Thuto ea Ma-Psycho-Genetic Response ea Hedonic ho Amanang le "Tlhekefetso ea Lijo" (2014)

. 2014 Oct; 6 (10): 4338-4353.

E phatlalalitsoe marang-rang 2014 Oct 16. Doi:  10.3390 / nu6104338

PMCID: PMC4210920

inahaneloang

Le ha tlatsetso ea lijo e sena tlhaloso e amoheloang ka semmuso, e sebetsa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng ho latela melaoana ea tlhahlobo ea lihlahisoa e thehiloeng ke Yale Food Addiction Scale- lethathamo la lintho tse thehiloeng matšoao a ho itšetleha ka lintho ho DSM-IV. Hajoale, ho na le lipatlisiso tse fokolang tse thehiloeng ho bioloji tse etsang lipatlisiso mabapi le lisosa tsa ho lemalla lijo. Se teng se shebile haufi feela le meputsong ea moputso oa dopaminergic bokong. Ha boko opioid signing e bile le tšusumetso e matla taolong ea takatso ea lijo, ha ho na lipatlisiso tse hlahlobang potoloho ena ea neural ka kopanelo le bokhoba ba lijo. Morero oa thuto e ne e le ho leka mohlala oa ho bonts'a bokhoni ba ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea "opioid" joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ke letšoao le sebetsang la A118G muMofuta oa mofuta oa receptor -opioid o ka sebetsa e le sesosa se sa tobang sa ho lemalla lijo ka mokhoa o ikhethileng oa ho arabela ka lijo tse matlafatsang. Liphetho li netefalitse likamano tsena. Ntle le moo, liphumano tsa rona tsa hore sehlopha sa bokhoba ba ho lemalla lijo se ne se e-na le maemo a mangata a ho arabela lijong ho fana ka maikutlo a hore mokhoa ona oa boits'oaro o ka khothaletsa polelo ea hore ho ja ho feta tekano, likhechana tsa ho ja ka thata, 'me qetellong e be mokhoa o tlamang le o lemalloang oa lijo. jella.

Keywords: ho lemalla lijo, ho arabela ka hedonic, mu opioid receptor, A118G

1. Selelekela

Kamohelo ea hore ho nona ho feta tekano ho ka khothaletsa ho tepella maikutlo maikutlong le setjhabeng ho batho ba bang ho ile ha susumetsa American Psychiatric Association (APA) ho khetha Binge Eating Disorder (BED) a ea 'nete bokuli ba kelello khaolong ea "Fepa le ho ja mathata" khaolong ea bohlano ea bona e sa tsoa hatisoa Buka ea ho hlahloba le ea litlhahlobo (DSM-5) []. Ka nako e ts'oanang, DSM-5 e lemohile hape, ka lekhetlo la pele, ho ba teng ha Liphapang tse amanang le lithethefatsi tse amanang le litheko khaolong ea eona ho "Mathata a amanang le boloi le tlhekefetso", leha ho becha e ne e le bothata bo neng bo thathamisitsoe sehlopheng sena ka nako ea phatlalatso [].

Ho feto-fetoha ha menahano ea kelello, ho bontšitsoeng likhaolong tsena ka bobeli tsa DSM-5, ho kanna ha ba le tlatsetso ho tseng tjantjello ea kliniki le ea pele ho sehlooho sa sehlooho lijo tse lemalla lijo. Boemo bona bo fanang ka maikutlo bo ikhethile, leha ho le joalo, ka ho kheloha ka bobeli tse amanang le diketso 'me e sa amaneng le dintho mathata a ho lemalla. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho na le kamohelo e ntseng e hola ea hore batho ba bangata ba phehileng lijo-haholo-holo tseo matla a tsona a ntlafalitsoeng ke tsoekere e ngata, mafura le letsoai-li na le thepa e ts'oanang le lintho tse kang cocaine, nikotine le joala ho bona. Mekhoa ea moputso oa boko (bona [,]). Ho feta moo, ha li nkuoa ho feta tekano li ka khothaletsa ho ikamahanya le maemo ka mokhoa o khothalletsang ho ja haholo, ho ts'epahalla, le litakatso, ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le lithethefatsi tse lemalloang. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ketso ea ho ja e ka bonoa e le mokhoa o ka 'nang oa baka tšenyo hobane e khona ho tsosa maikutlo ohle ka tsela e khahlisang haholo, ho tloha ka melumo le monko oa ho pheha, ho ea ho boipiletso ba botle bo bonoang ka botle le bo khahlehang. lijo tse hlophisitsoeng. Le masene a lijo tse itseng ka hanong la hae a ka ba le moputso o moholo le pele a kenoa.

Ho khahlisang, bopaki bo bong ba sechaba bo bonts'a hore maikutlo a bokhoba ba lijo a kotsing e kholo ea ho hobosoa ho fapana le ho tsuba kapa bokhoba ba tahi, le hore bo shebiloe e le boits'oaro ho e-na le bothata bo amanang le lithethefatsi []. Ka mantsoe a mang, bokhoba ba lijo hangata bo nkoa e le "bothata ba kelello" moo lisosa li lebisang ho ja joalo ka khetho ea motho le mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le ho fokotsa ho hloka thabo. Ho ea ka pono ena, ts'ebetso ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ke ho tlola tekano ka matla; ke eseng ka bongata bo amanang le boleng ba bokhoba ba lijo tse itseng. Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tse ling tsa morao-rao tsa liteko li fumane hore ha khetho e sa ratoang ea batho ba nkang karolo ea batho ba baholo e ne e hlahisoa le mokhoa oa ho lemalla lijo ka mokhoa o feteletseng oa ho tsepamisa mohopolo mokhoeng oa ho iphelisa, ho khesoa le ho beha molato ho batho ba nonneng ho fokotsoe ha ho bapisoa le litekanyetso tsa sehlopha se seng sa barupeluoa ba ba ile ba fuoa mohlala o seng molemong oa botenya. Sehlopheng sa pele, ho bile le phokotso mohopolo oa hore batho ba batenya haholo ba sa holofala kelellong, le ho fokotseha hoa tšabo ea barupeluoa ea ho nona ka boima ba 'mele [].

