Liphetoho tsa mekhoa e metle ea phetoho e entsoeng ka bohlooho bo botle boemong ba kelello ea erectile e sa sebetseng (2012)

LITLHAHISO: 'Psychogenic ED' e bolela ED e hlahang bokong. Hangata ho 'nile ha thoe ke 'ED ea kelello.' Ka lehlakoreng le leng, 'organic ED' e bolela ED boemong ba botona, joalo ka botsofe ba khale, kapa methapo le mathata a pelo.

Phuputso ena e fumane hore ED ea kelello ea kelello e ne e amana haholo le ho atrophy ea taba e bohlooho setsing sa moputso (nucleus accumbens) le litsi tsa thobalano tsa the hypothalamus. Botala ke moo lisele tsa methapo li buisanang. Bakeng sa lintlha tse qaqileng, shebella livideo tsa ka tse peli (lehlakore le letšehali), tse buang ka li-receptor tsa dopamine le tsa dopamine. Ke seo thuto ena e se hlahlobileng.

Haeba u shebeletse 'na Video ea Porn & ED u bone slide se nang le motsu o tsoang bokong o bokellana ho ea hypothalamus, moo litsi tsa boko li leng teng. Dopamine ho hypothalamus le nucleus accumbens ke enjene e kholo ea libido le likhetho.

Ntho e fokolang e bobebe e bontša lisele tse seng kae tsa ho ntša methapo ea dopamine le lisele tse nyenyane tsa ho amohela methapo ea dopamine. Ka mantsoe a mang, thuto e re ho psychogenic ED ha e na kelellong, empa ho e-na le 'mele: tlase dopamine le dopamine pontšo. Liphuputso tsena li lumellana ka ho phethahetseng le maikutlo a ka ka ED e entsoeng ka litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso.

Ba boetse ba etsa liteko tsa kelello ho bapisa bashanyana ba nang le ED ea maikutlo ho bashanyana ba se nang ED. Ba fumane:

  • “Ha ho tšoenyeho, joalo ka ha e lekantsoe ke STAI, kapa botho, joalo ka ha e lekantsoe ka sekala sa BIS / BAS, e bontšitseng bohlokoa lipakeng tsa liphapang tsa sehlopha. Phapang e kholo e bonoe bakeng sa "ho batla ho ithabisa" ha sekala sa BIS / BAS se nang le lintlha tse phahameng tsa taolo ho feta bakuli "

Results: Ha ho na phapang pakeng tsa matšoenyeho kapa botho, ntle le hore banna ba nang le psychogenic ED ba ne ba sa natefeloe haholo (dopamine e tlase). U nahana joang ?? Potso ke hore, "KE HOBANE'NG ha bana ba 17 ba nang le banna ba nang le kelello ea kelello ba se na bohlooho bo fokolang setsing sa bona sa moputso le hypothalamus ha se bapisoa le taolo?" Ha ke tsebe. Lilemo li ne li tloha ho 19-63. Karolelano ea lilemo = 32. Na e ne e le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa?


 PLoS One. 2012; 7 (6): e39118. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0039118. Epub 2012 Jun 18.

Cera N, Delli Pizzi S, Di Pierro ED, Gambi F, Tartaro A, Vicentini C, Paradiso Galatioto G, Romani GL, Ferretti A.

mohloli o moholo

Lefapha la Neuroscience le Imaging, Setsi sa Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), University G. d'Annunzio ea Chieti, Chieti, Italy. [imeile e sirelelitsoe]

inahaneloang

Ho se sebetse ha erectile ea kelello (ED) ho hlalosoa e le ho sitoa ho fumana le ho boloka erection e lekaneng ho lumella thobalano. E bontša boemo bo phahameng le ho ata har'a banna, e nang le tšusumetso e kholo boleng ba bophelo. Liphuputso tse fokolang tsa phekolo ea mali li 'nile tsa batlisisa motheo oa boloetse ba dysfunction erectile ho shebella karolo e bapaloang ke li-prefrontal, li-cateulate le li-cortices nakong ea ho tsosoa ha maikutlo.

Ho sa tsotellehe ts'ebetso e tsebahalang ea libaka tse nyenyane tse kang hypothalamus le mokokotlo oa thobalano ea banna, 'me karolo ea bohlokoa ea nucleus e kopanngoa monyaka le moputso, tlhokomelo e sa lefelloeng e ile ea lefshoa karolong ea bona ea ho se sebetse ka thobalano.

Phuputsong ena, re ile ra etsa qeto ea ho ba teng ha moriri oa bohlooho (GM) ho ba le mekhoa e mengata e kang amygdala, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, nucleus, putamen, pallidum, thalamus le hypothalamus ho bakuli ba ED le banna ba phetseng hantle. Ka mor'a hore tlhahlobo ea Rigiscan e sebetsane le lits'ebeletso tsa bophelo bo botle, lithethefatsi tsa meriana, phekolo ea meriana, li-hormone, tsa kelello le tsa mafu a kelello, bakuli ba 17 ba nang le bokooa ba HIV le 25 ba laola bophelo bo botle ba ile ba ngolisoa bakeng sa thuto ea MRI.

Ho ba le pheko e khōlō ea GM ea nucleus accumbens e ile ea boleloa ka bobeli ho bakuli mabapi le taolo. Tlhaloso ea sebopeho e bontšitse hore moferefere ona o ne o le karolong e ka morao ea mehla ea ka hare le ea morao-rao ea accumbens. Lebelo le letšehali le lengata ho bakuli ba tsamaisanang le ho sebetsa ka tlaase ho erectile joalokaha ho lekantsoe ke IIEF-5 (International Index of Erectile Function). Ho phaella moo, phetoho ea GM ea letsoho le letšehali hypothalamus le eona e ile ea hlokomeloa. Liphello tsa rona li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho fokotseha ha nucleus accumbens ho na le karolo ea bohlokoa ho ho se sebetse ha erectile ea kelello. Re lumela hore phetoho ena e ka susumetsa karolo e amanang le tšusumetso ea boitšoaro ba thobalano. Liphuputso tsa rona li thusa ho hlakisa motheo oa neural oa ho se sebetse ha erectile ea kelello.

Selelekela

Ho se sebetse ha Erectile ea Maiketsetso (ED) e hlalosoa e le ho sitoa ho fumana le ho boloka erection e lekaneng ho lumella thobalano. Ho feta moo, ED ea kelello ea maikutlo e emela boloetse bo amanang le bophelo bo botle ba kelello 'me bo na le phello e kholo boleng ba bophelo ba ba nang le bokooa le balekane ba bona. Liphuputso tsa lefu la seoa li bontšitse ho ata ha maemo le tšekamelo ea ED ea maikutlo ho batho.

Lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng, lipatlisiso tse ngata tse sebetsang ka mahlaseli a kotsi li tsepamisitse maikutlo libakeng tse amang bokhoni ba ho kopanela liphate, tse bontšang hore ho na le mekhoa e fapaneng ea cortical le subcortical, e kang cingulate cortex, insula caudate nucleus, putamen, thalamus, amygdala le hypothalamus [1]-[5]. Liphuputso tsena li lumeletse ho fokotsa karolo e bapaloang ke libaka tse 'maloa tsa boko ka mekhahlelo e sa tšoaneng ea tsoho e tsosang takatso ea thobalano. Ka sebele ho tsosoa ha banna ho kopanela liphate ho bōpiloe e le phihlelo e mengata e amanang le likamano tsa maikutlo, maikutlo le likaroloana tse hlahisitsoeng sebakeng se seng sa boko ba libaka. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lipatlisiso tse seng kae tsa thuto ea boipheliso li 'nile tsa batlisisa likamano tsa masapo tsa boitšoaro ba ho kopanela liphate ho se sebetse. Liphuputso tsena li bonts'a hore libaka tse ling tsa boko, joalo ka mohlala, li-cortex tse nang le mekhoa e metle le e ka pele, li ka ba le phello e thibelang ho arabela ka thobalano [6]-[8]. Leha ho le joalo, bopaki bo bongata [9]-[12] bontša bohlokoa ba mehaho e meholo ka mekhahlelo e fapaneng ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng. Ka sebele, hypothalamus e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa [4], [5] ho laola bohareng ba penile erection. Ho ea ka Ferretti le basebetsi-'moho le eena [4] hypothalamus e ka ba sebaka sa boko bo etsang hore karabo ea erectile e hlahisoe ke likoto tse nyenyane.

Ha ho tsejoe hanyenyane ka karolo e bapaloang ke mehaho e setseng ea litšebelisano tsa ho kopanela liphate ho se sebetse. Har'a libaka tse tebileng tsa bohlooho (GM), nucleus accumbens e na le karolo e amohelehang hantle ho moputso le lipotoloho tsa menyaka [13]-[16] le mokokotlo o hlophisitsoeng o laolang boitšoaro bo feteletseng ba boitšoaro ba ho kopanela liphate [2].

Sepheo sa thuto ena ke ho etsa lipatlisiso haeba bakuli ba maiketsetso ba ED ba bontša liphetoho tse kholo tsa mekhoa e metle ea GM e amehang karabong ea thobalano, mofuthu le moputso.

E le ho hlahloba khopolo ena, tlhahlobo ea MRI ea moralo oa lihlopha tse robeli tsa motsoako oa boko, tse kang nucleus accumbens, amygdala, caudate, hippocampus, pallidum, putamen, thalamus le hypothalamus li ile tsa etsoa ka bongata ba batho ba ithutang bakuli ba ED le lihlopha tsa ho laola. Haeba ho na le phapang pakeng tsa lihlopha tse peli ho tse ling tsa libaka tsena, thahasello ea rona ke ho bona boteng ba kamano pakeng tsa liphetoho tse itseng tsa sebaka sa boko le mekhoa ea boitšoaro.

mekhoa

Boitšoaro ba Melao

Thuto e ile ea amoheloa ke komiti ea boitsoaro ea Univesithi ea Chieti (PROT 1806 / 09 COET) mme e etsoa tumellanong le Phatlalatso ea Helsinki. Ho sireletsoa tlhahisoleseling ea motho ka mong le kamano ea bona e haufi-ufi e ile ea tiisoa ka ho phethahatsa tataiso ea Rosen le Beck [17]. Tlhahlobo ea thuto e hlalositsoe ka ho qaqileng le tumello e ngotsoeng ka boitsebiso e fumanoe ho bohle ba kenang thupelong.

Moqapi oa Thuto

Bakuli ba 97 ba ileng ba etela tleliniking ea bakuli ba kalafo ea likamano tsa thobalano ea Lefapha la Urology Lefapheng la Bophelo Sciences la Univesithi ea L'Aquila pakeng tsa January 2009 le May 2010 ba ile ba ngolisoa bakeng sa thuto ena. Bakuli ba ileng ba etela kliniki ba ile ba tletleba ka ho se sebetse ha erectile, empa litaba tse phetseng hantle li ile tsa ngolisoa ka tsebiso ho lenane la libukana Univesithi ea Chieti le Hospital of Teramo.

Litho tsa sehlopha kaofela li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho ea ka protocol e tloaelehileng e akarelletsang tlhahlobo ea bongaka, ea urologic le ea andrologic, ho hlahlojoa ke mafu a kelello le kelellong le bokhoni bohle ba MRI.

Lihlooho

Bakuli ba ile ba tla tleliniking ea bakuli ba kalafo bakeng sa litlokotsi tsa ho kopanela liphate le mathata ao bakuli ba nang le 'ona kapa ba tsebisitsoeng ke balekane ba bona. Bakuli ba ne ba arolelitsoe hore ba na le psychogenic ho se sebetse ha erectile (mefuta e tloaelehileng kapa ea boemo bo botle) ​​kapa manyolo ho se sebetse ha erectile (vasculogenic, neurogenic, hormonal, metabolic, ho sebelisoa lithethefatsi). Tlhahlobo ea Urologic e ile ea etsoa ka mor'a tataiso ea morao-rao bakeng sa ho hlahlojoa ha ho se sebetse ha erectile [18].

Tlhaloso ea ho hlahloba ea ho se sebetse ha erectile ea mokokotlo (mofuta o tloaelehileng) o ne o etsoa ka tlhahlobo ea 'mele ka ho khetheha ho hatisa genitourinary, endocrine, vascular and neurological systems. Ho phaella moo, tlhahlobo e tloaelehileng ea meso le ea hoseng e ile ea hlahlojoa ka sesebelisoa sa Rigiscan nakong ea masiu a mararo a latellanang, ha nako e tloaelehileng, penile hemodynamics e ne e hlahlojoa e sebelisa mebala ea Doppler Sonography. Ka kakaretso, bakuli ba 80 ba ne ba khetholloa hobane ba bangata ba bona ba ne ba sa finyelle litekanyetso tsa ho ngolisa tekong. Ba bang ba bona ba ne ba e-na le bothata ba ho tepella maikutlo, kapa ba ne ba e-na le likhaello tsa hormone. Leha ho le joalo, bakuli bohle ba nang le mathata a erectile a kelello ba ngolisitsoe. Lipatlisiso tse tšoanang tsa kliniki li ne li etsoa lihloohong tsa taolo. Erection e tloaelehileng ea mantsiboea e ne e boetse e netefalitsoe ho laola.

