Ka morao ke Tlhaloso e Ncha: Tlhahlobo e Khutšoanyane ea Histori ea Lipatlisiso tsa Tlhekefetso ea Lijo (2015)

Yale J Biol Med. SepNXX; 2015 (88): 3-295.

E phatlalalitsoe marang-rang 2015 Sep 3.

PMCID: PMC4553650

Ho tsepamisa maikutlo: Ho lemalla

Eya ho:

inahaneloang

Lilemong tsa morao tjena, mohopolo oa bokhoba ba lijo o se o tumile le ho feta. Mokhoa ona o amohela ho tšoana ho teng lipakeng tsa mathata a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le ho nona lijo tse matlafatsang tse phahameng haholo. Karolo ea puisano ena e kenyelletsa hore lijo tse "matlafatsoang" li ka ba le matla a ho lemalla ka lebaka la matlafalo a bakoang ke limatlafatsi tse ling. Le ha mohopolo ona o bonahala o le mocha, lipatlisiso mabapi le bokhoba ba lijo li hlile li akaretsa lilemo tse mashome, e leng taba eo hangata e sa e tsebeng. Ts'ebeliso ea mahlale a mahlale lemalla ntho mabapi le chokolete esita le morao koana lekholong la 19th. Lekholong la 20th, lipatlisiso tsa bokhoba ba litheko tsa lijo li ile tsa fetoloa makhetlo a 'maloa, tse kenyeletsang ho fetola tsepamiso ho anorexia mothosa, bulimia nervosa, botenya, kapa bothata ba ho ja. Kahoo, sepheo sa tlhahlobo ena ke ho hlalosa nalane le boemo ba tsebo ea lipatlisiso tsa tlhekefetso ea lijo le ho bonts'a nts'etsopele ea eona le ntlafatso ea litlhaloso le mekhoa.

Keywords: ho lemalla lijo, botenya, ho ja lijo tse ngata, ho ipolaisa tlala, bulimia, ts'ehetso ea lithethefatsi, tsokolate

Selelekela

Lilemong tsa morao tjena, khopolo ea ho lemalla lijo e se e atile. Mohopolo ona o kenyelletsa mohopolo oa hore lijo tse itseng (hangata li lokisoa haholo, lijo tse matlafatsoang haholo, hape li na le matla a mangata) li ka ba le monyetla oa ho lemalla le hore mefuta e meng ea ho ho ja ho feta tekano e ka emela boitšoaro bo bobe. Botumo bona bo eketsehileng bo bonahala eseng feela litlalehong tse phahameng tsa litlaleho le ho tsamaisa lingoliloeng [1,2], empa hape le keketseho e kholo ea palo ea lingoliloeng tsa mahlale (Setšoantšo sa 1) [3,4]. Ka mohlala, ho 2012, ho ile ha phatlalatsoa bukana e akaretsang ea lijo le lithethefatsi hobane "saense e fihlile sehlohlolong moo buka e hlophisitsoeng e lokiselitsoeng"5]. Thahasello ena e ntseng e eketseha e bonahala e hlahisitse mohopolo oa hore mohopolo oa tšebeliso ea lijo o bile oa bohlokoa lekholong la 21st ka lebaka la ho fumaneha ha lijo tse ntlafalitsoeng haholo le hore mohopolo oa tšebeliso ea lijo o ntlafalitsoe molemong oa ho hlalosa litekanyetso tse eketsehang tsa botenya. [6]. Bafuputsi ba bang ba bile ba bua ka mosebetsi oa ho ba pula-maliboho ea qotsitsoeng litabeng tsa tlhekefetso ea lijo ka ho qotsa lihlooho tse phatlalalitsoeng lekholong lena la lilemo [7,8].

Setšoantšo sa 1 

Palo ea likhatiso tsa mahlale mabapi le bokhoba ba lijo ka selemo sa 1990-2014. Lits'ebetso li bonts'a palo ea likhahla tse thehiloeng patlisisong ea Websaense e etselitsoeng selemo se seng le se seng, ba sebelisa polelo ea ho batla "ho lemalla lijo" le ho khetha "sehlooho" ...

