Tlhahlobo ka Limela tse sebelisetsoeng ho ntlafatsa ts'ebeliso ea thobalano le boits'oaro (2014)

 

inahaneloang

Ts'ebeliso ea lihlahisoa kapa lihlahisoa tse thehiloeng semeleng ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano le ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso le thabo e batla e le ea khale joalo ka moloko oa batho ka boeona. Pampiri ea hajoale e hlahloba melao-motheo e sebetsang, ea tlholeho le litlatsetso tse sa tsoakoang tsa limela, tse bileng le thuso maemong a thobalano, li na le monyetla oa ho ntlafatsa boitšoaro ba thobalano le ts'ebetso, hape li thusa ho spermatogenesis le ho hlahisa. Tlhahlobo ea limakasine tse qotsitsoeng le lingoliloeng tsa mahlale tse fumanehang litsing tsa elektroniki le lingoliloeng tsa setso tse fumanehang India li ile tsa etsoa haholo. Tlhahlobo ea mosebetsi e lekanya bopaki ba bopaki le litlatsetso tsa setso, tlhakollo le tlhahlobo ea mohopolo o hlakileng o laolang tšebeliso ea limela joalo ka aphrodisiac ka botlalo. Li-phytoconstituents tse nang le meaho e tsejoang li thathamisitsoe ka lihlopha tse nepahetseng tsa lik'hemik'hale 'me lintlha tse qotsitsoeng tse sa sebetseng li hlahisitsoe. Lintlha tse mabapi le ts'ebetso ea bona ea meriana, mokhoa oa ts'ebetso, le chefo li tlalehiloe. Tlhahlobo e teng hajoale e fana ka kakaretso ea litlama le molek'hule ea tsona e sebetsang ka likopo tsa ntlafatso ea boitšoaro ba thobalano. Mekhoa e mengata ea litlama e netefalitsoe bakeng sa phello ea bona ho tsa thobalano le thollo, ka hona e ka sebetsa e le sesupo sa ho tsebahala ha lik'hemik'hale tse ncha tse sebetsang molemong oa ho se sebetse ka thobalano le erectile.

1. Selelekela

Bokhoni ba ho ba le bana bo fumanoeng bo haelloa ke hoo e ka bang 50% ea banyalani ba sa tsoalo ho latela phuputso e entsoeng ke Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo ka 1987. Le ha ho sa ntsane ho lebelletsoe lipalo tse ling tsa lilemo tsena tse leshome, ho hlakile hore mokhoa oa khatello oa bophelo o ntlafalitse palo ena ea ho ba le bothata ba mofuta o mong oa ho se sebetse ka thobalano kapa o mong. Lintlha tse ka sehloohong tse fokotsang monyetla oa ho emoloa ho molekane oa mosali hangata ke tsa tlhaho, boits'oaro ba mmele, iatrogenic, kapa sesosa sa endocrine. Oligozoospermia, thobalano le ho se sebetse hantle ha mokokotlo li jara boikarabello ba ho se khone ho emola maemong a mangata [1]. Le ha lithethefatsi tse ngata tsa maiketsetso li le teng le / kapa li sebelisoa ho phekola mathata ana, tse ling tsa mathata a bakoang ke lithethefatsi tsena li li kenyeletsa le theko e matla le bokhoni ba tsona ba ho baka litlamorao tse matla, kalafo tse sebetsang tsa tlholeho li ntse li hlokahala. Le ha lijalo tse ngata kapa lihlahisoa tsa tlholeho li ipolela hore li paka katleho ea tsona ntle le bopaki ba mahlale, tse 'maloa tsa tsona li mafolofolo li bile li na le ts'ebetso ea biological, e netefalitsoeng ke data ea mahlale. Ntle le moo, ho na le tlhoko ea tlhahlobo e hlophisehileng ea lingoliloeng tsa mahlale mabapi le liteko tsa liteko tse hlahisitsoeng bakeng sa limela tsa meriana tse nang le thuso ho phekola ho senyeha ha mmele mme ho na le tlhoko ea tlhahlobo e tebileng ea pharmacological [2].

Tsoelo-pele kutloisisong ea bongaka ea mantlha ea ts'ebetso ea erectile le ts'ebetso ea thobalano maemong a limolek'hule e fetoha matsapa a lebisang ho khetholle lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa 'mele tse amehang molemong oa thobalano, ka hona li thusa ho fokotsa ho batla lintho tsa aphrodisiac tsa khetho. Batho ba bangata ha ba lumele ho li-potions tsa lerato kapa li-aphrodisiacs, empa banna le basali ba bangata ba li sebelisitse ho theosa le makholo a lilemo, mme ho na le bopaki bo hlakileng ba hore ba ntse ba sebelisoa le kajeno. Ho belaella mohopolo oa aphrodisiac ha ho na mabaka, leha tlhahlobo e hlophisehileng le tlhaiso-leseling ea litaba tsa mahlale li ka fana ka motheo oa ts'ebeliso e thehiloeng ke bopaki ea litlhare tsa litlama bakeng sa kalafo ea bothata ba thobalano ka kakaretso. Tlhahlobo e teng hona joale ke teko ea ho felisa tlhahisoleseling e fumanehang ea mahlale ka lithethefatsi tse fapaneng tsa litlama, tse kileng tsa hlahlojoa ka sephetho sa tsona mabapi le ts'ebetso ea thobalano le ts'ebetso ea hae. Tlhahlobo e boetse e kenyelletsa bopaki bo tsebahalang bo bokelletsoeng ho kenya letsoho ha lithethefatsi tsa litlama ho li-neural, nitric oxide le li-methane tse itšetlehileng ka li-hormone le karolo ea bona mesebetsing ea thobalano. Limela tse ngata li builoe ka botlalo mme tse ling tse 'maloa li hlahisoa feela; sesupo se seholo bakeng sa tlhophiso ena e ne e le bohlokoa ba semelo sa semela tsamaisong ea meriana ea Ayurvedic. Le ha ho le joalo, ho bohlokoa haholo ho bolela hore sena ha se kenyelletse tsamaiso ea limela bakeng sa limela tse hlalositsoeng pampiring mme lijalo tse ling tse thathamisitsoeng feela ka sebopeho sa tabular le tsona e ka ba tsa bohlokoa bo phahameng mahlaleng.

2. Semelo sa nalane

Lentsoe "Aphrodisiac" le tsoa ho "Aphrodite" molimotsana oa lerato oa Mogerike. Ka litlhaloso tsa aphrodisiacs ke tsona ntho tse eketsang takatso ea thobalano (Greek-Aphrodisiakos-sex) [3]. Limela tse fapaneng li sebelisitsoe joalo ka litlatsetso tsa thobalano kapa ts'ebetso ea thobalano ts'ebetsong ea setso ea meriana ea linaha tse fapaneng [4-6]. Basebelisi ba Ayurveda mokhoa oa setso oa bongaka India ba ile ba hlokomela bohlokoa ba bohlokoa ba vaerase mme ba hlophisa kalafo ea Vajikarna [7] (Lethathamo 1). Mohopolo oa letsatsi la kajeno la "aphrodisiac" o ka nkuoa haufi le mohopolo oa Vajikarna o hlalosoang litokomaneng tsa setso tsa meriana ea Ayurvedic.

Lethathamo 1 

Lethathamo la semela le tlalehiloe Ayurveda e le Vajikaran Rasayan.

3. Vajikaran Mangolong a Ayurvedic

Vajikaran joalo ka mohopolo o hlalositsoe ho Rig Veda le Yajurveda, lingoloa tsa pele tse ngotsoeng tsa bongaka, ho Ayurveda. Li-herbs tsa Vajikarana le tsona ke motheo oa litlhare tse khothalletsoang ho Kamasutra, e fana ka maikutlo a hlalosang mekhoa e khotsofatsang thobalano e loketseng balekane. Tlhahiso ea litlhaloso tse tsoang litemaneng tsena e bonts'a hore mocha ea phetseng hantle a jang khafetsa mofuta o mong oa phekolo ea Vajikarana a ka natefeloa ke thabo ea bocha bosiu bo bong le bo bong ka linako tsohle tsa selemo [8]. Banna ba baholo, ba lakatsang ho natefeloa ke thobalano kapa ho sireletsa maikutlo a basali, hammoho le ba nang le bothata ba ho bola kapa ho se khone ho etsa thobalano, le batho ba fokolang ka ho fetella ka thobalano le bona ba ka sebelisa litlhare tsa Vajikaran. Li na le molemo o moholo ho bacha ba batle le ba batle ho basali ba nang le basali ba bangata. Ho ea ka Rasendra Sara Sangrah sengoloa sa ayurvedic Vajikaran pheko e etsa hore monna a be le thobalano e matla joalo ka pere (Vaji) mme e mo nolofalletsa ho khotsofatsa mocheso le thabo ea moroetsana oa moroetsana (Setšoantšo sa 1) [9, 10]. Le ha ho buuoa ka saense liqoso tsena li ka bonts'a pono e batsi, botumo ba Vajikaran tsamaisong ea bongaka ea Ayurvedic ha bo sa qosoe ka liqoso tse ngata le litšupiso tse ngotsoeng tse entsoeng ho tsona nakong ea nalane ea motho.

Setšoantšo sa 1 

Ketso ea Vajikaran Rasayana.

4. Mesebetsi ea Thobalano: Tlhatlhobo ea Ayurvedic

Litlhokahalo tsa botona le botšehali tse tšohliloeng ho Ayurveda ke a mefuta e tšeletseng e latelang:

  1. Ho felisoa hoa takatso ea thobalano e bakoang ke ho nyoloha hoa menahano e bohloko ea kelello ea monna, kapa ho ba le thobalano le mosali ea sa lumellaneng (ea sa atleheng ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano ka pelong ea molekane oa hae) ho bontša mohlala ya ho hloka kelello.
  2. Tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea lingoloa tsa pungent, asiti, tatso ea letsoai, kapa lintho tse etsang mocheso li lebisa tahlehelong ea semela sa Saumya Dhatu (molao-motheo oa metsi). Ona ke mofuta o mong oa ho hloka matla.
  3. Ho hloka matla ha botala ho bakoang ke tahlehelo ea peo ho batho ba lemaletseng ho natefeloa ke thobalano ntle le ho sebelisa pheko efe kapa efe ea aphrodisiac ke mokhoa o nepahetseng oa boteng ba botona.
  4. Lefu le emeng ka nako e telele la setho sa banna se hlahisang (syphilis, joalo-joalo) kapa ho felisoa ha Marma ea lehae joalo ka thapo ea spermatic e senya matla a kopane ka botlalo.
  5. Ho hloka thobalano ho tloha tsoalong ho bitsoa bokhoni ba ho ikatisa.
  6. Ho phehella takatso ea thobalano ka boithaopo ke monna ea matla ea shebelletseng nako e telele kapa ka ho hloka thahasello ho hlahisa mofuthu oa mali 'me ke sesosa sa mofuta oa botšelela oa ho hloka matla ha botšehali.

Mefuteng e tšeletseng e boletsoeng esale pele ea ho se sebetse hantle, sebopeho sa tlhaho ea motho ea tsoaloang le sona ka lebaka la ts'enyo ea Marma leha e le efe ea lehae (spermatic cord) e lokela ho nkuoa e le se sa phekoleheng, se setseng se ka phekoloa mme sa khoneha ho mehato le litlatsetso tse sa amaneng le tšimoloho ea tsona. lisosa [11].

5. Ayurveda le Khopolo ea Aphrodisiacs

Tlhahlobo ea setso ea Ayurvedic e hlalositsoeng aphrodisiac ka mekhahlelo e latelang e mehlano, ho fanoe ka limela tse 'maloa e le litšupiso bakeng sa mofuta o mong le o mong oa sehlopha sa kalafo se hlalositsoeng [3].

  1. Lithethefatsi tse eketsang palo ea semen kapa tse hlahisang tlhahiso ea semen ka mohlala, Microstylis wallichii, Roscoea procera, Polygonatum verticillatum, Mucuna pruriens, 'me Asparagus racemosus.
  2. Lithethefatsi tse hloekisang le ho ntlafatsa boleng ba peo ea mohlala ka mohlala, Saussurea lappa, Myrica nagi, sesame sa Sesamum, Vetiveria zizanioides, 'me Anthocephalus cadamba.
  3. Lithethefatsi tse ntlafatsang mesebetsi ea kemiso Strychnos nux vomica, Cannabis sativa, li-fragola tsa Myristica, 'me Cassia occidentalis.
  4. Lithethefatsi li liehisa nako ea kemolo kapa ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea kemolo, mohlala, Sida cordifolia, Asparagus racemosus, Cinnamomum tamala, Anacyclus pyrethrum, primens Mucuna, le Cannabis sativum.
  5. Lithethefatsi tse tsosang takatso ea thobalano, e leng, Withania somnifera, Asparagus racemosus, Datura stramonium, Anacyclus pyrethrum, Hibiscus abelmoschus, 'me Opium.

Ha re se re buile ka motheo oa Ayurvedic bakeng sa karolo ea litlama tsa Vajikarana, ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa karolo ea thuto ea morao-rao ea bongaka le temohisiso taolong ea boitšoaro ba thobalano 'meleng oa motho.

6. Mechanism ea Boitšoaro ba ho Kopanela Liphate: Boikutlo ba Kajeno

Kutloisiso ea rona ea ts'ebetso le ts'ebetso ea ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano e fumana motheo o motle haholo, o tsoang lipaki tsa liteko tsa liteko tsa bongaka le tsa kalafo. Ho tsosa takatso ea botona le botšehali ho itšetlehile ka lintlha tsa neural (maikutlo le kelello), li-hormone le liphatsa tsa lefutso, ntho e 'ngoe e hlalosoang hape ho Ayurveda hape empa ho sebelisoa puo ea mahlale e amanang le mehla ena.

