Mefuta ea liphoofolo ea ho ja ka mokhoa o qobelloang (2014)

Metsoako. 2014 Oct 22;6(10):4591-4609.

Segni MD1, Patrono E2, Patella L3, Puglisi-Allegra S4, Ventura R5.

inahaneloang

Mathata a ho ja ke maemo a mangata a ka kenyelletsang motsoako oa liphatsa tsa lefutso, metabolism, tikoloho le boits'oaro. Liphuputso ho batho le liphoofolong tsa laboratori li bonts'a hore ho ja le hona ho ka laoloa ke lintlha tse sa amaneng le taolo ea metabolism. Liphuputso tse 'maloa li bontša khokahano lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo, phihlello ea lijo tse monate le mathata a ho ja. Ho ja "lijo tsa boiketlo" ho arabela maemong a mabe a maikutlo, mohlala, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba bang ba ja ho tlola ka ho iketsa meriana. Lintlha tsa bongaka li fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba bang ba ka ba le boits'oaro bo joalo ka bokhoba ba ho ja lijo tse monate. Ho ipapisitsoe le maikutlo ana, "bokhoba ba lijo" bo hlahile e le sebaka sa lipatlisiso tse matla tsa mahlale. Bopaki bo ntseng bo hola bo fana ka maikutlo a hore likarolo tse ling tsa bokhoba ba lijo, joalo ka boits'oaro ba ho ja, li ka etsisoa liphoofolong. Ntle le moo, likarolo tse 'maloa tsa boko, ho kenyeletsoa le mekhoa e fapaneng ea methapo ea kutlo, li kentse letsoho litlamong tsa matlafatso a lijo le lithethefatsi, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore tšusumetso ea tlhaho le ea kalafo ea meriana e kenya tšebetso e ts'oanang ea methapo. Ntle le moo, liphuputso tse 'maloa tsa morao-rao li supile khokahano ea putative lipakeng tsa lipotoloho tsa neural tse sebelisitsoeng ho batleng le ho keneng lijo tse monate le lithethefatsi. Nts'etsopele ea mefuta ea liphoofolo e tsebahalang e tla eketsa kutloisiso ea rona ka mabaka a ts'oaetso ea lijo mme e tla thusa ho khetholla likaroloana tsa methapo ea kutlo tse amehang mathateng a ho ja joalo ka ho itlopa joala ho tlamang. Mefuta e joalo e tla thusa nts'etsopele le netefatso ea litlhare tsa meriana tse reretsoeng.

Mantsoe a bohlokoa: ho ja ka qobello; mefuta ea liphoofolo; striatum; prefrontal cortex; ho lemalla lijo

1. Selelekela

Mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lits'ebeliso tsa lithethefatsi a ithutile haholo lilemong tsa morao tjena, 'me lintlha tse ngata tsa bopaki li bontša hore mathata ana a na le li-pathologies tsa neuroadaptative. Bokhoba ke sephetho sa boitšoaro bo fetelletseng ba litlhare le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea mekhoa ea neural ea moputso o tlase, thuto e susumetsoang, le mohopolo [1,2]. Leha lintho tse joalo ka joala, cocaine le nikotine li tsebahala haholo ebile e le karolo ea bohlokoa thutong ea bokhoba ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, phaello e ntse e eketseha thutong ea mesebetsi e qobelloang e seng e khetholloe ka tšebeliso ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi. E 'ngoe ea lintho tse joalo ke ho ba boima ho feta tekano [3,4,5,6,7,8].

Tahlehelo e bonahala e le taolo ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le ha e le litlamorao tse mpe. [9,10,11,12]. Leha ho le joalo, litloaelo tsa bokhoba ba tahi ha li felle feela ho ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, 'me bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha bo fana ka maikutlo a hore ho ja haholo le botenya ke maemo a bongaka a arolelanang mekhoa e mengata le likarolo tse tlase tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le boits'oaro bo khothalletsang ba ho batla lithethefatsi [13,14].

Ho lemalla lithethefatsi ke bokuli bo sa foleng, bo boelang bo khutlisetsoa ka ho se khone ho emisa kapa ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, tšusumetso e matla ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi (ka mesebetsi e shebaneng le ho fumana le ho sebelisa lithethefatsi), le ts'ebeliso e tsoelang pele ea lithethefatsi leha ho na le litlamorao tse mpe [9,12].

Litekanyetso tse ngata tsa boitšoaro ba bokhoba ba lithethefatsi li fetotsoe mefuteng ea liphoofolo ea bokhoba ba lithethefatsi [9,12]. E meng ea mekhoa ena e tlalehiloe le mehlaleng ea liphoofolo ka lebaka la tšebeliso ea lijo tse matlafatsang haholo, ka hona ho hlahisoa khopolo ea "ho lemalla lijo"1,7].

Tlhaloso ea mahlale ea "bokhoba ba lijo" e hlahile lilemong tsa morao tjena, 'me palo e eketsehang ea lithuto tse sebelisoang mehlaleng ea liphoofolo e bontša hore maemong a itseng, ho nona ho feta tekano ho ka hlahisa liphetoho lipakeng tsa boitsoaro le' mele tse tšoanang hantle le boemo ba bokhoba ba tahi. [11,15,16,17,18].

Ho fanoe ka maikutlo a hore tšebeliso e feteletseng ea lijo tse bitsoang "tse hloekisitsoeng" li ka hlalosoa e le tšebeliso e lumellanang le litekanyetso tse sebelisitsoeng ho hlalosa mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi a thathamisitsoeng ho Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disallen, Khatiso ea Bone (DSM-IV-TR) [19,20]. MOreover, hobane lithethefatsi tse seng tlasa lithethefatsi li arolelana litlhaloso tsa tlhekefetso ka tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi le ho ikemela, ho kenyelletsang ho etsa boitšoaro le ha ho bile le litlamorao tse mpe, sehlopha se secha se bitsoang "Tlatsetso le Boitšoaro bo amanang" se hlahisitsoe ke Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Psychological pele ho phatlalatso ea DSM-V; sehlopha sena se lokela ho kenyelletsa litlatsetso tsa boitsoaro le bokhoba ba meputso ea tlhaho [1,7]. Qetellong, Yale Food Addiction Scale e sa tsoa etsoa ho kenya ts'ebetsong ts'ebeliso ea lijo ho batho. Tekanyo ena e ipapisitse le litekanyetso tsa mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse hlalositsoeng ho DSM-IV-TR, 'me lipotso li lebisitsoe ka kotlolloho lijong tsa lijo tse fumanehang habonolo.

