Tšusumetso ea boko bo feteletseng bo tsosang boitšoaro ba thobalano (2010)

Proc Natl Acad Sci US 2010 February 2; 107(5): 2265-2270.

E phatlalalitsoe marang-rang 2010 Januari 14. doi:  10.1073 / pnas.0914014107
PMCID: PMC2836695
Khopolo-taba

inahaneloang

Le ha ho na le palo e pharalletseng e tsejoang ka ts'ebetso e ikhethang ea kutlo le motor ea boko ba vertebrate, ha ho utloisisoe hanyane ka taolo ea linaha tsa lefatše tsa boko. Re sa tsoa fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso e bitsoang generalized arousal (Ag) e sebetsa e le sesosa sa mantlha sa tsamaiso ea methapo, e ikarabellang bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea pele ea likarabo tsohle tsa boitšoaro. Phoofolo e nang le mofuthu o eketsehileng oa CNS e tšoauoa ka ts'ebetso e kholo ea makoloi, ho arabela ka mokhoa o hlakileng ho susumetso ea maikutlo le ts'ebetso e kholo ea maikutlo. Taba-kholo ea khopolo ena e bile polelo ea keketseho e akaretsang ea boitšoaro bo felletseng bo ka matlafatsang boits'oaro bo ikhethileng bo itšetlehileng ka motho ea sa nyalanang. Mona, re shebana le mohopolo ka kotloloho ka ho leka mela e 'meli ea litoeba tse phahameng kapa tse tlase tsa lihlahisoa tse akaretsang tsa bophelo bo botle le ho hlahloba likarabo tsa tsona ka liteko tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea boits'oaro bo bobe ba botona le botšehali le ho ts'oenyeha. Re tlaleha hore liphoofolo tse khethiloeng bakeng sa pontšo e khahlisang e akaretsang ea botle bo makatsang li tšoaea keketseho ea maikutlo, koloi le ho nkeha maikutlo maikutlong morerong oa rona oa ho tsosa. Ntle le moo, litoeba tse tona tse khethiloeng bakeng sa maemo a phahameng a bohloeki li ne li lokeleha mme li bonts'a litheko tse sa felletseng pele ho kenella ea pele (IN), empa ha ba fumane hore IN, ba bonts'itse tse fokolang haholo IN pele ho ejinjating, hape le ejaculating kapele kamora ho qala ho IN. , ka tsela eo e bonts'a boemo bo hloahloa ba thobalano. Ntle le moo, liphoofolo tse phahameng tsa bong bo fapaneng li bontšitse boitšoaro bo bongata ba ho tšoenyeha le boits'oaro bo fokolisitsoeng mosebetsing o holimo le mesebetsing e bobebe ea lebokose. Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, lintlha tsena li bonts'a tšusumetso ea Ag ho boits'oaro bo susumetsang.

Keywords: ho tšoenyeha, liphatsa tsa lefutso, ho tsosa takatso ea setho sa botona kapa sa botšehali

E 'ngoe ea liqholotso tsa mantlha tse tobaneng le liphoofolo tsohle tse nang le methapo ea kutlo ke tlhoko ea ho etsa hore likarabo tse kholo tsa boits'oaro lipalo tse kholo tsa maemo a tikoloho, tse ling tsa tsona li sokele. Re sa tsoa fana ka maikutlo a (

Ts'ebetso e latelang ea mosebelisi oa popper e kanna ea se ke ea fumaneha. Tobetsa konopo e latelang ho khutlisetsa taolo ho mofuta o fumanehang.

Senya Sesebelisoa sa tšebeliso ea mosebelisi1) hore ts'ebetso e teng lits'ebetsong tsa methapo ea methapo e qalang tšebetso ea lipalo tse ngata tsa karabo ho fihlela phephetso ena ea mantlha, e leng mosebetsi oo re o bitsitseng kakaretso ea tsoho. Li-Neurons tse sebetsanang le mekhabiso e akaretsang ea litlolo li tla fumana litlatsetso tse tsoang tikolohong e kantle le tšebetso e kahare 'me li khone ho potlaka ho kenya tšebetsong linaha tse matlafatsang tse fanang ka likarabo tse hlakileng, tse susumetsoang tsa boitšoaro. Keketseho ea ts'ebetso ea sistimi ena e tla etsa hore batho ba bangata ba ts'oane, e behe phoofolo e nang le ts'ebetso ea makoloi e eketsehileng, ho arabela ka mokhoa o hlakileng, le ho eketsa khatello ea maikutlo. Morero oa mosebetsi o tlalehiloeng mona e ne e le ho kenyelletsa bopaki ba hore ho na le tšebetso e akaretsang ea bohelehele (ka ho qala ho hlahisoa ha litoeba tse phahameng le tse tlase tsa litoeba) le ho lekola tšusumetso ea linaha tse phahameng kapa tse tlase tse amanang le boitšoaro bo ikhethang. boits'oaro ba monna le ho ts'oenyeha / ho hlahloba.

Ho tla fihlela joale, ho ba teng ha kakaretso e akaretsang joalo ka boemo ba CNS bo ka lekanngoang le 'mele bo tsamaisoa ka mekhoa e meraro e arohaneng, ea boraro e tlalehiloeng mona.