7. Boko le Neurochemical Motheo oa Boitšoaro ba Botona le Botšehali

Lithethefatsi tse amang thobalano li ka sebetsa ho tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo (Brain) le / kapa tsamaisong ea methapo ea kutlo. Lithethefatsi tse amang bokong 'me ho ka etsahala hore ebe litsi tsa thobalano li hlahisoa ka keketseho kapa ho fokotseha ha maikutlo a ho kopanela liphate. Lithethefatsi tse amang methapo ea kutlo li ke ke tsa ama motho ka kotloloho empa li ka ama ts'ebetso ea thobalano. Maemong a mang, ts'ebetso ea lithethefatsi e sebetsa ka kotloloho mme e kenyelletsa liphetoho tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa methapo e laolang ho tsosa takatso ea botona kapa ea botšehali. Ntle le moo, lithethefatsi tse ling li ka sebetsa ka tsela e sa tobang ka ho fetola phallo ea mali ho setho sa botona. Bongata ba maikutlo mabapi le motheo oa methapo ea boitšoaro ba thobalano bo tsoa liphuputsong tsa liphoofolo, empa maemong a mang tšehetso e fanoe ke lithuto tsa tliliniki. Lits'ebetso tse hlano tse kholo tse fapaneng tsa ts'ebetso ea methapo li tlameha ho sebetsa 'moho ho eketsa takatso ea thobalano. Li-transmitter li kenyelletsa norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine le histamine [12]. Maikutlo a morao-rao a buellang haholo a fana ka maikutlo a hore serotonin le dopamine li kenya letsoho taolong ea methapo ea boitšoaro ba thobalano le serotonin e bapala karolo ea thibelo le dopamine karolo ea nyakallo. Dopamine e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa taolong e bohareng ea boitšoaro ba thobalano ho banna [13]. Keketseho ea ts'ebetso ea li-system tsa dopaminergic tse bohareng tse amanang le tšebetso ea thobalano [14]. Ka vivo Microbalalysis ho likhoto tsa banna tse hlokometseng e bontšitse hore phetiso ea dopamine e eketseha haholo seterekeng sa "striatum", nucleus accumbens, le sebakeng sa medial preoptic nakong ea ho kopitsa [15-17]. Phetoho ena ea methapo e ka hare ea methapo e kanna ea lumella likarabo tse ngata tsa makoloi ho kenyeletsa le penile erection. E kanna ea fetola tšebetso ea methapo ea boko e kenyang ka kotlolloho taolong ea penile erection [18]. Mohlala, lithethefatsi tse kang levodopa, tse eketsang maemo a dopamine bokong, li tloaetse ho amahanngoa le keketseho ea libido le ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea thobalano ho bakuli ba nang le ts'ebetso e sa tloaelehang ea dopamine joalo ka e amanang le lefu la Parkinson. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lithethefatsi tse thibelang ts'ebetso ea dopamine joalo ka haloperidol e baka tahlehelo ea tsoho ea thobalano. Ke khale ho belaelloa hore monoamine e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa taolong ea boitšoaro ba thobalano, haholoholo phetiso ea dopaminergic e thusang mesebetsing ea banna le li-receptor tsa dopaminergic le adrenergic lia ameha. Yohimbine, bromocriptine, le reserpine ke li-alpha-adrenergic receptor block block agents ha yohimbine, bromocriptine, amphetamine le apomorphine kaofela li kopana le neurotransmitter dopamine bakeng sa ho tlama libaka tsa lera [19]. Ntle le moo, liphuputso tse ling li boetse li bontšitse hore ho lokolloa ha dopamine ho boetse ho eketseha nakong ea thobalano ho mothapo o mong oa hypothalamus le hore ho sena hypothalamic nucleus dopamine e thusa ho qaptjoa ha penile le boits'oaro ba thobalano ka ho kenya tšebetsong tlhahiso ea litho tsa 'mele tsa oxytocin neurons. erection le susumetso ea thobalano, e ts'ebetsang libaka tsa boko ba extrahypothalamic le mokokotlong oa mokokotlo [13, 20-24]. Ka hona, ho bonahala ho na le lipuo tse ngata tsa sefapano maemong a fapaneng a neuronal pakeng tsa dopamine le nitric oxide; hona ho tšohliloe ka ho eketsehileng karolong e latelang.

8. Mokhoa oa Nitric Oxide-based Mechanism oa Boitšoaro ba botona le botšehali

Nitric oxide (NO) ke molek'hule ea taolo ea atypical e nang le karolo ea bobeli joaloka len aosa la bobeli / neurotransmitter. E bile le tšusumetso mesebetsing e fapaneng ea 'mele [22]. Liphumano ho fihlela joale li bonts'a hore HOPE e kanna ea ba len messengerosa le leholo la neuronal [23]. Ka ho khetheha, ke mokena-lipakeng oa 'mele ea itlhommeng pele ka penile erection [24] le bokong; NO synthase e kenelletse haholo mehahong ka kotloloho kapa ka tsela e sa tobang ka boits'oaro ba thobalano (bulb ea olildory, supraoptic le paraventricular nuclei, amygdala, septal patterns, jj.) [25].

Boithuto ba morao-rao bo bonts'a hore HONA ke tšusumetso e kholo ea 'mele ea ho phomola mesifa ea penile vasculature le mesifa e boreleli ea trabecular, e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho kenella ha penile [26]. Ho khutsufatsa ha mesifa e boreleli ea trabecular ea corpus cavernosa ho lebisa ho fokotseng ha methapo ea mali le ho phalla ha mali ho ea botoneng. Haufi le phallo e ntseng e eketseha, phallo ea venous e fokotsoa ke khatello ea methapo ea kutlo. Motsoako oa ho eketseha ha lebelo le ho fokotseha ha moea o tsoang ka tlase o etsa hore ho kenelle le ho kenella ka mokhoa o makatsang. HA HO na masapo a endothelium ea methapo ea kutlo le lintho tse tsoang mokokotlong tse se nang masapo, li-noncholinergic, le nervernosal, li bonahala li le pakeng tsa vasodilatation [27, 28]. Setlhare se secha se sebelisetsoang kalafo ea ho senyeha ha erectile, le sildenafil se sebetsa ka ho beha phello ea NO ka ho thibela phosphodiesterase-V e khethehileng e felisang ketso ea NO e hlahisitseng cGMP ho vasile e penile [29]. Litlama tse ngata tsa kalafo le lithethefatsi tse tsoang merohong ena li bontšitsoe li na le litlamorao tseleng ea NO. Mohlala, li-saponins tse tsoang ginseng (ginsenosides) li bonts'itsoe ho phomola methapo ea mali (mohlomong e kenya letsoho ho antifatigue le khatello ea mali e fokotsang litlamorao tsa ginseng) le corpus cavernosum (ka hona, bakeng sa kalafo ea banna ba nang le bothata ba ho se sebetse hantle ha erectile dysfunction; phello e tsebahalang ea aphrodisiac ea ginseng e ka ba ho fetelletsa) [30].

9. Mechanism ea Androgen ea Thero ea Basali

Androgens e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ntlafatsong ea litho tsa botona tsa botona tse botšehali joalo ka lefu la mafu la masapo, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate le botoneng. Ntle le moo, li-androgener lia hlokahala bakeng sa ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng29]. Testosterone ke eona androgen e ka sehloohong e fumanoang ke testes. Testosterone e hlophisitsoe lisele tsa Leydig tsa liteko, tse susumetsoang ke luteinizing hormone (LH). E 'ngoe ea litlamorao tse kholo tsa testosterone ka har'a testes ke ho tsosoa ha spermatogenesis ho li-seminiferous tubules. Morero oa testosterone- kapa dihydrotestosterone-receptor ka mor'a moo o tšela membrane ea nyutlelie, o kopana le DNA, mme o tsosa motsoako o mocha oa mRNA, ka hona, tlhahiso ea protheine e ncha. Matla a testosterone ho libido a ka hloka ho fetoloa hoa testosterone ho estradiol ho hypothalamus. Mechine eo testosterone e amang 'mele ka eona, masapo le erythron ha e bonahale e hloka phetoho ea limolek'hule [30].

Lithethefatsi tse sebelisetsoang ho phekola mathata a fapaneng a thobalano a fumanoa ho fetola ts'ebetso ea li-neurotransmitters e ka ba e tataisang, inhibitory, kapa ka bobeli. Androgens e tsejoa ho susumetsa tlhahiso ea NO ho bokong le ho potoloha [31, 32]. NO ha e kopantsoe le enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) e phethang karolo ea bohlokoa mesebetsing e mengata ea boko. HA HO na ts'ebetso e le neurotransmitter mme NOS e teng likarolong tsa boko tse laolang mesebetsi ea thobalano [33]. Ho khahlisang, tsamaiso ea testosterone ho likhoto tsa banna tse lahlehileng e eketsa palo ea li-neurons tsa NO tse amanang le "mPOA", li bonts'a keketseho ea NO synthesis [34]. HA HO na motho ea khonang ho susumetsa tokollo ea dopamine (DA) ho mPOA, eo ka lehlakoreng le leng e tsosang mohopolo oa penile. Mochine ona e ka ba karolo e le 'ngoe eo li-androgens li tsosang takatso ea botona kapa botšehali [35].

10. Litlama tse 'maloa tsa Meriba tse nang le Liphello tse Tiisitsoeng mabapi le Mesebetsi ea Thobalano

Karolong ena ea hona joale re tla bua ka litlolo tse 'maloa tsa Ayurvedic tse ngata tse sebelisitsoeng hantle tse nang le botumo ba nako e telele e le pheko ea ho se sebetse thobalanong le tse sebelisitsoeng litokisetsong tse ngata tsa ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea thobalano le tsoalo haholo-holo haeba ho ka etsahala. tsa banna. Ntle le litlama tsena limela tse ngata li boetse li lekoa le ho hlahlojoa hore na li ka sebetsa mesebetsing ea thobalano le likarolo tsa tlhaho ea ho ikatisa, ho fanoa ka tlhaloso e felletseng le mabitso a litlama tsena ho Lethathamo 2. Bafuputsi ba bangata ba fuputse ka bioconstituent e teng hona joale ka litlama tse fapaneng tse ikarabellang bakeng sa ho matlafatsa ts'ebetso ea thobalano, spermatogeneis le ho bonts'a litlamorao tse ling ho litekanyetso tsa ho beleha (Lethathamo 3).

Lethathamo 2 

Lethathamo la tse 'maloa tsa litlama tse tummeng tse nang le tšehetso ea ehtnopharmacological bakeng sa ho sebelisoa e le aphrodisiac. Tafole e boetse e hlalosa mokhoa oa ts'ebetso oa motho a le mong kapa ho feta ba khethiloeng ho bona.
Lethathamo 3 

Kakaretso ea tse ling tsa litumellano tse fumanehang tse fumanoeng ke bo-rasaense le litlhaloso tsa mohloli.

10.1. Empaea superba

Empaea superba Roxb (Leguminosae) e fumaneha hangata merung ea naha ea Thailand ebile e na le lebitso la "Red Kwao Krua." Ke li-tubers tsa semela nako e telele li 'nile tsa sebelisoa e le litlhare tsa setso ho khothaletsa matla a banna ba thobalano. B. superba lekhoba la joala (0.01, 0.1 kapa 1.0mg / kg BW / letsatsi) bakeng sa kalafo ea likhoeli tsa 6 e matlafalitse khatello ea methapo 'me ea liehisa ho fokotseha ha nako le nako. Ha ho letho la matšoao a ho hlaseloa ha sperm le liphoso tsa testicular tse ileng tsa bonoa [36]. Phekolo ea subchronic ea B. superba ho emisoa ha phofo ea tuberous ho litekanyetso tse phahameng (200mg / kg) ho likhoto tsa banna li bonts'itse litla-morao tse matla kemelong ea mali, hematology, le boemo ba testosterone ea mali. Setlhare se sa jeloeng ke litheko ho 2, 25, 250, le 1250boima ba 'mele / kg bo ile ba tsamaisoa bakeng sa libeke tsa 8; ho ne ho na le boima bo eketsehileng ba testis le lipalo tsa sperm ka rat. Hematology hammoho le tšebetso ea sebete le ea liphio ea lihlopha tsohle tse tšoaroang ha e bontše phapang ho tsoa taolong [37]. Phokotso e thehiloeng ho lethal dose ea testosterone ea mali feela, empa eseng LH, e ne e fapane haholo le taolo ho likhoto tse tšoaroang ka litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa phofo ea semela. Boithuto bona ba hona joale bo bontša hore pherekano ea testosterone e bohlokoa, bonyane kamora matsatsi a 90 a tšebeliso ea litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa B. superba phofo [38]. Khotso ea ethanol ea B. superba e sebetsa hantle molemong oa ho khothaletsa tšebeliso ea penile. Khabare ea ethanol e ile ea eketsa khatello ea methapo ea kutlo (ICP) Ka vivo. E ntlafalitse haholo litlamorao tsa cGMP le isobutylmethylxanthine. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore B. superba e ka sebetsa ka tsela ea cAMP / cGMP [39].

Lithuto tsa Kliniki. Phofo ea semela e bontšitse ts'ebetso e ka bang teng tekong ea bongaka ea batho bakeng sa kalafo ea ho hlohlona ka erectile ho ba batona [40].