Karolo ea bohlokoa ea bokhoba ba lithethefatsi ke tšebeliso e qobelloang leha ho na le litlamorao tse bohloko [9,10,12]; Boitšoaro bo ts'oanang ba ho qobella leha ho bile le litlamorao tse mpe bo boetse bo hlaha mathateng a 'maloa a ho ja ho kenyelletsa le bothata ba ho ja, bulimia mothosa le botenya [21]. Leha ho na le bopaki bo fokolang ba ho tswela pele ho batla / ho ja lijo le ha e ka ba le litlamorao tse mpe (index ea ho qobelloa) litekong [22,23] le litoeba [24], Meetso ea liphoofolo e hlahisitseng boitšoaro bona e bonts'a hore takatso ea ho batla lijo / ho ja e ka fetoloa ea e-ba le boitšoaro bo bobe tlasa maemo a ikhethang a liteko. Motheong oa tlhokomeliso ena, sepheo se seholo sa pampiri ena ke ho hlahloba sephetho se tsoang mehlaleng ea liphoofolo ea ho itima lijo. Leha tlhahlobo e atolositsoeng, e qaqileng ea mekhoa ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'oaetso ea lithethefatsi le lijo e le ntle ho moeli oa pampiri ena, re tla boela re akaretsa hakhutšoanyane tse ling tsa liphumano tsa bohlokoa ho tsoa lithutong tse sebelisang mehlala ea liphoofolo tsa lithethefatsi le tšibollo ea lijo e le hore li ka latela mohlala. , neng kapa neng ha ho khoneha, ho tšoana ho teng ka tšusumetso ea moputso oa tlhaho le ea tlhabollo ea meriana.

2. Mehlala ea liphoofolo: Lithethefatsi tsa Tlhekefetso le Lijo

2.1. Mehlala ea liphoofolo

Bopaki bo bongata bo fana ka maikutlo a hore ho hlahisa mefuta ea liphoofolo tsa "ho lemalla lijo" hoa khoneha, 'me liphuputso tse ngata li sebelisitse lijo tse matlafatsang hore li natefeloe ke botena, botena, ho ja ka tsela e fapaneng, matšoao a ho tlohela chelete le ho khutlela hape mehlaleng ea liphoofolo [7,15,16,18,20,22,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39]. Ntle le moo, phuputso e 'ngoe e entsoeng ke Avena le basebetsi mmoho (2003) e fana ka maikutlo a hore likhoto tse tsoekere tse tsoekere li ntšetsapele maikutlo a tlisoang ke lithethefatsi tse ling tsa tlhekefetso [40].

Leha mefuta ea liphoofolo e sa khone ho hlalosa kapa ho hlahisa lintlha tsohle tse rarahaneng tsa kahare le kantle tse susumetsang ts'ebetso ea ho ja ho batho, mehlala ena e ka thusa bafuputsi ho khetholla likarolo tse amanang le liphatsa tsa lefutso le tikoloho; hona ho lumella taolo e ntle holima mefuta ena mme ho fana ka lipatlisiso tsa mekhoa e ka tlas'a boits'oaro, ea 'mele le ea limolek'hule [11]. Mefuta ea liphoofolo e ka sebelisoa ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le ts'ebetso ea limolek'hule, cellular le neuronal tse ka tlas'a mekhoa e tloaelehileng le ea methapo ea kutlo. Kahoo, mefuta ea liphoofolo e ka ntšetsa pele kutloisiso ea rona ea lintlha tse ngata tsa mantlha kholisong le polelo ea mathata a ho ja.

Lilemong tse mashome tsa morao tjena, meetso ea liphoofolo lipatlisisong tse entsoeng esale pele e kentse letsoho haholo thutong ea thuto ea mafu a kelello a batho, 'me mehlala ena e fane ka sesebelisoa se bohlokoa sa ho nts'etsapele le ho netefatsa ho kenella hoa kalafo. Likokoana-hloko tsa mouse tse kenngoeng ka hare ke tse ling tsa mefuta ea liphoofolo tse fumanehang hape tse sebetsang bakeng sa ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le tšebelisano-'ngoe ea tikoloho tikolohong ea mafu a kelello. Ka ho khetheha, litoeba tse inbred li sebelisitsoe haholo ho khetholla motheo oa liphatsa tsa boitšoaro bo tloaelehileng le ba methapo, mme liphapang tse amanang le khatello ea maikutlo li bonahala li itshetlehile haholo ka ts'ebelisano ea tikoloho ea gene [41].

2.2. Ts'ebeliso e Qobelloang ho sa Tsotellehe Liphello tse Mpe

2.2.1. Lithethefatsi tsa Tlhekefetso

Boithuto bo bongata bo fuputse hore na tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi leha e le litlamorao tse mpe li ka bonoa litoebeng [10,12,22]. U sebelisa ho ikarola kahare ho koae (SA) ea koae — e sebelisang mokhoa o tsebahalang haholo oa ho ithuta ho sebelisa lithethefatsi ka boithaopo liphoofolong tsa basebetsi - Deroche-Gamonet le basebetsi-'moho [22] modeled in rats mekhoa e meng ea tlhahlobo e sebelisitsoeng ho etsa tlhahlobo ea bokhoba ba lithethefatsi ho batho (hape bona Waters et al. 2014 [42]):

  • (i) Taba e na le bothata ba ho emisa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi kapa ho fokotsa ho ja lithethefatsi: ho phehella ha ho batla k'hok'heine ka nako ea ho sa fumanehe ha koae ho lekantsoe.
  • (ii) Sehlooho se na le tšusumetso e phahameng haholo ea ho sebelisa moriana, ka mesebetsi e shebaneng le theko ea ona le ts'ebeliso. Bangoli ba sebelisitse kemiso e tsoetseng pele ea karo-karolelano: palo ea likarabo tse hlokahalang ho fumana infusions e le 'ngoe ea koae (ke hore, karolelano ea ho arabela moputsong) e ile ea eketseha butle-butle kahare ho seboka sa SA.
  • (iii) Ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e ntse e tsoela pele leha ho bile le litlamorao tse mpe: ho phehella ha karabo ea liphoofolo bakeng sa moriana ha ho tsamaisoa ha lithethefatsi ho amanang le kotlo ho lekantsoe.

Phuputso ena e bonts'a hore, ho ts'oana le bokhoba ho batho, boits'oaro bo kang bokhoba litotong bo ka fumanoa feela kamora ho pepesetsoa moriana nako e telele. U sebelisa paradigm ea "boemo bo tlase", Vanderschuren le Everitt [12] e fuputsitse hore na bokhoni ba tšusumetso ea sethoathoa sa footshock-paired (CS) ho hatella boitšoaro bo batlang koae bo fokotsehile kamora nako e telele ea ts'ebetso ea ho ts'oara koae, ka hona e be mohlala oa boits'oaro bo bobebe ba lithethefatsi ho likhoto. Ba fumane hore ho batlana le koae ho ka hatelloa ka ho hlahisa CS e hlohlontšang litsebe, empa kamora ho pepesetsoa koae e ikemetseng, ho ts'oara lithethefatsi ha ho kenelle litsietsing. Liphetho tsena li bonts'a hore nalane e atileng ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi e fana ka maikutlo a ho batla lithethefatsi ho sa amehe tsietsing ea tikoloho (joalo ka matšoao a kotlo).