Pele re sebelisitse tlhahlobo ea mantlha ea karolo ho hlahisa ntho e le 'ngoe e kholo haholo e etsang hore motho a be le boitšoaro bo monate

E 'ngoe ea liqholotso tsa mantlha tse tobaneng le liphoofolo tsohle tse nang le methapo ea kutlo ke tlhoko ea ho etsa hore likarabo tse kholo tsa boits'oaro lipalo tse kholo tsa maemo a tikoloho, tse ling tsa tsona li sokele. Re sa tsoa fana ka maikutlo a (1) hore ts'ebetso e teng lits'ebetsong tsa methapo ea methapo e qalang tšebetso ea lipalo tse ngata tsa karabo ho fihlela phephetso ena ea mantlha, e leng mosebetsi oo re o bitsitseng kakaretso ea tsoho. Li-Neurons tse sebetsanang le mekhabiso e akaretsang ea litlolo li tla fumana litlatsetso tse tsoang tikolohong e kantle le tšebetso e kahare 'me li khone ho potlaka ho kenya tšebetsong linaha tse matlafatsang tse fanang ka likarabo tse hlakileng, tse susumetsoang tsa boitšoaro. Keketseho ea ts'ebetso ea sistimi ena e tla etsa hore batho ba bangata ba ts'oane, e behe phoofolo e nang le ts'ebetso ea makoloi e eketsehileng, ho arabela ka mokhoa o hlakileng, le ho eketsa khatello ea maikutlo. Morero oa mosebetsi o tlalehiloeng mona e ne e le ho kenyelletsa bopaki ba hore ho na le tšebetso e akaretsang ea bohelehele (ka ho qala ho hlahisoa ha litoeba tse phahameng le tse tlase tsa litoeba) le ho lekola tšusumetso ea linaha tse phahameng kapa tse tlase tse amanang le boitšoaro bo ikhethang. boits'oaro ba monna le ho ts'oenyeha / ho hlahloba.

Ho tla fihlela joale, ho ba teng ha kakaretso e akaretsang joalo ka boemo ba CNS bo ka lekanngoang le 'mele bo tsamaisoa ka mekhoa e meraro e arohaneng, ea boraro e tlalehiloeng mona.

Pele re sebelisitse tlhahlobo ea mantlha ea karolo ho hlahisa ntho e le 'ngoe e kholo haholo e etsang hore motho a be le boitšoaro bo monate (2). Ho fumana monehelo o lekanyelitsoeng oa matla ana a mantlha a CNS e matla lithutong tsa boits'oaro ba khapo re entse tlhahlobo-leseling ea liteko tse hlano tsa boits'oaro ka litoeba (3). Liperesente tsa data ea boits'oaro bo botle bo tlalehiloeng, ka tharollo ea ntlha e le 'ngoe, li fapane ho liteko tse hlano ho tloha ho 29% ho isa ho 45%. Kahoo, re ka re litaba tse akaretsang tsa CNS li teng 'me li ikarabella bakeng sa hoo e ka bang karolo ea boraro ea data ho liteko tsena.

Taba ea bobeli, ho na le leruo la lintlha tsa lik'hemik'hale le tsa anatomical le tsa 'mele ho li-proximate tse hlahang ka tlase ho CNS arousal. Ka mantsoe a neuroanatomical, ho nyoloha le ho theoha litseleng ho tsebahala. Matla a neuronal ea linaha tse hlasimolohileng a laoloa ke marangrang a marang-rang a tumellano, maqhubu a tumellano pakeng tsa methapo e ka tlase ea boko le bokantle (bo hlahlojoang hape ho li-refs. 1, 4). Ka tlholeho, lits'ebetso tsa "brainstem arousal system" li bile teng ho boloka mesebetsi e iketselitsoeng (eseng e amanang le mosebetsi) khokahanong e sa feleng ea cortex (5 -7). Phetoho e bohale (8) ho tloha ka ho khutsisa ho ea ho boits'oaro bo sebetsang ba ho khetholla ho tšoailoe ke "sychrony" e fokotsang ea maqhubu a tlase haholo (9) ka lebaka la khokahano e fokotsang lipakeng tsa bokhoni ba membrane ho methapo ea methapo ea methapo (corrical neurons)10). Liphetoho tse tlohang ho boroko ho fihlela tsohong li kanna tsa tsamaisoa ke ts'ebetso e eketsehang ea motlakase likarolong tse bobebe tsa sistimi e ntseng e phahama ea ho phehella le lihlopha tsa maqhubu a khale (mohlala, (11 -13). Neurochemistry ea generalized arousal, hape, e ntse e sebetsoa. Lithaele tse tsoang lihlopheng tse arohaneng tsa selefounu ka har'a tsamaiso ea methapo ea kelello, mohlala, litsela tsa monoaminergic, li ama li-neurons ho thalamic, hypothalamic, le lipheo tse ling tsa forebrain. Ho hypothalamus, lipehelo tsena li tsamaisa tšebetso ea li-neuron tse hlahisang li-neurochemicals tse amanang le boroko tse kang hypocretin le histamine. Taba ea bohlokoa ke hore likhokahano tsena li boetse li fana ka maikutlo a bohlokoa joaloka histamine le li-hypocretin neurons morerong oa hypothalamus tse khutlelang libakeng tse ntle tsa brainstem ebile ke karolo ea marang-rang a laolang ho tsosa le boroko (14). Mohlala, "phetoho" bakeng sa taolo ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko ba lefats'e e hlalositsoe moo li-neurons tse sebetsang tsa ho robala tsa GABAergic sebakeng sa ventrolateral preoptic (vlPO) li khothaletsang ho robala ka bobeli ka kotloloho ba litsamaiso tse nyolohang tsa systemous monoamine (norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, jj. .) hape le ka ho thibela li-hypocretin neurons ho latela lateral hypothalamus (LHA) eo ka tloaelo e thabisang litsela tsa monoamine le phatla ea pele (15). Mmila o khutla hobane serotonergic, noradrenergic, le liphihlelo tsa histaminergic tsa ts'ebetso ea thibelo ea vlPO nakong ea ho tsoha.16). Ts'ebetso ea vlPO e thibela ts'ebetso e ratehang hape e tlosa le thibelo ea tonic mosebetsing oa eona (4). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, lihlopha tsa lisele tsa monoaminergic li thibela tšebetso ea vlPO mme ka ho etsa joalo li thibela mesebetsi ea tsona. Ka tsela ena, ts'ebetso ea hypothalamic e ka laola le ho tsitsisa ts'ebetso ea ho nyoloha ho kenella ha monoaminergic. Kamora nako, ho tsoa ponong ea genomic, ho ka etsahala hore ebe ho na le liphatsa tse fetang 100 tse kenngoeng tšebetsong ea CNS e akaretsang, ho kenyelletsa, empa e sa lekanyetsoe, liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa enzyme ea maiketsetso bakeng sa li-transmitter tse amanang le arousal, li-neuropeptides, le li-receptor tsa tsona, mohlala, tsamaiso ea hypocretin (17). Kahoo, mekhoa ea tšebetso e akaretsang ea monko o monate e ngotsoe maemong a neuroanatomical, neurophysiological le neurochemical.