Ba leshome le metso e supileng ba ne ba fane ka liphallelo tsa meriana tse fapaneng le ho hlahlojoa ke lefu la erectile (e bolelang lilemo ± SD = 34.3 ± 11; marang-rang 19-63) le tse mashome a mabeli a metso e mehlano tse nang le bophelo bo botle ba nehelana ka banna ba nang le thobalano (lilemo tse bolelang ± SD =33.4 ± 10; marang-rang 21-67) ba ile ba ngolisoa bakeng sa thuto ena. Bakuli le ho laola bophelo bo botle ha baa ka ba tšoanelana feela ka morabe, lilemo, thuto, empa le ka tšebeliso ea bokoali [19].

Tlhahlobo ea kelello le ea Psychological

Baithuti bohle ba bile le puisano ea histori ea bongaka ea 1-h le ngaka ea mafu a kelello 'me ba nka Puisano ea Mini-International Neuropsychiatric (MINI) [20].

Mosebetsi oa Erectile, tsoho ea ho kopanela liphate, maemo a kelello, matšoenyeho le botho li ile tsa hlahlojoa li sebelisa lipotso tse latelang: International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) [21], Inthanete ea ho kopanela liphate (SAA) [22], SCL-90-R [23], Boitsebiso ba ho Tšoenyeha ka Boemo ba Naha (STAI) [24], le boitšoaro ba ho thibela tšoaetso / mokhoa oa ho etsa boiteko bo sebetsang (BIS / BAS scale) [25], ka ho latellana.

Tlhaloso ea Lintho tsa MRI

Wholeva "Philips eohle e hlahloba 'mele (Philips Medical System, Best, The Netherlands), e sebelisa sesebelisoa sa' mele oa radiofrequency bakeng sa thabo ea pontšo le mochine o motlakase oa mochini o robeli bakeng sa kamohelo ea lipontšo.

Tlhaloso e phahameng ea moralo e ile ea fumanoa ka lekala la 3D le potlakileng1ho latellana ho boima. Ho fumanoa mekhahlelo e ne e le ka tsela e latelang: boholo ba voxel 1 mm isotropic, TR / TE = 8.1 / 3.7 ms; palo ea likarolo = 160; ha ho khethollo har'a likarolo; ho koahela bokooa bohle; flip angle = 8 °, le SENSE factor = 2.

Boitsebiso ba Lintlha

Litaba tsa mochini oa MRI li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka sesebelisoa sa Functional MRI ea Brain (FMRIB) Software Library [FLS, http://www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/index.html] [26], [27] version 4.1. Pele ho sebetswa ha data, ho fokotsa molumo oa litšoantšo tsa moralo ho ne ho etsoa ka ho sebelisa algorithm ea SUSAN [http://www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/analysis/research/susan/].

Mekhoa ea Boithuto le Mekhoa ea Ts'ebetso ea Mekhoa e Meholo

Sesebelisoa sa FLIRT se ne se sebelisetsoa ho tsamaisa marang-rang a 3D T1 litšoantšo litšoantšong tsa MNI152 (Montreal Neurological Institute) ka liphetoho tsa affine tse thehiloeng ho li-degree tsa tokoloho tsa 12 (ke hore liphetolelo tse tharo, liphetoho tse tharo, likhahla tse tharo le tse tharo tse fokolang) [28], [29]. Sehlopha se nang le bohlooho bo botle (GM) se entsoeng ka sekhahla le tekanyo e feletseng ea molumo oa amygdala, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, nucleus, calibrate, putamen, pallidum le thalamus li ne li etsoa ka FIRST [30]. Ka katleho, libaka tse tsamaeang ka tlaase ho naha li ne li hlahlojoa ka mahlo bakeng sa liphoso.

Bakeng sa sebopeho se seng le se seng sa GM se entsoeng ka litsela tse ling, liphello tsa FIRST li fana ka mohala o ka holim'a metsi (sebakeng sa MNI152) se thehiloeng ka seteishene sa likarolong tse tharo. Litlolo tsa li-triangles tse kopanetsoeng li bitsoa li-vertic. Hobane palo ea lintlheng tsena tsa GM e behiloe, li-vertical li ka bapisoa le batho ka bomong le pakeng tsa lihlopha. Liphetoho tsa mafu a fetotsoeng li fetola mokhoa oa ho loantša li-vertex. Ka tsela ena, ho fetoha ha sebōpeho sa sebaka seo ho ne ho hlahlojoa ka ho toba ka ho hlahloba libaka tsa vertex le ka ho sheba phapang e teng pakeng tsa li-vertex le lihlopha tsa bakuli. Ho bapisa lihlopha tsa lihlopha ho ne ho etsoa ka lipalo-palo tsa F [30], [31]. Matrix a thehiloeng ke mokhoa o le mong o hlalosang boleng ba sehlopha (zero bakeng sa litaelo, tse ling bakeng sa bakuli).

Ho hakanngoa ha Motsoako oa Tlhaho oa Boko

SIENAX [http://www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fast4/index.html#FastGui] e ne e sebelisetsoa ho hakanngoa molumo oa likopi tsa boko. Ka mor'a hore ho sebelisoe boko le lehata, setšoantšo sa pele sa mohaho o mong le o mong se ne se ngotsoe ho ea ka MNI 152 sebaka se hlalositsoeng karolong e fetileng. Karolo ea mofuta oa mahlaseli [32] e ne e etsoa ho lekanya boholo ba GM, taba e tšoeu (WM), GM ea lisele, li-CSF le likopi tse feletseng tsa boko. Palo ea ho etsa lipatlisiso (ICV) e ne e baloa ka ho eketsa mefuta ea masapo a spinal fluid, GM le Total WM hammoho.

ROI Voxel e thehiloeng Morphometry (VBM) Analysis

Ho ea ka mekhoa e tlalehiloeng ke lingoliloeng [33], ROI-VBM tlhahlobo ea hypothalamus e ile ea etsoa ho hlahloba liphetoho tsa morphological tse hlahang ho bakuli ba ED ho feta lihlooho tsa taolo. ROI ea hypothalamus ea ho le letona le ea ho le letšehali e ne e entsoe ka letsoho ho latela motlakase oa MRI [34].

