Tlhaloso e Khutšoanyane ea Mekhoa ea Morao kapa e ntlafalitsoeng e Fokotsa Sucrose Cue-Reactivity le Tlhahiso ka Litsela ka mor'a 1 kapa Matsatsi a 30 a ho Ila Boithaopo ho tloha ho Botho ba Tsamaiso (2012)

inahaneloang

Keketso ea tikoloho (EE) e fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le sucrose mecheng. Phuputsong e fetileng re tlalehetse hore khoeli ea 1 ea EE (mokotla o moholo, lintho tsa ho bapala, le lihlopha tsa boiketlo ba sechaba) e fokolitse haholo taba ea recrose. Thutong e teng hona joale, re hlahlobile hore na ho sa na le nako (22 h) EE e tla sebetsa hantle na. Re boetse ra hlahloba hore na ntlafatso ea sechaba (SE), ho ruisa molemo o le mong (SoloEE), kapa ho pepesehela tikoloho e 'ngoe (AEnv) e ka ikarabella bakeng sa phello ea EE. Liroto tse ikentseng 10% sucrose (.2 mL / shipping) ka linako tsa 10 tsa 2-h ka linako tsohle. Ho tsamaisoa ka katleho ho ne ho tsamaea le 'mino oa leseli. Likhoto li ile tsa pepesetsoa ho ntlafatsa kapa maemo a mang a tikoloho bosiu bo bong le bo bong (a hlobaetsang) kapa matsatsi a 29 (a sa foleng). Katleho ea seneke ea morao-rao e ile ea lekanngoa kamora nako ena ea ho qobelloa ho ikoa ka nako e ts'oanang le thupelo, empa ha ho sa sucrose e ileng ea fanoa ka setšoantšo. Maemo ohle a hlobaetsang a fokotsehile ka mokhoa o hlakileng oa sucrose cue-reactivity kamora letsatsi la 1 la ho qobelloa ho qhekelloa ha ho bapisoa le likhoto tse nang le ntlo e le 'ngoe malapeng a tloaelehileng a vivarium (CON). Ts'ebeliso ea Sucrose le eona e fokotsehile haholo lihlopheng tsohle empa SoloEE tlhahlobo ea letsatsi le hlahlamang. Maemo 'ohle a hlobaetsang empa SE a fokotsitse scrise cue-reactivity haholo ha e etsoa feela pele ho Letsatsi la 30 tšebeliso eohle e theohileng ea sucrose tlhahlobong ea letsatsi le hlahlamang. Maemo ohle a sa foleng ntle le a SE le AEnv a fokotsehile haholo ho leketla hoa hoa hoa hoa liteko mabapi le liteko tsa Letsatsi la 30 le tšebeliso ea sucrose litekong tsa letsatsi le hlahlamang. Bakeng sa papiso e matla le e sa foleng, lipapiso tsa EE li ne li sebetsa hantle haholo ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea molao oa tlhaloganyo le tšebeliso ea mali. SoloEE le EE li ne li sebetsa hantle ka tsela e tšoanang ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea taba ea scrose le ho sebetsa hantle ka mokhoa o tšoanang ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea sucrose. Sena se bonts'a hore puisano ea sechaba ha se boemo bo hlokahalang bakeng sa ho fokotsa boits'oaro bo susumetsoang ke sucrose. Liphetho tsena li ka ba molemo ho nts'etsopele ea maano a khahlanong le ho khutlisa makhoba a lithethefatsi le lijo.

Selelekela

Ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi e ntse e tsoela pele ho kenya letsoho liphellong tse mpe tsa bophelo bo botle [1], [2]. Tlhokomeliso e sa tsoa fetohela tšebeliso e ngata ea lijo ("tšebeliso e mpe ea lijo") ha litekanyetso tsa botenya li eketsehile habeli libakeng tse ling tsa US lipakeng tsa 1999-2008 [3]. Ho 'nile ha fanoa ka maikutlo a hore ho ja le ho lemalla lithethefatsi ho arolelana likarolo tse tloaelehileng tsa neurobehaisheral [4], [5], [6]. Ts'ebetso ea boithati ka katleho ea litoeba ha e fane feela mohlala oa boits'oaro bo lemalloang ho latela ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, empa le boits'oaro bo nepahetseng ba ho ja bo ka bakang ho nona haholo le botenya [7].