Tsamaiso ena e phatlalalitsoeng e nyolohang le e theohileng e kenella taolong ea lefats'e ea CNS empa e boetse e na le litlamorao tse fapaneng maemong a boitšoaro, mohlala, ho tšoenyeha, tšabo, tlala, lenyora le ts'ebetso ea thobalano e fanang ka substrate moo liphetoho tsa lefats'e li leng teng bokong thabo e ka fetolela ka ho fetoloa ho boits'oaro bo itseng (18 -20).

Mona re tlaleha mola oa boraro oa ts'ehetso bakeng sa ho ba teng ha kakaretso e akaretsang: tlhaiso-leseling e tsoang ho morero o moholo o ikhethileng oa ho ikatisa o entsoeng ho hlahisa mela ea litoeba tse khethetsoeng mofuta o moholo kapa o tlase o akaretsang. Ho fihlela seo, re se re qalile re le sehlopha sa litlamorao tse ngata tse ikhethileng, 'me re sebelisa tloaelo eo ho khetha litoeba tse tloheletsoeng ka ho fetesisa tse amanang le boits'oaro bo khahlisang. Joalokaha ho se ho boletsoe, karolo ea bohlokoa ea khopolo e akaretsang ea maikutlo ke hore liphetoho tse kopaneng ka kakaretso li lokela ho khona ho fetolela matla a boits'oaro bo itseng bo susumetsoang. Kahoo, re fuputse likamano lipakeng tsa maemo a bophelo bo botle ba botona le botšehali ba banna, boits'oaro bo itšetlehileng ka li-hormone boo pele bo bonts'itsoeng bo anngoeng ke tse ling tsa li-neurochemicals tse amehang ho CNS arousal (mohlala, histamine le hypocretin) (21, 22). Re boetse re sebelisitse litlatsetso tse peli tsa "ho tšoenyeha", tlhahlobo e phahameng ea tlatsetso le tlhahlobo ea leseli / e lefifi, ka ho nka hore ho eketseha ha matšoenyeho ho tla fetolela ho fokotseha ha bohlahlobo. Liphetho li bonts'itse hore liphoofolo li lleloa ke maemo a phahameng le a manyane a lipontšo tse nyarosang tse akaretsang tse bonts'ang phapang litekong tsa lipontšo tse ikhethang tsa bohlola: boitšoaro ba thobalano le matšoenyeho / boits'oaro.

Results

Re thehile tloaelo ea boits'oaro ba kakaretso ea CNS e elang hloko likarolo tse tharo tse khothalelitsoeng tsa boitšoaro bo makatsang, ts'ebetso ea makoloi, karabelo ea maikutlo le maikutlo.3). Litoeba tse nang le lefutso li ile tsa lekoa ketsong ena ( Sengoloa sa SI ) bakeng sa lintlha tse ikhethileng tsa ho tsoala) le li-odara tsa maemo li ile tsa theoa bakeng sa moroalo o phahameng le o tlase ho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea likhakanyo tse tharo tsa mofets'e ka kakaretso. Litoeba tse neng li bonts'a lintlha tse holimo ka ho fetisisa (le tse tlaase ka ho fetisisa) tse akaretsang lits'oants'o tse tharo molokong o mong le o mong li ne li sebelisoa e le basomi ba moloko o latelang. Limpho tsa banna le basali tse tsoang ho batsoali ba “phahameng” ba bitsoa HM le HF, ka ho fapana, athe bana ba batsoali ba "tlase" ke LM le LF. Maemong kaofela, re ile ra arola litoeba ho latela boits'oaro ba motho ka mong molemong oa ho bapisa litlamorao tsa tsoalo ea motsoali le bana ba tsoaloang ke tšebetsong ea boits'oaro. Setšoantšo sa S1 e bonts'a lintlha tse khahlisang tsa litoeba tsa moloko oa 5 (G5) tse neng li sebelisoa e le setoko seo litoeba tsa liteko (G6) bukeng ena e ngotsoeng ka letsoho li tsoang ho sona.

Rousalal e kopaneng e lekantsoeng ke sehlopha sa rona e ne e phahame ho litoeba ho tloha moleng o phahameng. Tse tona le tse tšehali tse hlasimolohileng ka bongata li bontšitse tšebetso e eketsehileng ea likhomo tsa lapeng (Feie. 1 A-D ), haholo-holo ka lebaka la ts'ebetso e kholo nakong ea karolo e qalang ea lefifi. Ntle le moo, tse tšehali le liphoofolo tse phahameng tsa banna ba bong bo fapaneng li bontšitse boits'oaro bo tšabehang ho paradigm e bopehileng ka maemoFeie. 1E ). Khabareng, boiketsetso bo amanang le ho tsamaisa monko o sa jeleng paate bo ne bo phahame har'a liphoofolo tse phahameng ha li bapisoa le tse khethiloeng bakeng sa Low arousal (Feie. 1F ); leha ho ne ho sa bonahale phapang pakeng tsa thobalano. Lintlha tsena li bonts'a hore esita le meloko e tšeletseng, mela e fapaneng e fapaneng ea litoeba tse bonts'ang mekhoa e metle ea kakaretso e fapaneng e ka qala ho hlahisoa.