2.2.2. lijo

Lilemong tsa morao tjena bopaki bo bokellang bo bonts'a monyetla oa ho etsa tlhahiso ea lijo ka bongata ho liphoofolo, 'me maemo a fapaneng a tikoloho a sebelisitsoe ho fihlela mona. Ka "mohlala oa ts'oaetso ea tsoekere" o buelloang ke Avena le basebetsi-mmoho, likhoto li bolokoa khaellong ea lijo ea 12-h letsatsi le leng le le leng, mme e lateloa ke 12-h phihlello ea tharollo (10% sucrose kapa 25% glucose) le rodent chow [21,29,43,44]. Kamora matsatsi a itseng kalafo ena, likhoto li bonts'a ho ata ha tsona letsatsi le leng le le leng mme li itlopa tharollo ka mokhoa o lekantsoeng ke keketseho ea tekanyo ea bona ea tharollo nakong ea hora ea pele ea phihlello. Ntle le ho itlopa lijo qalong ea phihlello, likhoto li fetola mokhoa oa tsona oa ho fepa ka ho nka lijo tse khōloanyane tsa tsoekere nakong eohle ea phihlello ha li bapisoa le liphoofolo tse laoloang li fepa tsoekere ea lipapatso tsa tsoekere. Ha o ntse o etsa mohlala oa karolo ea ts'ebetso ea lithethefatsi tsa lijo, phihlello ea nako le nako tharollo ea tsoekere e etsa hore ho be le liphetoho tse tšoanang le litlamorao tse hlahisoang ke lithethefatsi tse ling tsa tlhekefetso [21,29].

Mohlaleng o fokolang oa phihlello o khothalelitsoeng ke Corwin, khaello ea lijo ea nakong e fetileng kapa ea hona joale ha e sebelisoe ho etsa hore ho be le lijo tse jang tse ling, ka hona, o fana ka qeto ea hore litlamorao tse hlahisoang li ka hlahisoa ka ts'ebetso ea khaello ea lijo. Ho qholotsa ho ja mofuta oa ho itlopa lijo, litoeba li fuoa sporadic (hangata makhetlo a 3 ka beke), nako e lekanyelitsoeng (ka kakaretso 1-2 h) phihlello ea lijo tse fumanehang habonolo, ntle le kopong e fumanehang kamehla [chow]15,45]. Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe ka lebaka la bothata ba ho ja, mokhoa o fokotsang ho fihlella o khona ho etsa hore o itlose lijo ntle le tlala [15,16,25]. Ho feta moo, ho fumaneha ha lijo tse lemalloang (empa le khaello ea eona e nang le lithibelo tsa lijo kapa lijo) ke lintho tse ka bakang mathata a ho ja [46], le linako tse khahlisang tsa thibelo ea caloric ke tsona tse boletsoeng esale pele tse matla ka ho fetelletseng mabapi le khatello ea maikutlo [47].

Joalokaha ho boletsoe ka holimo, tšobotsi e ikhethang ea bokhoba ba lithethefatsi ke tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi leha e le litlamorao tse mpe [9,10,12]; Boitšoaro bo ts'oanang ba ho qobella leha ho bile le litlamorao tse mpe bo boetse bo hlaha lehanong le 'maloa la ho ja ho kenyelletsa bothata ba ho ja, bulimia mothosa le botenya [21]. Ho nka lijo tse ngata tse monate ho ka supa tšusumetso e eketsehileng ea lijo; leha ho le joalo, ho ja lijo tse ngata tse monate ntle le litlamorao tse mpe tse bakoang ke boitšoaro bona (mohlala, ho mamella kotlo bakeng sa ho fumana lijo) ke bopaki bo qobelloang ba hore ho na le tšusumetso ea lijo tsa methapo [23].

Leha ho na le bopaki bo fokolang ba ho tswela pele ho batla / ho ja lijo le ha e ka ba le litlamorao tse mpe (index ea ho qobelloa) litekong [22,23] le litoeba [24], Meetso ea liphoofolo e hlahisitseng boitšoaro bona e bonts'a hore takatso ea ho batla lijo / ho ja e ka fetoloa ea e-ba le boitšoaro bo bobe tlasa maemo a ikhethang a liteko. Letšoao la bohlokoa la ho fepa ka mokhoa o qobelloang ke ho se fetohe ha boits'oaro, bo ka hlahlojoang ka nakoana ho fihlella lijo tse fumanehang habonolo ha lijo tse tloaelehileng li ntse li fumaneha [48]. Karabelo e tenyetsehang e ka fella ka phetoho ea lijo tse fumanehang tse tloaelehileng, athe karabelo e sa fetoheng e ka senoloa ka ho se tsotelle lijo tse tloaelehileng, tse fumanehang [48].

Mefuta ea litekanyetso tsa ho ja ka mokhoa o qobelloang li sebelisitsoe ho ithuta botenya le bothata ba ho ja ho feta [22,23,48]. Ho lekola mofuta o phehellang oa ho ja lijo tse matlafatsoang, mehlala ena e lekanya tšusumetso ea phoofolo ea ho batla le ho ja lijo tse matlafatsoang leha li tobane le litlamorao tse ka bang kotsi. Paparong ena, litlamorao tse mpe hangata li hlahisoa ke ho taka mohopolo o sa khothaleng (US; mohlala, ho thothomela ka leoto) ka ts'usumetso e nang le maemo (CS; mohlala, leseli). Kamora ho beha maemo, litlamorao tsa ho pepesoa ke CS mabapi le lijo le tšebeliso e fumanehang habonolo leha ho sa fanoe ka kotlo e kenang e lekantsoeng nakong ea liteko; motho a ka lekanya mamello ea phoofolo ka boithaopo bakeng sa kotlo bakeng sa ho fumana lijo tse fumanehang habonolo. Ho hlahisitsoe mefuta e fapaneng ea liphoofolo (e hlalositsoeng ka tlase) ho lekola tloaelo ea ho ja ha ho shebane le litlamorao tse mpe.

(1). Johnson le Kenny [22] e lekotse lijo tse qobelloang ho likhoto tsa banna ba batenya mme a fumana hore ho fihlella lijo tse matlafatsang, tse mafura a mangata (18-23 h ka letsatsi ho fihlella lijo tsa mokhoa oa ho jella ka nako ea matsatsi a latellanang tsa 40) ho etsa hore ho be le boits'oaro bo nkang maikutlo joalo ka likhoto tse kholo (tse lekantsoeng) ka tšebeliso ea lijo tse matlafatsoang leha ho sebelisoa ts'ebetso ea CS e mpe nakong ea kopano ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea 30-min ea phapanyetsano ka phapusing ea basebetsi bakeng sa matsatsi a 5-7). Ho feta moo, ba fumane hore D2 dopamine receptors e ne e laoloa ka tlase ho litheko tsa litonki tse tlotsitsoeng, ketsahalo e 'ngoe e tlalehiloeng ho batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi, e ts'ehetsang ho ba teng ha likarabo tse ts'oanang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse joalo ka joala.