Rona le ba bang re hlahlobile likarolo tse fapaneng tsa ho batla ho ikemela le ho nka boits'oaro literekeng. Ts'ebetsong ea rona e tloaelehileng, likhoto li fumana boits'oaro lithutong tsa letsatsi le leng le le leng likamoreng tsa maemo a ts'ebetso tseo ho tsona karabelo ea lever e matlafatsoang ka lits'oants'o tsa mokelikeli o tsamaeang le tlhahiso ea tlhahiso e khothatsang. Ho arabela ho lekoa ka nako ea ha ho na sucrose, empa ka khothalletso e ts'oanang le sefahleho e ntse e fumaneha. Likhoto li tla arabela tlhahiso ena, 'me sekhahla sena sa karabelo se eketseha nako e teletsana ea ho itšireletsa ho itaola [8]. Keketseho ena e itšetlehileng ka mokhoa oa ho se thibele ho fokotseha hoa lintho tse ngata tse amanang le 'mele ("incubation of craving") e ts'oana le se bonoeng litatsong tse nang le nalane ea lithethefatsi (cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine, joala) ea ho itaola le ho batho ba nang le nalane ea cocaine, heroin kapa tlhekefetso ea koae [7].

Ha re tšoaea ho kenella hoa litakatso ho litoeba, rona le ba bang re hlahlobile katleho ea tšebeliso e mpe ea litekanyetso tsa litheko le meriana bakeng sa ho fokotsa ho ts'oaroa hoa menahano. [6], [8], [9]. Monko o mong o matla o ikhethang o neng o bonahala o thibela ts'ebetso ea ho kopanngoa ha botle ba kelello ke khoeli e le 'ngoe ea ho ruisa tikoloho [10]. Liphello e bile tse ts'oanang ho litoebeng tse nang le nalane ea boikoetliso ba koae [11], [12].

Ka sepheo se akaretsang sa ho hlahloba likarolo tse ka tlase tsa phello ea moruo, thuto e teng hona joale e ile ea etsoa ho lekola pele likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa tikoloho e ntlafalitsoeng e lebisang ho fokotseheng ha boiphetetso ba 'nete lithutong ka nako e teletsana ea ho hana ho itaola. Re ile ra hlahloba litlamorao tsa ho ba mathoasong a hlobaetsang (22 h) vs. (matsatsi a 29) matlo a ikhethileng (CON), ho ruisa sechaba (SE), ho ruisa tikoloho (SoloEE), ho pepesehela tikoloho e 'ngoe (AEnv), kapa ho "ruisa botlalo" ba tikoloho (EE) ho recrise cue-reaction kamora nako e khuts'oane kapa e tsoele pele (matsatsi a 1 kapa matsatsi a 30) a ho qobelloa. Ts'ebeliso ea Sucrose e boetse e lekantsoe litoeeleng tsohle ka letsatsi le hlahlamang tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo-leseling.

Ho fumanoe hore le ha maemong a mang SE le AEnv li fokotsa ts'ebetso ea recrose le ts'ebeliso, ho pepesoa moelelo oa taba ea EE ho hlahisitse phokotso e kholo ho sucrose cue-reactivity le ts'ebeliso. Ho pepesetsoa habonolo manong ana ho ne ho le maemong a mangata feela, haeba ho sa sebetse hantle ho feta, ho pepeseha nako e telele. Hape ho ile ha fumaneha hore hoo e batlang e le manolo ohle a neng a sa fepehe kapa a neng a le pele ho 30th letsatsi la ho qobella ka thipa ho koala polelo ea ho kenella hoa taba ea ho sokolla.