Joalokaha ho tla bontšoa pampiring ena, khopolo ena ea ho lemalla lijo e le mohopolo o mocha, o simolohileng lilemong tsa morao tjena mme e kanna ea hlalosa lefu la botena, e fosahetse. Ka hona, sengoloa sena se hlahisa nts'etsopele ea lipatlisiso tsa bokhoba ba lijo. Morero o mong ke ho bonts'a nalane ea eona, leha e le lefapha le lecha la lipatlisiso, ehlile e akaretsa lilemo tse mashome le ts'ebelisano lipakeng tsa lijo le bokhoba ba mehleng ea 19th century. Lekholong la 20th, likarolo tsa maikutlo le maikutlo mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea tahi ea lijo li fetohile haholo, joalo ka mefuta ea lijo le mathata a ho ja a reriloeng a amanang le bokhoba le mekhoa e neng e sebelisoa ho etsa lipatlisiso ka boitsoaro ba ho ja ka pono ea ho lemalla.Setšoantšo sa 2). Sengoloa sa hajoale ha se rere ho hlakisa ho tšoana ho hoholo ha tšebeliso ea tšebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi kapa ho rerela litlamorao le tlatsetso ea mohopolo oa tšebeliso ea lijo bakeng sa kalafo, thibelo le leano la sechaba. Litaba tsena kaofela li buisanoe haholo libakeng tse ling [9-21]. Qetellong, sengoloa sena ha se rera ho lekola bonnete ba mohopolo oa ho lemalla lijo.

Setšoantšo sa 2 

Tse ling tsa tsepamisa maikutlo tse nang le litšupiso tse khethiloeng nalaneng ea lipatlisiso tsa bokhoba ba lijo.

Qete ea 19th le 20th ea Qaleho: Qalo ea Pele

The Tlaleho ea Inebriety e ne e le e 'ngoe ea likoranta tsa pele tsa bokhoba ba tahi mme li phatlalalitsoe ho tloha 1876 ho 1914 [22]. Ka nako ena, mantsoe a fapaneng a ne a sebelisoa ho hlalosa tšebeliso e mpe ea joala le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (mohlala, botaoa ba tloaelo, botahoa, botahoa, dipsomania, narcomania, oinomania, botahoa, 'me lemalla ntho). Ho khahlisang, polelo lemalla ntho joalo ka ha ho sebelisitsoe ho Tlaleho ea Inebriety ha e le hantle ho buuoa ka ho itšetleha ka lithethefatsi ntle le joala 'me ho hlaha ka lekhetlo la pele ho 1890 mabapi le chokolete [22]. Kamora nako, thepa e hohelang ea "e susumetsang" lijo le eona e boletsoe litabeng tse ling tsa koranta [17]. Mohlala, Clouston [23] e boletse hore "ha boko bo its'epahalla ho natefisa lijo le lino hore li ntlafatsoe ha li khathetse, ho ba le takatso e matla le e sa thibeloeng ea lijo tse joalo le tse nooang neng le neng ha ho e-na le mokhathala."

Ho 1932, Mosche Wulff, e mong oa bo-pula-maliboho ba lefu la kelello, o phatlalalitse sengoloa ka Sejeremane, sehlooho sa sona se ka fetoleloang e le "ho Khahlisang Letšoao la Oral Syndrome le Kamano ea Ts'ebetso"24]. Hamorao, Thaba25] o bua ka mosebetsi ona, a re "Wulff o hokahanya ho nona haholo, eo a e bitsang tšebeliso ea lijo, ka lebaka la molao oa motheo mme o e khetholla ho melancholia ha e le tlatsetso ea hore ke motho ea lemaletseng lijo ka mokhoa o qaqileng ka mokhoa o fosahetseng sebakeng sa kamano ea setho sa botona ha melancholic e kenella ka mokhoa o soabisang. le mokhoa o senyang. ”Le ha pono ena ea kelello ea ho nona ho feta tekano e siiloe ke nako ebile e bonahala e ferekanya matsatsing ana, ke ho sa makatseng ho bona hore mohopolo oa ho hlalosa ho nona e le tlhekefetso o se o le teng ho 1930s.

Li-1950: Ho kopanya lentsoe 'Tlatsetso ea Lijo'

Kotara lijo tse lemalla lijo e tsebisitsoe ka lekhetlo la pele ho lingoliloeng tsa mahlale ke Theron Randolph ho 1956 [26]. O e hlalositse e le "tloaelo e itseng ho e 'ngoe kapa ho feta ea lijo tse jeoang khafetsa tseo motho a li nkang a le bonolo haholo [tse hlahisang mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa matšoao ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le oa lits'ebetso tse ling tse lemalloang." Leha ho le joalo, o boletse hape hore "boholo hangata ho amehang ke poone, koro, kofi, lebese, mahe, litapole le lijo tse ling tse atisoang khafetsa. ”Pono ena e fetohile, kaha matsatsing ana lijo tse ntlafalitsoeng haholo tse nang le tsoekere e ngata le / kapa mafura li tšohloa e le tse ka lemalloang haholo [27].