10.2. Curculigo orchioides

Curculigo orchioides Gaertn (Amaryllidaceae), eo hape a tsejoang e le Kali Musli kapa Syah (sootho) Musli, o nkuoa e le aphrodisiac le Rasayan kapa rejuvenator [41]. Khang ea boitšoaro ea rhizome e ntlafalitse boitšoaro ba thobalano ho litoeba tsa banna. Ts'ebetso ea thobalano joalo ka ha e lekiloe ka ho khetholla methati e joalo ka penile erection, ts'ebetso ea boqhetseke le boitšoaro ba thobalano le boits'oaro li ntlafalitsoe haholo. Ho feta moo phello e boletsoeng ea anabolic le ea spermatogenic e bonahatsoa ke meputso ea boima ba litho tsa botona. Phekolo e boetse e amme haholo boitšoaro ba thobalano ba liphoofolo joalo ka ha bo bonts'oa phokotso ea morusu, keketseho ea khafetsa ea khafetsa le ho hohela ho hohela ho basali. Lenane la ntlafatso ea penile le lona le ile la eketsoa sehlopheng se tšoaroang [42, 43]. The lyophilized metsi a tsoang ho Curculigo orchioides e ntlafalitse haholo ts'ebetso ea pendiculatory ho likhoto tsa banna ka mor'a matsatsi a 14 a kalafo. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, lesapo le ka boloka a vitro palo ea sperm ha e bapisoa le sehlopha sa taolo kamora 30mets. incubation [44]. Khaba e metsi ea semela e bonts'a ts'ebetso e hlahelletseng ka tekanyo ea tekanyo ea 200mg / kg. Ka kakaretso, phello e boletsoeng ea anabolic liphoofolong tse phekotsoeng e ne e pakahatsoa ke melemo ea 'mele le litho tsa botona. Ho bile le phapang e kholo mekhoeng ea thobalano ea liphoofolo joalo ka ha ho bonts'oa phokotso ea mofuta oa latency, ejaculation latency, postejaculatory latency, intromission latency, le keketseho ea maqhubu a moea. Morero oa penile le ona o ntlafalitsoe haholo. Nako e fokotsehileng ea ho belaela (sesupo sa ho hohela basali ho likhoto tse tšoaroang) le sona se bonts'itse ntlafatso ea boitšoaro ba thobalano ba liphoofolo tse ts'oeroeng tse nkuoeng [45]. Tabeng ea ho hlohlona ka thobalano ka thobalano, ke hore, mocheso o sentsoeng ke tšebetso ea testicular, semela se ne se le bohlokoa ho khahliseng spermatogenesis e fokotsehileng mme liphoofolo tse phekotsoeng li ka atleha ho hlola protheine ea mocheso o matla; sena se behile mohlala oa karolo ea C. orchioides ho hlola khatello ea ho kopanela liphate e hohelang ka lebaka la ts'enyo ea testicular [46].

10.3. Cynomorium coccineum

Cynomorium coccineum Linn. (Cynomoraceae) e tsejoa e le Som-El-Ferakh e Saudi Arabia, e leng semela se senang makhasi se se nang makhasi se se nang chlorophyll. Baahi ba Qatar ba e sebelisa (haholo-holo ka mahe a linotsi) e le tonic le aphrodisiac [47]. Ntoa e omelletseng ea Cynomorium coccineum e bakile keketseho e kholo palong ea ba makhopho, e ntlafalitse liperesente tsa sperm ea boiqapelo le sepheo sa tsona, mme ea fokotsa palo ea botona bo sa tloaelehang. Histic ea testicular e bontšitse ho eketseha ha spermatogenesis le li-seminiferous tubules tse tletseng sperm sehlopheng se phekotsoeng ho bapisoa le lits'ebetso tse sa phekoloang [48]. Nama e nkoang ea semela e hlahisitse li-spermatogenesis tse ikhethang litsoeng. Litekanyetso tsa Serum testosterone le FSH li ne li le tlase liphoofolong tse tšoaroang ka lintho tse ling ntle le taolo, athe litekanyetso tsa "cell" tse kenang kahare tsa sele li ne li phahame ho liphoofolo tse tšoaroang [49].

10.4. Chlorophytum borivilianum

Safe Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) ke oa lelapa Liliaceae ea nang le litlatsetso tsa setso e le aphrodisiac le mothetsi oa thobalano [50]. Ho ntšoa ha metso ea Ethanolic le sapogenin e arohaneng le metso ho ile ha ithutoa ka sephetho sa boitšoaro ba thobalano le spermatogenesis ho likhoto tsa albino. Phekolo e ne e boletse phello ea anabolic le spermatogenic ho liphoofolo tse tšoaroang, li bonahatsoa ke melemo ea 'mele le litho tsa ho ikatisa. Tsamaiso ea litlatsetso e amme haholo ts'ebetso ea thobalano ea liphoofolo e bonts'ang phokotso ea ho phahama ha moea, ho emisa le ho emisa. Keketseho ea moea oa khafetsa le ho hohelehang ho basali e bonoe [51]. Metsi a tsoang ka metso e omisitsoeng ea Chlorophytum borivilianum e ntlafatsa mohopolo oa thobalano, mahlahahlaha le libido ho lithunya tsa Wistar. Motsoako o eketsa palo ea sperm haholo [44, 52].

Tabeng ea streptozotocin le alloxan e kenyelitseng hyperglycemia, nko e metsi se tsoang semeleng e hlahisitse pherekano ea thobalano, e hlahisitse ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea thobalano ha e bapisoa le likhoto tsa taolo ea lefu la tsoekere. Kahoo thuto e fane ka bopaki ba hore litlhare tsa litlama li ka sebetsa ho ts'oaroeng hoa thobalano ka tlhaho le liphoofolo tse nang le lefu la tsoekere [53, 54].

10.5. Epimedium koreum

Litlhare tsa setso tsa China Epimedium L. (Berberidaceae), ke sesebelisoa se tsebahalang sa botanical se sebelisoang e le tonic ea bophelo bo botle. Bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa Epimedium mefuta e sebelisoang molemong oa bongaka ke E. koreum Nakai, E. li-pubescens Boholo., E. brevicornum Boholo, E. sagittatum (Sieb. Et Zucc) Maxim, le E. wushanense TS Ying [55]. Hydroalcholic extract ea limela e tsebahala ka ho hlahisa litlamorao tsa aphrodisiac mme e sebelisoa hangata litlhare tsa limela tsa China ho matlafatsa tšebetso ea erectile [56]. Ho nahanoa hore icariin e kanna ea ba eona karolo ea mantlha e sebetsang ea Epimedium sefa. Icariin ke flavonol, mofuta oa flavonoid. Ke prenylacetylation ea kaempferide 3,7-O-diglycoside, icariin mabapi le ho se sebetse ha erectile mme e thehile matla a eona a ts'ehetsang a thibelo ea phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5). Kalafo ea molomo le icariin (> 98.6% ho hloka sekoli) bakeng sa libeke tse 4 e kanna ea ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea erectile. Phello ena e tsamaellana le keketseho ea liperesente tsa mesifa e boreleli le polelo ea lintho tse itseng tsa NO synthase isoforms ho corpus cavernosum ea likhoto tse hahiloeng. Liphetho tsena li bontša hore icariin e kanna ea ba le phello ea kalafo ho ho se sebetse ha erectile [57]. Icariin e ne e le thibelo ho li-isoforms tsohle tse tharo tsa PDE5 hape e na le litekanyetso tse ts'oanang tsa IC50, tse neng li batla li le kholo ho feta tse tharo ho feta tsa zaprinast. Icariin e ile ea khona ho ntlafatsa maemo a cyclic guanosine monophosphate ka liseleng tse tšoeroeng hantle ka ho ruruha tsa sodium nitroprusside.58-60] le ho ntlafatsa tlhahiso ea bioactive nitric oxide [61] hammoho le ho etsisa litlamorao tsa testosterone [62].

10.6. Eurycoma longifolia

Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Simaroubaceace), e tsejoang sebakeng seo e le Tongkat Ali, e fumaneha hangata merung ea naha e tlaase. E sebelisoa haholo ke lihlopha tsa merabe ka mabaka a mangata 'me ke e' ngoe ea likarolo tse kholo tsa ho rekisa tse tsoang Malaysia [63]. E. longifolia e eketsa takatso ea thobalano ho litloholo tsa banna ba hlokang thobalano. Ho ne ho sebelisoa gridi ea motlakase e le tšitiso ea kokelo ea motlakase bakeng sa ho bona hore na ho na le tšusumetso e kae e tsosang takatso ea setho sa botona sa botona le botšehali bakeng sa ba tšoaroang ka bobeli E. longifolia 'me lihlopha tsa taolo li ne li ikemiselitse ho hlola ho fihlela mosali ea amohelang botle ba kamohelo ea hae terakeng. Botebo ba grid hona joale bo bolokiloe 0.12mA mme sena e ne e le botebo ba moo litoeba tse tona sehlopheng sa taolo li ileng tsa hloleha ho ts'oaroa ho fihlela mokotla oa sepheo. Liphetho li bonts'a seo E. longifolia Jack o ile a tsoela pele ho ntlafatsa le ho boloka boemo bo holimo ba palo e felletseng ea batho ba atlehileng ba "crossovers, mountings, intromissions, le ejaculations nakong ea beke ea ho shebella ea 9-12th [64]. Phekolo ea Ethanol e tlisoang ke matsatsi a 10 e matlafalitse ts'ebetso ea thobalano ea likhoto tsa banna tse tšoaroang ka ho eketsa nako ea coitus le ho fokotsa nako ea phetisetso pakeng tsa letoto le fapaneng la ho qopitso [65]. Tsamaiso ea 800mg / kg ea butanol, methanol, metsi le likaroloana tsa chloroform tsa E. longifolia e matlafalitse mosifa oa leavator ani ha e bapisoa le taolo (e sa phekoloang) ka har'a likhoto tsa banna tse sa sebetseng mme ha e bapisoa le taolo (e sa buuoang) ho litekanyetso tsa banna ba testosterone tse matlafalitsoeng [66]. E. longifolia E ntse e tsoela pele ho ntlafatsa le ho boloka boemo bo holimo ba palo e felletseng ea batho ba atlehileng ba lipolao, ho tsitsisa, ho kenella le ho ts'oaroa ketsahalo nakong ea beke ea 9-12th ea ho shebella. Butanol, methanol, metsi le chloroform li-extrices tsa metso ea E. longifolia hlahisa tlhahiso e itšetlehileng ka litekanyetso, khafetsa, le keketseho e kholo ea liketsahalo tsa penile reflexes joalo ka ha li netefalitsoe ke keketseho ea li-flips tse potlakileng, li-flips tse telele, le li-erections tsa litoeba tse tona tse tšoaroang nakong ea tlhahlobo ea 30-min [67]. E. longifolia (0.5g / kg) bakeng sa keketseho ea libeke tse tharo ho liperesente tsa likhoto tsa banna tse arabelang khetho e nepahetseng, ho feta 50% ea likhoto tse tona li fumane "khetho e nepahetseng" kamora ho qeta libeke tsa 3 mme phello e bile e hlahelletseng kamora ho qeta libeke tsa 8 ( ke 40-50% feela ea likhoto tsa banna tse laoloang tse arabileng ka khetho e nepahetseng) li sebelisa khetla ea motlakase ea motlakase [68]. Liraka tsa banna ba lilemo li pakeng li ile tsa tšoaroa ke 800mg / kg ea E. longifolia mesebetsi e eketsehang ea boikoetliso ho basali ba amohelang joalo ka bopaki ba keketseho ea boikoetliso ba lipatlisiso, ho nyeka, le ho hola empa e ne e se na thahasello tikolohong ea kantle joalo ka ha ho bonahala ka ho fokotseha ha ho nyoloha, ho hlohlona le ho fuputsa leboteng le koetsoeng. hape e ntlafalitse boikoetliso joalo ka ha ho bonahatsoa ke boikoetliso bo eketsehileng ba liphatsa tsa bona tsa lefutso hape e bonts'itse ho koalloa chankaneng, ka sepheo se lebisitsoeng le motsamao o lebileng ho mosali ha o bapisoa le taolo; e boetse e ntlafalitse litšoaneleho tsa thobalano tsa banna ba lilemo li mahareng ka ho fokotsa nako ea bona ea ho tsilatsila ha e bapisoa le taolo e nang le likaroloana tse fapaneng tsa E. longifolia [69, 70].

10.7. Lepidium meyenii

Lepidum meyenii Walp (Brassicaceae) e tsejoang e le Maca ke motso o jeoang ka moetlo o sebelisoang bakeng sa thepa ea ona e ntlafalitsoeng ea aphrodisiac le matla a kemolo. Tsamaiso e ikhethileng ea molomo ea hexanic, methanolic, le chloroform extrices ea Maca (Lepidium meyenii) motso o fokotsehile haholo ho kenella ha nako ea ho kenella nakong ea ho kenella le ho kenella ha nako e nyane le ho kenella ha nako le nako ha o bapisoa le taolo. Hexanic le methanolic extritions li ile tsa khona ho eketsa khafetsa ha li ntse li eketseha, athe karoloana feela ea hexanic e ntlafalitse haholo holima latency. Lefatšeng ka bophara, ke karoloana feela ea hexanic e ntlafalitseng haholo boholo ba litekanyetso tsa thobalano. Tsamaiso e kenelletseng ea molomo oa hexanic Maca e nts'etsitse likarolo tse ntlafalitsoeng tsa thobalano ho likhoto tsa banna tse se nang boiphihlelo ka mokhoa o phethahetseng [71]. Tsamaiso ea molomo ea lipidic e tsoang ho Lepidium meyenii e ntlafalitse ts'ebetso ea thobalano ea litoeba le likhoto, joalo ka ha ho bonahatsoa ke keketseho ea palo e felletseng ea tšebetso e felletseng le palo ea basali e tšehali ea sperm ka litoeba tse tloaelehileng, le ho fokotseha ha nako ea morao-rao ea litheko ho likhoto tsa banna tse nang le bothata ba ho hlohlona [erectile dysfunction [72]. Ntlafatso ea ts'ebetso ea larginine-nitric oxide le eona e hlahisitsoe ke Maca. Ts'ebetso e matla le ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea Maca litšoantšong tsa banna tse nang le bohlola e hlahisitse phetoho e nyane ho ejaculation latency le nako ea postejaculatory mme liphetoho tsena li ile tsa nyamela ka kalafo e sa foleng. Tsamaiso e sa fetoheng ea Maca ha ea ka ea eketsa matšoenyeho mme ea ba le phello e itseng mosebetsing oa locomotor [73]. Maca e ntšo e ile ea bonahala e e-na le litlamorao tse eketsehileng litekong tsa sperm le ho senyeha ha lefu la sethoa ka mor'a matsatsi a 42 a kalafo [74]. Maca e boetse e bonts'itse katleho e le pheko ea mantlha bakeng sa khatello ea methapo e hlahisoang ke ho pepeseha ha leadic. Maca e sireletsa spermatogenesis ka ho eketsa bolelele ba methati ea VIII le IX-XI le palo ea peo ea sperm ea letsatsi le letsatsi e hlahisang keketseho ea palo ea spidatoal ea spid [75]. Phekolo ea molomo e nang le karoloana ea ethyl acetate ea hydroalcoholic extract ea Black Maca bakeng sa matsatsi a 7 e bile le phello e molemo ka ho fetisisa ho li-sperm count tsa lefu la sethoathoa le palo ea semola ea letsatsi le letsatsi ha li bapisoa le likaroloana tse ling [76].