Lisebelisoa le mekhoa

Lihlooho

Likhoto tsa 179 tsa banna tse telele-Evans (hoo e ka bang likhoeli tsa 3.5; 455.1 ± 4.6 g (bolela error phoso e tloaelehileng ea moelelo) (SEM) qalong ea ho ithuta; Simonsen-e tsoang Gilroy, California, USA) li-vivarium tsa Western Washington University li ne li bolokiloe ka kotloloho mokokotlong oa 12-h reverse day / bosiu (mabone a ile XXUMX) le Purina Mills Inc. Mazuri Rodent Pellets (Grey Summit, MO, USA) le metsi a fumanehang ad libitum likamoreng tsa ka tlung le likamoreng tse sebetsang tsa maemo. Koetliso eohle le liteko li etsahetse pakeng tsa 0900-1500 ka li-rohorts tsa likhoto kamehla tse koetlisitsoeng le ho hlahlojoa ka nako e ts'oanang letsatsi le letsatsi. Likhoto li ne li imeloa Mantaha o mong le o mong, Laboraro le Labohlano bakeng sa nako ea tlhahlobo. Hang-hang pele ho mohato oa ho ikoetlisa, liphoofolo li ne li amohuoa metsi bakeng sa 17 h ho khothaletsa ho itaola ka letsatsi la pele la thupelo. Ts'ebetso tsohle li ile tsa latela tataiso e boletsoeng ho "Molao-motheo oa Tlhokomelo ea Liphoofolo tsa Laboraro" (khatiso ea NIH no. 86-23) mme ea amoheloa ke Komiti ea Tlhokomelo ea liphoofolo le Tikoloho ea Western Washington.

didirisiwa

Koetliso le liteko tsa ts'ebetso li etsahetse likamoreng tsa maemo a sebetsang (30 × 20 × 24 cm; Med Associates, St. Albans, VT, USA) e nang le levers tse peli (stationary e le ngoe e ka khutlisetsoang), jenereithara ea molumo, leseli le tsosang le lelelele kaholimo ho levable e kenyang, le lebone la ntlo e khubelu leboteng le shebaneng. Pompo ea ho kenella e tlisetse sucrose ka pokellong ea moputso ka letsohong le letona le mafolofolo. Likamore tsa maemo a sebetsang li ne li kentsoe ka har'a likamore tse nang le molumo o nang le molumo oa moea oa moea.

Katleho Boitšupelo ba Boitšoaro

Likhoto li sebelisitse 2 h / letsatsi bakeng sa matsatsi a 10 a latellanang likamoreng tse sebetsang tsa ts'ebetso mme li ile tsa lumelloa ho hatella lever (e sebetsang) lenaneong le lekantsoeng la 1 e ikemiselitseng bakeng sa tharollo ea 0.2 ml ea 10% scrose tharollo ho kamohelo ea letsoho le letona lere. Karabo ena e boetse e butse khothalletso e kopantsoeng ea molumo (2 kHz, 15 dB holim'a lerata le ts'oanang) le leseli le tšoeu. Matlafatso ea komporo e ile ea tšoarella 5 s mme ea lateloa ke nako ea 40, ka nako eo mecha ea khatiso ho lever e sebetsang e tlalehiloeng empa e sena sephetho se hlophisitsoeng. Karabelo ho ea sa sebetseng (ea stationary) ea lever e ne e se na litholoana tse hlahisitsoeng, empa mechine ea khatiso e tlalehiloe. Ho ile ha feta lifoto tse 'ne tsa maoto a mane a sephara ka kamoreng eo. Palo eohle ea likhahla tsa borashe e tlalehiloe nakong ea koetliso le liteko. Qetellong ea thuto e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, litoeba li ne li khutlisetsoa mabokoseng.

Qobelloang

Mokhahlelo o qobelloang oa ho tlohela mosebetsi o qalile hang kamora 10th letsatsi la karolo ea thupelo. Letsatsi leo le tla bitsoa letsatsi la pele, kapa "Letsatsi la 1 ″, la ho itima lintho ka likhoka.