Setšoantšo sa 1.

Mekhoa e ikhethileng ea ho ikatisa e fetola tloaelo e tšoanang le e ts'oanang ea moferefere. Lintlha tsohle li hlahisoa e le tsa bohlokoa (± SEM). (A) Palo e felletseng ea mesebetsi ea katse ea lapeng likhorong tse 1-h le karolelano ea matsatsi a 4 a latellanang. U tsamaile sebaka se felletseng nakong ea (B) nako ea leseli, (C) 4 h ea nako ea lefifi, le (D) morao haholo nakong ea lefifi. (E) Fetola sebaka se pharaletseng ho tloha ho tumellanong le 'mino ho isa ho molumo oa phallo maemong a tšabo a paradigm. Ho phunya ha sefate (joalo ka ha ho lekantsoe ke F) ketso e otlolohileng, (G) ts'ebetso e otlolohileng, le (H) sebaka se felletseng ho arabela ka monko (moea o fetang 100% benzaldehyde). * E fapana haholo pakeng tsa tse phahameng le tse tlase. Phapang e nkuoa e le ea bohlokoa lipalo haeba P <0.05. HF, n = 29, LF, n = 21, HM n = 27, LM, n = 18.

Ka mor'a moo, re ile ra batla ho tseba hore na phapang e kenelletseng ka liphatsa tsa lefutso ka bongata e ka fetolela liphetoho ka mefuta e ikhethang ea boits'oaro bo itlhommeng pele. Ho fihlela seo, re nkile litoeba tsa G6 ebe re li arola ka mekhoa e 'meli e fapaneng ka (i) motsoali oa motsoali ea tsoetseng pele — ebang batsoali ba bona ba ne ba le maemong a phahameng kapa a tlase — le (ii) bana ba ne ba tsosa molota — ebang ke phoofolo eo ho buuoang ka eona (G6) e neng e le kaholimo kapa ka tlase ho eona. Taba ea pele, litoeba tse tona li ile tsa pepesetsoa mofuta o mong oa thobalano oa tlhapi ea Het8 ka matsatsi a latellanang ho fihlela li hola. Ba batona ho tsoa moleng o phahameng le bana bao ba bonts'itseng maemo a holimo a bohloeki ka kakaretso ba bontšitse mokhoa o ikhethileng oa boitšoaro ba thobalano bo amanang le boemo bo phahameng ba thabo le nyatso ea thobalano (Feie. 2). Tse tona tse phahameng li ile tsa bonts'a likhokahanyo tse ngata pele li kenella (Feie. 2 A 'me E ), ebe ho kenella lipotsong tse mmaloa pele ho ho hlohlona (Feie. 2 B 'me F ), mme tsa emisa kapele ka mor'a ho kenella pele (Feie. 2 C 'me G ). Ntle le moo, liperesente tsa liteko tse matla tse neng li atlehile ho lebisa ho kenang li ne li le tlase haholo ho litoeba tse tona tse tsoang moheleng o moholo o moholohali (Feie. 2 D 'me H ). Mokhoa oa boitšoaro ba thobalano o bonts'a hore banna ba batona ba phahameng haholo ba ne ba lokeleha ka tsela e sa lokelang, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ke ho kenella ka tlase haholo: karo-karolelano ea thaba. Habohlokoa, sebopeho sa nakoana sa 'mele oa ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo se ne se tšoana lipakeng tsa mela joalo ka ha ho ne ho se na phapang pakeng tsa ho emisa, ho kenella, kapa ho hlaba lipakeng tsa mela ea liphatsa tsa lefutso le lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse phahameng le tse tlase tsa bana (Feie. 3 A-F ).

Setšoantšo sa 2.

Mofuta o moholo o akaretsang o amahanngoa le takatso e phahameng ea thobalano. Lintlha tsohle li hlahisoa e le tsa bohlokoa (± SEM). Palo eohle ea litefiso pele ho kenella ka lekhetlo la pele ke (A) motsoali ea motsoali, (E) tsoalo ea bana, le (I) maemong ohle ka bobeli. Palo ea maqhubu pele ho thaba ea pele bakeng sa (B) motsoako oa motsoali le (F) bana ba tsosa. Latency ea ejamisoate kamora ho kenella kahare ho liphoofolo tse arotsoeng ka (C) motsoako oa motsoali le (G) le litloholoana tsa bana le litlamorao: keketseho ea lenane (palo ea katleho e kenelletseng / palo e felletseng ea litefiso + tse kenang) e qhaloe ke (D) motsoako oa motsoali le (H) bana ba tsosa. Phapang e nkuoa e le ea bohlokoa lipalo haeba P <0.05. HM, n = 6, LM, n = 6.

Setšoantšo sa 3.

Boitšoaro ba botona le botšehali ho litoeba tse phahameng tsa kakaretso bo boloka sebopeho sa nakoana. Lintlha tsohle li hlahisoa e le tsa bohlokoa (± SEM). Latency ke Mount (A, D, 'me G), latency ea ho kena (B, E, 'me H), le latency ho ejaculate (C, F, 'me I) o se ke oa fapana lipakeng tsa mela kapa ho latela mofuta oa bana. Phapang e nkuoa e le ea bohlokoa lipalo haeba P <0.05. HM, n = 6, LM, n = 6.