Randolph e ne e se eena feela ea sebelisang polelo ena ea ho lemalla lijo nakong ena. Sengolong se phatlalalitsoeng ho 1959, puisano ea karolo e mabapi le tikoloho le botho ho taolo ea lefu la tsoekere e tlalehiloe [28]. Nakong ea lipuisano tsena, Albert J. Stunkard (1922-2014) [29], ngaka ea mafu a kelello eo sengoloa sa eona seo a qalileng ho se hlalosa ho itlhahisa ka ho itlopa lijo se ile sa phatlalatsoa selemong sona seo [30], ho ile ha botsoa lipotso. Mohlala, o ile a botsoa, ​​"E 'ngoe ea mathata a atileng ho fetisisa le a boima ao re tobanang le' ona ke ho lemalla lijo, litabeng tsa lefu la tsoekere le kalafo ea lona. Na ho na le lintho tse amanang le 'mele tse amehang mochining ona kapa li tsohle ke tsa kelello? Kamano ea eona ke bokhoba ba joala le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi tse mpe ke eng? ”[28]. Stunkard o ile a araba a re ha a nahane hore poleloana ea ho lemalla lijo "e nepahetse ho latela seo re se tsebang ka ho lemalla joala le lithethefatsi." Leha ho le joalo, se bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea nalane ho sengoloa sa kajeno ke hore o boetse a re polelo tlatsetso ea lijo e sebelisoa haholo, e ts'ehetsang hore mohopolo oa tšebeliso ea lijo o ne o tsebahala haholo har'a bo-rasaense le sechaba ka kakaretso ho tloha mehleng ea 1950.

Li-1960 le li-1970: Maikutlo a Qobang Batho ba sa Tsebahale le a Maiketsetso

Overeaters Anonymous (OA), mokhatlo o itšebeletsang o thehiloeng ho 12-step program ea Alcoholics Anonymous, o thehiloe 1960. Ka hona, OA e buella moralo oa ts'ebetso ea ho lemalla joala ho feta tekano, mme sepheo sa mantlha sa sehlopha ke ho se sebelise ntho e lemalloang (joalo ka lijo tse itseng). Ho entsoe lipatlisiso tse nyane mabapi le OA lilemong tsa eona tsa ho feta tsa 50, mme leha barupeluoa ba lumela hore OA e ne e ba thusa, ha ho tumellano mabapi le hore na OA e “sebetsa” joang [31,32]. Leha ho le joalo, OA e ne e ke ke ea lula e le mokhatlo o thusang ka boithatelo mabapi le tšebeliso e kholo ea lijo, joalo ka ha lihlopha tse tšoanang tsa lithuso li thehiloe lilemong tse mashome tse latelang [17].

Patlisiso ea saense mabapi le mohopolo oa bokhoba ba lijo, leha ho le joalo, e ne e le sieo ho li-1960s le li-1970, empa bafuputsi ba bang ba ile ba sebelisa poleloana eo ho sa le joalo ka lingoloa tsa bona. Mohlala, tšibollo ea lijo e boletsoe hammoho le mathata a mang a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi lipampiring tse peli ke Bell ho li-1960s [33,34] mme e boletsoe moelelong oa allerg ea lijo le mecha ea litaba ea otitis ho 1966 [35]. Ho 1970, Swanson le Dinello ba ile ba bua ka temallo ea lijo maemong a phahameng a boima ba 'mele bo boetse bo fumaneha ka mor'a ho theola boima ba' mele ho batho ba batenya haholo.36]. Ho phethela, le ha ho ne ho se na boiteko ba ho fuputsa ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng mohopolo oa tšebeliso ea lijo ho li-1960 le li-1970, e ne e se e sebelisoa ke lihlopha tse thusang ka sepheo sa ho fokotsa tšebeliso e ngata le ho sebelisoa lingong tsa mahlale maemong a saense ea mantsoe a tšoanang le botenya.

Li-1980: Tsepamisa maikutlo ho Anorexia le Bulimia Nervosa

Ka li-1980, bafuputsi ba bang ba lekile ho hlalosa thibelo ea lijo e bontšitsoeng ke batho ba nang le bothata ba ho ipolaisa tlala (AN) e le mokhoa o lemalloang (kapa "ho itšetleha ka tlala") [37]. Mohlala, Szmukler le Tantam [38] a pheha khang ea hore "bakuli ba nang le AN ba its'etleha holima maikutlo le menyetla ea 'mele ea ho bolaoa ke tlala. Ho eketseha ha boima ba 'mele ho baka ho mamella le ho bolaoa ke tlala ho tlisang thibelo e kholo ea lijo ho fumana sephetho se lakatsehang, le nts'etsopele ea mats'oao a monate a "ho natefeloa" ha ho jeoa. ”Morero ona o ile oa ntlafatsoa hamorao ke ho sibolloa ha karolo ea lisistimi tsa opioid tsa mehleng ea AN [39,40]. Ho joalo, leha ho le joalo, karolo ea li-endorphin le eona e ile ea tšohloa maemong a fapaneng, ke hore, botenya [41,42]. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, botenya bo ile ba hlahlojoa tlasa moralo oa bokhoba ba lijo thutong e phatlalalitsoeng ho 1989, moo batho ba batenya haholo ba bapisoang le taolo e tloaelehileng ea boima ho boemo ba bona ba "kemelo ea ntho"43].