Lithuto tsa Kliniki. Maca e ntlafalitse tsoalo ho banna le basali [77, 78]. Ntlafatso ea takatso ea thobalano ha e amane le liphetoho ho li-hormone tsa pituitary kapa gonadal [79, 80]. Maca ha e nke li-receptor tsa androgen mme ha e le hantle e ka thibela li-receptor tsa androgen [81, 82]. Maca metsi a ntsoang a ka nkoa a sireletsehile ho tekanyetso ho fihla ho 5g dra / kg, e tsamaellanang le 11 e itsengg hypocotyls e ommeng / kg. Kameho ea physiology ea ho ikatisa e ka bonoa ho 0.10g dra / kg ea Maca ntsa e emelang 15.4g ea li-hypocotyl tse omileng bakeng sa motho ea 70kg [83].

10.8. Mucuna oa ho hlohlona

Mucuna oa ho hlohlona Linn. Lelapa la lelapa la Lemuminosae ke semela se tsebahalang sa meriana sa India, se neng se sebelisoa ka nako e telele ho moriana oa setso oa India oa Ayurvedic. Li-alkaloid tse tsoang lipeo tsa M. pruriens li fumanoe li eketsa spermatogenesis le boima ba liteko, li-vesicles tsa seminal, le prostate ho ratino ea albino [84]. M. pruriens e khothalelitse ts'ebetso ea thobalano ho likhoto tse tona tse tona tse neng li bonoa ka ho eketseha ha khafetsa, khafetsa, le bohloeo85]. M. pruriens phofo ea peo e ntlafalitse haholo litekanyetso tse fapaneng tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano ho kenyelletsa maqhubu a mangata a ho phahama, ho hlohlona ha latsoa, ​​maqhubu a ho kenella, le ho kenella ka morao ho likhoto tsa albino tse tona [86]. Litekanyetso tsa ethanolic tsa M. pruriens peo e hlahisitse keketseho e kholo le e tsitsitseng ts'ebetsong ea thobalano ea litoeba tse tloaelehileng tsa banna ho lethal dose le itseng (200mg / kg). Ho na le sekhahla se eketsehileng se ntseng se eketseha, khafetsa ea ho kenella, le ho phunyoloha ha leqhubu, le ho fokotseha ho eketseha ha sekhahla, ho kenella ka nako ea ho kenella, ho emisa nako le ho khaotsa ho kenella [87]. M. pruriens ka mokhoa o atlehileng o ile a fumana tahlehelo ea spermatogenic e hlahisitsoeng ka lebaka la tsamaiso ea ethinyl estradiol ho litoeba. Pholoso e kopantsoe le ho fokotsa sekhahla sa ROS, ho khutlisetsoa ha MMP, taolo ea apoptosis, le keketseho ea palo ea lisele tsa kokoana-hloko le taolo ea apoptosis. Sebaka se ka sehloohong L-DOPA ea M. pruriens haholo-holo e ikarabella bakeng sa thepa ea "proermatogenic [88]. Tsamaiso ea peo ea peo ea M. pruriens ho litoeba tsa lefu la tsoekere le bonts'itse ntlafatso e kholo boits'oaro ba thobalano, libido le potency, parameter ea sperm, DSP, le litekanyetso tsa li-hormone ha li bapisoa le rat ea lefu la tsoekere ntle le ho tlosoa kalafo [89].

Lithuto tsa Kliniki. Phekolo ka M. pruriens lipeo li matlafalitse botona le botaki ho lihlopha tsohle tsa thuto e sa sebetseng ho monna. Kamora kalafo ea ho tlosa semina ea seminal ea lihlopha tsohle tse hlokang thari, maemo a lipids, livithamini tsa antioxidant, le fructose e ntlafalitsoeng a ile a hlaphoheloa kamora ho fokotseha ha lipid peroxides kamora kalafo ea bona e ileng ea hlaphoheloa sperm mahloriso a bohlokoa ho bakuli ba oligo-zoospermic, empa sperm motility ha ea ka ea khutlisoa maemong a tloaelehileng ho banna ba astheno-zoospermic [90]. M. pruriens e ntlafalitse haholo T, LH, dopamine, adrenaline, le noradrenaline le ho fokotsa maemo a FSH le PRL ho banna ba hlokang thari. E boetse e matlafalitse matla a sperm count le ho sebetsa. M. pruriens kalafo ho banna ba hlokang boteng e laola li-steroidogenis le ho ntlafatsa boleng ba semen [91, 92]. Phekolo ka M. pruriens haholo phokotso ea lipid peroxidation, li-spermatogenesis tse phahameng, le ntlafatso ea semela sa monna ea sa tsoaloang hape tsa ntlafatsa maemo a lipids, triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, le vithamini A, C, le E 'me tsa lokisa tokafatso ea seminal plasma ea banna ba hlokang thari [93]. M. pruriens e ntlafalitsoe haholo khatello ea kelello le maemo a seminal plasma lipid peroxide hammoho le palo e ntlafalitsoeng ea sperm le motility. Phekolo e boetse e khutlisitse maemo a SOD, catalase, GSH, le ascorbic acid ho seminal plasma ea banna ba hlokang thari. E boetse e ntlafatsa mokhoa oa ts'ireletso oa antioxidant oa banna ba hlokang thari mme e boetse e thusa ho taolong ea khatello ea maikutlo le ho ntlafatsa boleng ba semen [94].

10.9. Tribulus terrestris

Semela Tribulus terrestris Linn. (Zygophyllaceae) e tsejoang haholo e le sefate sa morara sa punction ke setlama sa limela se jang ka nako e sa lekanyetsoang ka ho ajoa lefatšeng ka bophara. Ho tloha mehleng ea khale e nkuoa e le aphrodisiac ho tlatselletsa litletlebo tsa eona tse molemo litlamong tse fapaneng tse kang ts'oaetso ea moroto, ho ruruha, leucorrhoea, edema, le ascites [95]. T. terrestris ke khale a sebelisitsoe ho tsa bongaka tsa setso tsa China le India bakeng sa kalafo ea maloetse a fapaneng mme ho tsejoa hore ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea thobalano. Tsamaiso ea T. terrestris ho likonyana tse tona le lipheleu li ntlafatsa testosterone ea plasma le spermatogenesis [96]. E boetse e fumane ho eketsa maemo a testosterone, luteinizing hormone [97], dehydroepiandrosterone, dihydrotestosterone, le dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate [98, 99]. Lithapo tsa corpus cavernosal tse fumanoeng ho tsoa ho mebutlanyana e tšoeu ea New Zealand kamora kalafo le T. terrestris ba ile ba lekoa a vitro le li-machine tse fapaneng tsa pharmacological le ts'usumetso ea tšimo ea motlakase mme ho fumanoe hore e na le phello ea proerectile [100]. T. terrestris e fumanoe e eketsa boitšoaro ba thobalano ho litoeba. Phekolo ea likhoto tse laotsoeng ka T. terrestris ntsa e bontšitse ho eketseha ha boima ba prostate le khatello ea intracavernosal. Ho bile le ntlafatso ea maemo a boitšoaro ba thobalano joalo ka ha ho pakoa ke keketseho ea maqhubu a ho phahama le ho kenella khafetsa; ho fokotseha ha molumo oa latency, ho kenella kahare, le penile erection index [101, 102]. T. terrestris Tsamaiso ho likhoto e ile ea eketsa li-neurons tse ntle tsa NADPH-d le androgen receptor sebakeng sa PVN. Androgens e tsejoa ho eketsa li-androgen receptor le li-neuron tse ntle tsa NADPH-d ebang ka kotloloho kapa ka phetoho ea eona ho estrogen. Mochine oa keketseho e hlokometsoeng ea li-neuron tse ntle tsa AR le NADPH-d thutong ea hona joale e kanna ea ba ka lebaka la thepa ea androgen e ntseng e eketseha ea T. terrestris [103]. T. terrestris hape e ekellelitse ho rarahana ha li-cyclic nucleotides liseleng tsa CCSM [101]. T. terrestris ho ntso ho ile ha eketsa maemo a T, DHT, le DHEAS le hore phello e phatlalalitsoe haholoanyane maemong a hypogonadal. Keketseho e joalo ea maemo a androgen e ka ba eona e ikarabellang bakeng sa litletlebo tsa lilemo tsa PTN e le aphrodisiac ka hona T. terrestris e kanna ea sebetsa e le adjunct ka bonolo ho maemo a leka-lekaneng a ED [104]. Bokhoni ba tribulus ba ho eketsa ho lokolloa ha nitric oxide bo ka ikarabella bakeng sa likopo tsa eona e le aphrodisiac [100, 102].

10.10. Withania somnifera

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, Lelapa: Solanaceae) e boetse e tsejoa e le ginseng ea India e sebelisoang hangata ho moriana oa Ayurvedic. E nkoa hantle ka ho fetisisa e le adaptogen, tonic e nang le thepa ea aphrodisiac. Basebetsi ba bang ba tlaleha ho theoha ha boiphihlelo ba bolekane le litlamorao tsa ho antifertility tsa W. somnifera motso on litoeba [105]. Motso o hlahisitse ho senyeha ho hoholo ha libido, ts'ebetso ea thobalano, matla a thobalano, le ho hloka taolo ea penile erectile [106]. E boetse e bonts'a ts'ebetso ea ho thibela pelehi ho rat la banna [107]. Empa rasaense e mong o bontša seo W. somnifera e na le matla a ho loants'a khatello ea ho hloka thari. E sirelletsa litšila tse amanang le ho sesa tse amanang le ho ikatisa tsa endocrine mathateng a banna [108]. Ho nts'uoa ha metsi ho ntlafalitse spermatogenesis e ntlafalitsoeng, e ka bang teng ka lebaka la li-hormone tse nyarosang tsa "cell" tse matlafatsang le litlamorao tse tšoanang le testosterone hammoho le tlhahiso ea nitric oxide synthase [109].

Lithuto tsa Kliniki. Tlhahiso ea motso oa Ashwagandha e fuoang bakuli ba oligospermic e hlahisitse ntlafatso e kholo haholo ts'ebetsong ea spermatogenic le li-hormone tsa serum ha li bapisoa le sebaka sa kalafo se tšoaroang [110]. Phekolo ea banna ba hlokang thari ka Withania somnifera lipid peroxidation tse thibeloang le liprotheine tsa carbonyl le ntlafatso ea palo ea mongobo le ho sebetsa hantle. E boetse e khutlisitse maemo a semina ea antioxidant ea seminal W. somnifera phofo ea motso ha e fanoa ka tekanyetso ea 5g / letsatsi bakeng sa likhoeli tsa 3 ho monna ea tloaelehileng oa infotileospermic ho felletse ka ho fokotseha ha khatello ea maikutlo, ho ntlafatsa boemo ba li-antioxidants, le ho ntlafatsa semen ka kakaretso le livithamini A, C, le E le tokiso ea fructose. Serum T e ngata haholo le LH le litekanyetso tse fokotsang tsa FSH le PRL ho banna ba hlokang thari li ile tsa bonoa [111, 112].

11. Qetello

Ho sebelisitsoe litlama tse fapaneng ke batho ba litso tse fapaneng ho phekola maemo a botona ba botona kapa bakeng sa kalafo ea mathata a ho ba le bana. Ba boetse ba khothalelitsoe ho ntlafatsa takatso ea thobalano le ts'ebetso ea thobalano le ho se sebetse hantle ha botšehali, vasodilatation, boemo bo eketsehileng ba testosterone, li-monoamines tsa bongo, phello moelelong oa gonadal, joalo-joalo ho fanoa ka mokhoa oa ts'ebetso ea ona oa litlama tsena [113].

Ntle le tlhaiso-leseling e sebetsang ea tleliniki le polokeho litsing tsena tsa litlama, batho ba belaela ho li sebelisa. Ho na le tlhoko e potelletseng ea ho etsa lithuto tsa tliliniki ho ts'ehetsa likopo tsa moetlo le ho etsa ts'ebetso ea methapo ea cellular le molek'hule. Patlisiso mabapi le netefatso ea litlama e tla ea hole haholo ho laoleng bokhachane. Ho feta moo, puo ea sefapano ea litsela tse fapaneng tse amehang e tlameha ho tsotelloa hape ho tla ka tsela ea limolek'hule ho fumana molek'hule ea limela tsa methapo ea kalafo ea mefuta e fapaneng ea ho hloka thobalano.

Ho ananela

E mong oa bangoli, Nagendra Singh Chauhan, o leboha AICTE, New Delhi, ka ho fana ka bongaka ba Sechaba sa Bongaka.

Khohlano ea Lithahasello

Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa lithahasello mabapi le phatlalatso ea pampiri ena.