Kamora moo, re ile ra botsa potso, na na keketseho ho CNS arousal translate e le keketseho ea boits'oaro bo ts'oanang le boits'oaro / bo hlahang? Litoeba tse phahameng le tse tlase tsa ba batona le ba batše li ile tsa lekoa mesebetsing e meholo e phahameng le e bobebe. Ho khahlisang, liphapang li ne li le bohlokoa ho latela boemo ba motsoali ba ho hlasimoloha empa li ne li sa tšoane ka tatellano har'a liphoofolo tse fapaneng ka boeona. Litlamong tse phahameng le tse nyane, litoeba tse tsoang moleng o phahameng li bontšitse keketseho e akaretsang ea boits'oaro bo joalo ka ho tšoenyeha (ho fokotseha ha phuputso), joalo ka ha ho sebelisitsoe nako e nyane matsohong a bulehileng (Feie. 4A ), latency e telele ho qala ho kenya letsoho le otlolohileng (Feie. 4B ), le ho fokotseha ho felletseng ha boits'oaro bo hlahlobisisang joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe lits'oants'o tsohle tsa letsoho (Feie. 4D ). Maemong ohle, tse tšehali, tse ikemetseng tsa mofuta oa ho ikatisa, le tsona li qetile nako e fokolang letsohong le bulehileng 'me li bontšitse mokhoa o molelele oa ho qala ho kenya letsoho le bulehileng. Ha ho na kamano e ts'oanang lipakeng tsa bana le makhopho a monate le boits'oaro mohanong o moholo o kopaneng (Lifeiga. 4 E-H ). Teko e lefifi-e lefifi, litoeba tse tsoang moleng o phahameng li ne li sa fapana ka nako e sebelisitsoeng leseling (Feie. 5A ) empa a kena ka lehlakoreng le lefifi la lebokose kamora nako e teletsana (Feie. 5B ) hape o bile le liphetoho tse fokolang lipakeng tsa mahlakore a mabeli a lebokose (Feie. 5C ). Hape hape, ke feela motsoali ea mosa eo e seng oa ngoana eo e neng e le ngoana ea rerileng boitšoaro pele mosebetsing o lefifi.Feie. 5 D-F ). Ka kakaretso, liphoofolo tse tsoang moleng o phahameng li bonts'itse ts'ebetso e ts'oanang le ho tšoenyeha le phokotso ea tlhahlobo ka kakaretso.

Setšoantšo sa 4.

Khetho ea mofuta o phahameng o akaretsang oa boits'oaro e etsa hore motho a be le boits'oaro. Lintlha tsohle li hlahisoa e le tsa bohlokoa (± SEM). Lice tse tsoang ho mela e phahameng ea Ag e sebelisitsoeng nako ka kotloloho (Ale matsoho a koetsoeng (B) hape e bonts'a latency e telele ho kenya letsoho le bulehileng (C) 'me ea bonts'oa lits'oants'o tse fokolang tsa letsohoD). Ho ne ho se na kamano lipakeng tsa lipalo tse ikhethileng tsa motho eo ea mofumahali (E-H). Phapang e nkuoa e le ea bohlokoa lipalo haeba P <0.05. HF, n = 22, LF, n = 22, HM n = 24, LM, n = 15.

Setšoantšo sa 5.

Khetho ea mekhoa e phahameng e fetotsoeng ka kakaretso e fetolang boitšoaro bo bobebe. Mehala e ne e sa fapana ka botlalo ka nako e sebelisitsoeng leseling (kapa lefifi) (A) empa liphoofolo tse phahameng tsa Ag li bontšitse mokhoa o mongata oa ho kenella ka lehlakoreng le lefifi la phapusi (B) le liphetoho tse fokolang tse lefifi ka kakaretsoC). Ho ne ho se na kamano lipakeng tsa lipalo tse ikhethileng tsa motho ea lehlohonoloD-F). HF, n = 22, LF, n = 22, HM n = 24, LM, n = 15.

Kamora nako, ho fumana tlhaiso-leseling mabapi le tšobotsi e hlahelletseng ea data e bokelletsoeng ho tsoa mofuteng oa rona oa kakaretso oa boroko, re sebelisitse mokhoa oa lipalo o bitsoang tlhahlobo ea likarolo tsa mantlha. Mokhoa ona o sebelisoa mona ho sekaseka liphallelo tse amanang le methati ea motor, sensory, le maikutlo (tšabo) ha li ntse li susumetsa kholo e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea motheo ea borumuoa. Ka mantsoe a mang, matla a mantlha ka ho fetesisa, a sebetsang tsamaisong ea rona e monate o senoloa ke tharollo ea karolo e le 'ngoe ea sethala sa rona sa data (2). Papiso e khahlisang haholo ea ho tsoa tlhahlobisong ea likarolo tse kholo e bontšitsoe ho Feie. 6. E bonts'a menehelo e arohaneng ea Mosebetsi oa Motor, Boikarabello ba Boiketsetso, le Tšabo ho Karolo ea Motheo # 1, motsoako o supang boits'oaro bo matla ka ho fetesisa bo matla bo hlahisang litabatabelo tsena tse khahlisang. Ho Feie. 6, ha tekanyo e na le (-) lets'oao, ho bolelang hore ehlile e ne e hlophisitsoe le mabotho ho Principal Composition # 1 empa e leba ka tsela e fapaneng (tlaase Boitšoaro ba boitšoaro boo bo amana haholo le tlatsetso ea Motheo oa # 1 ho hlahiseng boits'oaro bo amanang le maikutlo a monate. Karolo ea Bohlokoa # 1 e bonts'a mesebetsi e mengata ea makoloi. Tlhahlobo ea rona e phahamisa potso ea hore na likarolo tsa tšebetso ea mahlahahlaha lia tšoana ho banna le basali.