Ho boetse ho na le lithuto tse ling mabapi le bulimia mothosa (BN) ho tsoa ponong ea bokhoba, e simolohileng lefapheng la psychology ea botho. Lithuto tsena li kentsoe pele ke lingoloa tse peli tsa 1979, tse tlalehileng lintlha tse phahameng ka tekanyo e itseng ea botho bo lemaletseng batho ba batenya haholo [44] empa le litheko tse tlase ho batho ba lithethefatsi le ba batenya ho feta ha ba bapisoa le ba tsubang [45]. Boithuto bo bapisang pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa bakuli ba itšetlehileng ka lithethefatsi le bakuli le bona bo hlahisitse liphetho tse sa lumellaneng, lithuto tse ling li fumana lintlha tse tšoanang mehatong ea botho ho ea ka lihlopha le lithuto tse ling tse fumanang phapang [46-49]. Lithuto tsena mabapi le botho ba ho lemalla ho BN li ne li tsamaisana le thuto ea nyeoe, eo ho eona ho sebelisitsoeng lithethefatsi ho fumanoeng e le papiso e sebetsang kalafo ea BN [50] le nts'etsopele ea "Lijo tsa Tlatsetso ea Sehlopha sa Bakuli"51].

Li-1990: Litaba tsa joala le lintlha tse ling tsa bohlokoa

Kamora liteko tsena tsa pele tsa ho hlalosa mathata a ho ja e le tšibollo, ho bile le litlhahlobo tse felletseng tse phatlalalitsoeng ho li-1990 le ho 2000, moo mohlala oa tlhekefetso oa mathata a ho ja o ileng oa buisanoa ka mokhoa o tebileng ho latela kelello, boikoetliso, le maikutlo a mang [52-55]. Leha ho le joalo, ntle le lingoloana tse 'maloa, tse peli tseo ho tsona ho ileng ha hlahlojoa botho bo makatsang ho batho ba nang le mathata a ho ja kapa ho nona haholo [56,57] le tse peli tseo ho tsona ho tlalehiloeng linyeoe tse sa tloaelehang tsa tšebeliso ea lihoete [58,59], ho ile ha bonahala mohopolo o mocha oa lipatlisiso: chokolete.

Chocolate ke lijo tse lakatsehang khafetsa mekhatlong ea Bophirimela, haholoholo har'a basali [60,61], le lijo tseo hangata batho ba nang le mathata a ho laola tšebeliso [27,62]. Ho ne ho se ho hlokometsoe ho 1989 hore chokolete e na le motsoako oa mafura a mangata le tsoekere e ngata, e e etsang "ntho e ntle haholo" [63] - mohopolo o ts'oanang le khopolo-taba mabapi le lijo tse lemalloang tse "matlafatsang" lilemong tse ling tsa 25 hamorao [3,27]. Ntle le sebopeho sa macronutrient ea chokolete, lintlha tse ling tse kang thepa ea eona ea kutlo kapa metsoako ea kelello e kang caffeine le theobromine le tsona li ile tsa tšohloa e le karolo ea tlatsetso ea mofuta oa tsokolate [64,65]. Leha ho le joalo, litlamorao tsa xanthine tse thehiloeng ho chokolete li fumanoe li se na monyetla oa ho hlalosa ho rata chokolete kapa tšebeliso ea eona e joalo-joalo.61].

Ho ile ha etsoa lithuto tse fokolang moo ho neng ho etsoa lipatlisiso tse bitsoang "li-chochorics" kapa "lithethefatsi tsa chokolete". E 'ngoe e ne e le thuto e hlalosang e tlalehang litabatabelo le tšebeliso ea tšebeliso har'a lintho tse ling [66]; e 'ngoe e ile ea bapisa mehato e ts'oanang lipakeng tsa “lekhoba la chokolete” le taolo [67]; 'me thuto e le' ngoe e ile ea bapisa lihlopha tse joalo mabapi le likarabo tse tlatselletsang le tsa 'mele ho bonts'oa chokolete [68]. Phoso e kholo ea lithuto tsena e ne e le hore, ts'ebeliso ea "lithethefatsi tsa" chokolete "e thehiloe ho its'upisoeng, e leng tlokotsing ea khethollo le bonnete mme e fokotsoa ke taba ea hore barupeluoa ba bangata ba se nang phaello ha ba na tlhaloso e nepahetseng ea ho lemalla. Kamora nako, lithuto tse peli li ile tsa hlahloba kamano lipakeng tsa "bokhoba ba chokolete" le bokhoba ba lintho tse ling le boits'oaro mme ba fumana likamano tse ntle, empa li nyane haholo,69,70].