Maemo a kalafo

Likhoto li ile tsa abeloa maemo a phekolo ka mor'a koetliso ea ho itaola. Maemo a kalafo a ne a le bohloko kapa a sa foleng (Setšoantšo sa 1). Phatlalatso e mpe e ne e le 22 h pele ho tlhahlobo ea cue-reactivity. Ho pepeseha ho sa foleng ho ne ho tloha thapama ea Letsatsi la 1 tlhahlobo ea cue-reactivity ho ea pele pele ho teko ea re-reactivity ea Letsatsi. Ntle le ho qhekelloa ho sa tloaelehang le ho sa foleng, ho ne ho e-na le maemo a mahlano a kalafo: taolo (Con), ho ruisa sechaba (SE), ntlafatso ea tikoloho feela (SoloEE), ho ruisa tikoloho (EE), kapa tikoloho e 'ngoe (AEnv). Lintlha tsa maemo ana li fanoa ka Lethathamo 1.

ponahalo e nyane

Setšoantšo sa 1. Morero o akaretsang oa liteko.

Kamora matsatsi a 10 a likhokahara tsa ho itaola (SA) likhokahano li ile tsa fetisoa ka mokhoa o thata kapa o sa foleng (bona. Lethathamo 1 bakeng sa lintlha tse qhekellang). Likhoto tsohle li ile tsa khutlisetsoa maemong a latelang kamora liteko tsa Letsatsi la 30 Cue-reactivity (kapa liteko tsa Letsatsi la 1 Cue-reactivity bakeng sa mananeo a ho se sebetse hantle a Acute Day 1).

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0054164.g001

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Tafole 1. Lintlha tsa Boemo ba Phekolo.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0054164.t001

Cage tsa SE, SE, le AEnv li ne li tsoa ho Lab Products Inc. (Seaford, DE, USA) mme likhechana tsa SoloEE / EE li ne li tsoa Company Cage Company (Portland, OR, USA). Taba ea ho sebelisa hampe le ho sa foleng e ne e le ho bona hore na ho pepesetsoa nako e khuts'oanyane ho khothaletsa ho ka hlahisa phetoho ho suacose cue-reactivity. Phello e joalo haufinyane e hlalositsoe bakeng sa ho etsa-cocaine cue-reacaction ho likhoto [11], [13]. Tlhahiso ea tlhahlobo ea phello ea manyala a maholo ka mor'a matsatsi a 1 kapa a 30 a ho qobelloa ho itlhatsoa e ne e le ho leka hore na ho sebelisa manonyeletso ho matla ho ne ho sebetsa kapa ho sa sebetse hantle ha ho fetoloa “ho sa sebetse hantle” ha reiti. Kamora nako, maemo a mahlano a kalafo a kenyellelitsoe ho hlahloba monehelo (s) oa tšebelisano ea sechaba (sehlopha sa SE), tikoloho e ruisitsoeng (empa eseng e ruisitswe) sechabeng (SoloEE), le / kapa ho pepesehela moelelo o mong ntle le Cage ea lapeng kapa kamore e sebetsang (AEnv) ho sephetho sa EE seo re se tlalehileng pejana [10].

Teko ea katleho ea katleho ea moratuoa oa katleho

Ka Letsatsi la 1 le Day 30, likhoto li ile tsa lekoa ka likamoreng tsa maemo a ts'ebetso bakeng sa ho etsa lintho tse ncha (ho batla ho lekana). Seboka sena se ne se ts'oana le ts'ebetso ea koetliso ea 2-h, empa sucrose ha ea ka ea tlisoa kamora karabelo ea lever. Kamora tlhahlobo ea Letsatsi la 1, likhoto tse fuoeng mokhoa o sa foleng li ile tsa beoa maemong ao mme litoeba tse neng li sa tsoa fumana puseletso e mpe li ile tsa khutlisetsoa maemong a matlo. Kamora tlhahlobo ea Letsatsi la 30, likhoto tsohle li ile tsa khutlisetsoa maemong a matlo a Con.