Lintlha li ne li hlahlojoa ka ho sebelisa tlhahlobo ea VBM [35], [36]. Ka mor'a hore ho sebelisoe boko bo sebelisoe ke BET [37], karolo ea mefuta ea lisele e ne e etsoa ka FAST4 [32]. Litšoantšo tse hlahisitsoeng ka molumo oa GM li ne li lumellane le sebaka se tloaelehileng sa MNI152 se sebelisa sesebelisoa sa affine sa ho ngolisa FLIRT [28], [29], e lateloa ke ngoliso e seng ea nnete ho sebelisa FNIRT [38], [39]. Litšoantšo tse hlahisoang li ne li lekanngoa ho hlahisa template, moo litšoantšo tsa GM tsa tlhaho li neng li sa ngolisoa ka molao. Bakeng sa ho lokisa ho atolosoa kapa ho thibela sebaka, litšoantšo tse ngotsoeng tsa mefuta e sa lekanyetsoang li ile tsa fetoloa ka ho aroloa ke Jacobian ea tšimo ea sefahleho. Qetellong, lihlopha tsa mokuli le tsa ho laola li ne li bapisoa le ho sebelisa li-voxel-wise statistic (permitations ea 5000) le kgetho ea phalliso ea mahala ea motlakase ka "randomize" sesebelisoa sa ho hlahloba li-FSL [http://www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/randomise/index.html]. Ho hlola likotsi tsa menyetla e fosahetseng, moeli oa bohlokoa oa liphapang lipakeng tsa sehlopha o behiloe ho p <0.05 e lokisitsoeng bakeng sa phoso e bohlale ea lelapa (FWE). Tlhahlobo ea Correlation le IIEF-5 le SAI le eona e ile ea etsoa.

Tlhahlobo ea Litekanyetso

Statistica® 6.0 e ne e sebelisetsoa ho sekaseka lintlha. Bakuli ba ED le taolo e phetseng hantle ba ile ba bapisoa ka tlhahlobo e sa arohaneng ea phapang (1-way ANOVA) bakeng sa lilemo, boemo ba thuto, ts'ebeliso ea nicotine, ICV le meqolo ea meaho e meholo e bohlooho ka thoko. Bakeng sa ho fokotsa monyetla oa phoso ea mofuta oa I, tlhahlobo e akaretsang ea mefuta-futa (MANOVA) e sebelisa meqolo e le 'ngoe ea likarolo tse tlase tse lokiselitsoeng li-ICV ho e' ngoe le e 'ngoe ea litlhahlobo e le mefuta e itšetlehileng ka eona. Ebe, li-ANOVA tsa tsela e le 'ngoe (lipakeng tsa lihlopha) li ne li tsamaisoa ka boleng bo bong le bo bong ba molumo. Boemo ba bohlokoa ba p <1 bo sebelisitsoe. Joale, kamano e ka bang teng lipakeng tsa litekanyetso tsa boits'oaro le boleng ba molumo ea fuputsoa. Melao ea boleng bo bolelang le mehato ea boits'oaro, e kenyellelitsoeng tlhahlobisong ea khokahano, ke tse bontšitseng bohlokoa lipakeng tsa liphapang tsa sehlopha. Tlhatlhobo ea Correlation e ne e etsoa ka coefficient ea Spearman's rho, bakeng sa lihlopha tse peli ka thoko, li lokisoe bakeng sa papiso e mengata (p <0.05).

Results

Likarolo tsa batho ba lihlopha tsena tse peli li bontšoa ho Lethathamo 1.

Lethathamo 1                

Litšobotsi tsa palo ea batho.

Bakuli ba ED le litsamaiso tse phetseng hantle ha li fapane ka ho khetheha bakeng sa botsofali, boemo ba thuto, tšebeliso ea "nikotine" le ICV (Intra Cranial Volume ka mm3), bohlooho le bohlooho litaba tse ngata le boko bo bong ba boko.

Ho bohlokoa pakeng tsa phapang ea sehlopha ho fumanoe lipalo tse feletseng tsa IIEF-5 le litekanyetso tse phahameng sehlopheng sa taolo ho feta sehlopha sa mokuli (F(1,40)= 79; p <0.001), le bakeng sa lintlha tsohle tsa SAI ka F(1,40)= 13 le p <0.001). Haholo-holo, bakeng sa "Khotsofalo" ea "SA" ea li-SAI e phelisang hantle e bontšitse palo e boima haholo ho feta bakuli ba ED (F(1,40)= 22.3; P <0.001). Hona ho tšoenyeha, ha ho lekanyetsoa ke STAI, kapa botho, kamoo ho lekantsoe ka tekanyo ea BIS / BAS, ho bontšitse bohlokoa pakeng tsa likhetho tsa sehlopha. Phapang e khōlō e bonoa bakeng sa ho batla "Ho Batla ho Thahasellisang" ea sekhahla sa BIS / BAS se nang le lintlha tse phahameng ho feta tsa bakuli (F(1,40)= 5.2; P <0.05).

Nthong e 'ngoe le e ngoe sehlooho sa 7 se nang le mehaho e mengata (thalamus, hippocampus, caudate, putamen, pallidum, amygdala, le accumbens) li arotsoe' me likhahla tsa tsona li lekantsoe le sesebelisoa sa FIRST (Fig.1). Lethathamo 2 e tlaleha mefuta e boima (M) le phapang e tloaelehileng (SD) ea libaka tse boletsoeng ka holimo ka limilimithara tse likete bakeng sa bakuli ba ED le lihlopha tsa taolo. Lethathamo 3 e bontša mekhahlelo e mengata ea mehaho e meholo ea lihlopha tsa mokuli le ho laola likarolo tse peli tsa bokooa ka bobeli. MANOVA e bontšitse hore ho na le phapang pakeng tsa likhetho tsa lihlopha libakeng tse ka tlaasana (Wilks λ = 0.58; F = 3,45; p = 0.006). Joale, letoto la ho latela litsela tse ling tsa li-ANOVA li senotse ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha molumo oa nucleus accumbens ho bakuli ba ED ho bapisoa le litaelo (F(1,40)= 11,5; p = 0.001).

Setšoantšo sa 1   
Karolo ea likarolo tse tebileng tsa bohlooho.
Lethathamo 2                 

Mefuta e mengata ea li-subcortical mechine ea lik'hilograma bakeng sa mokuli oa ED ea Psychogenic le lihlopha tsa ho laola bophelo bo botle.
Lethathamo 3                  

Mefuta e mengata ea li-subcortical mechine ea lik'hilograma bakeng sa mokuli oa ED ea Psychogenic le lihlopha tsa ho laola bophelo bo botle le bakeng sa likopi tse peli tsa boko bo arohane.