Li-2000: Mehlala ea Liphoofolo le Neuroimaging

Mehleng ea 2000s ea pele - lilemo tse ka bang 40 kamora hore OA e thehoe - ho ile ha phatlalatsoa thuto ea sefofane moo ho ileng ha tlaleha kalafo ea bakuli ba baimana le ba batenya ka lenaneo la bohato ba 12 [71]. Ntle le mokhoa ona oa kalafo, moelelo oa lilemo tsena tse leshome e ne e le ho hlahlojoa ha mekhoa ea methapo e ka bang ho nona ho feta tekano le botenya bo ka tsamaisanang le liphumano ho tsoa ho ts'ebeliso ea thepa. Ho batho, mekhoa ena ea neural e ne e hlahlojoa haholo ke positron emission tomography le ts'ebetso ea matla a matla a matla a matla a khoheli. Mohlala, sengoloa se tebileng se ngotsoeng ke Wang le basebetsi mmoho [72] ho tlaleha maemo a tlase a dopamine D2 ho fumaneha ha batho ba batenya joalo ka ha ho bapisoa le lits'ebetso, tseo bangoli ba li hlalositseng e le sehokahanyo sa "khaello ea khaello ea moputso" e ts'oanang le se fumanoeng ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi [73,74]. Boithuto bo bong, mohlala, bo fumane hore libaka tse tšoanang tsa boko li butsoe nakong ea boiphihlelo ba lijo le litakatso tsa lithethefatsi, le lithuto tseo ho tsona ho ileng ha hlahlojoa likarabo tsa neural ho khalori e phahameng ea lijo tse fumanehang hore batho ba nang le BN le BED ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e phahameng maemong a amanang le moputso. Libaka tsa boko joalo ka ha li bapisoa le taolo, joalo ka batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e phahameng e amanang le moputso ho arabela lits'ebetso tse amanang le lithethefatsi [75,76].

Mokhoa o mong oa bohlokoa oa ho etsa litheko tsa lijo lilemong tsena tse leshome e ne e le mefuta e meholo. Ho e 'ngoe ea lipapatso tsena, likhoto ke lijo tse fokotsoang letsatsi le leng le le leng bakeng sa lihora tsa 12 ebe li fuoa 12 ea hora ea ho li fumana ka tharollo ea tsoekere le chow [77]. Likhoto tse neng li sebelisa kemiso ena ea ho kena tsoekere nako le nako bakeng sa libeke tse 'maloa li fumanoe li bonts'a matšoao a boitšoaro ba ho lemalla joalo ka ho tlohela ha ho ne ho tlosoa tsoekere, hape ba bonts'a liphetoho tsa methapo ea kutlo [77,78]. Boithuto bo bong bo fumane hore likhoto tse fanoang ka "caleteria" e phahameng ea khalori li ile tsa nona, tse neng li tsamaisana le ho theoha ha driamine dopamine D2 li-receptors le tšebeliso e tsoelang pele ea lijo tse matlafatsang le leha li le litlamorao tse matla79]. Ho phethela, lithuto tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore tšebeliso ea tsoekere e ngata haholo e kanna ea lebisa hotsong e kang bokhoba ba tahi, mme hammoho le tšebeliso e phahameng ea mafura, ho fumana boima ba 'mele litenteng [80] le hore lipotoloho tse fetellanang tsa neural li kenya letsoho ts'ebetsong ea mekhoa e amanang le lijo le lithethefatsi taolong ea boitšoaro ba ho ja le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, ka ho latellana.

Li-2010: Tlhahlobo ea Tlatsetso ea Lijo ho Batho le Tsoelo-pele Thutong ea Liphoofolo