Teko ea Tšebeliso ea Sesebelisoa sa Sucrose

Ka letsatsi 2 or Day 31, likhoto li ile tsa khutlisetsoa kamoreng ea maemo a ts'ebetso bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea boits'oaro ea boithati (Tšebeliso). Teko e ne e le ho lekola ho phehella ho ruisang kapa ho hlahisa maikutlo a seng makae ka tšusumetso ea ho ipolaea. Seboka sena se ne se tšoana hantle le ts'ebetso ea koetliso ea 2-h. Sehlopha se ikhethileng sa tšebeliso ea likhoto tsa CON (n = 11) se ne se tsamaisoa ka tlhahlobo ea tšebeliso ka Letsatsi la 2. Ena e ne e le sehlopha sa papiso bakeng sa boitšoaro bohle ba Letsatsi la 1 le Day 2. Likhoto tsohle tse ling tsa Con li bile le tlhahlobo ea tšebeliso ka Letsatsi la 31. Ena e ne e le sehlopha sa papiso bakeng sa boits'oaro bohle ba Letsatsi la 30 le 31.

Lipatlisiso tsa Statistical

Likarabo tse sebetsang tsa ho bua ka mokhoa o hlakileng, ho fana ka litšebeletso, ho fana ka likarabo tse sa sebetseng, le likhefutso tsa nako ea ho ikoetlisa nakong ea lithupelo tse ikemetseng tsa ho itšeha li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa li-ANOVA tsa thuto ea 10 ea matsatsi a 14 ea koetliso (NAKO) le karolo ea lipakeng tsa BOPHELO. Ho ne ho e-na le maemo a 14 a MANIPULATION kaha ho ne ho e-na le lihlopha tse ikhethang tsa likhoto thutong. Tlhahlobo ena e sebelisitsoe ho netefatsa hore lihlopha tsena kaofela li fumana koetliso e lekanang. Ho fumana boits'oaro ba sucrose ho ne ho hlalosoa e le kakaretso ea 20 kapa ho feta letsatsi le leng le le leng la ho fana ka koetliso ea litekanyetso bakeng sa rat e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, le keketseho ea sehlopha sa ho arabela bakeng sa sucrose ka matsatsi a 10 a thupelo. Lintlha tsa tlhahlobo li ile tsa hlahlojoa pele ka thoko bakeng sa letsatsi le leng le le leng la ho itima lijo. Bakeng sa liteko tsa tšebeliso ea lihora tse peli le liteko tsa tšebeliso ea tšebeliso ea lihora tse peli, litlamorao tsa BOTSOALLE molemong o mong le o mong o itšetlehileng (likarabo tsa lever tse sebetsang, likarabo tse sa sebetseng tsa karabelo, likhefu tsa photobeam) li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa ANOVA. Ho ne ho na le maemo a 5 a phapang ena bakeng sa Papiso ea 1 ea Letsatsi le 9 ea phapang ena bakeng sa papiso ea Letsatsi 30. Litokellano tse peli tsa Pearson li ile tsa ba le lipalo kamora ho bapisa ntlafatso ea cue le ts'ebeliso ea tšebeliso (bona Puisano). Ho netefatsa ho kenella ka takatso ea boemo ba Con, tlhahlobo e le 'ngoe ea t e ile ea baloa ho bapisa letsatsi la CON Day 1 vs. Con Day 30 lever le sebetsang le arabela.

Ho hlahloba le ho feta litlamorao tse sa bonahaleng tsa mananeo a ho fetoha ha melao ea cue -acacacacation, datha tsohle tse sebetsang tsa karabo ea lever li fetotsoe ho liperesente tsa likarabo tse tloaelehileng tsa CON Day 1 ebe li bapisoa ho sebelisoa ANOVA (mekhahlelo ea 13 ea MANIPULATION). Ho ile ha etsoa li-ANOVA tse ling tse peli ho lekola litlamorao tsohle tsa khatello e matla e fumanoeng pele ho Letsatsi la 1 ka ho bapisa Letsatsi 30 le 31 e sebetsang ea lever e arabang ea lihlopha tse bileng le ts'ebetso e mpe pele ho liteko tsa letsatsi la 1 tsa cue-reactivity (mekhahlelo ea 5 ea MANIPULATION, sheba Puisano).