MANOVA e eketsehileng, e etsoang ka litekanyetso tsa boholo ba libaka tse ka morao le tse nepahetseng, e senola phapang e khōlō pakeng tsa bakuli le litaelo tsa ED (Wilks λ = 0.48; F = 2,09; p = 0.04). Ka lebaka leo, latela ANOVAs e le 'ngoe o ile a bontša likhaello tse fokotsehang tse fokolang tsa nucleus accumbens ho bakuli ba ED mabapi le ho laola bophelo bo botle (F(1,40)= 9.76; p = 0.003; F(1,40)= 9.19; p = 0.004 ka ho latellana).

Liphello tsa tlhahlobo ea sebōpeho e entsoeng ka nucleus accumbens li bontsitsoe ho Setšoantšo sa 2.

Setšoantšo sa 2     Setšoantšo sa 2             

Tšoantšiso e hlakileng ea mokokotlo oa nucleus accumbens pakeng tsa ho laola bophelo bo botle le bakuli ba ED.

Ho bapisoa ha sebaka sa li-vertex pakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse peli ho bontšitse bohlokoa ba atrophy ea libaka ho bakuli ba ED ka lengolo le leng le le leng ho ea ka morao-rao ho ea ka hare, 'me ka bobeli, ho ea karolong e ka morao ea nucleus accumbens.

Joalokaha ho tlalehiloe Setšoantšo sa 3, RTlhahlobo ea OI-VBM e bonts'a GM atrophy ka hypothalamus ea leqele (p <0.05, sekhahla sa FWE se laoloa). Ka ho khetheha, tahlehelo ea GM e fumanoe mokokotlong oa "supraoptic" oa anterior hypothalamic area (x, y, l litsamaiso: -6, -2, -16, p = 0.01corrected), mokokotlo oa tlhaho oa hypothalamus (x, y, l litsamaiso: -4, -4, -16, p = 0.02 e lokisoe), le mokokotlo oa lipakeng tsa pele (x, y, l litsamaiso: -4, 0, -16, p = 0.03 e lokisoe).

Setšoantšo sa 3    Setšoantšo sa 3             

Bohlooho bo na le taba ea ho lahleheloa ha letsoho la morao-rao hypothalamus ho bakuli ba ED ho feta litaba tse phetseng hantle.

Tlhahlobo ea correlation e entsoe pakeng tsa mehato ea boitšoaro (IIEF le SAI) le liphello tsa FIRST le ROI-VBM. Likamano tse ntle li ile tsa bonoa lipakeng tsa IIEF e bolelang lintlha le li-nucleus tsa leqele sehlopheng sa bakuli (rho = 0,6; p <0.05, e lokisitsoeng bakeng sa papiso e mengata) le lipakeng tsa lintlha tsohle tsa SAI le hypothalamus ea leqele (p = 0.01, tekanyo ea FWE e sa laoleheng).

Puisano

Phuputso ea rona e ile ea hlahloba mekhoa ea subcortical region atrophy ka bokooa ba banna ba erectile ho se sebetse. Tlhahlobo ea MRI e entsoeng ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng e senola bohlokoa bo fetisisang ba GM ka nucleus accumbens ka ho le letšehali le ka ho le letona le ho tloha hypothalamus ho tloha ho bakuli ba fumanoeng ba e-na le boloetse bo sa sebetseng ba ED ea mofuta o tloaelehileng mabapi le ho laola bophelo bo botle. Liphetoho tsena tse hlophisitsoeng hantle li ne li sa iketsetse lilemo, li-nicotine tse sebelisoang, litekanyetso tsa thuto le molumo o sa tsitsang. Fho hlasela, GM atrophy ea nucleus accumbens e letšehali e bontšitse hore ho na le likamano tse ntle le boemo bo bobe ba erectile ho bakuli, joalokaha ho lekantsoe ke International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). Moreover, GM ho lahleheloa ha molumo libakeng tse ling tsa letsoho le letšehali li ne li amana le likarolo tsa thobalano tsa Sexual Arousability Inventory (SAI) tse emelang mohato o mong oa boitšoaro ba thobalano. Libaka tsena tse peli tse tsamaeang ka botebo li kopanela litseleng tse ngata tsa neural tse nang le mesebetsi e amanang le taolo ea boipheliso le maikutlo.

Ho itšetlehile ka liphello tsa rona, thuto e ka sehloohong ea thuto ea hona joale e emeloa ke GM atrophy e hlokomelisitsoeng nucleus accumbens ea sehlopha sa mokuli. Karolo e sebelisoang ke nucleus accumbens ka boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano e ne e tšehetsoa ke bopaki ba 'mele ho rateng ea banna [40] le ka lithuto tse sebetsanang le litsebi tsa boipheliso ho banna ba phetseng hantle nakong ea ho tsosoa ha maikutlo ho ts'oanelang maikutlo [2]. To lokolla dopamine nucleus accumbens e khanna tsamaiso ea mesoli e kenyelletsang ts'ebetsong ea boits'oaro ho latela likarolo tse utloahalang tse bontšang boteng ba ts'usumetso kapa matlafatsang [41]. Sena se tšehetsoa ke bopaki ba 'mele bo amanang le mosebetsi oa dopaminergic ho NAcc ho boits'oaro ba thobalano ho rat [40], [41]. Ha e le hantle, tekanyo e eketsehileng ea dopamine ka nucleus accumbens ea rat e motona e hlokomeloa ha ho etsoa lithōle tse tšehali ho eena. Keketseho ena e ile ea fokotseha nakong ea nako ea ho qeta nako e ngata ea ho hanyetsa.

Ka lebaka la sena, ts'ebetsong ea nucleus accumbens e ne e amahanngoa le taolo ea likarabo tsa maikutlo. Nucleus accumbens ea motho e bonahala eka e ikakhela ka setotsoana litšoantšong tse thabisang ho e-na le ho ba le botsitso [42]. Ho ea ka Redoutè le basebetsi-'moho [2] nucleus accumbens e ka 'na ea kenya letsoho karolong e susumetsang ea ho tsosoa ha thobalano. Nucleus accumbens ea motho e ts'oaroa nakong ea ho tsosoa ha motho e hlahisoang ke ho tsosoa ha maikutlo [1], [2].

Ho feta moo, liphello tsa rona ka liphapang tsa sebopeho li bonahala li lumellana le khopolo-taba e tsosang maikutlo, ho fanoe ka hore li-atrophy tse hlokometsoeng li akarelletsa haholo-holo khetla ea nucleus accumbens. Shell e emela sebaka se neng se hlaha haholo-holo se amanang le tšusumetso le mekhoa e khotsofatsang [43], [44]. Nthong e tona e khethiloeng ke electrophysiological ho khetholla ha khetla, empa e seng mokokotlo oa nucleus accumbens, ho bonahala eka e eketsa ho arabela ho seo e seng moputso [45].