1.1. Boikarabello ba Hedonic le Bokhoni ba Moputso

Karabelo ea Hedonic ke mokhoa o khahlisang haholo o bonts'ang liphapang tsa motho ka mong molemong oa ho batla mohopolo o khotsofatsang tikolohong ea motho, le maikutlong a ho natefeloa ke liketsahalo tsena []. Natural Meputso e kenyelletsa lintho tsohle tse khothatsang hore re pholohe joalo ka ho ja, ho ikatisa le ho etsa lintho hantle. Boiteko ba ho utloisisa motheo oa tlhaho ea karabelo ea hedonic e lebisitse haholo ho matla a kutlo, kapa ho makatsa, litseleng tsa mesocorticolimbic dopamine []. Boikemisetso bo sa feleng bo khona ho fumana moputso-o rehelletsoeng ka eena anhedonia-So ile sa hlalosoa ka lekhetlo la pele kliniking lekholong la 19th ea morao-rao e le karolo ea mantlha ea mafu a mangata a kelello a kenyelletsang khatello ea maikutlo, lefu la kelello le ho tlohela lithethefatsi []. Ho lumellanoa ka kakaretso hore hypo- ts'ebetso ea ho potoloha ha moputso oa boko e ka ba tšobotsi ea motho e khethiloeng ke concatenation ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tse kopaneng ho etsa hore ho be le ts'ebetso e tlase ea ts'ebetso []. Leha ho le joalo, mmuso o joalo o ka boela oa susumetsoa ke ts'usumetso e fetelletseng ea litsela tsa dopaminergic ka li-agonists tse matla tsa dopamine joalo ka lintho tsa tlhekefetso le / kapa ka khatello ea maikutlo e sa foleng - lintho tse atisang ho khothaletsa taolo ea tlase le ho fokolisa karabelo ea sistimi [].

Haufinyane tjena, leqhubu la moea le fapaneng le anhedonia-e phahameng moputso oa kutlo- e amahantsoe le kotsi ea ho itlopa lijo tse bobebe le mathata a mang a taolo ea tšusumetso, ho latela taba ea hore ba nang le tšusumetso e matla ea meputso ba na le monyetla o moholo oa ho etsa boits'oaro bo khahlisang bo nang le boitšoaro bo sa lekaneng bo bapisoang le balekane ba bona ba anhedonic [,,]. Lijo tse jang nakong ea ho itlopa lijo hangata li na le lik'hilojule tse ngata le tse matlafatsang [], ho fana ka maikutlo a karolo ea bohlokoa bakeng sa potoloho ea neural e laolang lijo tse tsamaisoang ke tšenyo e kholo ponong ea kotsi bakeng sa ho nona ka matla. Karabelo ea Hedonic lijong ke ponahatso e ikhethang ea tšobotsi e akaretsang e hlalositsoeng ka holimo, 'me e bontša tekanyo ea takatso ea ho ja, le thabo e tlisoang ke lijo tse fumanehang habonolo, le tse ncha hape li khahleha. Ka lebaka leo, motho ea nang le bokhoni bo phahameng ba moputso oa lijo o tloaetse ho jelloa leha ho se na tlala kapa tlhoko ea caloric [], le litakatso tse matla tsa lijo [].

1.2. Motheo oa Biology oa Tlatsetso ea Lijo

Ho fihla joale, ho na le tlhoko-kholo ea lipatlisiso tse thehiloeng ho bioloji tse etsang lipatlisiso ka likotsi tsa tlhekefetso ea lijo. Se teng se shebile haufi feela le meputsong ea moputso oa dopaminergic bokong. Mohlala, phuputso ea morao-rao e bonts'itse hore batho ba baholo ba lemaletseng lijo ba na le lintlha tse phahameng haholo lenaneng la liphatsa tsa lefutso le nang le matla a ho supa dopamine ha ba bapisoa le balekane ba bona ba lilemo li lekanang le tse boima.]. Phuputso e entsoeng ka neano e boetse e fumane hore ts'ebetso ea ho tsamaisa meputso mokokotlong oa amygdala le caudate, karabong ea temoso ea lijo, e ne e amana hantle le matšoao a tlatsetso ea lijo sehlopheng sa basali ba baholo []. Hamolimo tsena tse fumanoang li na le bopaki bo bong ba kelello ba hore tlhekefetso ea lijo [], joalo ka BED, ke moputso o phahameng o arabelang oa botenya []. Ho boetse ho na le ts'ehetso ea pele ea maikutlo a hore maemo a mang a tlhekefetso ea lijo e ka ba mofuta oa mofuta oa BED o khothalletsang ho feta oa ts'ebeliso e fapaneng ea bongaka []. Ntle le moo, ho ba teng ha tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa lijo le bulimia mothosa (BN) ho amana le tšebeliso e matla ea lefu la ho ja []. Leha ho le joalo, hape ho na le batho ba nang le ts'oaetso ea lijo e bonahalang e le li-BMI (mmele oa Mass Mass Index) le ho senyeha hoa bongaka leha ba sa kopane le mekhoa ea BN kapa BED, ba fana ka maikutlo a hore maemo a tlhekefetso ea lijo ha a tšoaetsoe hangata ke likarolo tsa ho itlopa lijo tse bobebe []. Bopaki bona ba morao-rao bo boetse bo fana ka lintlha tse fumanoeng lithutong tse peli tsa pejana moo ke halofo feela ea batho ba baholo ba batenya ba fumanoeng ba lemaletse lijo ba fumane litekanyetso tsa BED [,].