References

1. WHO. Buka ea WHO bakeng sa Patlisiso e Phethahetseng, Tlhaho le Tsamaiso ea monna e monyane. Cambridge, UK: Univesithi ea Cambridge Press; 2000.
2. Carpentier M, Sahpaz S, Bailleul F. Limela le ho se sebetse hantle ha erectile. Phytotherapy. 2004; 3: 66-71.
3. Singh G, Mukherjee T. Herbal aphrodisiacs: tlhahlobo. Lithethefatsi tsa India. 1998;35(4):175–182.
4. Afolayan AJ, Yakubu MT. Likhetho tsa taolo ea ho hloka taolo ea Erectile ho la Nigeria. Journal ea Meriana ea Botona le Botšehali. 2009;6(4):1090–1102. [E fetotsoe]
5. Noumi E, Zollo PHA, limela tsa Lontsi D. Aphrodisiac tse sebelisoang Cameroon. Fitoterapia. 1998;69(2):125–134.
6. Low W, Tan H. Moriana oa setso oa Asia bakeng sa dysfunction ea erectile. Leqephe la Journal of Men's Health le Bong. 2007;4(3):245–250.
7. Motho ea sa tsejoeng. The Ayurvedic Pharmacoepia ea India, Karolo ea 1-4. New Delhi, India: Mmuso oa India, Lekala la Bophelo le Boiketlo ba Lelapa, Lefapha la India System of Medicine & Homeopathy; 1999.
8. Upadhya SC. Kama Sutra oa Vatsyayana. Bombay, India: Taraporevala; 1961.
9. Sharma RK. (Lithuto tsa Chowkhamba Sanskrit).Agnivesas Caraka Samhita, Moq. III. 1988; 94
10. Puri HS. Rasayana: Litlama tsa Ayurvedic Bakeng sa Nako e telele le Tlhabollo. New Delhi, India: CRC Press; 2002.
11. Bhishagratna KL. Sushruta Samhita. Khatiso ea 2nd. Moq. 2. Varanasi, India: 1963. (Phetolelo ea Senyesemane e Thehiloe ho Litemana tsa Sanskrit tsa Pele).
12. Kapp B, Cain M. Motheo oa neuralous. Ka: Smelser N, Baltes P, bahlophisi. Buka ea machaba ea lithuto tsa sechaba le tsa boitšoaro. Oxford, UK: Saense ea Elsevier; 2001.
13. Melis MR, Argiolas A. Neuropeptides le taolo e bohareng ea boitšoaro ba thobalano ho tloha nakong e fetileng ho fihlela joale: tlhahlobo. Tsoelo-pele ho Neurobiology. 2013; 108: 80-107. [E fetotsoe]
14. Pfaus JG, Damsma G, Nomikos GG, et al. Boitšoaro ba thobalano bo ntlafatsa phetiso ea dopamine e bohareng ka hara thipa ea monna. Patlisiso ea Brain. 1990;530(2):345–348. [E fetotsoe]
15. Hull EM, Eaton RC, Moses J, Lorrain D. Ts'ebetso e eketsa ts'ebetso ea dopamine sebakeng sa pelehi sa litoeba tsa banna. Life Sciences. 1993;52(11):935–940. [E fetotsoe]
16. Hull EM, Du J, Lorrain DS, Matuszewich L. Extracellular dopamine tikolohong ea medial preoptic: litlamorao tsa tšusumetso ea thobalano le taolo ea li-hormone tsa phallo. Journal of Neuroscience. 1995;15(11):7465–7471. [E fetotsoe]
17. Sato Y, Wada H, Horita H, et al. Dopamine tokollo sebakeng sa medial preoptic nakong ea boits'oaro ba banna ho litoeba. Patlisiso ea Brain. 1995;692(1-2):66–70. [E fetotsoe]
18. Giuliano F, Rampin O. Mokhoa o bohareng ba ho kenella ka hare ho melao ea penile. Litlhahlobo tsa Neuroscience le Biobehaisheral. 2000;24(5):517–533. [E fetotsoe]
19. Waddell TG, Ibach DM. Li-aphrodisiac tsa kajeno tsa lik'hemik'hale. Koranta ea India ea Mahlale a Mahlale a Bongaka. 1989;51(3):79–82.
20. Moncada S, Palmer RMJ, Higgs EA. Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, le pharmacology. Tlhahlobo ea meriana. 1991;43(2):109–142. [E fetotsoe]
21. Snyder SH. Nitric oxide: sa pele sehlopheng se secha sa li-neurotransmitters? Science. 1992;257(5069):494–496. [E fetotsoe]
22. Forstermann U, Gorsky LD, Pollock JS, Schmidt HHHW, Heller M, Murad F. Kabo ea tikoloho ea EDRF / NO-synthesizing enzyme (s) bokong ba rat. Likokoana-hloko le Lipatlisiso tsa Lipatlisiso tsa Likokoana-hloko. 1990;168(2):727–732. [E fetotsoe]
23. Bredt DS, Hwang PM, Glatt CE, Lowenstein C, Reed RR, Snyder SH. Nitric oxide synthase e entsoeng ka lehong le e hlahisitsoeng e tšoana le phetoho ea cytochrome P-450. Nature. 1991;351(6329):714–718. [E fetotsoe]
24. Anderson KE. Pharmacology ea mmele o ka tlase oa moroto o bonolo mesifa le penile erectile tishu. Tlhahlobo ea meriana. 1993;45(3):253–308. [E fetotsoe]
25. Kim N, Azadzoi KM, Goldstein I, Saenz de Tejada I. Ntho e nang le nitric oxide-mediates nonadrenergic-noncholinergic neurogenic restitution ea penile Corpus cavernosum mesifa e boreleli. Journal of Investigation ea Bongaka. 1991;88(1):112–118. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
26. Holmquist F, Hedlund H, Andersson KE. LNG-nitro arginine e sitisa boikhathollo bo se nang adrenergic, bo se nang cholinergic ba batho ba ikemetseng ba corpus cavernosum. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 1991;141(3):441–442. [E fetotsoe]
27. Nehra A, Colreavy F, Khandheria BK, Chandrasekaran K. Sildenafil citrate, mofuta oa phosphodiesterase o khethiloeng 5 inhibitor: litlamorao tsa urologic le pelo. Tlaleho ea Lefatše ea Urology. 2001;19(1):40–45. [E fetotsoe]
28. Achike FI, Kwan CY. Nitric oxide, mafu a batho le lihlahisoa tsa limela tse amang tsela ea ho emisa ea nitric oxide. Tleliniki le Tlhahlobo ea Bo-rasaense le Physiology. 2003;30(9):605–615. [E fetotsoe]
29. Dohle GR, Smit M, Weber RFA. Androgens le tsoalo ea banna. Tlaleho ea Lefatše ea Urology. 2003;21(5):341–345. [E fetotsoe]
30. Snyder PJ. Tšebeliso ea meriana le li-androgen. Tlhahlobo ea selemo le selemo ea bongaka. 1984; 35: 207-217. [E fetotsoe]
31. Hull EM, Du J, Lorrain DS, Matuszewich L. Testosterone, preoptic dopamine, le ho qopitsa ho litoeba tsa banna. Bulletin ea Lipatlisiso. 1997;44(4):327–333. [E fetotsoe]
32. Zvara P, Sioufi R, Schipper HM, Start LR, Brock GB. Nitric oxide Mediated erectile ketsahalo e itšetlehileng ka testosterone: mohlala oa ratre. International Journal of Impotence Research. 1995;7(4):209–219. [E fetotsoe]
33. Gauthaman K, Adaikan PG. Liphello tsa Tribulus terrestris mosebetsing oa nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase le li-androgen receptors bokong ba rat. Journal ea Ethnopharmacology. 2005;96(1-2):127–132. [E fetotsoe]
34. Du J, Hull EM. Litlamorao tsa testosterone ho neuronal nitric oxide synthase le tyrosine hydroxylase. Patlisiso ea Brain. 1999;836(1-2):90–98. [E fetotsoe]
35. Liu YC, Sachs BD. Ts'ebetso ea Erectile ho likhoto tsa banna ka mor'a ho ruruha ho nucleus ea morao ea paragigantocellular. Li-Letters tsa Neuroscience. 1999;262(3):203–206. [E fetotsoe]
36. Tocharus C, Jeenapongsa R, Teakthong T, Smitasiri Y. Liphello tsa kalafo ea nako e telele ea Empaea superba mabapi le semela sa monna. Sengoli sa Yunivesithi ea Naresuan. 2005; 13: 11-17.
37. Manosroi A, Sanphet K, Saowakon S, Aritajat S, Manosroi J. Liphello tsa Empaea superba ka lits'ebetso tsa ho ikatisa tsa likhoto. Fitoterapia. 2006;77(6):435–438. [E fetotsoe]
38. Cherdshewasart W, Bhuntaku P, Panriansaen R, Dahlan W, Malaivijitnond S. Tlhatlhobo ea Androgen le liteko tsa bosholu ba Empaea superba Roxb., Setlama sa setso se sebelisetsoang kalafo ea ho senyeha ha erectile, litšoeleng tsa banna. Maturitas. 2008;60(2):131–137. [E fetotsoe]
39. Cherdshewasart W, Nimsakul N. Teko ea Clinical ea Buten superba, kalafo e fapaneng ea litlama bakeng sa ho hlohlona ka erectile. Koranta ea Asia ea Andrology. 2003;5(3):243–246. [E fetotsoe]
40. Tocharus C, Smitasiri Y, Jeenapongsa R. Empaea superba Roxb. e ntlafatsa keketseho ea penile ho likhoto. Phytotherapy Research. 2006;20(6):484–489. [E fetotsoe]
41. Chauhan NS, Dixit VK. Ts'ebetso ea antihyperglycemic of the ethanolic extract of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Makasine ea Pharmacognosy. 2007; 3: 237-240.
42. Chauhan NS, Rao CV, Dixit VK. Litlamorao tsa li-rhizomes tsa Curculigo orchioides ka boitšoaro ba thobalano ba likhoto tsa banna. Fitoterapia. 2007;78(7-8):530–534. [E fetotsoe]
43. Chauhan NS, Dixit VK. Ketsahalo ea spermatogenic ea li-rhizomes tsa Curculigo orchioides gaertn a likhoto tsa banna. Tlaleho ea Machaba ea Phuputso e Sebelisitsoeng Linthong tsa Tlhaho. 2008;1(2):26–31.
44. Thakur M, Dixit VK. Kameho ea litlama tse ling tsa vajikaran mesebetsing ea pendiculation le ho bala ha vitro ho botona. Thobalano le Bokooa. 2007;25(4):203–207.
45. Thakur M, Chauhan NS, Bhargava S, Dixit VK. Phuputso e bapisoang mabapi le ts'ebetso ea aphrodisiac ea litlama tse ling tsa ayurvedic ho likhoto tsa albino tsa banna. Litlaleho tsa Boits'oaro ba Botona le Botšehali. 2009;38(6):1009–1015. [E fetotsoe]
46. Thakur M, Loeppert R, Praznik W, Dixit VK. Kameho ea litlama tse ling tsa ayurvedic vajikarana rasayana ka mocheso tse bakang tsenyo ea testicular ho likhoto tsa banna. Tlaleho ea Bongaka bo Felletseng le bo Kopanyang. 2008; 5: 1-14.
47. Ageel AM, Mossa JS, Tariq M, Al-Yahya MA, Al- Said MS. Limela tsa Saudi li Sebelisoa Merianeng ea Bareki. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Lefapha la Patlisiso ea Mahlale, King Abdel-Aziz Motse oa Saense le Theknoloji; 1987.
48. Abd El-Rahman HA, El-Badry AA, Mahmoud OM, Harraz FA. Phello ea metsi a tsoang Cynomorium coccineum ka sebopeho sa lefu la sethoathoa sa lefu la sethoathoa. Phytotherapy Research. 1999; 13: 248-250. [E fetotsoe]
49. Abdel-Magied EM, Abdel-Rahman HA, Harraz FM. Phello ea metsi a mangata a tsoang Cynomorium coccineum 'me Withania somnifera mabapi le nts'etsopele ea testicular ho likhoto tsa Wistar. Journal ea Ethnopharmacology. 2001;75(1):1–4. [E fetotsoe]
50. Thakur M, Dixit VK. Tlhahlobo mabapi le limela tse ling tsa bohlokoa tsa meriana Chlorophytum spp. Tlhahlobo ea litlolo tsa litlhare. 2008;2(3):168–172.
51. Thakur M, Dixit VK. Liphello tsa Chlorophytum borivilianum ka boitšoaro ba androgenic le thobalano ea likhoto tsa banna. Lithethefatsi tsa India. 2006;43(4):300–306.
52. Kenjale R, Shah R, Sathaye S. Liphello tsa Chlorophytum borivilianum ka boitšoaro ba thobalano le peo ea botona ho litoeba tsa banna. Phytotherapy Research. 2008;22(6):796–801. [E fetotsoe]
53. Thakur M, Bhargava S, Praznik W, Loeppert R, Dixit VK. Liphello tsa Chlorophytum borivilianum Santapau le Fernandes mabapi le bothata ba thobalano ho likhoto tsa banna tsa hyperglycemic. Koranta ea China ea Bongaka bo Hlang. 2009;15(6):448–453. [E fetotsoe]
54. Vyawahare NS, Kagathara VG, Kshirsagar AD, et al. Litholoana tsa ho tlosoa hoa ha hydroalcoholic of Chlorophytum borivilianum li-tubers ka ho fokotsa ho fokola ha lefu la tsoekere ho streptozotocin ho kenyelletsa likhoto tsa banna ba lefu la tsoekere. Patlisiso ea Bongaka. 2009; 1: 314-319.
55. Pharmacopoeia ea The People's Republic of China Senyesemane khatiso. Moq. 1. Beijing, China: K'hemik'hale ea Indasteri ea Lik'hemik'hale; 2000. Khomishene ea naha ea pharmacopoeia ea PR China.
56. Makarova MN, Pozharitskaya ON, Shikov AN, Tesakova SV, Makarov VG, Tikhonov VP. Matla a ho emisoa hoa lipid ho thehiloe ka lipid Epimedium koreum Nakai o ntsa ka boitšoaro ba thobalano ho likhoto. Journal ea Ethnopharmacology. 2007; 114: 412-416. [E fetotsoe]
57. Liu W, Xin Z, Xin H, Yuan Y, Tian L, Guo Y. Liphello tsa icariin mosebetsing oa erectile le polelo ea nitric oxide synthase isoforms ho litoeba tse lahliloeng. Koranta ea Asia ea Andrology. 2005;7(4):381–388. [E fetotsoe]
58. Ning H, Xin ZC, Lin G, Banie L, Lue TF, Lin CS. Litlamorao tsa icariin ho ts'ebetso ea phosphodiesterase-5 maemong a vitro le cyclic guanosine monophosphate liseleng tsa mesifa tse bonolo tsa cavern. Urology. 2006;68(6):1350–1354. [E fetotsoe]