Lilemong tsa morao tjena, bafuputsi ba lekile ho hlalosa ka mokhoa o nepahetseng le ho lekola tšibollo ea lijo. Mohlala, Cassin le von Ranson [81] litšupiso tse nkiloeng ho "ntho" ka "ho itlopa joala" puisanong e hlophisitsoeng ea lintlha tsa ts'ehetso ea lintho thutong ea bone ea Buka ea ho hlahloba le ea Statistical ea Mathata a kelello (DSM-IV) mme a fumana hore liperesente tsa 92 tsa barupeluoa ba nang le BED ba fihletse litekanyetso tse felletseng tsa ts'ebeliso ea thepa. Mokhoa o mong e ne e le nts'etsopele ea Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), e leng tekanyetso ea boits'oaro bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea matšoao a tšebeliso ea lijo e thehiloeng ho litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea ts'ebeliso ea thepa ho DSM-IV [82]. Ka ho khetheha, YFAS e lekanya matšoao a supileng a ts'oaetso ea thepa joalo ka ha ho boletsoe ho DSM-IV ka lintho tsohle tse mabapi le lijo le lijo: 1) e nka ntho ena ka bongata kapa ka nako e telele ho feta kamoo e rerileng (mohlala, “Ke iphumana ke ntse ke tsoela pele. ho ja lijo tse itseng leha ke se ke lapile. ”); 2) takatso e sa khaotseng kapa liteko tse sa atleheng tsa ho tlohela (mohlala, "Ho se je mefuta e meng ea lijo kapa ho fokotsa mefuta ea lijo ke ntho eo ke tšoenyehang ka eona."); 3) Ho qeta nako e ngata ho fumana kapa ho sebelisa sehlahisoa kapa ho hlaphoheloa litlamorao (mohlala, "Ke fumana hore ha lijo tse itseng li sa fumanehe, ke tla tsoa tseleng ho li fumana. Mohlala, ke tla khanna ho ea lebenkeleng). ho reka lijo tse itseng leha ke e-na le lintho tse ling tseo nka li khethang lapeng. ”); 4) ho tlohela mesebetsi ea bohlokoa sechabeng, mesebetsing kapa boithabisong ka lebaka la tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (mohlala, "Ho na le linako tse ling ha ke ne ke qeta ho ja lijo tse ling khafetsa kapa ka bongata hoo ke qalileng ho ja lijo ho e-na le ho sebetsa, ke qeta nako le ba lelapa kapa metsoalle, kapa ho etsa lintho tse ling tsa bohlokoa kapa boithabiso boo ke bo ratang. ”); 5) ts'ebeliso e tsoetseng pele ea lithethefatsi leha e le mathata a kelello kapa a 'mele (mohlala, "Ke ne ke lula ke ja mefuta e tšoanang ea lijo kapa tekanyo e lekanang ea lijo leha ke ne ke na le mathata a maikutlo le / kapa' mele."); 6) mamello (mohlala, "Kamora nako, ke fumane hore ke hloka ho ja haholo ho fumana maikutlo ao ke a batlang, joalo ka maikutlo a nyenyefatsang kapa thabo e eketsehileng."); le matšoao a ho ikhula a 7 (mohlala, "Ke bile le matšoao a ho khaola a kang ho tsofala, ho tšoenyeha kapa matšoao a itseng a 'mele ha ke khaotsa ho ja lijo tse itseng."). Lintho tse peli tse eketsehileng li lekola boteng ba ho senyeha kapa khatello ea maikutlo ka lebaka la ho nona. E ts'oanang le DSM-IV, bokhoba ba lijo bo ka "bonoa" haeba bonyane ho na le matšoao a mararo mme ho na le mathata a maholo a ho kula kapa khatello ea maikutlo [82,83].

YFAS e sebelisitsoe ka palo e kholo ea lithuto lilemong tse fetileng tsa 6, tse bonts'ang hore batho ba nang le "ts'oaetso" ea ts'oaetso ea lijo ba ka aroloa ho ba se nang "diagnosis" mefuteng e mengata e fapaneng ho tloha mehatong ea boits'oaro ea mokhoa oa ho ja , psychopathology, methapo ea maikutlo, kapa ho kenella ka matla mehatong ea 'mele le boits'oaro bo kang profilse ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tse amanang le dopaminergic signaling kapa likarabo tsa makoloi ho likarabo tse phahameng tsa khalori [62]. Le ha YFAS e ipakile e le sesebelisoa se sebetsang bakeng sa ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa lijo tse lemalloang, ehlile ha e ea nepahala ebile bonnete ba eona bo belaelloa.84]. Mohlala, ho fumanoe hore liperesente tse ka bang 50 tsa batho ba baholo ba batenya haholo ba nang le BED ba fumana tlhahlobo ea YFAS le hore batho bana ba bonts'a phepelo e phahameng e amanang le ho ja le psychchopathology ka kakaretso ho feta batho ba baholo ba nang le botenya ba nang le BED ba sa fumaneng tlhahlobo ea YFAS [85,86]. Ka lebaka la liphumano tsena, ho phehisanoe hore tšibollo ea lijo joalo ka ha e lekantsoe le YFAS e ka emela feela mofuta o matla oa BED [87,88]. Ntle le moo, mokhoa oa ho lemalla lijo o ntse o tsoela pele ho ba taba eo ho buisanoang ka eona haholo le bafuputsi ba bang ba tšehetsang bonnete ba eona [3,7,21,89-91], ha ba bang ba pheha khang khahlanong le eona ka lebaka la litlamorao tse fapaneng tsa 'mele tsa lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso le limatlafatsi tse itseng tse kang tsoekere, ho nahana ka taba le litaba tse ling [84,92-97]. Haufinyane tjena, ho bile le tlhahiso ea hore leha ho ka ba le mofuta oa mokhoa oa ho ja o ka bitsoang tlatsetso, poleloana ea ho lemalla lijo e thehiloe ka mokhoa o fosahetseng kaha ho se na moemeli ea hlakileng oa ho lemalla, ka hona, e lokela ho nkuoa e le moetsi oa boitšoaro. temallo (ke hore, "ho lemalla ho ja") [98].