Brain Opioid Pathways le Moputso oa Lijo

Ha a ntse a opioid signing sebakeng se tsitsitseng sa boko le sona se bile le tšusumetso e matla taolong ea takatso ea lijo, hajoale ha ho na lipatlisiso tse hlahlobang tšusumetso ea "neural circry" e maemong a kotsi bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea lijo. Phuputso e ngata e amanang le pele e bonts'a ts'ebetso ea mu-opioid receptor (MOR) ka har'a nucleus e bokellana ka mokhoa o ikhethileng oa ho ja lijo tse tsamaisoang ka mokhoa oa hedon ka mokhoa oa ho eketsa ts'ebeliso ea lijo tse monate le tse mafura [,]. Ntle le moo, ho saena ka ho bokella li-MOR ho bonahala ho laola lijo tse ithutoang, le litekanyo tse ntseng li eketseha li fumanoe ho khothaletsa tšebeliso ea lijo tse lutlang joaloka lijo tse ratoang le tse ratoang []. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mu-aba khahlanong le phepo ea moea ba tloaetse ho fokotsa karabelo ea hedonic ho, le ts'ebeliso ea, lijo tse monate tsa ho ja ho itlopa joala le ho batho ba baholo ba fetang boima ba tsona []. Ho boetse ho na le bopaki ba hore tšusumetso e fetisisang ea MOR ho tsoa ho ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ea lijo tse matlafatsoang haholo e ka potlakisa ho tšoaea hoa opioid ea tlase ka lebaka la liphetoho tse telele mosebetsing oa li-receptor []. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, patlisiso ea morao-rao ea bongaka e fumane hore ts'ebetso ea "opioid" e fokolang e amanang le ho ja haholo, ho ja lijo tse nang le khalori e phahameng le ho itlopa lijo tse ngata, le ha lipatlisiso tsena li sa lumellane hobane tlhahlobo e entsoe ka mokhoa o sa tobang ts'ebetso []. Ka kakaretso, lipatlisiso tse fetolang li bonts'a hore ts'ebetso ea opioid e bohareng e kanna ea kenyelletsa matšoao a tlatsetso a amanang le ho ja lijo tse matlafatsoang ho kenyelletsa ho itlopa lijo, litakatso le ho khaotsa ho sa ts'oane le tataiso ea ho hloka kholiseho [].

Ho mefuta e mengata ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e thathamisitsoeng ho mofuta oa MOR gene (OPRM1), A118G (rs1799971) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), e fumanehang sebakeng sa coding sa exon 1, esale e ithutoa ka botlalo Mekhoa e nepahetseng e lula e sa hlake, a a vitro boithuto bo bontšitse hore G allele e nyane e baka keketseho e menahaneng hararo ea tlamahanyo ea enda native beta-endorphin mme e hlahisa protheine e kopantsoeng le potasiamo ea potasiamo []. Haufinyane Ka vivo Bopaki bo boetse bo tšehetsa taba ea hore G allele ke "phaello-ea-ts'ebetso" bakeng sa ba nang le allele ena e nyane []. Mohlala, phuputso e 'ngoe e tlalehile ho ata ha G allele ho batho bohle ba lemaletseng tahi le opioid India ha ho bapisoa le sechaba ka kakaretso [], tse tšoanang le tse fumanoeng ho tsoa thutong ea pejana ea Sweden []. Sehlopha sa batho ba noang haholo ba nkileng G allele le sona se tlaleha likarabo tse kholo tsa joala le tahi ha li bapisoa le balekane ba bona le mofuta oa AA, leha ba ne ba sa fapana ka litlamorao le ka ho hlohlora joala.]. Ha se lithuto tsohle, leha ho le joalo, tse fumanetseng mekhatlo e joalo lipatlisisong tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi [,].

Lithuto tsa mokhatlo oa liphatsa tsa lefutso le tsona li se li hlahlobile boholo matšoao a amanang le nehelano ea kliniki ea boitšoaro bo lematsang. Mohlala, bakuli ba G allele ba neng ba le lilemong tsa bocha ba ne ba e-na le mathata a amanang le joala le sepheo sa ho noha se shebileng moputso ho feta ba se nang allele ena []. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, joalo ka ha ho bonts'oa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea mesocorticolimbic sebopeho, bakuli ba G ba baholo ba bontšitse karabelo e kholo ho latela tekanyetso litlamorao tse matlafatsang tsa joala, le kutloelo-bohloko e kholo ho lithahasello tsa joala [,].

Ho na le bopaki bo bong ba hore phapang ea ts'ebetso ea OPRM1 e bolela esale pele hore e tla utloahala tsa tlhaho meputso. Har'a litšoene tsa masea, bajari ba Galeile ba thehile maqhama a matla le bonngoe le bo-mme ba bona mme ba bonts'a khatello e kholo nakong ea karohano ea bo-mme []. Ka mokhoa o tšoanang, batho ba tsamaisang thepa ea G ba bonts'itse bokhoni bo boholo ba bophelo sechabeng joalo ka ha ho bonts'oa tloaelo e atamelaneng ea ho ba le likamano tsa lerato le thabo e khaphatsehang maemong a sechaba []. Ntle le moo, re fumane, ka lekhetlo la pele, mu-receptor genotype phapano mabapi le ho rata lijo tse monate le tse mafura le sehlopha sa homozygous GG se tlalehang litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa khetho ea lijo ha li bapisoa le lihlopha tse ling tse peli []. Ho fapana, leha ho le joalo, ho tsoa lithutong tse ling moo lihlopha tsa GG le GA genotype li kopantsoeng hangata liphatisong tsa lipalo, liphumano tsa rona li khothalelitse mokhoa oa phetisetso eo ho eona likopi tse peli tsa G allele li hlokahalang ho hlahisa sephetho.

1.3. Thutong ea Hona Joale

Le ha tlatsetso ea lijo e sena tlhaloso e amoheloang ka semmuso, e sebetsa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng ho latela melaoana ea tlhahlobo ea mafu e thehiloeng nakong ea ntlafatso ea Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) [] - lethathamo la ho itlaleha le ipapisitseng le matšoao a tlisoang ke ho its'etleha hoa lintho ho DSM-IV []. Ka kakaretso, e tšoauoa ka ho nona ho feta tekano, ho eketseha, le ho qobella ho qeta nako, joalo ka ha ho etsoa lits'oants'o tsa ho itlopa lijo, joalo ka ha ho netefalitsoe ke ts'ebelisano ea eona e ntle ea moriana e tsamaeang le BED [,].