(2). Phuputsong e 'ngoe, Oswald le basebetsi-'moho [23] a batlisitse hore na likhoto tse tloaheleng ho itlopa joala (BEP), tse khethiloeng motheong oa keketseho e tsitsitseng (40%) ts'ebelisong ea lijo tse hlabosehang nakong ea nako ea 1-4 h, le tsona li tloaetse ho ja lijo tse hlabosang. Tšusumetso e matlafalitsoeng (ke hore, e sa sebetseng) ea lijo tse latsoehang e ile ea lekanngoa e le keketseho ea phoofolo ea mamello ea boithatelo bakeng sa kotlo e le hore e fumane lijo tse monate (ntlheng ena, lipompong tsa M & M). Liphetho tsa bona li bonts'itse hore liphoofolo tsa BEP li jele M & Ms haholo - mme li mamelletse maemo a phahameng a ho tsitsipana ha maoto e le ho lata le ho ja lipompong tseo ho feta liphoofolo tsa BER (tse itlopang ho itlopa joala). Boitšoaro bona bo hlahile ho sa natsoe hore likhoto tsa BEP li lutse 'me li ka khetha ho ja chow e sa reroang ka letsohong le haufi la maze. Hammoho, liphetho tsena li tiisa hore likhoto tsa BEP li eketsehile ka mokhoa o makatsang tšusumetso ea ho ja lijo tse monate.

(3). Re sebelisa mofuta o mocha oa khatello ea maemo litokelong tsa sehlopha, sehlopha sa rona se ile sa etsa lipatlisiso tsa hore na karolo ea pele ea lithibelo tsa lijo e ka khutlisa bokhoni ba CS ea maoto le matsoho e hatellang mokhoa oa ho batla tsokolate, ka ho etsa joalo ba etsisa mohlala oa boits'oaro ba lijo ka pela litlamorao tse mpe. litoeba [24].

Litekong tsa morao-rao (data e sa phatlalatsoang, [49]), re sebelisitse paradigm ena e nang le maemo ho paka karolo ea tšebelisano-tikoloho tlhabong le tlhabollo ea boitšoaro bo kang bo qobelloang joalo ka litoeba. Kahoo, ka ho etsa mohlala oa phapano ea motho ka mong e khethollang maemo a bongaka, re fumane hore liphatsa tsa lefutso li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa mokhoeng oa ho qhekella ho nts'etsapele mekhoa ea ho ja, ka hona e ts'ehetsa ntlha ea maikutlo a hore mafu a kelello a amanang le lijo a hlaha ka tšebelisano e thata. pakeng tsa tikoloho le liphatsa tsa lefutso.

(4). Ho hlahloba sepheo sa boits'ebetso ba ho khutlisetsa lijo ka mor'a ho tlohela (W), Teegarden le Bale [28o thehile paradigm ea ho khutlisetsa ho itšetleha ka phihlello ea ho ja lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata (HF) a khethiloeng haholo lebaleng la boithabiso le litheko tsa maemo a tlotsitsoeng ho tsoa ho lijo tsa HF. Paleteng ena, litoeba li ne li tlameha ho mamella tikoloho e bulehileng, e khanyang ka mokhoa o hlakileng ho khutlisetsa lijo tsa HF leha ho fumaneha ntlo chow (lijo tse sa fumaneheng habonolo) ka mokhoa o sa fetoheng. Ba fumane hore litoeba tsa HF-W li qeta nako e ngata lehlakoreng le hlakileng la boteng ba HF pellet ha li bapisoa le litoeba tse maemong a HF a sa tlose kapa sehlopha sa taolo ea mafura a tlase. Liphetho tsena li bontšitse ka mokhoa o hlakileng hore boemo bo phahameng ba maikutlo (bo hlahisoang kamora ho fokotsa ho ja-lijo) bo fana ka drive e lekaneng ea ho fumana lijo tse ratoang ho feta maemo a khelohang, leha ho fumaneha likhalori tse ling tikolohong e bolokehileng. Lintlha tsa bona li bontša hore, ho tšoana le ha motho ea lemaletseng joala a tsoa nthong e ruisang, litoeba li ka bontša boitšoaro bo nkang kotsi ho fumana ntho e lakatsehang haholo.

Motheong oa tlhokomeliso ea hore letšoao la bohlokoa la ho fepa ka mokhoa o qobellang ke ho se fetohe ha boits'oaro, Heyne le basebetsi-mmoho ba hlahisitse mokhoa o mocha oa teko ho hlahloba mofuta o sa fetoheng oa ho fepa ka mohlala oa phoofolo ea ho nka lijo ka likhapha [48]. Boitšoaro ba ho ja bo lekantsoe ka ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea lijo tse fumanehang habonolo ha lijo tse tloaelehileng li ntse li fumaneha. Ha likhoto li ne li fuoa khetho pakeng tsa lijo tse tloaelehileng le lijo tse nang le chokolete e ngata haholo, li ile tsa tloaela ho nka lijo tse bobebe, joalo ka ha li senoloa ka mokhoa o mong, lijo tse tloaelehileng tse fumanehang [48].

2.2.3. Ho ikhula lijong

Ho lemalla lijo hona joale ho tšoantšoa le takatso ea lijo, kotsi ea ho khutla, matšoao a ho tlohela, le mamello [7]. Tse peli tsa matšoao a ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea thepa ke ho hlaha hoa matšoao a bang teng ha a khaotsa ho sebelisa lithethefatsi le ho lakatsa lithethefatsi [37]. Liraboratori tse ngata tse fapaneng, li sebelisa mefuta e fapaneng ea liphoofolo bokhoba ba lijo (tsoekere ea tsoekere, mohlala oa mafura le mohlala oa mafura a monate [7,37] ba fuputse ka litlamorao tsa ho ila lijo tse natefeloang ho litoeba le likhoto, ka ho fa liphoofolo monyetla oa ho fumana lijo tse fumanehang nako e telele ebe li nka lijo tse tloaelehileng. Leha ho le joalo, liphetho tse hanyetsanang li tlalehiloe ho latela mofuta oa lijo (tsoekere, mafura, mafura a monate) a sebelisitsoeng litekong tse fapaneng [7].