Patlisiso ea liphoofolo mabapi le bokhoba ba joala ba lijo e hatetse pele le lilemong tsa morao tjena. Sena se kenyelletsa, mohlala, palo e kholo ea lithuto tse bonts'ang litlamorao tse fapaneng tsa likarolo tsa limatlafatsi (mohlala, lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata, lijo tse nang le tsoekere e ngata, lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata le tsoekere e ngata, kapa lijo tse nang le protheine e ngata) mabapi le boitšoaro ba ho ja le neurochemistry [99,100]. Patlisiso e 'ngoe e bonts'a hore mebuso e meng ea ho ja le eona e ka ama bana litlamong. Mohlala, ho fumanoe hore ho ba teng ha utero lijong tse matlafatsang haholo ho susumetsa takatso ea lijo, methapo ea methapo, ts'ebetso ea moputso oa boko, le kotsi ea ho tepella [99,101]. Ho sebelisitsoe mekhoa e mecha ea ho hlahloba mekhoa e meng e tlisoang ke ho lemalla lijo tse ngata, e leng mohlala, ho ja lijo ka tlasa maemo a ho fetohelang [102]. Kamora nako, tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse itseng, tse fokotsang tšebeliso ea litheko ho likhoto, li fumanoe ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea lijo tse matlafatsang joaloka [103].

Liphetho le Litataiso tsa Nako e Tlang

Poleloana ena ea mantsoe e ne e se e sebelisoa ha ho buuoa ka lijo ho ea qetellong ea lekholo la 19th. Bohareng ba lekholo la 20th, poleloana ea ho lemalla lijo e ne e sebelisoa haholo, eseng feela har'a basekete empa hape le har'a bo-rasaense. Leha ho le joalo, e ne e boetse e sa sebelisoe hantle (haeba ho hang) e hlalositsoe, 'me hangata poleloana e ne e sebelisoa ntle le ho hlahlobisisa. Lingoloa tse matlafatsang tse neng li ikemiselitse ho netefatsa mohopolo oa tšebeliso ea lijo ho batho li ne li haella lilemong tse mashome a mantlha tsa 20th, mme mokhoa oa ho lemalla oa mathata a ho ja le botenya o ile oa tšohloa ka ho teba qetellong ea lekholo lena. Patlisiso ea bokhoba ba lijo e atamelitsoe ke liphetoho tse 'maloa, tse neng li kenyelletsa mohlala, ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho botenya bohareng ba lekholo la 20th, ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho AN le BN ho li-1980, ho shebisisa chokolete ho li-1990, le ho shebisisa BED le - hape - botenya ho li-2000 ka leseli la liphetho tsa lithuto tsa liphoofolo le tsa neuroimaging.

Kahoo, leha lipatlisiso mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa lijo li eketsehile haholo lilemong tsa morao tjena, ha se mohopolo o mocha ebile ha hoa ka hoa hlalosoa hore ho hlalosa sekhahla se atileng sa botenya. Morero oa sengoloa sena ke ho eketsa temohisiso ea nalane e telele ea mohopolo oa tšebeliso ea lijo le liphetoho tsa lona tse fetohang tsa mahlale le mekhoa. Haeba bafuputsi ba nahana ka nalane ena, ho kanna ha ba bonolo ho fumana tumellano mabapi le se boleloang ke tšebeliso ea lijo mme ho ka khothaletsa mehato ea bohlokoa e latelang e lokelang ho nkuoa, ka hona, tsoelo-pele lefapheng lena la lipatlisiso le tla tsamaisoa [104].

Mohlala, litaba tse ngata tse nchafalitsoeng lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng li ne li se li tšohliloe lilemong tse mashome a seng makae tse fetileng. Tsena li kenyelletsa, mohlala, lithuto tse mabapi le botho bo lemalloang ho tlasa tšebeliso e ngata ea tšebeliso ea lijo le lithethefatsi [105,106] kapa mohopolo oa ho nka AN joalo ka tlhekefetso [107,108], ka lihlooho tse ka bobeli ho ba teng pejana ho 1980s. Mohopolo oa ho nka BN e le lekhoba la tahi [109] e boetse e qalile lilemong tse mashome a 'maloa. Kahoo, ho bonahala eka mohopolo oa ho nona haholo molemong oa ts'oaetso ea lijo lilemong tsa morao tjena (mohlala, [13,110]) e bonahala e fosahetse, ha re nahana hore bafuputsi ba boletse lilemo tse mashome tse fetileng hore lijo tse joalo ka bokhoba ha li fuoe feela batho ba nang le botenya kapa botenya bo ka lekanngoang le bokhoba ba lijo [28,50].