Liphuputso tsa rona li lumellana le bopaki ba liphoofolo bo fetileng bo hlokometseng kamoo ho lokolloa ha dopamine ho tloha nucleus accumbens le sebaka se ka hare-pele sa hypothalamus ho bonahala eka ho nepahetse ho laola mohato o susumetsang oa boitšoaro bo hlephilengr.

Ka tsela ena, hypothalamus e emela sebaka sa bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea erectile [3], [4]. Re fumane ho fokotseha ha taba ea bohlooho molumo oa lateral hypothalamus ho bakuli ba erectile ho se sebetse hantle. Liphetoho tsena ka bothata ba bohlooho bo bongata bo ne bo hlokomeloa libakeng tsa mokokotlo o moholo oa sebaka sa khale se nang le mokokotlo oa mokokotlo, mokokotlo oa mofuthu oa pele le o kenyang letsoho.

Ho ea ka letoto la bopaki ba liteko, sebaka sa lipakeng tsa pele le karolo e ka hare ea hypothalamus e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho laola boitšoaro ba banna ba thobalano ho khethehileng e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea Mammalians [46]. Ka ho khetheha, lisoathoana tse peli tsa libaka tsena tsa hypothalamic li felisa ka matla ho khanna koloi e motona ea botona le botšehali ka litoeba [47], [48]. Ho hlophisitsoe, lipatlisiso tsena li bonts'a hore lisosa tse peli tsa mokokotlo oa li-preoptic le tsa anpotior hypothalamus li senya tšusumetso ea thobalano likotong [40], [47], [49]. Ho feta moo, mosebetsi o eketsehileng nakong ea tšusumetso ea thobalano, tlala le pefo li bonoe [50]. Georgiadis le basebetsi-'moho [5] o bontšitse hore na likaroloana tse fapaneng tsa hypothalamus li khetholla joang ka mekhahlelo e sa tšoaneng ea ho emisoa ho banna ba phetseng hantle. Ha e le hantle, lateral hypothalamus e amana le penile cirference mme e bonahala e amahanngoa le linaha tse tsositsoeng.

Liphuputso tse sebetsang ka mahlaseli a kotsi li bontšitse hore mehaho e meng e meholo, e kang hippocampus, amygdale le thalamus e hlahisa mosebetsi o phahameng ho amanang le ho tsosoa ha maikutlo le ho hlahisa mekhahlelo e itseng ea penile erection [4]. Ho ea ka liphello tsa rona, ho ne ho se na liphetoho ka boholo ba mehaho ena e metso e meholo sehlopheng sa mokuli.

Hoa hlokomeleha hore thuto ena e na le meeli. Kaha thepa ea FIRST ha e kenye karolo ea hypothalamus, karolo ea ROI-VMB e emela tharollo e ka tšeptjoang ka ho fetisisa ea ho hlahloba liphetoho tse kholo ka hare ho hypothalamus. Empa mokhoa ona o ne o se o etselitsoe ho hlahloba mehaho ea sub-cortical, e le ntho e tloaelehileng molokong o sebetsanang le mekhoa e metle ea GM. VMB e itšetlehile ka likarolo tsa GM sebakeng seo ho nang le sona 'me ka hona se na le melaetsa e sa nepahaleng ea mefuta ea mefuta ea lisele le ho phatloha ho feteletseng [30], [51]-[53]. Ka lebaka lena tlhaloso ea lipatlisiso tsa ROI-VBM e hloka tlhokomelo.

fihlela qeto e

Ho sa tsotellehe thahasello e ntseng e eketseha ea correlates ea cerebral in boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate, litlokotsi tsa botona le botšehali tsa banna li amohetse tlhokomelo e mpe. Liphuputso tsa rona li hatisa ho ba le liphetoho tse kholo-kholo ho GM ea libaka tse peli tse nyenyane, nucleus accumbens le hypothalamus, tse bonahalang li phetha karolo ea bohlokoa likarolong tse susumetsang tsa thobalano. Liphuputso tsa rona li totobatsa bohlokoa ba karolo e susumetsang ea boitšoaro ba thobalano ho lumella ts'ebetso e khotsofatsang ea thobalano ho banna ba phelang hantle. Ho feta moo, ho ka 'na ha e-ba bonolo hore tšoaetso ea karabo ea thobalano ho bakuli ba anngoeng ke ho se sebetse ha erectile ea kelello e ka sebetsa karolong ena. Liphetoho tsa mehaho e meholo e nkiloeng hammoho le bopaki bo sebetsang ba pele bo sebetsang bo hlahisa leseli le lecha holim'a ts'ebetso e rarahaneng ea ho se sebetse ka thobalano ho banna.

Ho feta moo, liphetho tsena li ka thusa ho hlaolela phekolo e ncha bakeng sa bokamoso le ho hlahloba phello ea bao hona joale e sebelisitsoeng.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

 

Lithahasello tse tsitsitseng: Bangoli ba boletse hore ho na le lithahasello tsa tlhōlisano tse teng.

Lithuso: Ha ho na mehloli ea lichelete e ka ntle ea hona joale bakeng sa thuto ena.