Setšoantšo sa 6.

Sebopeho sa lipalo tsa bohloeki bo akaretsang bo fapana lipakeng tsa ba batona le ba batšehali tse khethiloeng bakeng sa maemo a fapaneng a borui. Likarolo tse fapaneng tsa likoloi tsa motor, sensory (olfactory), le maikutlo (tšabo) ho tekanyo e akaretsang ea ho khanna ho ts'oaro ea moferefere, e leng, Karolo ea Motheo 1. Mekhoa ea menehelo ena e ne e fapana lipakeng tsa HM le LM, lipakeng tsa HF le LF, lipakeng tsa HM le HF, le lipakeng tsa LM le LF. Mohlala, li-LM li ne li le tlase hobane litekolo tsa makoloi li ne li sa tsamaise karolo ea bona ea mantlha 1. Ho feta moo, HM e bile le ts'ehetso e phahameng, e ntle ea tšabo ho Tonakholo ea 1 (HF ha ea ka ea), empa HM e haelloa ke tlatsetso e matla ea HF ea karabelo e matla. Litaolo tse sebelisang li-data tsena tse kholo tse lekantsoeng le lits'ebetso tse sebelisang linomoro tse sa sebetseng li ile tsa hloleha ho hlahisa dipaterone tse ts'oanang mme tsa fokotsa haholo peresente ea tlhaiso-leseling e hlalositsoeng ke Motheo oa mantlha.

Feie. 6 e bonts'a hore liphapang tse kholo lipakeng tsa HM le LM li tsoa mokhoeng o moholo oa tšebetso ea makoloi ea HM ho Principal Component # 1, hammoho le phapang e tlisoang ke tšabo. Ebile, ke ho hloleha hoa ts'ebetso ea makoloi e tsamaisoang ke Principal Component # 1 e etsang hore banna bao e be LM eseng HM. HM e na le litheko tse phahameng tsa motsamao ebile e boreleli. Basali ha ba tšoane. Phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa HF le LF e tsoa ho ho nchafatsoa hoa matla hoa HF ho kenngoeng ka mokhoa oa ho etsa. Mabapi le phapang ea thobalano, lipakeng tsa HM le HF ho na le liphapang tse kholo mokhoeng oa ho arabela ka mokhoa o fosahetseng ho Mosuoe e Moholo # 1, hammoho le tšabo. Re hakanya hore mosali oa HF ea ikemiselitseng ho nyaloa, hoba a qete nako e ngata mohloling oa hae, o tla tsoa mokokotlong oa hae pejana ho ho hlohlona. O tlameha ho hloka tšabo le ho ts'oaroa haholo, a jala monko oa maloetse a tšebetso ea botšehali, mofuta oa boitšoaro ba lefereho bo khothaletsang banna ho nyaloa ha a ntse a hohla. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, karabelo ea hae e matla ea boithuso e tla mo thusa ho khetha banna ba mahlahahlaha e le bao e ka bang ntate oa litamati tsa hae (23, 24). Pakeng tsa LM le LF, phapang e kholo e bakoa ke taba ea hore LF e bile le monehelo o moholo oa makoloi ho Principal Component # 1, hammoho le phapang e nyane lipakeng tsa LM le LF ka tšabo. Ho latela ts'ebeliso ea tlhahlobo ea likarolo tse ka sehlohlolong, re fana ka maikutlo a hore sebopeho sa karolo ea mantlha ea bohelehele ha se tšoane le ho banna le ho basali.

Puisano

Lintlha tsena li fana ka bopaki ba hore ho fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso tse akaretsang ka tlhaho ho na le tšusumetso e matla mekhoeng ea thobalano le boiketsiso / letsoalo. Boitšoaro ba botona ba botona le botšehali thutong ena bo ile ba tšoauoa ke liphoofolo tsa HM ka mokhoa o atlehileng haholoanyane, li bontša metsamao e potlakileng, ho bonts'a litheko tse ngata pele ho nako le tse sa atleheng pele ho kenella ka mokhoa o atlehileng oa ho kenella, mme ka nako eo, ka potlako ka mor'a ho kenella ka bongata. Kahoo, karo-karolelano ea likhokahanyo ho litefiso tse thabileng tsa preintromission e ne e le tlase haholo ho HM ha e bapisoa le liphoofolo tsa LM. Ho khahlisang, liphetho tsena li ile tsa hlaha hore na liphoofolo li khethiloe ke batsoali ba bona kapa ke lintla tsa bona tse hlasimolohileng. Ntle le moo, khetho bakeng sa maemo a holimo a botle bo felletseng e ile ea fella ka hore boitšoaro bo fokotsehe mosebetsing o bobebe bo lefifi le bo phahameng haholo ba mesebetsi. Sephetho sena, ka mokhoa o makatsang, e ne e le ts'ebetso ea lipalo tse khahlisang tsa batsoali 'me e ne e ikemetse e se na lipalo tse akaretsang tsa liphoofolo tse lekiloeng ka botsona.