59. Jiang Z, Hu B, Wang J, et al. Tšusumetso ea icariin maemong a cyclic GMP le ho polelo ea mRNA ea cGMP-e tlamang cGMP e khethehileng phosphodiesterase (PDE5) ho penile cavernosum. Sengoliloeng sa Univesithi ea Huazhong ea Saense le Theknoloji. 2006;26(4):460–462. [E fetotsoe]
60. Dell'Agli M, Galli GV, Dal Cero E, le al. Thibelo e matla ea phosphodiesterase-5 ea batho ka lihlahisoa tsa icariin. Journal of Natural Products. 2008;71(9):1513–1517. [E fetotsoe]
61. Xu HB, Huang ZQ. Icariin e ntlafatsa polelo ea endothelial nitric-oxide synthase liseleng tsa endothelial tsa motho ka vitro. Pharmacology ea Vascular. 2007;47(1):18–24. [E fetotsoe]
62. Zhang ZB, Yang QT. Mekhoa ea testosterone mimetic ea icariin. Koranta ea Asia ea Andrology. 2006;8(5):601–605. [E fetotsoe]
63. Bafuputsi ba Cyranoski D. Malao ba betla Viagra ea lapeng. Nature Medicine. 2005; 11, sengoloa 912 [E fetotsoe]
64. Ang HH, Sim MK. Eurycoma longifolia e eketsa takatso ea thobalano ho litloholo tsa banna ba hlokang thobalano. Litlaleho tsa lipatlisiso tsa Pharmacal. 1998;21(6):779–781. [E fetotsoe]
65. Ang HH, Sim MK. Eurycoma longifolia Jack e ntlafatsa libido ho litoeba tsa banna ba nang le thobalano. Liphoofolo tsa Tlhahlobo. 1997;46(4):287–290. [E fetotsoe]
66. Ang HH, Cheang HS. Liphello tsa Eurycoma longifolia Jack ho laevator ani mesifa ka bobeli e sa phatlalatsoang le testosterone-e susumetsoang ka mokhoa o hlakileng oa litoeba tsa banna. Litlaleho tsa lipatlisiso tsa Pharmacal. 2001;24(5):437–440. [E fetotsoe]
67. Ang HH, Ikeda S, Gan EK. Teko ea ts'ebetso ea potency ea aphrodisiac ho Eurycoma longifolia Jack. Phytotherapy Research. 2001;15(5):435–436. [E fetotsoe]
68. Ang HH, Ngai TH. Tlhahlobo ea Aphrodisiac ho likhoto tsa banna tse se nang moqapi kamora taolo ea morao-rao ea Eurycoma longifolia Jack. Fundicology ea mantlha le ea Clinical. 2001;15(4):265–268. [E fetotsoe]
69. Ang HH, Lee KL. Liphello tsa Eurycoma longifolia Jack mesebetsing ea tloaelo ho litekanyo tsa banna ba lilemo li mahareng. Fundicology ea mantlha le ea Clinical. 2002;16(6):479–483. [E fetotsoe]
70. Ang HH, Ngai TH, Tan TH. Liphello tsa Eurycoma longifolia Jack ho litšoaneleho tsa thobalano ho likhoto tsa banna ba mahareng. Phytomedicine. 2003;10(6-7):590–593. [E fetotsoe]
71. Cicero AFG, Piacente S, Plaza A, Sala E, Arletti R, Pizza C. Hexanic Maca extract e ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea thobalano ka mokhoa o atlehang ho feta ho qaptjoa ha Methanoli le chloroformic Maca. Andrologia. 2002;34(3):177–179. [E fetotsoe]
72. Zheng BL, He K, Kim CH, et al. Kameho ea ho tsoa ha lipidic ho Lepidium meyenii mabapi le boitšoaro ba thobalano ho litoeba le likhoto. Urology. 2000;55(4):598–602. [E fetotsoe]
73. Lentz A, Gravitt K, Carson CC, Marson L, Giuliano F. lepidium meyenii (Maca) mabapi le boitšoaro ba thobalano ba monna. Journal ea Meriana ea Botona le Botšehali. 2007;4(2):332–340. [E fetotsoe]
74. Gonzales C, Rubio J, Gasco M, Nieto J, Yucra S, Gonzales GF. Kameho ea kalafo ea nako e khuts'oane le e telele e nang le li-ecotypes tse tharo tsa Lepidium meyenii (MACA) ho spermatogenesis ho likhoto. Journal ea Ethnopharmacology. 2006;103(3):448–454. [E fetotsoe]
75. Rubio J, Riqueros MI, Gasco M, Yucra S, Miranda S, Gonzales GF. Lepidium meyenii (Maca) e khutlisitse litšenyehelo tse mpe tse bakoang ke ts'ebeliso ea li-acetate mosebetsing. Lijo le Likokoana-hloko Toxicology. 2006;44(7):1114–1122. [E fetotsoe]
76. Yucra S, Gasco M, Rubio J, Nieto J, Gonzales GF. Kameho ea likaroloana tse fapaneng ho tsoa ho hydroalcoholic extract of Black Maca (Lepidium meyenii) mabapi le tšebetso ea testicular ho likhoto tsa banna ba baholo. Ho Senya le Ho Sterility. 2008;89(5):1461–1467. [E fetotsoe]
77. Gonzalez GF, Córdova A, Vega K, Chung A, Villena A, Góñez C. Phello ea Lepidium meyenii (Maca), motso o nang le "aphrodisiac" le "li-propeties" tse ntlafatsang bokhoni ba ho ikatisa, maemong a lihormone tsa tlhahiso ea li-serum ho banna ba baholo ba phetseng hantle. Journal of Endocrinology. 2003;176(1):163–168. [E fetotsoe]
78. Ruiz-Luna AC, Salazar S, Aspajo NJ, Rubio J, Gasco M, Gonzales GF. Lepidium meyenii (Maca) e eketsa boholo ba litamati ka litoeba tse tloaelehileng tsa basali. Biology ea Reproduction Biology le Endocrinology. 2005; 3, sengoloa 16 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
79. Gonzales GF, Cordova A, Gonzales C, Chung A, Vega K, Villena A. Lepidium meyenii (Maca) ntlafatso ea maemo a semen ho banna ba baholo. Koranta ea Asia ea Andrology. 2001;3(4):301–303. [E fetotsoe]
80. Gonzales GF, Córdova A, Vega K, et al. Liphello tsa Lepidium meyenii . Andrologia. 2002;34(6):367–372. [E fetotsoe]
81. Bogani P, Simonini F, Iriti M, et al. Lepidium meyenii (Maca) ha e hlahise mesebetsi e tobileng ea androgenic. Journal ea Ethnopharmacology. 2006;104(3):415–417. [E fetotsoe]
82. Gonzales GF, Miranda S, Nieto J, et al. Maca a khubelu (Lepidium meyenii) a fokolitse boholo ba tšoelesa ea senya ka likhoto. eproduction Biology le Endocrinology. 2005; 3, sengoloa 5 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
83. Chung F, Rubio J, Gonzales C, Gasco M, Gonzales GF. Liphetho tsa karabelo ea Lepidium meyenii (Maca) metsi a tsoang holima tšebetso ea testicular le boima ba litho tse fapaneng ho likhoto tsa batho ba baholo. Journal ea Ethnopharmacology. 2005;98(1-2):143–147. [E fetotsoe]
84. Saksena S, Dixit VK. Mosebetsi oa li-alkaloids tse felletseng tsa Mucuna oa ho hlohlona Baker in spermatogenesis in Albino rats. Koranta ea India ea Lihlahisoa tsa Tlhaho. 1987; 3: 3-7.
85. Amin YMN, Rehman ZS, Khan NA. Ts'ebetso ea thobalano e ntlafatsang phello ea litšitiso tsa M. litšoantšong tse tloaelehileng tsa banna. Fitoterapial. 1996; 67: 53-58.
86. Kumar AKV, Srinivasan KK. Ts'ebetso ea Aphrodisiac ea peo ea Mucuna oa ho hlohlona. Lithethefatsi tsa India. 1994;31(7):321–327.
87. Suresh S, Prithiviraj E, Prakash S. Phello ea Mucuna oa ho hlohlona ka khatello ea maikutlo e nang le oxidative e senyehileng methating ea peo ea khale. Koranta ea Machabeng ea Andrology. 2010;33(1):22–32. [E fetotsoe]
88. Singh AP, Sarkar S, Tripathi M, Rajender S. Mucuna oa ho hlohlona le karolo ea eona e kholo ea L-DOPA e khutlisa tahlehelo ea spermatogenic ka ho loants'a ROS, tahlehelo ea bokhoni ba membrane ba membochondrial membrane le apoptosis. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8 (1) e54655 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
89. Suresh S, Prakash S. Liphello tsa Mucuna oa ho hlohlona (Linn.) Mabapi le boits'oaro ba thobalano le litemana tsa sperm ka ho fetisisa tsa lefu la sethoathoa sa lefu la tsoekere. Journal ea Meriana ea Botona le Botšehali. 2012;9(12):3066–3078. [E fetotsoe]
90. Ahmad MK, Mahdi AA, Shukla KK, Islam N, Jaiswar SP, Ahmad S. Phello ea litabatabelo tsa Mucuna ho profil ea semen le paramente ea biochemical ho seminal plasma ea banna ba hlokang thari. Ho Senya le Ho Sterility. 2008;90(3):627–635. [E fetotsoe]
91. Shukla KK, Mahdi AA, Shankwar SN, Ahmad MK. Liphello tsa Mucuna oa ho hlohlona ka boemo ba lihormone le boleng ba semane ho banna ba batona. Thibelo ea bokhachane. 2008; 78: leq. 194.
92. Shukla KK, Mahdi AA, Ahmad MK, Shankhwar SN, Rajender S, Jaiswar SP. Mucuna oa ho hlohlona e ntlafatsa kemolo ea monna ka ketso ea eona ho hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis. Ho Senya le Ho Sterility. 2009;92(6):1934–1940. [E fetotsoe]
93. Ahmad MK, Mahdi AA, Shukla KK, Islam N, Jaiswar SP, Ahmad S. Phello ea Mucuna oa ho hlohlona ka semenoa le semmuso oa biochemical ho seminal plasma ea banna ba hlokang thari. Ho Senya le Ho Sterility. 2008;90(3):627–635. [E fetotsoe]
94. Shukla KK, Mahdi AA, Ahmad MK, Jaiswar SP, Shankwar SN, Tiwari SC. Mucuna oa ho hlohlona e fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo ebile e ntlafatsa boleng ba semen ho banna ba sa tsoaloang. Tlatsetso e Thehiloeng ka Bopaki le Bongaka bo Bong. 2010;7(1):137–144. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
95. Chopra RN, Chopra IC, Handa KL, Kapoor LDUN, bahlophisi. Lithethefatsi tsa Tlholeho tsa Chopra tsa India. Khatiso ea 2. Calcutta, India: Dhur & Bara ba ikemetseng Ltd .; Ka 1958.
96. Georgiev P, Dimitrov M, Vitanov S. Phello ea Tribestan (ho tloha Tribulus terrestris) ho testosterone ea plasma le spermatogeneis ho likonyana tse tona le lipheleu. Veterinarna Sbirka. 1988;86(3):20–22.
97. Koumanov F, Bozadjieva E, Andreeva M. Teko ea Clinical ea Tribestan ea lithethefatsi. Savremenna Medicina. 1982;33(4):211–215.
98. Adimoelja A, Adaikan PG. Protodioscin semeleng sa litlama Tribulus terrestris L. e ntlafatsa tšebetso ea thobalano ea banna mohlomong ka DHEA. International Journal of Impotence Research. 1997; 9 (sengoloa S6)
99. Gauthaman K, Adaikan PG, Prasad RNV, Goh VHH, Ng SC. Liphetoho maemong a lihormone tsa sekhahla ho tsamaiso ea methapo ea Tribulus terrestris ntsa ka litekanyetso. International Journal of Impotence Research. 2000; 1: leq. 6.
100. Adaikan PG, Gauthaman K, Prasad RNV, Ng SC. Proerectile pharmacological litlamorao tsa Tribulus terrestris natefeloa ka rabi Corpus cavernosum. Likhatiso tsa Academy of Medicine Singapore. 2000;29(1):22–26. [E fetotsoe]
101. Gauthaman K, Adaikan PG, Prasad RNV. Thepa ea Aphrodisiac ea Terbulus Terrestris ntsa (Protodioscin) ka litoeba tse tloaelehileng le tse laotsoeng. Life Sciences. 2002;71(12):1385–1396. [E fetotsoe]
102. Gauthaman K, Ganesan AP, Prasad RNV. Litlamorao tsa thobalano ea puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris) hula (protodioscin): tlhahlobo e sebelisang mofuta oa rat. Journal ea Meriana e Meng le e Phelisang. 2003;9(2):257–265. [E fetotsoe]
103. Gauthaman K, Adaikan PG. Matla a Tribulus terrestris ka tšebetso ea nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase le androgen receptors bokong ba rat. Journal ea Ethnopharmacology. 2005;96(1-2):127–132. [E fetotsoe]
104. Gauthaman K, Ganesan AP. Litla-morao tsa Tribulus terrestris le karolo ea eona ho tsamaiso ea ho se sebetse ha erectile dysfunction: tlhahlobo e sebelisang litloholoana, mmutla le rat. Phytomedicine. 2008;15(1-2):44–54. [E fetotsoe]
105. Garg LC, Parasar GC. Liphello tsa Withania somnifera ka ho ikatisa ho litoeba. Planta Medica. 1965; 13: 46-47.
106. Ilayperuma I, Ratnasooriya WD, Weerasooriya TR. Liphello tsa Withania somnifera motso o mongata boits'oarong ba litoeba tsa banna. Koranta ea Asia ea Andrology. 2002;4(4):295–298. [E fetotsoe]
107. Mali PC, Chouhan PS, Chaudhary R. Teko ea ts'ebetso ea antifertility ea Withania somnifera ho likhoto tsa albino tse tona. Ho Senya le Ho Sterility. 2008; 90: leq. S18.
108. Misra DS, Maiti RK, Bera S, Das K, Ghosh D. Tšusumetso e ntšitsoeng ea karolo e 'ngoe ea Withania somnifera, Ocimum sanctum 'me Zingiber officinale ka dysfunctions tsa nako ea ho sesa tse ntšitsoeng ka nqeng ea banna. Tlaleho ea Iran ea Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2005; 4: 110-117.