Boithuto ba hajoale ke ba pele ba ho hlahloba sesupo sa likokoana-hloko sa opioid ea tšebetsong ponong ea kotsi bakeng sa ho lemalla lijo tsa YFAS. Ka ho khetheha, sepheo e ne e le ho leka mohlala o sa tobang o hlalositsoeng ho Setšoantšo sa 1. Ka ho khetheha, re boletse esale pele hore ts'ebetso e matla ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea potoloho ea opioid tseleng e tloaelehileng ea moputso-joalo ka ha ho bonts'oa ke polymorphism ea GG ea ts'oaetso ea A118G ea ts'ebetso ea MOR-e tla sebetsa e le kotsi bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea lijo. Mokhoa oa ho buuoa o ne o kengoe hore e be kamano e sa ikopileng ka karabelo e matla ea hedonic lijong tse fumanehang habonolo. Ka ho khetheha, genotype ea GG e ne e tla amahanngoa le karabelo e kholo ea hedonic, e behiloeng e le phapang e kopantseng le matšoao a mararo a arohaneng-viz. ho ja hedonic, litakatso tsa lijo le khetho ea lijo tse monate le tse mafura. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, karabelo ea hedonic e ile ea boleloa esale pele hore e lumellana hantle le matšoao a ho lemalla lijo joalo ka ha ho bontšitsoe ke lintlha ho YFAS.

Setšoantšo sa 1 

Model ea boletsoeng esale pele hore letšoao la lefutso la OPRM1 A118G le tla amana le phapang ea hedonic-reactionful, eo ka lehlakoreng le leng e tla amahanngoa le lintlha tsa matšoao a YFAS.

2. Mekhoa

2.1. Barupeluoa

Batho ba baholo ba lekholo le mashome a mane a metso e mehlano (basali: 100; banna: 45) pakeng tsa lilemo tsa 25 le 47 ba nkile karolo ho ithuteng. Ho ajoa ha sampole e ne e le 80% Caucasian, 16% lesika la Afrika, le 4% tse ling. Barupeluoa ba ile ba hiroa lifotong tse behiloeng litsing tsa sechaba ba kopa baithaopi bakeng sa thuto ea boitšoaro ba ho ja. Lipapatso li ile tsa boela tsa beoa likoranteng tsa moo le libakeng tsa marang-rang. Barupeluoa ba ile ba hlokoa hore ba tsebe ho bua Senyesemane hantle, le ho lula Amerika Leboea bonyane lilemo tse hlano pele ba ngolisoa ho netefatsa tikoloho e lekanang ea lijo bakeng sa nako e kholo ea ho ngolisa thutong. Basali le bona ba ne ba lokela ho ba pele ho nako ea ho khaotsa ho ilela khoeli ka ha ho laoloa ke ho itlaleha ha potoloho ea ho ea matsatsing, le hore o se ke oa ba le moimana likhoeling tse tšeletseng tse fetileng. Mekhoa ea ho lelekoa e kenyelletsa tlhahlobo ea hajoale (kapa ea nalane ea) ea ho hloka ts'ebeliso ea kelello kapa tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi. Ba nang le lefu le tebileng la bokuli / mmele joalo ka mofets'e kapa lefu la pelo le bona ba ile ba qheleloa ka thoko, hammoho le ba noang meriana e amang takatso ea lijo (mohlala, lithethefatsi tse matlafatsang). Tsamaiso e sebelisitsoeng thutong ena e amohetsoe ke Setheo sa Patlisiso ea Setheo mme se entsoe ho latela Phatlalatso ea Helsinki.

2.2. Mehato

2.2.1. Ho sokolla

Ho ntšoa ha mali maling ohle ho phethetsoe ke ts'ebetso e se nang enzymatic, e letsoai le phahameng joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ke Lahiri le Nurnberger []. Re lekile mofuta o sebetsang oa A118G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), e bakang phetoho ea amino acid ho tloha ho masala a aspartate ho ea ho masala a asparagines, ka hona ka mokhoa o neng o ka tlosa NSebaka sa sebaka sa maikutlo]. SNP ena e hlophisitsoe ka mokhoa o sebelisang lipapatso tse fumanehang khoebong (Applied Biosystems Inc., Foster City, CA, USA). GMomic DNA (20 ng) e ile ea eketsoa ka karabelo ea 10-μL ka karabelo ea polymerase ea ketane ka maemo a latelang: 95 ° C 10 min, e lateloa ke mekoloko ea 50 ea 92 ° C 15 s, 60 ° C 1min. Allelic Discrimination Programme ho ABI7000 Prism Sequence Detection System e ile ea sebelisoa ho khetholla mofuta oa genotypes ea motho ka mong. Li-genotypes li ile tsa lekoa hore li tšoanelehe ho ba Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium e sebelisang phetolelo ea Haploview 4.2 (Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA) [].

2.2.2. Likarabo tsa Lipotso

Lijo Tsa Tlhekefetso o fumanoe a sebelisa YFAS. Mohato ona o na le nnete e sebetsang ea ho feto-fetoha ha mehato e meng ea mokhoa oa ho ja, haholo ho ja, mme ka hona e ka ba sesebelisoa se sebetsang sa ho khetholla batho ba nang le tloaelo e matla ea ho ja lijo []. Sekala sena sa thepa ea 25 se ne se etselitsoe ho kenya ts'ebetsong lithethefatsi tsa lijo ho latela matšoao a 7 a ts'ebeliso ea thepa e thathamisitsoeng ho DSM-IV, mme e fetotsoe bakeng sa boits'oaro ba ho ja. YFAS e fana ka mekhoa ea boleng ba boleng (ea binary) le ea lintlha tse ngata. E ts'oanang le mokhoa oa ho itšetleha ka litheko tsa DSM, tlhahlobo ea tahi ea lijo e fanoa haeba moqosuoa a bile le matšoao a mararo kapa ho feta selemong se fetileng, le haeba tlhahlobo ea "ho fokola haholo" ho fumanehang. Palo ea boholo bo fumaneha ka ho akaretsa palo ea matšoao a emisitsoeng, ka hona e ka tloha ho 0 ho 7. Bakeng sa sampole ena, motsoako oa alpha ea Cronbach bakeng sa letšoao la matšoao e ne e le 0.78.