Haeba kakaretso e akaretsang ea mohono e na le phello bakeng sa li-subtypes tse itseng tsa monate, joale ho tla ba le lebaka la hore ho lokela ho ba le khokahano ea 'mele lipakeng tsa mehopolo e' meli. Mosebetsing oa hona joale, re ile ra bua haholo ka likarolo tse peli tse hloahloa tsa thobalano: thobalano le tšabo. Hape re sa tsoa qaqisa mokhoa oa keketseho ea basali le litakatso tsa botona kapa tsa botšehali tse latelang ho latela ts'ebetso ea estrogen (3, 25). Sena se etsahala ka kotloloho le ka kotloloho, ka ho kenella hoa li-neurochemicals tse ikhethileng le tse akaretsang tse akaretsang. Ka sebele, lipontšo tse 'maloa tsa tšebetso ea methapo e khothalletsang takatso e matla ea bohelehele ho CNS le tsona li khothaletsa takatso ea thobalano meahong ea litho tsa maqhubu (1, 26). Mohlala, histamine e amanang le "neurotransmitter histamine" ke "chemicals" e khothalletsang ts'ebetso ea kelello ebile e sitisa boroko bo khothaletsang li-neurons tsa sebaka sa pele sa pele sa mafu. Litoeba tsa banna tse haelloang ke histamine synthet encyme histidine decarboxylase li bonts'itse boitšoaro bo fokotsehileng ba ho emisa le ho pepesehela pherekanong ea li-antihistamines tse senyehileng ka ho sa feleng bathong ba batona (27, 28). Ntle le moo, histamine ho "ventothalamial" ea "hypothalamus" e tsamaisa ts'ebetso ea motlakase le mekhoa ea Lordosis ka litoeba tsa basali (21, 29). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, li-peptide tsa hypocretin li eketsa li-CNS tse hlasimolohileng le li-microinentions tsa hypocretin sebakeng sa medial preoptic li eketsa boitšoaro ba banna ba thobalano (22). Mohlala o fapaneng le ona o fana ka bopaki ba ntlha e le 'ngoe, li-anesthetics tse tsamaisoang pele ho litekanyetso tsa estradiol tse thibelang polelo ea boitšoaro ba Lordosis le ho kenngoa hoa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse amanang le ho ruruha.30, 31) athe tsamaiso ea amphetamine e thusa ho kenella hoa estrogenic ho tlola32). Ha e kopantsoe hammoho, lintlha tsena li theha khokahano lipakeng tsa boitšoaro ba thobalano le borashe bo akaretsang mme li bonts'a mekhoa e ka bang teng eo khetho ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e phahameng e ka bang le likarolo tse ikhethang tsa boroko joalo ka thobalano.

Khetho ea liphatsa tsa lefutso bakeng sa maemo a phahameng a bophelo bo botle ba kakaretso e lebisitse ho fokotseng boits'oaro bo bobebe lefifing le lefifi le bohareng ba maze. Phokotso ea boitšoaro bo hlahlobang mesebetsing ena ho ka hlalosoa e le sesupo sa boits'oaro bo ts'oanang le ho tšoenyeha (33). Ka mantsoe a mang, litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa CNS tse akaretsang li hlahisitse tšebetso e kholo ea ntlo ea lehae empa li fokolitse tšebetso ea ho hlahloba tikolohong e ncha (lebokose le lefifi le khanya e kholo le maze). Re fana ka maikutlo a hore palo e eketsehang ea drive ea liphoofolo tse phahameng ea liphoofolo tse tlisoang ke liphoofolo e phahame haholo ha e emisoe ke keketseho e nyarosang ea liphatlalatso tse kang letsoalo tse ka sebelisang ho hatella tlhahlobo. Habohlokoa le ha boitšoaro ba thobalano bo anngoe ke boitšoaro ba motsoali le ba bana bo hlasimolohile, boits'oaro bo ts'oanang le bo ts'oenyehileng bo fetotsoe ke maemo a makatsang a batsoali. Hore na khatello ee ea batsoali e bile teng joang e sa tlameha ho tsejoa.

Khokahano ea mohopolo oa kakaretso oa litumeliso ho linaha tse itseng tsa boits'oaro o boetse o hlahisoa ke sephetho le litsamaiso tse ling. Mohlala, ts'ebetso ea "circadian" e fumaneng tlhahlobo e matla ke molao oa ho robala. Hajoale, batho ba baholo ba fetang 15% United States ba na le bothata ba ho robala. Leha mesebetsi ea tlhaho ea boroko e lula e le phehisano, libaka le likarolo tse ling tsa li-neuron tse koetsoeng nakong ea boroko li tlalehiloe (34). Khabareng, taolo ea phetoho e matla lipakeng tsa ho robala le ho tsoha e ka ipapisa le li-loops tse mpe tsa maikutlo pakeng tsa li-neurons tse ho hypothalamus le basal forebrain (4). Mathata a taolo hodima mekgwa e metle ya ho hlasimoloha e hlahang ha mathata a boroko a atile haholo (35, joalo ka mathata a bohloko a amanang le khatello ea maikutlo (36) le khatello ea maikutlo (37). Ho ea pele, Aston-Jones et al. (38) ba atlehile ho kenya tšebetsong ts'ebetso ea li-neurons tse amanang le "hypocretin neurons" tsa morao-rao tse amanang le boits'oaro bo batlang moputso. Bakeng sa e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea mekhoa ena e ikhethang ea boitšoaro — mohlala, ho robala, khatello ea maikutlo, maikutlo le ho batla moputso-kakaretso e matla e fana ka matla a mantlha a mantlha a matla a ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso, mme tšusumetso ea eona e tobileng ea boitšoaro e bonoa ke maemo a ikhethileng a tikoloho.

Litlhaloso tse ling.