A sebelisa mofuta oa phoofolo ea ho itlopa lijo tse tsoekere, Avena le basebetsi-'moho ba fumane hore ha ba tsamaisa opioid antagonist naloxone, likhoto li bonts'itse matšoao a ho ikhula [29]. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, Colantuoni le basebetsi mmoho [43] e fuputse ho tlosoa ho khothalletsoang ke khatello ea tsoekere le tsamaiso ea naloxone, e ileng ea eketsa matšoao a ho ntša (ho bua ka meno, ho thothomela phatleng, ho sisinyeha hlooho) litšoeneng tse fuoeng lero la glucose le ad libitum chow, ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le mefuta ea litekanyetso tsa bokhoba ba morphine. Ho bonts'a matšoao a amanang le ho khaotsa ho ts'oaroa le methapo ea kutlo ea mofuta oa opiate, le litlalehong tse nang le nalane ea ho itlopa joala ho ja tsoekere ntle le ts'ebeliso ea naloxone [50]. Ho feta moo, lijo tse nang le tsoekere e phahameng li bontšitsoe ho hlahisa matšoao a ho tšoenyeha le hyperphagia [51], 'me ho khaotsa ho fumaneha ha sucrose kapa tsoekere ho khothalelitse libaka tse kang tsa tloso, ka ho tšoenyeha ho hoholo mabapi le tlatsetso [52].

Ha ho bapisoa le mefuta e kulisang tsoekere, matšoao a amanang le ho ikhula ha a tlalehiloe a sebelisa mefuta e kulisang mafura. Ha e le hantle, kamora matsatsi a 28 ho lijo tse fanoeng ka mafura a mangata, thibelo e iketsahallang le ho itlhahisa ka boeona ha hoa ka ha eketsa matšoenyeho mokhoeng o phahameng o kopaneng oa bo-maze kapa boits'oaro bo tlisoang ke ho hlonama le matšoao a sithabetsang [17,53,54].

Kamora nako, lithuto tse ngata li sebelisitse lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata tse nang le lijo tse ngata haholo, ka hona li bontša ho fumaneha le mefuta ea lijo tse fumanehang ho batho [7]. U sebelisa sejo se monate se nang le mafura, Teegarden le Bale [28] e bontšitse hore ho itokolla ho matla lijong tsena ho ekelitse letsoalo le ts'oanang le boits'oaro, ho theola boima ba 'mele le ts'ebetso ea phenomotor. Liphetho tse tšoanang li ile tsa bonoa lithutong tse fapaneng tseo ho tsona ho khaotsa ho ja lijo tse ratoang ho neng ho etsa hore a fuoe hypophagia, ho theola boima ba 'mele, le boitšoaro bo matla bo kang ba ho tšoenyeha mokhoeng o mong oa maemo a holimo le psychomotor arousal [35,55]. Boithuto bo thehiloeng phepelong ea mafura a monate bo qapile likarolo tse ngata tse fapaneng tsa ho tlosoa ha lijo, joalo ka boholo ba matšoao a ho khaotsa ho latela khaello ea lijo [56] le karolo ea khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho e le lintho tse kotsing ea ho khutla le matšoao a bang teng [7,28].

2.3. Motheo o Tloaelehileng oa Neurobiological oa Tlhahiso ea Lithethefatsi le Lijo

Ntle le litekanyetso tsa boitsoaro bo boletsoeng ka holimo, lithuto tse 'maloa tsa boko li boetse li tšehetsa khopolo ea hore ho ja lijo tse itseng ka mokhoa o feteletseng ho na le li-corollary tse' maloa tse lemalloang ke lithethefatsi. [54,57]. Libaka tsa tsamaiso ea meputso li kentse letsoho ho matlafatseng lijo le lithethefatsi ka ho sebelisa dopamine, opoido ea endiogen, le lits'ebetso tse ling tsa neurotransmitter, ka hona, li fana ka maikutlo a hore tšusumetso ea tlhaho le ea bongaka e sebetsang bonyane lits'ebetsong tse ling tse tloaelehileng tsa neural [58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65]. Bongata ba methapo ea lijo le litheko tse chekiloeng bo rarahane bo rarahane ebile ho hlahlojoa sehlooho sena ho feta tekano ea pampiri ena. Tlhahlobo e qaqileng ea sehlooho sena e ka fumanoa kae kapa kae [6,18,37,38,57,66].

Ka kakaretso, litlhahlobo tse ngata li lemohile khokahano lipakeng tsa li-circuits tsa neural tse ntseng li bokelloa ha li ntse li batla / ja lijo tse fumanehang habonolo le lipotoloho tse ts'ebetsong ha li ntse li batla / li sebelisa lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, ho bonts'a boemo bo tloaelehileng ba ts'ebetso e phahameng meahong e amanang le moputso o tlase ho arabela ka bobeli tlhaho le moputso oa litheolelo o khotsofatsang ka tlhaho le lithahasello tse amanang le ona, le phokotso ea ts'ebetso libakeng tse thibelang likokoana-hloko. [21,57,66,67,68]. Ho joalo, ho bonahala eka tlasa maemo a fapaneng a phihlello, bokhoni bo fanang ka moputso bo matla ba lijo tse matlafatsoang bo ka tsamaisa phetoho ea boits'oaro ka liphetoho tse amanang le methapo likarolong tsa kelello tse amanang le tšusumetso, ho ithuta, ho lemoha, le ho etsa liqeto tse bontshang liphetoho tse tlisoang ke ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi [29,31,33,57,59,64,69,70]. Haholo-holo, liphetoho moputsong, khothatsong, mohopolong le lipoteng tse latelang ho pepesetsoa lijo tse monate li tšoana le liphetoho tse bonoang kamora ho pepesetsoa hoa lithethefatsi khafetsa [57,71]. Bathong ba hlaselehang habonolo ke liphetoho tsena, ho ja lijo tse matlafatsang (kapa lithethefatsi) ho ka senya tsitsipano lipakeng tsa khothatso, moputso, ho ithuta, le taolo, ka hona ho eketsa boleng bo matlafatsang ba lijo (kapa lithethefatsi) le ho fokolisa li-circuits tse laolang [71,72].

Motheo oa Neurobiological oa Maqhubu a Ts'oarelanang

Mokhoa o thehiloeng hantle o tloaelehileng oa tšebeliso ea lijo le ho ja lithethefatsi ke ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea moputso oa dopaminergic ea boko.58,71,72]. Litsi tsa mantlha tsa li-neuroadaptations tsena ho lumeloa hore ke li-dopamine (DA), mesolimbic, le li-circigital tsa nigrostriatal. Phallo ea psychostimulant-e hlohlellelitsoeng ea maemo a mang a tsoang kantle ho DA le ho hlohlelletsa phetiso ea DA tsamaisong ea mesolimbic ke tatellano e tsebahalang ea methapo e tsamaellanang le litlamorao tsa ho ja ka bongata lijo tse matlafatsang tsa calorie le phetisetso e kenang ea ho kenya tšebetsong tsamaiso ea moputso oa boko [29,73].