Khetho bakeng sa Lijo tse phahameng tsa Fat le tsoekere e phahameng e ile ea hlahlojoa ke Potso ea Khetho ea Lijo [], e leng sekala sa thepa ea 72 se etselitsoeng e le 2 (FAT: phahameng vs. low) × 3 (CARBOHYDRATE: tekanyetso e phahameng, e rarahaneng, tekanyetso e tlase ea carbohydrate / protheine e phahameng) bakeng sa mefuta e fapaneng ea li-macronutrients. Ba arabetseng ba bonts'a lijo tseo ba li ratang ka sekhahla se nang le lintlha tse robong. The Khetho e phahameng ea Mafura le Tsoekere e Phahameng lintlha ke moelelo oa litekanyetso tsa lijo tsa 12 tse nang le mafura le tsoekere (mohlala, likuku ea chokolete, le phae ea pecan). Bangoli ba tlaleha ho ts'epahala ho nepahala le ho nepahala ha mehato ena, mme alpha e lekanang bakeng sa tekanyo ena thutong ea rona e ne e le 0.81.

Ho ja Hedonic e ile ea hlahlojoa ke Matla a Sekala sa Lijo [], e leng potso ea thepa ea 21 e bonts'ang liphapang tsa karabelo ea lijo ho tikoloho e nang le lijo tse ngata tse fumanehang habonolo, ntle le ts'ebeliso ea motho ea lijo tsena. Ka mantsoe a mang, e khetholla tšusumetso le takatso ea ho fumana lijo ho tsoa tloaelo ea ho (ja) lijo. Tekanyetso ea alpha ea Cronbach thutong ena e ne e le 0.96.

Litakatso tsa lijo li ile tsa hlahlojoa ke Potso ea Takatso ea Lijo-Tloaelo []. Sekhechana sena sa 39 se bonts'a likarolo tsa 'mele le tsa kelello tsa takatso ea lijo — mohlala, joaloka maikutlo a tlala, ho tšoareha ka lijo le ho hloka taolo. Selekane sa alpha e ne e le 0.97.

2.3. Litsela

Bakeng sa ho netefatsa ho tšoaneleha ha pele, ho hlahlojoa ka mohala ho ne ho etsoa le ba bontšang thahasello ea ho nka karolo thutong. Ka letsatsi la kopano, puisano e hlophisitsoeng, ea sefahleho le sefahleho e ile ea etsoa ho netefatsa ho tšoaneleha, ka mor'a moo tumello e nang le tsebo le tlhaiso-leseling e nepahetseng ea demographic e fumanoe. Bophahamo le boima li ne li lekanngoa le motho ea nkang karolo ea emeng ka maoto a metšo hape a apere liaparo tse bobebe tsa kahare. Sampole ea venous ea mali e ile ea isoa laboratoring ea sepetlele, 'me sephutheloana sa lipotso sa phethoa lapeng' me sa khutlisoa hamorao.

2.4. Lipatlisiso tsa Statistical

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium le li-lingkage onesquilibrium li ile tsa hlahlojoa li sebelisa liteko tsa chi-squared ka Haploview, mofuta oa 4.2 (Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA) []. Phapang lipakeng tsa OPRM1 A118G genotypes le maemo a tsoelang pele a maemo li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho IBM SPSS Statistics for Mac, Version 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) ba sebelisa lits'ebetso tsa Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Bakeng sa ho hlahloba hore na ho na le phello e sa tobang ea letšoao la A118G le letšoao la tšebeliso ea lijo ka ho arabela ka hedonic, lits'ebetso tse hlalositsoeng ke Hayes le Moruti [] tsa lateloa. Mokhoa ona o lumella tšebeliso ea mefuta e fapaneng e ikemetseng ea mekhahlelo e mengata, 'me e lekana bohlokoa ba phello e sa tobang ka ho sebelisa li-bootstriling tse laoloang ka leeme. SPSS "MEDIATE" e hlahisitsoeng ka bongata hore e tsamaee le pampiri ke Hayes le Moruti.] - re sebelisitsoe ho lekola bohlokoa ba litlamorao tse tobileng. Joalo ka ha ho na le lihlopha tse tharo tsa genotype, ho fana ka kh'outa ho ile ha lekoa ka sethala sa heterozygous e le sehlopha sa boits'oaro (Mokhoa o ts'oanang oa sephetho o fumanoe ha a ne a beha sehlopha sa GG allele joalo ka sehlopha sa litšupiso). Mokhoa ona oa ho lekola litlamorao tse sa tsamaelaneng o bonts'a sephetho sa tsela a (kamano e lipakeng tsa matla a bolepi esale pele, ke hore,, sehlopha sa genotype le phapang e pakeng tsa ke hore,, Karabelo ea hedonic) le tsela b (Kopano lipakeng tsa phapano ea mahareng le phetoho ea sephetho, ke hore,, matšoao a bokhoba ba lijo). Thutong ena, mekhahlelo ea kholiseho ea bistrap e hlophisitsoeng ka leemen = 1000) e ne e behiloe ho 95%, mme e ne e sebelisoa ho lekola bohlokoa ba litlamorao tse sa tobang. Hobane ho na le lihlopha tse tharo tsa genotype, ho na le tse peli a tsela (GG vs. GA le AA vs. GA) mme ka morao ho moo, liteko tse peli tsa litlamorao tse sa tobang. Ho ba sieo ha zero ka nako ea kholiseho ho bonts'a litlamorao tse sa tobang.