Sehlooho se seng se phetoang se bonahala se ama tekanyo ea bokhoba ba lijo. Joalokaha ho boletsoe kaholimo, ho bile le lithuto tse ling ho li-1990 moo ho lemalla lijo ho ipapisitseng le ho its'upisa. Taba ena e ile ea nkuoa hape lithutong tsa morao-rao, tse bonts'ang hore ho na le phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa karohano ea litheko tsa lijo tse thehiloeng ho YFAS le ho lemalla lijo tse lemalloang [111,112], ka hona, e bolelang hore litlhaloso kapa boiphihlelo ba batho ka bomong ha bo lumellane le mofuta oa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi o hlahisitsoeng ke YFAS. Leha bafuputsi ba sa lumellane ka litlhaloso tse hlakileng tsa matšoao a bokhoba ba lijo hona joale [84,113], ho bonahala eka mehato e ts'oanang le YFAS e ea hlokahala ho thibela phallo e kholo ea tahi ea lijo. Le ha lebaka la YFAS, e leng ho fetolela litekanyetso tsa ts'ebeliso ea ntho ea DSM lijong le lijo, le hlakile, le eona e 'nile ea nyatsuoa kaha e fapana le litlhaloso tseo bafuputsi ba bang ba nang le tsona mabapi le tšebeliso ea tahi [93,98]. Kahoo, tataiso ea bohlokoa ea bokamoso e ka ba teng le hore na bokhoba ba lijo bo ka lekanngoa joang ho batho ntle le ho sebelisa YFAS.

Haeba lipatlisiso tsa tlhekefetso ea lijo li tla tataisoa ke phetolelo ea mokhoa oa ho ts'epa lintho tsa DSM ho ja le ho ja nakong e tlang, potso ea bohlokoa e tla ba liphetho mabapi le liphetoho lipakeng tsa tlhahlobo ea lihlahisoa ho boikoetliso ba bohlano ba DSM bakeng sa lijo tlatso:114]. Mohlala, na mekhoa eohle ea bokhoba ba tahi (joalo ka ha e hlalositsoe ho DSM-5) e sebetsa ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le litloaelong tsa batho tsa ho ja? Haeba ho se joalo, na see se felisa mohopolo oa bokhoba ba lijo?

Ntle le lipotso tsena tsa mantlha mabapi le moelelo le litekanyo tsa tšibollo ea lijo, menyetla e meng ea bohlokoa ea lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang e ka kenyeletsa, empa ha e felle ho: Taba ea tšebeliso ea lijo e bohlokoa hakae bakeng sa kalafo ea botena kapa ea ho itlopa lijo le ho etsa melao ea sechaba? Haeba ho hlokahala, e ka kenngoa tšebetsong hamolemo joang [17,91]? Likotsi (haeba li teng) tsa mohopolo oa ho lemalla lijo ke life [115-119]? Mefuta ea liphoofolo tse jwaloka batho ba lemaletseng joala joalo ka ha e ka ntlafatsoa joang hore e bonahatse lits'ebetso tse nepahetseng ho batho [120]? Na ho jella joala joalo ka bokhoba bo ka fokotsoa ho latela litlamorao tsa ntho e le 'ngoe kapa tse' maloa kapa ho lokela ho emeloa ke "ho lemalla lijo"98]?

Leha tlhatlhobo ea lijo e 'nile ea tšohloa sechabeng saenseng ka mashome a lilemo, e ntse e le taba eo ho phehisanoang khang haholo ka eona, eo, ehlile e e etsang karolo ea lipatlisiso tse thabisang. Ha ho sa tsotelloe hore tlhahiso ea mahlale ka taba ena e eketsehile ka potlako lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng, lipatlisiso tsa eona tse hlophisitsoeng li ntse li le lilemong tsa bocha, mme ka hona, boiteko ba lipatlisiso bo tla eketseha haholo lilemong tse tlang.

lumela hore baa fokola

Sengoli se tšehetsoa ke thuso ea Lekhotla la Europe la Lipatlisiso (ERC-StG-2014 639445 NewEat).

khutsufalitsoeng

ANanorexia nervosa
 
BNbulimia mothosa
 
betheho itlopa joala ho ja
 
DSMBuka ea ho hlahloba le ea Statistical ea Mathata a kelello
 
OABahlahisi ba sa Tsejoeng
 
YFASYale Food Addiction Scale
 

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