Ho hlohlelletsa khafetsa litseleng tsa moputso tsa DA ho lumeloa hore ho etsa hore liphetoho tse amanang le methapo maemong a fapaneng a neano, ka hona ho etsa hore ho batla "ho be thata" mme ho felle ka tahlehelo ea taolo ea tahlehelo ea lijo kapa lithethefatsi. [71,72]. Ntle le moo, boholo ba tokollo ea DA bo bonahala bo amana le moputso o amanang le lithethefatsi le lijo tse amanang le lijo ho batho [70,72]. Ho hlohlelletsa khafetsa hoa tsamaiso ea DA ka ho pepesehela lithethefatsi tse lemalloang ho kenya polasetiki bokong, ho fella ka tšebeliso e matla ea lithethefatsi. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho pepesetsoa khafetsa lijong tse matlafatsang ho batho ba ka kenang habonolo ho ka etsa hore tšebeliso ea lijo e qobelloang ka mekhoa e tšoanang [29,57,64], le liphuputso tse entsoeng ka morao-rao tsa lithuto tse batenya li senotse liphetoho tse boletsoeng ke li-receptors tsa DA tse hopotsang liphetoho tse fumanoang lithutong tse lemaletseng lithethefatsi [58,64,72]. Ka lebaka leo, lithethefatsi tsa koae ka bobeli le lithuto tsa botenya li fokotsehile ho fumaneha ha "dopamine receptor" ea striatal, 'me ho fokotseha hona ho tsamaellana ka kotloloho le mosebetsi o fokotsoeng oa neural ho cortex ea pele.14,72,74]. Ho feta moo, 'mele o ntseng o eketseha oa bopaki o fana ka maikutlo a hore li-striatal D1 le D2 dopamine receptors (D1R, D2R) li bapala likarolo tsa bohlokoa boits'ebetsong bo susumetsang [75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82].

Mabaka a mangata-ho kenyelletsa boholo ba boiteko boo motho a ikemiselitseng ho tsetela ho fumana moputso le boleng boo motho ka mong a bo hlahisang moputsong — bo ka tlisa liphetoho mekhoeng e susumetsang ea boitšoaro [76,77,78,79,80], mme lintlha tsena tse amanang le tšusumetso li its'etleha ho phetiso ea dopaminergic ho "ventral striatum" ka D1R le D2R dopamine receptors. Boithuto bo bong bo supile hore boits'oaro bo nepahetseng bo tataisoang ke sepheo bo susumetsoa ke polelo e eketsehileng ea D2R ho striatum [80,83,84,85]. Leha phetisetso ea DA ea bootsoa e ntse e phenyekolloa haholo lilemong tsa morao tjena, karolo ea li-receptors tsa DA ho striatum maikutlong a tloaelehileng le a amanang le phepo e ntse e sa utloisisehe hantle. Leha ho le joalo, ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ea lijo tse matlafatsoang e bontšitsoe ho theola melaoana ea moputso oa dopaminergic ka mekhoa e ts'oanang e amehang tlatsong ea lithethefatsi; ka ho khetheha, ho batho ho fumaneha ha li-striatal D2R dopamine receptors le tokollo ea DA li fokotsehile [71,72], e lebisang tlhokomelong ea maikutlo (e batlisisitsoeng ka lithuto tsa mehlala ea batho le liphoofolo) e fokotsitseng polelo ea D2R ho striatum ke karabelo e ntle e mabapi le ts'oaetso e fetelletseng ea lijo tse fumanehang habonolo [22,74,86,87]. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lithuto tse 'maloa li boetse li bonts'itse hore ho fokotsa polelo ea D2R ho striatum ho ka sebetsa e le sesosa sa ho qholotsa liphoofolo le batho hore ba natefeloe haholo [22,71,87,88,89].

Ho latela hypothesis ea morao-rao, almale ea A1 ea polymorphism ea DRD2 / ANKK1 Taq1A e amana ka matla le phumaneho ea D2R e fokotseng boteng ba striatum, comorbid drug use disorder, botenya le boitšoaro bo qobelloang [89,90]. Ntle le moo, li-receptor tsa D2R li sa tsoa tlaleheloa hore li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho khaoleng mokhoa oa ho itlopa lijo ho bakuli [6], ho fana ka sepheo sa ho phekola mathata a ho ja. Ho hlokahala liphuputso tse ling hape ho etsa lipatlisiso ka mokhoa ona o tšepisang oa kalafo.

Ntle le striatum, ho na le bopaki bo bongata bo bonts'ang hore preortal cortex (PFC) e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa boits'ebetsong ba boitšoaro le kelello, hammoho le boits'ebetsong bo amanang le lijo liphoofolong le bathong [62,66,69,72,91,92]. Libaka tse 'maloa tsa PFC li kentse letsoho ho khanna tšusumetso ea ho ja [72,93], mme lithuto tse 'maloa tsa liphoofolo le tsa batho li bontša hore PFC e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa boits'oarong bo susumetsang bo amanang le lijo le lithethefatsi [33,58,62,69,91,92]. Lintlha tse ngata tse tsoang lipatlisisong tsa liphoofolo le tsa batho li bontša hore ts'ebetso ea PFC ha e ea tsotelloa ho bohle ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi le bokhoba ba lijo [10,66,71,94]. Ho utloisisa hore na libaka tsena tse sa sebetseng ho PFC li kenella joang ts'ebetsong ea maikutlo [95] le taolo ea thibelo [96] e bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa ho utloisisa temallo.

Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, lintlha tsena li bonts'a hore libaka tse ling tsa pele li emetse karoloana e ka tloaelo ea ho ja le ho sebelisa lithethefatsi. Ts'ebetso e mpe ea ts'ebetso libakeng tsena e ka ntlafatsa boitšoaro bo amanang le lithethefatsi kapa bo amanang le lijo, ho latela tloaelo e thehiloeng ea taba eo [58], ka hona, e lebisa ho boits'oaro bo kang ho qobelloa

Ho nahanoa hore phetoho ea boits'oaro-ho tloha tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ea boithaopo, tšebeliso ea tloaelo, 'me qetellong ho ts'ebeliso e tlamang - e emela phetoho (maemong a neural) taolong ea boits'oaro ba ho batla lithethefatsi le ho sebelisa lithethefatsi ho tloha ho PFC ho striatum. Phetoho ena e kenyelletsa phetoho ea mohato oa ho fetoha ha maemo ho tloha libakeng tse ka hare ho libaka tse kenang tse ngata tsa dorsal, tse kentsoeng kahare — bonyane ka karolo e 'ngoe - ka ho kenella kahare ho dopaminergic [10,97]. Phetoho ena e tsoelang pele ho tloha tšebelisong e laoloang ho isa tšebeliso e qobelloang e bonahala e lumellana le phetoho moeling oa mekhoa ea taolo ea boits'oaro ho tloha ho PFC ho ea striatum [10]. Ho fumaneha ha li-receptor tsa DriNUMXR tsa striatal lithutong tse tlotsitsoeng ho kopantsoe le metabolism ea glucose libakeng tse ling tsa pele tsa cortical, tse kang dorsolateral PFC, e bapala karolo ea taolo ea thibelo [72]. Ntle le moo, ho fetotsoe dopaminergic modulation ho tsoa ho striatum ho fanoe ka maikutlo a ho sitisa taolo ea thibelo ea lijo le ho eketsa kotsi ea ho nona ho batho11,71,72]. Kamano e tšoanang e tobileng pakeng tsa ho fumaneha ha D2R le metabolism ea tsoekere e tlalehiloe ka har'a dorsolateral cortex ea lino tse tahang [72].

