeng sa ts'ehetso ea maikutlo ana, lithuto tse 'maloa ka rat, hamster le gerbil li sebelisang Fos e le letšoao la ts'ebetso ea neural li bontšitse ts'ebetso ea neural e kentsoeng ka ho khetheha ke kemolo, empa eseng ka litheko kapa ho kenella, ka likarolo tse nyane tsa medial amygdala, bethe ea "bed" le stria terminalis, sebaka sa preoptic, le posterior intralaminar thalamus (Coolen et al., 1996; Coolen et al., 1997; Coolen et al., 2003a; Heeb le Yahr, 1996; Kollack-Walker le Newman, 1997). Haufinyane tjena re lekile hore na libaka tse ts'ebetsong tsa ts'ebetso ea "ejaculation" li ka kenya lipallo ho tsoa mokokotlong oa mokokotlo oa lumbosacral, mme ra bonts'a ho sebelisa mokhoa oa morao-rao oa ho qolla le ho tsitsisa hore karolo ea semmuso e hlahisang subterara intralaminar thalamus. baahi ba li-neurons ka har'a mokokotlo oa lumbar spinal (Coolen et al., 2003a; Coolen et al., 2003b; Ju et al., 1987; Truitt et al., 2003b). Ka lehlakoreng le leng lisele tsena li hlahisa Fos ka ho khetheha ka kemiso, empa eseng ka litheko kapa maqhubu, ho ts'ehetsa karolo ea bona ho ts'ebetsong likotsi tse amanang le ejaculation (Truitt et al., 2003a). Ho feta moo, palo ena ea lisele tsa lumbar mSPFp tse sebetsanang le maemo a bophelo li mocheng oa ho amohela litlatsetso tse amanang le kutloelo-hloko tse tsoang liphoofolong tsa sethoathoa le ho bua ka li-neuropeptide tse ngata, ho kenyeletsa le galanin, cholecystokinin, le opioid enkephalin (Coolen et al., 2003b; Ju et al. ., 1987; Nicholas et al., 1999). Hajoale, ha ho tsejoe haeba tsela ena le li-neurotransmitters tse ka hare, li sebetsa hantle ho kenya letsoho boits'ebetsong ba ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetsong, joalo ka CPP.
Ka kakaretso, sephetho sa hona joale se bonts'a hore kemolo ke karolo e khotsofatsang ka ho fetisisa ea boitšoaro ba botona ba botšehali ho likhoto. Ntle le moo, re etsa qeto ea hore boiphihlelo ba thobalano bo susumetsa thepa e ruisang karolo ea likarolo tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano, e leng ho kenella, joalo ka ha ho kenella ho hohelang ho kenella kahare ho CPP ka thobalano, empa eseng ho banna ba nang le bohlola.
lumela hore baa fokola
Patlisiso ena e ne e tšehelitsoe ke lithuso ho tsoa ho National Institutes of Health (R01 DA014591) le Litsi tsa Canada tsa Patlo ea Bophelo ho LMC.
Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe
Boitlhotlhollo ba Mohoeletsi: Ena ke faele ea PDF ea sengoloa se sa hlophisoang se amohetsoeng hore se phatlalatsoe. Joaloka tšebeletso ho bareki ba rona re fana ka mofuta ona oa pele oa sengoloa. Buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho e tla kopitsa, e hlophisehe, le ho lekola bopaki bo hlahang pele e phatlalatsoa ka sebopeho sa eona sa ho qetela. Ka kopo elelloa hore nakong ea ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ho ka fumanoa liphoso tse ka amang litaba, mme boits'oaro bohle ba molao bo sebetsang koranteng bo amana.
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