3. Liphetho

3.1. Lipalopalo tse Hlalosang

Lethathamo 1 e hlahisa maqhubu a allele le genotype bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea A118G SNP, e thathamisitsoeng ka thoko bakeng sa batho ba lemaletseng lijo le batho bao e seng lijong. Liphetho li boetse li netefalitse hore lesupa lena le ho Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium. Patlisiso e fetileng e bonts'a hore maqhubu a khalelle a letšoao lena a tloaetse ho fapana ka merabe eohle []. Kaha karolo e kholo ea sampole ea hona joale ke ea Caucasian, leha ho le joalo, le hobane sampole ha e kholo ho lekana ho arohana le morabe, re lekotse likakanyo tsohle ka bonngoe. Ho ka bonoa hore maqhubu a G allele mohlaleng oa rona a felletseng a ts'oana haholo le mehlala e meng ea Caucasian e akaretsitsoeng ho tlhahlobo ea Deb le basebetsi-'moho [], le thutong e fetileng ho sebelisoa mohlala o tšoanang [].

Lethathamo 1 

Allele le genotype frequency (e nang le liperesente tsa genotype kahare ho sehlopha se seng le se seng sa tlhahlobo) bakeng sa OPRM1 A118G SNP, e thathamisitsoe ka thoko bakeng sa tšebeliso ea litheko tsa lijo (n = 25) le ts'ebeliso e seng lijo tsa joala (n = Lihlopha tsa 114).

Mefuta e meraro ea hedonic-reactionful variantske hore,, litabatabelo tsa lijo, lijo tsa hedonic, le khetho e phahameng ea mafura / tsoekere) li ne li kopantsoe hantle haholo ka tsela e neng e lebelletsoe. Ka hona, lintlha tse nang le likarolo tse ngata li ile tsa baloa ho sebelisoa tlhahlobo ea mantlha ea mantlha. Karolo e tlositsoeng e kentse 66% ea ho fapana sekeng se tharo, mme kaofela ha bona ba jarollotsoe ka matla ntlha ena (meroalo e pakeng tsa 0.52 le 0.93). Mokhoa ona o rarolla mathata a amanang le li-collinearity tse ngata tse ka amang tshekatsheko e kamorao haeba mefuta e meraro e kenyellelitsoe mohlaleng o le mong. E boetse e eketsa ts'epahalo ea boleng ba [].

Lethathamo 2 e bonts'a ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng bakeng sa lilemo, BMI, hedonic-reaction (lintlha tsa pherekano) le matšoao a bokhoba ba lijo. Tsamaiso e le 'ngoe ea ANOVA ha ea fumana phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa genotype ka lilemo, BMI, kapa matšoao a tšebeliso ea lijo. Ho na le leha ho le joalo, ho na le phapang e kholo ho hedonic-reactionness. Post hoc bapisa, ho sebelisa mokhoa oa Leano la Bohlokoa ba Phapang, o fumane hore lihlopha tsa GG le AA li na le lintlha tse phahameng haholo ho feta sehlopha sa GA (GG vs. GA, p = 0.026; AA vs. GA, p = 0.004), empa li ne li sa fapana ho mong le e mong (GG vs. AA, p = 0.368). Karabelo ea Hedonic e ne e boetse e amahanngoa le lintlha tsa matšoao a YFAS (r = 0.68, leq 0.001). Ho ile ha boela ha etsoa mohato o amanang le ho qaqisa lintho ka bongateng le ho lekola kamano pakeng tsa karabelo ea hedonic le tlhahlobo ea lefu la YFAS. Joalokaha ho boletsoe esale pele, lipalo tse ngata tsa manyolo a kopaneng li ne li amahanngoa le monyetla o moholo oa tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea ho lemalla lijo (B = 1.89, Bse = 0.36, Wald = 28.22, leq 0.001). Leha ho le joalo, ha ho fanoa ka khafetsa ea barupeluoa lihlopheng tsa bokhoba ba tahi ea lijo x, ho ne ho loketse haholo ho latela palo ea matšoao a YFAS e le mokhoa oa tlhahlobo lithutong tse latelang.

Lethathamo 2 

Mekhoa, ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng, le minima le maxima bakeng sa mefuta eohle ea bongata, tse thathamisitsoeng ka thoko bakeng sa genotypes tse tharo.

Teko ea litlamorao tsa thobalano, ho sebelisa lits'ebetso tse ikemetseng tsa t-test, ha e supe liphapang tse kholo tsa sehlopha ho tlhaelo-leseling ea likarabo tsa hedonic kapa palo ea matšoao a YFAS.

3.2. Liphello

Ha ho fanoa ka setsoalle sa bohlokoa lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa genotype le lintlha tsa hedonic-reactionful factor, hape hobane ea morao-rao e ne e boetse e amahanngoa haholo le lintlha tsa matšoao a YFAS, liteko tsa litlhahlobo tse sa tobang li ile tsa etsoa ho lekola hore na karabelo ea hedonic e sebelitse e le mokhoa oa ho hokahanya pakeng tsa lesupa la A118G le ho lemalla joala. Kameho e otlolohileng ea sehlopha sa genotype le bokhoba ba lijo (ho sena "phapang") e ne e se bohlokoa. Re lokela ho hlokomela, leha ho le joalo, hore liteko tsa litla-morao tse sa tobang li ka etsoa ntle le ho ba le mokhatlo o ikhethileng pakeng tsa phapang e hlalosang maemo le sephetho [,]. Sena ke haholo-holo bakeng sa mefuta e boletsoeng esale pele e fapaneng haholo le sephetho, joalo ka lipakeng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso le matšoao a bokhoba ba lijo. Liphetho tsa mohlala tse lekiloeng li bonts'itsoe Setšoantšo sa 2. Ha lihlopha tsa genotype li hlophisitsoe ka tsela e tšoanang, ho fana ka matšoao (ho boetse ho tsebahala joalo ka dummy coding) e sebelisitsoe tumellanong le likhothaletso tsa Hayes le Moruti []. Genotypes ea GG le AA e ile ea lekoa khahlanong le genA genotype. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe Lethathamo 3, Barupeluoa ba nang le mofuta oa GG kapa AA ba ne ba le maemong a holimo ho hedonic-reactionnessness ho GA genotype (tsela a), eo ka nako eo e neng e amahanngoa le lintlha tse holimo tsa matšoao a YFAS (tsela ea b). Litlamorao tse sa tobang tse tsoang GG le AA genotypes (e amanang le GA) li ne li fapane haholo le zero. Ts'ehetso e ts'oanang e fumanoe ha ho ne ho hlahlojoa litla-morao tsa tlhahlobo ea YFAS ea tlhahlobo e le tšitiso e sebelisang li-Hayes] PROCESS macro (Phello e sa tobang GG vs. GA = 1.83, 95% CI = 0.23-3.75; Phello e sa tobang AA vs. GA = 1.13, 95% CI = 0.42-2.00). Moetso ona o tšehetsa khopolo-taba ea hore mofuta oa GG genotype (le hoja o sa tloaelehe) o amahanngoa le matšoao a tlatsetso ea lijo tse nang le tšebeliso e phahameng ka karabelo e phahameng lijong tse matlafatsang. Ka ho sa lebelloang, mofuta oa AA o ne o boetse o amahanngoa le kotsi e kholo ea ho lemalla lijo ka mokhoa o tšoanang oa boits'oaro bo hlakileng ba ho hlahloba tšusumetso e sa tobang ea AA vs. Lihlopha tsa allele tsa GG li bontšitse hore ho ne ho se na phapang pakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse peli (Indirect Athle = −0.44, 95% CI = −1.56-0.53). Ho laola thobalano le BMI ha hoa ka ha fetola sepheo sena ka botlalo.