References

1. Stoléru S, Grégoire MC, Gérard D, Mashome a mararo J, Lafarge E, et al. Litšebelisano tsa mantlha tsa phekolo ea ho tsosoa ha thobalano ho tsosa takatso ea ho kopanela liphate ho banna ba batona. Sex Sex Behav. 1999;28: 1-21. [E fetotsoe]
2. Redouté J, Stoléru S, Grégoire MC, Litšenyehelo N, Cinotti L, et al. Ho sebetsana ka botebo ka maikutlo a ho kopanela liphate ho batho ba batona. Boitsebiso ba Boboleli ba Boko. 2000;11: 162-177. [E fetotsoe]
3. Hlahisa BA, Desmond JE, Banner LL, Glover GH, Solomone A, et al. Ts'ebetso ea bokooa le ho tsosoa ka thobalano ka banna ba phetseng hantle, ba ratanang le ba bong bo fapaneng. Boko. 2002;125: 1014-1023. [E fetotsoe]
4. Ferretti A, Caulo M, Del Gratta C, Di Matteo R, Merla A, et al. Matla a ho tsosoa ha banna ka thobalano: likarolo tse sa tšoaneng tsa ts'ebetso ea boko e senotsoeng ke fMRI. Nako ea mokokotlo. 2005;26: 1086-1096. [E fetotsoe]
5. Georgiadis JR, Farrell MJ, Boessen R, Denton DA, Gavrilescu M, et al. Phallo e matla ea mali nakong ea thobalano nakong ea thobalano ea banna le ts'ebetso ea tikoloho: thuto e fokolisitsoeng ea fMRI. Nako ea mokokotlo. 2010;50: 208-216. [E fetotsoe]
6. Montorsi F, Perani D, Anchisi D, Salonia A, Scifo P, le al. Boikoetliso bo entsoeng ke boko bo entsoeng ke Apomorphine nakong ea ts'oaetsano ea thobalano: ho shebahala ho ncha liphatsong tse kholo tse amanang le ho se sebetse ha erectile Int J Impot Res. 2003;15 (3): 203-9. [E fetotsoe]
7. Montorsi F, Perani D, Anchisi D, Salonia A, Scifo P, le al. Mekhoa ea ts'ebetso ea bongobo nakong ea ts'ebetso ea thobalano ea likamano tsa thobalano ka mor'a tsamaiso ea apomorphine: liphetho tsa thuto e laoloang ke placebo. Eur Urol. 2003;43: 405-411. [E fetotsoe]
8. Redouté J, Stoléru S, Pugeat M, Litšenyehelo N, Lavenne F, et al. Ho sebetsana ka botebo ka maikutlo a ho kopanela liphate ho batho ba tšoaroang le ba sa phekoleheng ba hypogonadal. Psychoneuroend. 2005;30: 461-482. [E fetotsoe]
9. Giuliano F, Rampin O. Neural control ea erection. Physiology le Boitšoaro. 2004;83: 189-201. [E fetotsoe]
10. Kondo Y, Sachs BD, Sakuma Y. Bohlokoa ba amygdala e tloaelehileng ka rat ea penile erection e bakoang ke tšusumetso e ka thōko ho basali ba li-estrous. Behav Brain Res. 1998;91: 215-222. [E fetotsoe]
11. Dominiguez JM, Hull EM. Dopamine, sebaka sa lipakeng tsa pele, le boitšoaro ba banna ba thobalano. Physiology le Boitšoaro. 2005;86: 356-368. [E fetotsoe]
12. Argiolas A, Melis MR. Karolo ea oktotocin le mokokotlo oa sekhahla ka mokhoa oa thobalano oa liphoofolo tse tona. Physiology le Boitšoaro. 2004;83: 309-317. [E fetotsoe]
13. CHK Bophirimela, Clancy AN, Michael RP. Liphetoho tse ntlafetseng tsa nucleus accumbens neurons ka litoeba tsa banna ho monko o monate o amanang le basali ba amohelang thobalano. Resin ea Boko. 1992;585: 49-55. [E fetotsoe]
14. Becker JB, Rudick CN, Jenkins WJ. Karolo ea dopamine ka nucleus accumbens le striatum nakong ea boitšoaro ba thobalano le ratong ea basali. J Neurosci. 2001;21 (9): 3236-3241. [E fetotsoe]
15. Koch M, Schmid A, Schnitzler HU. Ho hlokomoloha monate oa ts'oaetso ho senyeha ke lisosa tsa nucleus accumbens. Neuroreport. 1996;7 (8): 1442-1446. [E fetotsoe]
16. Knutson B, Adams CM, Fong GW, Hommer D. Ho lebella hore monehelo oa lichelete o ntseng o eketseha o khetholla nucleus accumbens. J Neurosci. 2001;21 (16): RC159. [E fetotsoe]
17. Rosen RC, Beck JG. Rosen RC, Beck JG, bahlophisi. Ho tšoenyeha ho amanang le batho litabeng tsa ho kopanela liphate ka litaba tsa thobalano. 1988. Mehlala ea tsoho ea ho kopanela liphate. Litsela tsa kelello le lik'hamphani tsa meriana. New York: Guilford.
18. Wespes E, Amar E, Hatzichristou D, Hatzimouratidis K, Montorsi F. Litaelo tsa Erectile Dysfunction. 2005. (European Association of Urology).
19. Harte C, Meston CM. Liphello tse matla tsa nikotine ho tsosoa ka thobalano le ho ipeha tlas'a thobalano ho banna ba sa tsotelleng: teko e laoloang ka maoto, e nang le bobeli, e nang le bokooa. J Sex Med. 2008;5: 110-21. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
20. Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, et al. Puisano ea Mini-International Neuropsychiatric (MINI): ntshetsopele le ho tiisoa ha puisano e hlophisitsoeng ea ho hlahloba mafu a kelello bakeng sa DSM-IV le ICD-10. J Clinic Psychiatry. 1998;29: 22-33. [E fetotsoe]
21. Rosen RC, Riley A, Wagner G, Osterloh IH, Kirkpatrick J, et al. Index ea machaba ea Erectile Function (IIEF): tekanyo e fapaneng ea tlhahlobo ea ho se sebetse ha eretile. Urology. 1997;49: 822-830. [E fetotsoe]
22. Hoon EF, Hoon PW, Wincze JP. Sebopeho sa tekanyo ea ho tsosoa ha basali ka thobalano. Sex Sex Behav. 1976;5: 291-300. [E fetotsoe]
23. Derogatis LR. Moqolo oa SCL-90R. I. Ho bokella, Tsamaiso le Mekhoa ea SCL-90R. Baltimore, MD: Li-Psychometric tsa Clinical. 1977.
24. Spielberg C, Gorsuch RL, Lushene RE. Boitsebiso ba ho tšoenyeha ha maemo a naha. Palo Alto, CA: Ho buisana le litsebi tsa kelello Press. 1970.
25. Carver CS, White T. Ho thibela ho itšoara ha boitšoaro, ts'ebetso ea boitšoaro le likarabo tsa maikutlo mabapi le moputso le kotlo e atamelang: litekanyo tsa BIS / BAS. J. Pers le Soc Psology. 1994;67: 319-333.
26. Smith SM, Jenkinson M, Woolrich MW, Beckmann CF, Behrens TE, et al. Tsoelo-pele ka ho hlahloba litšoantšo tsa MR le ts'ebetsong le ts'ebetsong e le FSL. NeuroImage. 2004;23: 208-219. [E fetotsoe]