109. Iuvone T, Esposito G, Capasso F, Izzo AA. Tlhahiso ea tlhahiso ea nitric oxide synthase ka Withania somnifera le macrophages. Life Sciences. 2003;72(14):1617–1625. [E fetotsoe]
110. Ambiye VR, Langade D, Dongre S, Aptikar P, Kulkarni M, Dongre A. Tlhahlobo ea bongaka ba ts'ebetso ea spermatogenic ea motso oa Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) ho banna ba oligospermic: thuto ea sefofane. Tlatsetso e Thehiloeng ka Bopaki le Bongaka bo Bong. 2013; 2013: maqephe a 6.571420 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
111. Ahmad MK, Mahdi AA, Shukla KK, et al. Withania somnifera e ntlafatsa boleng ba semen ka ho laola maemo a li-hormone tsa kemolo ea ho ikatisa le khatello ea oxidative maemong a seminal plasma ea ba batona ba batona. Ho Senya le Ho Sterility. 2010;94(3):989–996. [E fetotsoe]
112. Mahdi AA, Shukla KK, Ahmad MK, et al. Withania somnifera e ntlafatsa boleng ba peo ea botona ho botona bo amanang le khatello ea maikutlo ba banna. Tlatsetso e Thehiloeng ka Bopaki le Bongaka bo Bong. 2011; 2011: maqephe a 9.576962 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
113. Chauhan NS, Saraf DK, Dixit VK. Tšusumetso ea litlama tsa vajikaran rasayana ka axis ea gonadal axis. Raliphatlalatso oa Europe oa Phekolo e Akaretsang. 2010;2(2):89–91.
114. Kamtchouing P, Mbongue GYF, Dimo ​​T, Watcho P, Jatsa HB, Sokeng SD. Litlamorao tsa Aframomum melegueta le Piper guineense mabapi le boitšoaro ba thobalano ba likhoto tsa banna. Pharmacology ea boitšoaro. 2002;13(3):243–247. [E fetotsoe]
115. Thakur M, Bhargava S, Dixit VK. Litlamorao tsa Asparagus racemosus ho se sebetseng thobalano ho litšoelesa tse tona tsa banna. Biology ea Bongaka. 2009;47(5):390–395.
116. Guohua H, Yanhua L, Rengang M, Dongzhi W, Zhengzhi M, Hua Z. Aphrodisiac thepa ea Allium tuberosum ntsa lipeo. Journal ea Ethnopharmacology. 2009;122(3):579–582. [E fetotsoe]
117. Ratnasooriya WD, Jayakody JR. Litholoana tsa metsi a tsoang ka Alpinia calcarata li-rhizomes tse mabapi le bokhoni ba pelehi ba likhoto tsa banna. Acta Biologica Hungarica. 2006;57(1):23–35. [E fetotsoe]
118. Subramoniam A, Madhavachandran V, Ravi K, Anuja VS. Thepa ea tlou ea litlou ea litlou Argyreia mothosa. Tlaleho ea Endocrinology le Reproduction. 2007; 2: 82-85.
119. Campos AR, Lima RCP, Jr., Uchoa DEA, Silveira ER, Santos FA, Rao VSN. Litlamorao tsa Pro-erectile tsa karoloana e ruileng ea alkaloidal e tsoang Aspidosperma ulei bark bark ho litoeba. Journal ea Ethnopharmacology. 2006;104(1-2):240–244. [E fetotsoe]
120. Chauhan NS, Sharma V, Dixit VK. Liphello tsa Asteracantha longifolia peo ho boitsoaro ba thobalano ea likhoto tsa banna. Patlisiso ea Lihlahisoa tsa Tlhaho: Lingoloa tsa Sehlahisoa sa Tlhaho. 2011;25(15):1423–1431. [E fetotsoe]
121. Sharma V, Thakur M, Chauhan NS, Dixit VK. Tlhahlobo ea anabolic, aphrodisiac le ts'ebetso ea ho ikatisa ea Anacyclus pyrethrum DC ka likhoto tsa banna. Scientia Pharmaceutica. 2009;77(1):97–110.
122. Sharma V, Thakur M, Chauhan NS, Dixit VK. Liphello tsa petroleum ether drain ea Anacyclus pyrethrum DC. mabapi le boitšoaro ba thobalano ho likhoto tsa banna. Tlaleho ea Phekolo ea Kopano ea China. 2010;8(8):767–773. [E fetotsoe]
123. Sharma V, Boonen J, de Spiegeleer B, Dixit VK. Androgenic le spermatogenic ts'ebetso ea tharollo ea alkylamide-rich ethanol solution ea Anacyclus pyrethrum DC. Phytotherapy Research. 2013;27(1):99–106. [E fetotsoe]
124. Tédong L, Djomeni Dzeufiet DP, Dimo ​​T, et al. Tšusumetso ea lekhasi Anacardium ea Bophirimela L. (Anacardiaceae) hexane e nts'oa pele ka ts'ebetso ea ho ikatisa ho likhakanyo tsa lefu la tsoekere la streptozotocin. Phytotherapie. 2007;5(4):182–193.
125. Yakubu MT, Afolayan AJ. Kameho ea metsi a tsoang ho Bulbine natalensis (Baker) o bua ka boitšoaro ba litoeba tsa banna. Koranta ea Machabeng ea Andrology. 2009;32(6):629–636. [E fetotsoe]
126. Ramachandran S, Sridhar Y, Sam SKG, et al. Ketsahalo ea Aphroidisiac ea Butea frondosa Koen. ex Roxb. ntsa ka likhoto tsa banna. Phytomedicine. 2004;11(2-3):165–168. [E fetotsoe]
127. Chauhan NS, Dixit VK. Litlamorao tsa peo ea Bryonia laciniosa ka boitšoaro ba thobalano ba likhoto tsa banna. International Journal of Impotence Research. 2010;22(3):190–195. [E fetotsoe]
128. Moundipa PF, Beboy NSE, Zelefack F, et al. Litlamorao tsa Basella alba le Hibiscus macranthus li hlahisa tlhahiso ea testosterone ea litekanyetso tsa batho ba baholo le lisele tsa poydig. Koranta ea Asia ea Andrology. 2005;7(4):411–417. [E fetotsoe]
129. Sudwan P, Saenphet K, Aritajat S, Sitasuwan N. Liphello tsa Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf. mabapi le boitšoaro ba thobalano ba likhoto tsa banna. Koranta ea Asia ea Andrology. 2007;9(6):849–855. [E fetotsoe]
130. Ali ST, Rakkah NI. Mohlomong mokhoa oa neuro oa ho etsa thobalano ketso ea Casimiroa edulis peo ea litemana sildenafil citrate (viagra) mabapi le boits'oaro ba mating liphoofolong tse tloaelehileng tsa banna. Pakistan Journal ea Litaba tsa Saense ea Bongaka. 2008;21(1):1–6. [E fetotsoe]
131. Ratnasooriya WD, Fernando TSP. Kameho ea motsoako oa tee e ntšo ea Camellia sinensis mabapi le bokhoni ba thobalano ba likhoto tsa banna. Journal ea Ethnopharmacology. 2008;118(3):373–377. [E fetotsoe]
132. Abdulwaheb M, Makonnen E, Debella A, Abebe D. Phello ea Catha edulis foresk (khat) e ntša litšoantšong tsa thobalano tsa banna. Journal ea Ethnopharmacology. 2007;110(2):250–256. [E fetotsoe]
133. Zamblé A, Martin-Nizard F, Sahpaz S, et al. Vasoacaction, antioxidant le aphrodisiac thepa ea Cesalpinia benthamiana metso. Journal ea Ethnopharmacology. 2008;116(1):112–119. [E fetotsoe]
134. Sangameswaran B, Jayakar B. Anti-lefu la tsoekere le lefu la spermatogenic la Cocculus hirsutus (L) lits'ila. Koranta ea Afrika ea Biotechnology. 2007;6(10):1212–1216.
135. Thakur M, Chauhan NS, Sharma V, Dixit VK, Bhargava S. Kameho ea li-orchioides tsa hypcullycemia-induction oligospermia le ho hloka thobalano litabeng tsa banna. International Journal of Impotence Research. 2012;24(1):31–37. [E fetotsoe]
136. Hosseinzadeh H, Ziaee T, Sadeghi A. Matla a safroni, Crocus sativus sekhobo, ho ntsa le mekhahlelo ea sona, se sireletsehileng le se sothehileng ka boitšoaro ba thobalano ho likhoto tse tloaelehileng tsa banna. Phytomedicine. 2008;15(6-7):491–495. [E fetotsoe]
137. Onuaguluchi G, Nwafor P. Pharmacological motheong oa tšebeliso ea motsoako o tsoang ka metsing oa antivenene Diodia oa nyarosa e le mo-laxative, oxytocic agent le aphrodisiac ea tloaelehileng litloaelong tsa bongaka tsa bochabela Nigeria. Phytotherapy Research. 1999; 13: 459-463. [E fetotsoe]
138. Watcho P, Wankeu-Nya M, Nguelefack TB, Tapondjou L, Teponno R, Kamanyi A. Pro-litaba tsa thobalano tsa Dracaena arborea (hlaha) khokahano (dracaenaceae) ho litoeba tsa banna ba nang le thobalano. Rhexandra. 2007; 1: 400-419.
139. Thakur M, Dixit VK. Mosebetsi oa Aphrodisiac oa Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soo ka litšoelesa tsa albino ea banna. Meriana e thehiloeng ho latela Bopaki. 2007;4(1):29–31. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
140. Jagdale SP, Shimpi S, Chachad D. Lithuto tsa mahlale a 'Salep' Tlaleho ea Bongaka ba Litlhare le Toxicology. 2009; 3: 153-156.
141. Chiu JH, Chen KK, Chien TM, et al. Epimedium brevicornum Maxim e khatholla 'mutla oa "sung" corpus cavernosum ka litselana tse tsoang tseleng ea nitric oxide / cyclic guanosine monophosphate. International Journal of Impotence Research. 2006;18(4):335–342. [E fetotsoe]
142. Yakubu MT, Akanji MA, Oladiji AT. Aphrodisiac le bokhoni ba ea metsi a ntso ea Fadogia agrestis (Schweinf. Ex Hiern) stem ho li-albino tsa banna. Koranta ea Asia ea Andrology. 2005;7(4):399–404. [E fetotsoe]
143. Zanoli P, Benelli A, Rivasi M, Baraldi C, Vezzalini F, Baraldi M. Bohanyetsi ba phello ea kalafo e matla le e tlisoang ke subchronic e nang le Ferula hermonis mabapi le boits'oaro ba litoeba tse tona. International Journal of Impotence Research. 2003;15(6):450–455. [E fetotsoe]
144. Oluyemi KA, Jimoh KAPA, Adesanya OA, Omotuyi IO, JOSA SJ, Oyesola TO. Litholoana tsa ho hloka mofuta oa boitšoaro ethanolic Garcinia cambogia Mokhoeng oa ho beleha oa likhoto tsa banna.Rattus novergicus) Koranta ea Afrika ea Biotechnology. 2007;6(10):1236–1238.
145. Amin A, Hamza AEA. Litlamorao tsa Roselle le Ginger ho kotsi ea ho pepeseha ho tsoala ho likhoto. Koranta ea Asia ea Andrology. 2006;8(5):607–612. [E fetotsoe]
146. Chaturapanich G, Chaiyakul S, Verawatnapakul V, Pholpramool C. Liphello tsa Kaempferia parviflora li-extracts ho paramente ea ho beleha le phallo ea mali ea spermatic ho likhoto tsa banna. Ho ikatisa. 2008;136(4):515–522. [E fetotsoe]
147. Chaturapanich G, Chaiyakul S, Verawatnapakul V, Yimlamai T, Pholpramool C. Ntlafatso ea ts'ebetso ea aphrodisiac ho likhoto tsa banna ka ethanol dra of Kaempferia parviflora le boikoetliso ba ho ikoetlisa. Andrologia. 2012; 44 (tlatsetso ea 1): 323-328. [E fetotsoe]
148. Etuk E, Muhammad AA. Tlhahlobo ea polokeho ea metsi a bakoang ke makhapetla a Lophira lanceolata ka litoeba tse qhekellang. Koranta ea Machaba ea Patlo ea Saense ea Bongaka. 2010;1(1):28–33.
149. Ketso ea Ilarionov J. Androgenic le aphrodisiac ea semela sa bongaka Lithospermum arvense (nyalothe) Eksperimentalna Medicina I Morfologiya. 1989;28(1):28–33. [E fetotsoe]
150. Yakubu MT, Akanji MA, Oladiji AT, Adesokan AA. Androgenic le monyetla oa metsi a tsoang ka Massularia acuminata (G. Don) Bullock ex Hoyl. bakoang hara litoeba tsa banna tsa Wistar. Journal ea Ethnopharmacology. 2008;118(3):508–513. [E fetotsoe]
151. Watcho P, Kamtchouing P, Sokeng SD, et al. Phello ea androgenic ea Mondia whitei metso ho likhoto tsa banna. Koranta ea Asia ea Andrology. 2004;6(3):269–272. [E fetotsoe]
152. Lampiao F, Krom D, Du Plessis SS. The a vitro litlamorao tsa Mondia tšoeu ka methapo ea methapo ea motho. Phytotherapy Research. 2008;22(9):1272–1273. [E fetotsoe]
153. Zamblé A, Sahpaz S, Brunet C, Bailleul F. Liphello tsa keayana ka boitšoaro ba thobalano ba likhoto tsa banna. Phytomedicine. 2008;15(8):625–629. [E fetotsoe]
154. Carro-Juárez M, Cervantes E, Cervantes-Méndez M, Rodríguez-Manzo G. Aphrodisiac thepa ea Montanoa tomentosa seretse se nang le metsi a mangata litlamong tsa banna. Pharmacology Tlhaho ea Lik'hemik'hale le Boitšoaro. 2004;78(1):129–134. [E fetotsoe]
155. Tajajidin A, Ahmad S, Latif A, Qasmi IA. Ts'ebetso ea Aphrodisiac ea 50% ethanolic extracts ea Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Nutmeg) le Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry. (Clove) ho litoeba tse tona: thuto ea ho bapisa. BMC e Tlatsetsang le Mokhoa o mong oa Phekolo. 2003; 3, sengoloa 6 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
156. Ahmad S, Latif A, Qasmi IA, Amin KMY. Boithuto ba boithuto ba ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea thobalano Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Nutmeg) BMC e Tlatsetsang le Mokhoa o mong oa Phekolo. 2005; 5, sengoloa 16 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