Ho fetisoa ha DA pele le norepinephrine (NE) ho bontšitsoe ho bapala karolo ea bohlokoa khothatsong e amanang le lijo [62,71,72,98,99], hammoho le litlamorao tsa boits'oaro le litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso [100,101,102,103,104,105,106] ka mefuta ea liphoofolo le bakuli ba kliniki. Ho feta moo, phetisetso ea pele ea DA le NE e fetisa phetiso ea DA maemong a nyutlelie ka tlas'a maemo a fapaneng a liteko [102,103,107,108,109]. Ka ho khetheha, polelo e fetotsoeng ea D2R ho PFC e amana le mathata a itseng a ho ja le ho lemalla lithethefatsi [14,71,72], le li-receptor tsa li-adrenergic ka bobeli le li-receptor tsa D1R tsa dopamine li 'nile tsa khothalletsoa ho bapala karolo ho laoleng dopamine ho li-nucleus accumbens [102,103,107,108,109].

Kamora nako, haufinyane re fuputse karolo ea phetiso ea pele ea NE maemong a amanang le lijo tse amanang le ho ja hampe mohlaleng oa panya ea boitšoaro bo qobelloang ba chokolete [24]. Liphetho tsa rona li bonts'a hore boits'oaro ba ho batla lijo ha o tobane le litlamorao tse mpe bo ile ba thibeloa ke ho se sebetse ka phetisetso ea phetisetso ea Noradrenergic, bo fana ka maikutlo a hore NE ho PFC e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa boits'oarong bo bobe bo amanang le lijo. Liphumano tsena li supa tšusumetso e "tlase-tlase" boits'ebetsong bo khothalletsang mme li fana ka sepheo se secha sa ho phekola mathata a ho ja. Leha ho le joalo, ho ntse ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse ling bakeng sa ho tseba hore na karolo e khethiloeng ea ho khetha li-dopaminergic le li-receptor tsa noradrenergic ho latela boitšoaro bo qobelloang.

2.4. Lintho Tse Amanang le Tikoloho Li Ama Khahlano le Lijo

Mathata a ho ja ke maemo a mangata a hlahisoang ke lintho tsa tikoloho, liphatsa tsa lefutso, le tšebelisano e rarahaneng lipakeng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso le tikoloho [110,111]. Har'a lintho tse ngata tsa tikoloho tse ka susumetsang mathata a ho ja joalo ka botenya, ho itlopa lijo le bulimia, ho fumaneha ha lijo tse fumanehang habonolo ke hona ho hlakileng haholo [58]. Ho ata ha mathata a ho ja ho eketsehile nakong ea ha ho fumaneha ha lijo tse theko e tlase, tse nang le mafura a mangata, tse nang le phepo e phahameng li fetohile haholo [58,112]. Ebile, liphetoho tse kholo tikolohong ea lijo li etsahetse le boits'oaro bo neng bo ratoa tlasa maemo a khaello ea lijo e bile sesosa sa menyetla lichabeng moo lijo tse nang le matla a mangata le a hlatsoitsoeng haholo li leng ngata ebile li theko e tlase [58]. Motheong oa tlhokomeliso ena, ho lekola bokhoni ba litheko tsa lijo tse ntlafalitsoeng haholo e se e le sepheo sa bohlokoa [112,113].

Ntle le likarolo tsa bongata, boleng ba matlafatso ke ntlha e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa ea ho utloisisa ho lemalla ha lijo le mathata a ho ja [58]. Ho bontšitsoe kamoo lijo tse fapaneng li hohelang maemong a fapaneng a boitšoaro bo qobelloang [7,20,58]. Haholo-holo, lintho tse fumanehang habonolo tse kang lijo tse halikiloeng tse nang le lik'habohaedreite tse ntlafalitsoeng, mafura, letsoai le, kapa, kapa caffeine, li na le maikutlo a hore li ka li lematsa.20]. Khopolo-taba ena e ka hlalosa hore na hobaneng batho ba bangata ba lahleheloa ke bokhoni ba ho laola lijo tseo ba li jang [20]. Har'a lijo tse fumanehang habonolo, lithuto tsa liphoofolo li fumane hore chokolete e na le thepa ea moputso e matla [62,114,115], joalo ka ha ho lekantsoe le liparamente tsa boitšoaro le tsa methapo, le chokolete ke lijo tseo hangata li amanang le litlaleho tsa takatso ea lijo ho batho [116]. Ka lebaka leo, takatso ea lithethefatsi le ts'ebeliso ea chokolete li hlahisitsoe ho batho [117].

Ntho e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa tikolohong ho hola le ho hlahisa mathata a ho ja ke khatello ea maikutlo. Hobane khatello ea maikutlo ke e 'ngoe ea li-psychopathology tse atileng haholo tikolohong, e ka bapala karolo ea mantlha khatellong ea lijo ho liphoofolo le ho batho [58,118,119,120,121]. Ho joalo, khatello ea maikutlo e ama nts'etsopele, nete, le sephetho sa mafu a kelello a mangata, mme e ka susumetsa ho khutla ha bona le / kapa ho khutla kamora nako ea tšoarelo [122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130]. Re ipapisitse le lipatlisiso mabapi le mathata a ho ja, joale re utloisisa hore khatello ea maikutlo e ka ama bokhoni ba ho laola likarolo tsa lijo le bongata. Ho hlahloba maemo a sithabetsang a eketsang monyetla oa ho ba le bothata ba ho ja ke e 'ngoe ea lipheo tsa mantlha tsa lipatlisiso tsa bothata ba ho ja pele ho nako. Le ha khatello ea maikutlo e matla le e sa foleng e ka susumetsa takatso ea lijo (le matla a ho nka lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso) [58], khatello ea maikutlo e sa foleng e bontšitsoe ho eketsa tšebeliso ea lijo tse ling tse matlafatsang (ke hore, lijo tseo hangata ho thoeng ke "lijo tse khothatsang") ho liphoofolo le ho batho [119,130,131], 'me khatello ea maikutlo e sa foleng e ka fokotsa ho itlopa lijo [46,132]. Qetellong, lihlopha tse 'maloa li tlalehile kamano e kopaneng pakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le thibelo ea khalori ho khothaletsa ho qala hoa mathata a ho ja - ho kenyeletsa le ho itlopa joala ho feta ho batho le liphoofolo [11,26,27,120,121]

3. Liphello

Lichabeng tse tsoetseng pele moruong, ho ja ho feta tekano ke bothata bo boholo, 'me ho ja lijo tse matlafatsang haholo-haholo ho natefisa lijo tse ngata tse fumanehang habonolo - ho lebisa ho boima bo eketsehileng ba' mele, botenya le bongata ba maemo a amanang. Ho phahama ho ntseng ho eketseha ha maemo ana ho hlahisitse patlisiso e pharalletseng e etselitsoeng ho utloisisa thuto ea bona, 'me liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ena ea bohlokoa, e tsoelang pele e lebisitse ho liphetoho tsa leano ho leka ho fokotsa bothata bona bo ntseng bo hola [112].