Setšoantšo sa 2 

Mohlala o sa tobang oa mohlala oa kamano pakeng tsa genotypes ea A118G, karabelo ea hedonic lijong, le matšoao a YFAS. Li-coefficients tse sa lebelloang li hlahisoa le ho hlahlojoa hore na li bohlokoa hakae ka lipuisano tsa 95% tsa ts'epo li baloa ho sebelisoa bias-corrected ...
Lethathamo 3 

Litlamorao tse sa tobang tsa genotypes ea A118G ho matšoao a YFAS lipalo ka ho arabela ka hedonic.

4. Puisano

Liphetho tsa thuto ena li ile tsa ts'ehetsa mokhoa o bontšitsoeng ho Setšoantšo sa 1, le boiketsetso ba rona ba hore "Gale-ya-ts'ebetso" ea almanaka ea A118G e amana le karabelo e phahameng ea hedonic lijong tse bobebe. Ho fapana le lipatlisiso tsa rona tsa pejana, leha ho le joalo, moo ho fumanoang mokhoa oa phetisetso o fumanehang bakeng sa likamano tsa G allele le lijo [], data ea hajoale e bonts'a hore leha genotype ea GG e ne e na le lintlha tse phahameng haholo tsa karabelo ea hedonic, e ne e sa fapana haholo le sehlopha sa Aomo sa homozygous. Ho feta moo, mofuta oa heterozygous oa GA o bonts'itse haholo tlaase Karabelo ea hedonic ho feta e 'ngoe ea lihlopha tsena tse peli tse bohloko, e bolelang e phahameng haholo (Borena bo phahameng e bua ka boemo boo sehlopha sa heterozygous se leng ka ntle ho bongata ba lihlopha tse homozygous, 'me ho ka nahanoa hore ho na le menyetla e fokolang bakeng sa tšobotsi e ka' nang ea baka litšitiso tse ling ka mantsoe a mang, boikoetliso bo matla ho feta batho ba homozygous) bakeng sa letšoao lena. Ho khahlisang, ho na le bopaki bo bongata ba ho lumellana ha heterozyggiving-fitness ho sechaba ka kakaretso, 'me ba bang ba lumela hore sena se etsahala hobane ho emisa ho eketsa boemo ba homozygosity ka mokhoa oa genome-wide, hape ho amana le ho fokotseha hoa mekhoa e amanang le boikoetliso []. Ka bomalimabe, lipatlisiso tsa rona tsa lefutso li thata ho netefatsa le lipatlisiso tse ling tse amanang le sena hobane lithuto tse ngata tse hlahlobang A118G SNP lipatlisiso tse amanang le tšebeliso ea litheko li nkile mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa phetisetso bakeng sa G, ka ho etsa mofuta oa A118G oa binary (viz. GG le GA) vs. AA) molemong oa tekolo (mohlala, [,,]). Ho tšoaneleha ha leano le joalo hona joale ho ka botsoa lipotso, eseng feela ka lebaka la liphetho tsa phuputso ena, empa hape le motheong oa bopaki ba morao-rao ba meta-anal bo bonts'a mokhatlo oa bohlokoa oa A118G o arabelang ho opioids tlasa bonts'a matla or tlatsetso mohlala []. Ka lebaka leo, bafuputsi ba kamoso sebakeng sena ba khothaletsoa ho sekaseka A118G SNP ba sebelisa tse tharo sebakeng sa lihlopha tse peli tsa genotype. Ntle le moo, ha ho fanoa ka tlhaiso e tlase ea tlhaiso sehlopheng sa homozygous (nyenyane allele) G, thuto ea rona e ile ea matlafatsoa ho fumana phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa GG le AA leha ho na le lintlha tse phahameng ho feta tsa pele. Ka hona, lipatlisiso tse nang le disampole tse kholo ho hlokahala hore re tsoele pele ho leka mehlala ea rona e kopantsoeng le mekhatlo e boletsoeng esale pele.