Mehato ea rona ea ho tsosa mabe kaofela e its'etleha mesebetsing ea popomotor e le seithuti sa sehlooho. Ka hona, ho ka pheha khang ea hore khetho ea maiketsetso bakeng sa gene e ka ratang ho eketsa boemo bohle ba ts'ebetso ea locomotor e tla hlalosoa (kapa e hlalosoe hampe) e le keketseho ea CNS arousal. Leha ho le joalo, lintlha tse qaqileng tsa mohopolo oa rona o monate ha li tšehetse tlhaloso e bonolo joalo. Ho joalo, bakeng sa likarolo tsa maikutlo le tšabo mohopolong ona, re tlosa mosebetsi oa morao ho tsoa likarabo tsa posttimulation ho khetholla boits'oaro bo botle. Ha e le taba e 'ngoe ea tlhaloso, ho lokela ho hlakisoa hore libaka tsa boroko tse fapaneng li ka baka mofere-fere bakeng sa karolo ea maikutlo ea karolo eo. Leha ho le joalo, pherekano ena e fokotsoa ke tlhahiso ea tšusumetso e potolohang e ka 'nang ea tsosa liphoofolo pele ho ts'usumetso ea bonono e leng mokhoa o ikhethileng oo khetho e thehiloeng ho ona. Leha ho le joalo, litabeng tsa lipale tse nyane joaloka lebokose le tlotsitsoeng ka lefifi, khetho ea mohono o phahameng haholo e hlahisa boitšoaro bo bobebe ha bo bapisoa le litoeba tse khethiloeng tse tlase. Sebakeng sa ho khetha ts'ebetso e kholo ea litheko, litheko tse phahameng li bonahala li bonts'a tšebetso ea CNS e hloahloeng le keketseho ea boits'oaro bo amanang le ho ts'oha le ho ts'oasa thobalano.

Tlhaloso e 'ngoe e' ngoe ke hore re hlahisitse phapang ho gene e le 'ngoe e kenyelitsoeng ho tsamaiso ea methapo e amanang le lefu la roses. Hobane lits'ebetso tse matla tsa methapo ea kutlo li hlophiseha khafetsa le ho fetola phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso ho e 'ngoe ea lits'ebetso tsena e ka bakang keketseho ea boits'oaro bo botle ba CNS le boits'oaro. Ho feta moo, rea amohela hore re hlahisitse litholoana ho tsoa molokong oa morao-rao feela; ka lebaka leo, ke lona le bonts'itseng karohano e kholo ka ho fetisisa lipakeng tsa mela e phahameng ea Arousal le e tlase. Lintlha tse tsoang meloko e meng e tla fumaneha selemong se tlang. Metha ena e kanna ea thusa ho fuputsa mekhoa le liphatsa tsa lefutso tseo likhatello tsa tikoloho li kentseng letsoho ho tsona ho lokisa likarolo tse ntlafalitsoeng pakeng tsa thobalano le nako e 24 ea leseli / nako e lefifi. Bokamoso, lithuto li tla sebetsana le liphapang tsa neurochemical, anatomical le genomic lipakeng tsa mela e Phahameng le e tlase.

Ka bokhutšoanyane, litoeba tse khethiloeng ka liphatsa tsa lefutso tse phahameng li hlahisa mofuta o hlakileng o hlakileng o khetholloang ke ts'ebetso e kholo ea ntlo ea lapeng, kutloelo-bohloko ea maikutlo, le ho nkeha maikutlong. Ho khahlisang, mofuta o phahameng oa "Arousal phenotype" o amahanngoa le ho tsosa takatso ea botona kapa botšehali e fetotseng boits'oaro bo bobe, ha o bapisoa le litoeba tse khethiloeng bakeng sa maemo a tlaase a bohloeki. Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, lintlha tsena li fana ka tšehetso bakeng sa karolo e ka 'nang ea hlaha bakeng sa boits'oaro bo matla joalo ka mokhanni oa boits'oaro bo itseng bo susumetsoang.

mekhoa

Mekhoa.

Liteko tsohle li entsoe ho ipapisitsoe le Metheo ea Naha ea Tataiso ea Bophelo le mekhoa e latelang e amohetsoeng ke Komiti ea Tlhokomelo ea liphoofolo le Univesithi ea Rockefeller.

Mathata a sebelisitsoeng thutong ena a tsoa ho setša se sengata haholo se bitsoang Het-8, se ileng sa hlaha ka lebaka la litšitiso tse ngata tse fetang tse robeli tse latellanang tse lateloang ke meloko e fetang 60 ea litlolo tse felisitsoeng (39). Litsuane li ne li bolokiloe ka lihlopha tsa bana ba motho oa bong bo le bong ho isa ho ba bahlano maemong a tloaelehileng a laboratori ka phihlello ea lipapatso le lijo tse fuoang metsi. Liphoofolo tsohle li ne li bolokiloe ka mekotla e bobebe ea leseli / e lefifi (mabone ka 12).

Thulaganyo ya go Tsala.

Liphoofolo tse bukeng ena e ngotsoeng ka letsoho li emela moloko oa rona oa botšelela oa khetho bakeng sa maemo a holimo le a tlase a lihlahisoa tse akaretsang. Moloko o mong le o mong o latelang, litoeba li ile tsa lekoa ka har'a sehlopha sa batho ba baholo ba banyenyane 'me sa hlahisa lintlha tse ngata tse khahlisang (bona Sengoloa sa SI bakeng sa litlhaloso tsa liteko tsa boitšoaro). Ka bokhutšoanyane, sebaka se felletseng se tsamaile ka matsatsi a 24 holong ea ntlo ea lapeng, ts'ebetso e otlolohileng e tsoang mohopolong oa boiketso, le phetoho e amanang le tšebetso ea manaka thutong ea thupelo ea tšabo e sebelisitsoe e le mefuta ea khetho. Liphoofolo li ne li laetsoe ka bongata bakeng sa lipalo tsa tsona ho tse ling le tse ling tse fapaneng, lintlha li ile tsa eketsoa 'me liphoofolo tse nang le lintlha tse fetisisang (tse tšeletseng tse holimo le tse tlase) li ile tsa khethoa e le basomi ba moloko o latelang. Ho tsoala hoa tsoela pele.

Boitsebiso bo Eketsehileng

Tlhahisoleseling e Tšehetsang:

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa thahasello.

Sengoliloeng sena se na le tlhahisoleseling e tšehetsang marang-rang ho www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0914014107/DCSupplemental.

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