157. Thakur M, Dixit VK. Matla a phello ea fructo-oligosaccharide e ntso ea Orchis latifolia linn. ka ho se sebetse hantle ka thobalano ho likhoto tsa banna. Thobalano le Bokooa. 2008;26(1):37–46.
158. Murphy LL, Lee TJ. Ginseng, boitšoaro ba thobalano, le nitric oxide. Liphatlalatso tsa New York Academy of Science. 2002; 962: 372-377. [E fetotsoe]
159. Murphy LL, Cadena RS, Chávez D, Ferraro JS. Kameho ea ginseng ea Amerika (Panax quinquefolium) mabapi le boits'oaro ba banna ho rat. Pholoji le Boitšoaro. 1998;64(4):445–450. [E fetotsoe]
160. Riley AJ. Yohimbine kalafong ya erectile disorder. Koranta ea Borithane ea Tloaelo ea Tleliniking. 1994;48(3):133–136. [E fetotsoe]
161. Subhan F, Sultan S, Alam W, Dil AST. Monyetla oa ho Aphrodisiac oa Peganum harmala lipeo. Hamdard Medicus. 1998; 41: 69-72.
162. Kamtchouing P, Fandio GYM, Dimo ​​T, Jatsa HB. Teko ea mosebetsi oa androgenic oa Zingiber officinale 'me Pentadiplandra brazzeana likotong tsa banna. Koranta ea Asia ea Andrology. 2002;4(4):299–301. [E fetotsoe]
163. Oshima M, Gu Y. Pfaffia paniculataLiphetoho tse fetotsoeng ho plasma estradiol-17β, maemo a progesterone le testosterone ho litoeba. Tlaleho ea Tlhahiso le Nts'etsopele. 2003;49(2):175–180. [E fetotsoe]
164. Akinola OB, Oladosu OS, Dosumu OO. Khanya ea makhasi a Psidium guajava Linn e ntlafatsa tlhahiso ea semela ho likhoto tsa Wistar tse phetseng hantle. Koranta ea Maafrika ea Saense ea Bongaka le Bongaka. 2007;36(2):137–140. [E fetotsoe]
165. Yang WM, Chang MS, Park SK. Liphello tsa Psoralea corylifolia ho polelo ea cAMP-reactionful element modulator (CREM) le spermatogenesis ka likhoto. Journal ea Ethnopharmacology. 2008;117(3):503–506. [E fetotsoe]
166. Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Ts'ebetso ea Aphrodisiac ea methanol hula makhasi a Passiflora incarnata Linn. ka litoeba. Phytotherapy Research. 2003;17(4):401–403. [E fetotsoe]
167. Oh MS, Yang WM, Chang MS, et al. Liphello tsa Rubus coreanus parameter ea sperm le polelo ea cAMP-reaction element element (CREM) litekong tsa litekanyetso. Journal ea Ethnopharmacology. 2007;114(3):463–467. [E fetotsoe]
168. Rakuambo NC, Meyer JJM, Hussein A, Huyser C, Mdlalose SP, Raidani TG. In vitro Phello ea limela tsa kalafo tse sebelisetsoang ho phekola ho senyeha ha mmele ka mokhoa oa ho phomola ha mesifa le boreleli ba setho. Journal ea Ethnopharmacology. 2006;105(1-2):84–88. [E fetotsoe]
169. Tajajidin A, Ahmad S, Latif A, Qasmi IA. Litholoana tsa 50% ethanolic extract of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry. (clove) ka boitšoaro ba thobalano ba likhoto tse tloaelehileng tsa banna. BMC e Tlatsetsang le Mokhoa o mong oa Phekolo. 2004; 4, sengoloa 17 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
170. Carro-Juárez M, Alcazar C, Ballesteros-Polvo E, Villalobos-Peñalosa P. Keketseho ea bokhoni ba ejaculatory ka tsamaiso ea tsamaiso ea oquichpatli (Senecio cardiophyllus) ntsa e metsi e sa jeleng paate likhotong tsa banna. Journal ea Ethnopharmacology. 2009;126(3):506–511. [E fetotsoe]
171. Islam MW, Tariq M, Ageel AM, Al-Said MS, Al-Yhya AM. Liphello tsa Salvia haematode mabapi le boitšoaro ba thobalano ba likhoto tsa banna. Journal ea Ethnopharmacology. 1991;33(1-2):67–72. [E fetotsoe]
172. Ratnasooriya WD, Dharmasiri MG. Litlamorao tsa peo ea terminalia catappa mabapi le boitšoaro ba thobalano le kemolo ea likhoto tsa banna. Koranta ea Asia ea Andrology. 2000;2(3):213–219. [E fetotsoe]
173. El-Tantawy WHA, Temraz A, El-Gindi OD. Boemo ba testosterone ea mahala ea mahala ho likhoto tsa banna tse tšoaroang ka Tribulus alatus lintlha tse qotsitsoeng. Koranta ea Machabeng ea Urology ea Machabeng. 2007;33(4):554–559. [E fetotsoe]
174. Subramoniam A, Madhavachandran V, Rajasekharan S, Pushpangadan P. Aphrodisiac thepa ea Trichopus zeylanicus hula ka litoeba tse tona. Journal ea Ethnopharmacology. 1997;57(1):21–27. [E fetotsoe]
175. Padashetty SA, Mishra SH. Lithuto tsa Aphrodisiac tsa Tricholepis glaberrima ka tšehetso e tšehetsang ho tsoa ho li-enzyme tsa antioxidant. Biology ea Bongaka. 2007;45(7):580–586.
176. Arletti R, Benelli A, Cavazzuti E, Scarpetta G, Bertolini A. Ho hlohlelletsa thepa ea Turnera diffusa 'me Pfaffia paniculata e qolla ka boitšoaro ba thobalano ba likhoto tsa banna. Psychopharmacology. 1999;143(1):15–19. [E fetotsoe]
177. Suresh Kumar PK, Subramoniam A, Pushpangadan P. mosebetsi oa Aphrodisiac oa Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex Don ntsa ho litoeba tsa banna. Koranta ea India ea Pharmacology. 2000;32(5):300–304.
178. Chauhan NS, Sharma V, Thakur M, Sawaya ACHF, Dixit VK. Pueraria tuberosa Tlhahiso ea DC e ntlafatsa androgeneis le boitšoaro ba thobalano ka bohlasoa ba FSH LH. Koranta ea Lefatše ea Saense. 2013; 2013: maqephe a 8.780659 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
179. Sharma V, Boonen J, Chauhan NS, Thakur M, de Spiegeleer B, Dixit VK. Spilanthes acmella ethanolic palesa e ntšitsoeng: LC-MS alkylamide profiling le litlamorao tsa eona ho boitšoaro ba thobalano ho likhoto tsa banna. Phytomedicine. 2011;18(13):1161–1169. [E fetotsoe]
180. Sharma V, Thakur M, Dixit VK. Phuputso e bapisoang ea ethanolic extritions ea Pedalium murex Linn. litholoana le sildenafil citrate ka boitšoaro ba thobalano le boemo ba testosterone ea serum ho likhoto tsa banna nakong le ka mor'a kalafo. Journal ea Ethnopharmacology. 2012;143(1):201–206. [E fetotsoe]
181. Watcho P, Modeste WN, Albert K, Carro-Juarez M. Dracaena arborea li-extbists li liehisa phello ea pro-ejaculatory ea dopamine le oxytocin ho likhoto tsa banna tsa mokokotlo. International Journal of Impotence Research. 2014 [E fetotsoe]
182. Sanda AK, Miegueu P, Bilanda DC, et al. Mesebetsi e makatsang ea Allanblackia floribunda stem bark ho likhoto tsa banna tsa mokokotlo. Biology ea Bongaka. 2013;51(8):1014–1020. [E fetotsoe]
183. Kataria S, Kaur D, Rao SK, Khajuria RK. In vitro 'me Ka vivo aphrodisiac mali a Corchorus depressus Linn. ho 'maraka Corpus cavernosum ho phomola mesifa e bonolo le boits'oaro ba thobalano ea litoeba tse tloaelehileng tsa banna. Journal ea Ethnopharmacology. 2013;148(1):210–217. [E fetotsoe]
184. JianFeng C, PengYing Z, ChengWei X, TaoTao H, YunGui B, KaoShan C. Phello ea ho tlosoa hoa metsi ka bongata Arctium lappa L. (burdock) metso mabapi le boitšoaro ba thobalano ba likhoto tsa banna. BMC e Tlatsetsang le Mokhoa o mong oa Phekolo. 2012; 12, sengoloa 8 [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
185. Yakubu MT, Oyeyipo TO, Quadri AL, Akanji MA. Litholoana tsa metsi a tsoang ka Musa paradisiaca motso ho likarolo tsa testicular tšebetso ea likhoto tsa banna. Raliphatlalatso la Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology. 2013;24(2):151–157. [E fetotsoe]
186. Ajiboye TO, Nurudeen QO, Yakubu MT. Phello ea Aphrodisiac ea motsoako o metsi o tsoang ka Lecaniodiscus cupanioides ka litoeba tse holofetseng tsa thobalano. Raliphatlalatso la Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology. 2014;25(2):241–248. [E fetotsoe]
187. Srisuwan S, Sattayasai J, Arkaravichien T, Aromdee C. Liphello tsa andrographolide le sepheo sa eona sa boitšoaro bo amanang le thobalano ho litoeba tsa banna. Thai Journal ea Pharmacology. 2009; 31: 68-71.
188. Taha SA, Ageel AM, Islam MW, Ginawi OT. Kameho ea (-) - cathinone, alkaloid ea psychoactive ho tloha khat (Catha edulis forsk.) le caffeine mabapi le boitšoaro ba thobalano ho likhoto. Patlisiso ea litsebi. 1995;31(5):299–303. [E fetotsoe]
189. Zanoli P, Rivasi M, Zavatti M, Brusiani F, Vezzalini F, Baraldi M. Ts'ebetso ea likarolo tse le 'ngoe tsa Ferula hermonis ho rat rat ea monna. International Journal of Impotence Research. 2005;17(6):513–518. [E fetotsoe]
190. Colman-Saizarbitoria T, Boutros P, Amness A, et al. Ferutinin e phahamisa tšebetso ea nitric oxide synthase maemong a holimo a rat. Journal ea Ethnopharmacology. 2006;106(3):327–332. [E fetotsoe]
191. Wang X, Chu S, Qian T, Chen J, Zhang J. Ginsenoside Rg1 e ntlafatsa boits'oaro ba monna ka tsela ea nitric oxide / cyclic guanosine monophosphate. Journal ea Meriana ea Botona le Botšehali. 2010;7(2):743–750. [E fetotsoe]
192. Luo Q, Li Z, Huang X, Yan J, Zhang S, Cai Y. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides: Litlamorao tse sirelletsang khahlanong le tšenyo e bakiloeng ke ho chesoa hoa liteko tsa litekanyetso le H2O2-Ka senya tšenyo ea DNA liseleng tsa testosterone tsa panya le phello e molemo ho boits'oaro ba thobalano le ts'ebetso ea ho ikatisa ea litoeba tsa hemicastated. Life Sciences. 2006;79(7):613–621. [E fetotsoe]
193. Taepongsorat L, Tangpraprutgul P, Kitana N, Malaivijitnond S. Liphetoho tse matlafatsang tsa quercetin ho boleng ba mantle le litho tsa botona ho litheko tsa banna ba baholo. Koranta ea Asia ea Andrology. 2008;10(2):249–258. [E fetotsoe]
194. Benson BB, BéKro YA, MamyrbéKova-BéKro JA, Coulibaly WK, Ehilé EE. Tlhahlobo ea menyetla ea thobalano e ka hlahisang li-flavonoids tse tsoang ho makhasi a Palisota hirsuta Thunb. K. Schum (Commelinaceae) Koranta ea Europe ea Patlisiso ea Saense. 2008;22(4):533–538.
195. Sala M, Braida D, MP ea Leone, Calcaterra P, Monti S, Gori E. Phello e bohareng ea yohimbine ka boitšoaro ba thobalano ka hara rat. Physiology le Boitšoaro. 1990;47(1):165–173. [E fetotsoe]
196. Peters RH, Koch PC, Blythe BL. Litlamorao tse fapaneng tsa yohimbine le naloxone ka boitšoaro bo bongata ba likhoto tsa banna. Boitšoaro ba Neuroscience. 1988;102(4):559–564. [E fetotsoe]
197. Meyer JJM, Rakuambo NC, Hussein AA. Novel xanthones e tsoang Securidaca longepedunculata le ts'ebetso khahlanong le ho se sebetse hantle ha erectile. Journal ea Ethnopharmacology. 2008;119(3):599–603. [E fetotsoe]
198. Haeri S, Minaie B, Amin G, et al. Liphello tsa Satureja khuzestanica oli ea bohlokoa holima kemolo ea setho sa botona. Fitoterapia. 2006;77(7-8):495–499. [E fetotsoe]
199. Tyagi RM, Aswar UM, Mohan V, Bodhankar SL, Zambare GN, Thakurdesai PA. Boithuto ba furostenol glycoside karolo ea Tribulus terresteris mabapi le thobalano ya banna ho likhoto. Biology ea Bongaka. 2008;46(3):191–198.
200. Estrada-Reyes R, Ortiz-López P, Gutiérrez-Ortíz J, Martínez-Mota L. Turnera diffusa Wild (Turneraceae) e hlaphoheloa boits'oaro ba botona kapa botšehali bo felileng ka thobalano. Journal ea Ethnopharmacology. 2009;123(3):423–429. [E fetotsoe]
201. Subramoniam A, Gangaprasad A, Sureshkumar PK, Radhika J, Arun BK. Phapang ea rialo aphrodisiac e tsoang orchid e etsang hore ho be le li-synthases tsa nitric oxide. International Journal of Impotence Research. 2013;25(6):212–216. [E fetotsoe]
202. Park JS, Han K. Phello ea spermatogenic ea Yacon e khutsitseng le likarolo tsa eona le phello ea bona ea ho thibela metabolism ea testosterone. Li-Biomolecules le Therapeutics. 2013;21(2):153–160. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]