Liphetho tsa rona tsa ho ithuta li boetse tsa tiisa hore ho arabela ka hedonic ho ne ho amahanngoa haholo le matšoao a tšoaetso ho YFAS le ts'ibollo ea lijo ea YFAS. Liphumano tsena li tšehetsa letoto la bopaki bo bokelletseng ba hore lits'ebetso tsa boko ba hedonic li na le tšusumetso e matla ho khanneng tšebeliso e feteletseng ea lijo tse matlafatsang []. Ha e le hantle, ho arabela ka bongata lijong ho ka eketsa kotsi ea ho ja ho feta tekano ka ho khothaletsa khetho e kholo ea lijo tse nonneng le tse matlafatsang haholo lijong tsa letsatsi le letsatsi, le ka ho thibela liteko tsa ho se je lijo tse joalo. Mohlala, bopaki ba morao-rao bo bonts'itseng hore likhoto li pepesitsoe ke ho ja nako e telele le ho feteletseng hoa caloric-densefood li bontsitse menyetla e mengata ea meputso mohopolong oa boko ba motlakase (ho bonts'a maikutlo a fokotsehileng a ho fumana moputso) [], le lijo tsa nako e telele tse fumanehang habonolo li boetse li lebisitse ho fokotseheng ha mu-opioid mRNA polelo e bokellaneng ea nyutlelie e boetse e bonts'a sistimi e theohelang [].

Ho fanoe ka ba bang hore karabelo ea moputso e fokotsehang e etsa hore ho be le tšusumetso e matla ea ho koahela bofokoli bona ka ho nona haholo [,]. Ka pono ea rona, leha ho le joalo, tlhaloso e joalo e bonolo haholo, haholo ka lebaka la bopaki bo kholisang ba hore anhedonia e amahanngoa le boitšoaro bo nyahamisang, ho fokotseha ha takatso ea lijo, le tšusumetso e fokotsoang ea ho etsa liphihlelo tse tloaelehileng tse kang puisano ea sechaba le motsoali. ho hlokomela [,]. Tlhaloso e phethahetseng haholoanyane bakeng sa kamano lipakeng tsa maikutlo a moputso le takatso ea lijo e fanoa ke mohlala oa tšebetso tse peli []. Ho tloha boemong ba ho ba kotsing ea ho ba motho ka mong, karabelo e phahameng ea hedonic ho lijo e rerela lijo tse phahameng, le ho ja monate ntle le tlhoko ea caloric, haholo tikolohong ea lijo e nang le lijo tse monate tse fumanehang habonolo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho fetella ho feteletseng ha meputso ea boko ka ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ho ka fokotsa taolo ea ts'ebetso ea mesocorticolimbic pathways (joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe kaholimo) ha ka nako e tšoanang e ntse e ntlafatsa boiketlo ba lijo tse nonneng le tse monate, tse hlahisang litakatso tse matla le boits'oaro bo batlang lijo []. Tsamaiso e latelang ea meputso e tlase e ka tlatsetsa ho bolokeng tšebeliso e matla ea lijo le ho khutla hoa lebitso ka mor'a nako ea taolo ea ho ja []. Ka sebele, ba nang le letšoao la bokhoba ba lijo ba tloaetse ho tlaleha ho se sebetse hantle boitekong ba bona ba ho itloaetsa boitšoaro ba bona ba ho ja [].

Matla a itseng a thuto ea morao-rao e ne e le teko e hlakileng ea phello e sa tobang ea ts'ebetso ea OPRM1 SNP le tšibollo ea lijo ka karabelo ea hedonic. Haholo-holo, tlhahlobo ena e tšehelitse tlhahiso ea rona ea phello e sa tobang ea ho ba kotsing ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ka "ho hohela" lijo tse matlafatsoang ho fihlela matšoao a bonoang a ho lemalla lijo. Ho fumana hona ho ts'oana le mehlala e fetileng e sa tobang e hlahlobang mekhoa ea kelello le boits'oaro e le litsela tse ka hlahang ho tsoa lipapaling tse ikhethang tsa lefutso ho ea tlhahlobisong e lematsang ea joala le kotsi ea botenya [,]. Joalo ka mehlala eohle e fanang ka sepheo, ho tla hlokahala hore data e netefalitsoeng e netefatse liphetho tsena.

Leha ho na le liphetho tsa bohlokoa le tse ncha tse fumanoeng lipatlisisong tsena, ho bohlokoa ho lebisa tlhokomelo mefuteng ea eona. Haholo-holo, liphetho tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso li tlameha ho shejoa ka hloko le ka tieo e le tsa pele-pele ka lebaka la palo e nyane ea ho bonoa sehlopheng sa genotype sa genotype se amanang le lihlopha tse ling tse peli, hape ka lebaka la khafetsa le fokolang la batho ba sehlopha sa ts'oaetso ea lijo tsa YFAS. Ho pheta ka mehlala e meholo ho tla lumella ho ba le ts'epo e kholo ho, le ho ts'epahala, liphumatsong tse tlalehiloeng mona.

5. Liphello

Ka kakaretso, litholoana tsa thuto ena li bontšitse; ka tsela ea pele, likamano lipakeng tsa boko opioid e bonts'a matla le phapang ea motho ho hedonic ho arabela lijong tse monate le tse nang le caloric haholo. Li na le ts'usumetso ea ts'ebetso ea opioid ka tsela e sa tobang e ka bang tlokotsing ea ho qhekella ho tlola. Ho sa le teng; leha ho le joalo; bopaki bo sa lekaneng ba ho tseba ka kholiseho mokhoa oa phetisetso ea letšoao la OPRM1 A118G mabapi le karabelo e ntlafalitsoeng ho li-agonist tsa opioid joaloka lijo tse fumanehang habonolo le lithethefatsi tse fapaneng tse tlatsetsang. Holim'a moo; tšeetso e tsoelang pele ea bonnete ba ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa lijo e fanoa ke seo re se fumaneng hore sehlopha sa batho ba lemaletseng lijo se ne se e-na le maemo a mangata a ho arabela ka matla lijong — mokhoa o ikhethileng oa bophelo bo botle o ka khothalletsang polelo ea ho ja ho tlola tekano; le likarolo tsa ho itlopa joala; mme qetellong ho latela mokhoa o qobelloang le o lemalloang oa ho ja lijo.

Menehelo ea Mongoli

Sengoli sa pele se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa pokello ea data. Bangoli bohle ka bobeli ba kentse letsoho hammoho ho hlahlobisisong le ho sengoloa ha pampiri.

Likhohlano tsa Thahasello

Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa thahasello.

References

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