27. Jenkinson M, Beckmann CF, Behrens TE, Woolrich MW, Smith SM. FSL. Neuroimage. Mochine oa khatiso. 2012.
28. Jenkinson M, Smith SM. Mokhoa oa ho ntlafatsa lefatše ka bophara bakeng sa ho ngolisoa ha lifilimi tsa likopi tse matla. Litšoantšo tsa Bongaka. 2001;5: 143-156. [E fetotsoe]
29. Jenkinson M, Bannister PR, Brady JM, Smith SM. Khothaletso e ntlafalitsoeng bakeng sa ho ngolisa ka tsela e matla le e nepahetseng ea ho tsamaisoa ha litšoantšo tsa boko. NeuroImage. 2002;17: 825-841. [E fetotsoe]
30. Patenaude B, Smith SM, Kennedy D, Jenkinson MA. Mohlala oa Bosesia oa Sebopeho le Ponahalo ea Bokhoni bo Phelang. Bokooa; 1. 2011;56 (3): 907-22. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
31. Zarei M, Patenaude B, Damoiseaux J, Morgese C, Smith S, le al. Ho kopanya sebopeho le khokahanyo ea ts'ebetso: thuto ea MRI ea ts'oaetso ea thalamic ka lefu la Alzheimer. Nako ea mokokotlo. 2010;49: 1-8. [E fetotsoe]
32. Zhang Y, Brady M, Smith S. Karolo ea boko ba MR litšoantšo ka Markov e patiloeng tšimong ea mohlala le tebello ea maximization ea algorithm. IEEE Trans. mabapi le litšoantšo tsa bongaka. 2001;20: 45-57. [E fetotsoe]
33. Holle D, Naegel S, Krebs S, Gaul C, Gizewski E, et al. Hypothalamic grey taba ea bolutu ba tahlehelo ka bohlooho ba hlooho. Ann Neurol. 2011;69: 533-9. [E fetotsoe]
34. Baroncini M, Jissendi P, Balland E, Besson P, Pruvo JP, le al. Aterese ea MRI ea hypothalamus ea motho. Nako ea mokokotlo. 2012;59: 168-80. [E fetotsoe]
35. Ashburner J, Friston K. Voxel-based morphometry-Mekhoa. NeuroImage. 2000;11: 805-821. [E fetotsoe]
36. Molemo C, Johnsrude I, Ashburner J, Henson R, Friston K, et al. Tlhahlobo ea morphometric e thehiloeng ho voxel ea botsofali ka 465 e tloaelehileng ea boko ba motho. NeuroImage. 2001;14: 21-36. [E fetotsoe]
37. Smith SM. Ho potlakela ho potlakisa boko ba bokhoni. Boitsebiso ba Bongoli ba Botho 2002. 2002;17: 143-155. [E fetotsoe]
38. Andersson JLR, Jenkinson M, Smith S. Tlhahiso e sa nepahaleng. Tlaleho ea litsebi tsa FMRIB TR07JA1. 2007. E fumaneha: http://www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/analysis/techrep. E fihlile 2012 ka May 29.
39. Andersson JLR, Jenkinson M, Smith S. Tlaleho e sa nepahaleng, tlaleho ea tekano ea FMRIB ea tekanyetso ea tekanyetso ea TR07JA2. 2007. E fumaneha: http://www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/analysis/techrep. E fihlile 2012 ka May 29.
40. Everitt BJ. Tšusumetso ea thobalano: tlhahlobo ea neural le boitšoaro ea lits'ebetso tse susumetsang likarabo tsa lipatlisiso tsa likhoto tsa banna. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1990;14: 217-32. [E fetotsoe]
41. Zahm DS. Pono e ts'oanang ea phekolo ea metsoako ea li-substrate tse ling tse fapaneng tsa ho ikamahanya le maemo ho arabela ka ho hatisoa ka nucleus accumbens. Litsebi tsa mahlale le litlhahlobo tsa boitšoaro. 2000;24: 85-105. [E fetotsoe]
42. Sabatinelli D, Bradley MM, Lang PJ, Costa VD, Versace F. Ho thabisa ho e-na le botšepehi ho kenyelletsa nucleus ea batho e bokellehang le li-prefrontal cortex. J Neurophysiol. 2007;98: 1374-9. [E fetotsoe]
43. Berridge KC. Puisano ka karolo ea dopamine ka moputso: nyeoe ea ho khothatsa. Psychopharm. 2007;191: 391-431. [E fetotsoe]
44. Salamone JD, Correa M, Farrar A, Mingote SM. Mesebetsi e amanang le boiteko ba nucleus accumbens dopamine le lipatoloho tse amanang le pele. Psychopharm. 2007;191: 461-482. [E fetotsoe]
45. Ambroggi F, Ghazizadeh A, Nicola SM, Masimo HL. Mesebetsi ea nucleus accumbens ea mantlha le khetla ka ts'ebetso ea motsoako-ts'oaetso le boits'oaro ba boitšoaro. J Neurosci. 2011;31: 6820-30. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
46. Paredes RG, Baum MJ. Karolo ea sebaka se ka hare-pele sa hypothalamus se laoloang ke boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate. Annu Rev Sex Sex. 1997;8: 68-101. [E fetotsoe]
47. Lloyd SA, Dixson AF. Liphello tsa lisosa tsa hypothalamic holim'a thobalano le boitšoaro bo botle ba banna ba tloaelehileng marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Resin ea Boko. 1998;463: 317-329. [E fetotsoe]
48. Paredes RG, Tzschentke T, Nakach N. Likokoana-hloko tsa sebaka se ka pele-pele / hypothalamus (MPOA / AH) se fetola khetho ea molekane ka likhoto tsa banna. Resin ea Boko. 1998;813: 1-8. [E fetotsoe]
49. Hurtazo HA, Paredes RG, Agmo A. Ho ts'oaroa ha sebaka sa pele-pele / hypothalamus ka hare ho lidocaine ho fokotsa boitšoaro ba botona le botšehali ba banna le ts'oaetso ea thobalano. Khopolo-taba. 2008;152: 331-337. [E fetotsoe]
50. Swanson LW. Bjorklund A, Hokfelt T, Swanson LW, bahlophisi. The hypothalamus. 1987. Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp 1-124.
51. De Jong LW, van der Hiele K, Bomber IM, Bomber JJ, Westendorp RG, et al. Ho fokotsoa haholo ka putamen le thalamus ka lefu la Alzheimer: thuto ea MRI. Boko. 2008;131: 3277-85. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
52. Bookstein FL. 'Morphometry ea Voxel-based based' ha ea lokela ho sebelisoa le litšoantšo tse sa phethahalang tse ngolisitsoeng. 2001;Neuroimage14: 1454-1462. [E fetotsoe]
53. Frisoni GB, Whitwell JL. E tla tsamaea ka potlako hakae, doc? Lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa potso ea khale ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la Alzheimer. Neurology. 2008;70: 2194-2195. [E fetotsoe]