Ho ja ka thata ho sa natsoe le litlamorao tse mpe ho atile hara bakuli ba nang le bothata ba ho ja joalo ka bulimia mothosa, bothata ba ho ja le ho nona haholo. Ntle le moo, boitšoaro bona bo ts'oana hantle le ketsahalo e bonoang ho batho ba nang le boits'oaro bo bobe ba ho batla lithethefatsi. Hobane tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi khafetsa ha e e-ba le litlamorao tse mpe tse tsebahalang e le tšobotsi ea bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, ho khothalelitsoe hore ts'ebeliso e tlatselletsang-haholo-holo ho tšela lijo tse ntlafalitsoeng haholo-e lokela ho khethoa e le tšibollo ea 'nete ea tahi (ke hore, "Tlatsetso ea lijo"). Ho joalo, boitšoaro bo joalo bo khotsofatsa mokhoa oa tlhahlobo oa DSM-IV-TR bakeng sa mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi [20], le Yale Food Addiction Scale, eo hajoale e leng sesebelisoa se sebelisoang ka ho fetisisa le se amohelehang sa ho lekanya tšebeliso ea lijo [7], e sa tsoa ntlafatsoa ho kenya tšebetsong ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa lijo, ho tsamaisa maemo a DSM-IV-TR a ts'ebeliso ea thepa joalo ka ha e sebelisoa ho lijo [66]. Le ha maemo ana a le teng khatisong e ncha ea DSM V (khatiso ea morao-rao haholo [133]), e fana ka maikutlo a hore mathata a amanang le lintho tse sa amaneng le thepa a amana le tšebeliso ea menahano e meng e metle e fanang ka moputso (ke hore, papali ea chelete), DSM V ha e khetholle mafu a tšoanang le meputso ea tlhaho joalo ka bokhoba ba boitšoaro kapa tšebeliso ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi [7].

Ntle le moo, lingoliloeng li bonts'a hore takatso ea lijo e lula e baka likhahla tsa ho itlopa lijo, nakong eo lijo tse ngata ho feta tse tloaelehileng li kenngoa ka nako e khuts'oane ho feta e tloaelehileng. Habohlokoa, ts'oaetso ea ho loana ha lijo tse ngata e eketseha ka index ea boima ba 'mele (BMI) le karolo e fetang kotara ea batho ba jang ho ja ba batenya haholo.15]. Leha ho le joalo, bothata ba ho ja ka bongata le ho lemalla lijo ha bo amane le BMI mme BMI e phahameng ha se taba e boletsoeng esale pele ea ho ja ka mokhoa o phehellang [86]. Ho nona haholo ke ntho e ka etsahalang, empa eseng ho tlangoa ka lebaka la boitšoaro bo qobelloang ho ea lijong; leha manonyeletso a botona bo lekantsoeng ke BMI hangata a lumellana hantle le index ea litheko tsa lijo tse lekantsoeng ke YFAS, ha e tšoane [3,66,134]. Ho ikarola hona ho bontšitsoe lithutong tsa pele ho tsa bongaka tse bonts'ang hore nts'etsopele ea boits'oaro ba mafura ha e amanngoe le ho nona, ho ts'ehetsa mohopolo oa hore botenya le tšibollo ea lijo ha se maemo a busetsang [25,135].

Liketsahalo tse sithabetsang tsa bophelo le ho matlafatsa tse mpe li ka tsamaisana le liphatsa tsa lefutso, ka ho etsa joalo ho eketsa menyetla ea boits'oaro bo eketsang le / kapa ho kenya liphetoho lipontšong tsa corticostriatal dopaminergic le noradrenergic tse kenyelletsang lits'ebetsong tsa tšusumetso ea semelo sa tšusumetso [62,107,109]. Likokoana-hloko tsa "inbred mouse" ke sesebelisoa sa mantlha sa ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa lefutso, 'me lithuto tse bapisang lits'oants'o tse fapaneng tsa inbred li hlahisitse leseli le karolo eo karolo ea mantlha e e bapalang tsamaisong ea dopaminergic bohareng ba thobalano le likarabo tse amanang le dopamine [107]. Leha li hlokahala haholo, leha ho le joalo, lithuto tsa ts'ebetso ea tikoloho liphatseng tsa lefutso tsa batho li ja seoelo [110]; ho fihla hajoale ke lithuto tse fokolang feela tsa liphoofolo tse entseng lipatlisiso mabapi le karolo e tobileng ea tšebelisano lipakeng tsa tikoloho le lintlha tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso ho nts'etsopele le polelo ea khatello ea ho batla / ho ja lijo leha ho bile le litlamorao tse mpe (ke hore, index ea ho qobelloa) litoetsing le litoeba [22,23,48,136].

Lintlha tsa rona tsa pele (data e sa bontsitsoeng, [49]) e bonts'a hore ho ja ka mokhoa o qobelloang ho hlaha ka mor'a ho fihlella hoa lijo tse matlafatsang haholo [22], e ts'oanang le kamoo ho ts'oaroa ha lithethefatsi ho qobelloang ho hlahang kamora pale e telele ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi [9,12], empa li ka ithutoa ka lefu la tlhaho.

Ho nts'etsapele mehlala ea liphoofolo tse nang le tšebeliso e ntle le tse netefalitsoeng tsa ho ja lijo tse tlamang ho tla re fa sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa sa ho nts'etsapele kutloisiso ea rona ea liphatsa tsa lefutso le boits'oaro bo tlasa mathata a ho ja. Ntle le moo, mefuta ena e tla thusa ho tsebahatsa lipheo tsa kalafo tse tlatsetsang le ho thusa bafuputsi ho nts'etsapele, ho etsa liteko le ho ntlafatsa mekhoa e metle ea kalafo le ea kelello.

lumela hore baa fokola

Patlisiso ena e ne e tšehelitsoe ke Ministero della Ricerca Sciectica e Tecnologica (FIRB 2010; RBFR10RZ0N_001) le "La Sapienza" Grant (C26A13L3PZ, 20013).

Likhohlano tsa Thahasello Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho na khohlano ea phaello

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