Bakeng sa lipapiso tsohle tsa lipalo ntle le liteko tsa post-hoc, p <0.05 e ne e le tekanyetso ea alpha ea bohlokoa ba lipalo. Litšoantšiso tsa ANOVA post-hoc li entsoe ka t-liteko tse le 'ngoe ho sebelisoa litekanyetso tsa phoso tsa lelapa tsa Bonferroni tse nang le likhaohano tse nepahetseng ho fumana lipalo-palo. Li-alphas tsena tse lokisitsoeng le tse bolokang mekhoa e metle li sebelisitsoe ho qoba phoso ea Type-1. Li-ANOVA le likhokahano li baliloe ho sebelisoa mofuta oa SPSS 19. Liteko tsa T li ile tsa baloa ho sebelisoa EXCEL 2010. Lintlha tsa sehlopha li hlahisoa e le mekhoa ± SEMs litemaneng le lipalo. Ka kakaretso, ke lipalo-palo feela tsa litlamorao tse matla le litšebelisano tse bonts'itsoeng ho sengoloa. Bakeng sa liteko tsa post-hoc, re khethile ho fokotsa phoso ea Type-1 le Type-2 ka ho botsa lipotso tse ikhethang ho fapana le ho lekola liphapang tsohle tse ka bang teng lipakeng tsa lihlopha. Ntlha ea pele, re ile ra bapisa lihlopha tsa bolotsana le boemo bo nepahetseng ba CON ho fumana hore na ts'ebetso e itseng e fokotsehile ho batla kapa ho e sebelisa. Ka mor'a moo, re ile ra bapisa mekhoa eohle le EE Acute manipulation (EE Acute Day 1 bakeng sa lihlopha tsohle tsa ho qetela liperesente tsa papiso ea CON Day 1) joalo ka ha ho bapisoa le li-cue-reactivity lipapatso tsa EE Acute li ile tsa nkuoa e le mokhoa o sebetsang ka ho fetesisa oa ho fokotsa cue-reactivity khahlanong le sehlopha sa CON. Re sebelisitse mokhoa ona ha re ntse re utloa hore ts'ebeliso e mpe ea EE e fane ka seemo ho bapisa bohlokoa bo lekanyelitsoeng ba lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tse nang le likarolo tse fapaneng tsa EE Acute (nontšetso-pele ea sechaba, nontšetso ea moelelo le popo). Ntle le moo, re khethile ho hlahloba haholo-holo litlamorao tsa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tse sebelisang lipapiso pakeng tsa-lihlopha ka Letsatsi la 1 kapa ka Letsatsi la 30. Ka hona, ha se lintlha tsohle tse bokelletsoeng (mohlala, Letsatsi la 1 la ho ts'oaroa ha likhoto ka letsatsi la 30 kapa maemo a sa foleng) li emetsoe ho Liphetho.

Results

Ho likotlo tsa 179 tse neng li koetliselitsoe ho itaola, 7 e tlositsoe thutong hobane e sa kopane le tlhahlobo e fokolang ea karabelo bakeng sa ho fumana litekanyetso tsa letsatsi la ho tsamaisoa ha 20 ka matsatsi a mane a fetileng a thupelo. Ho bontšitsoe boholo ba lihlopha tsa ho qetela Lisebelisoa tsa 2 'me 3.

ponahalo e nyane

Tafole 2. Karabelo ea Lever e sa sebetseng le Likotlo tsa Photobeam nakong ea Teko ea Cue-reactivity (bolela ± SEM).

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0054164.t002

ponahalo e nyane

Tafole 3. Karabelo ea Lever e sa sebetseng le Likotlo tsa Photobeam nakong ea Teko ea Tšebeliso (e bolelang ± SEM).

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0054164.t003

Likhoto tsohle tse setseng li fumane sucrose self-administration ka lever e sebetsang e arabela le ho fana ka sucrose ho eketseha ho feta matsatsi a 10 a koetliso (lever e sebetsang NAKO F (9,1422) = 5.9, p <0.001; infusions NAKO F (9,1422) = 39.0, p <0.001) le lever e sa sebetseng e arabelang ho fokotseha matsatsing a 10 a koetliso (NAKO F (9,1422) = 103.0, p <0.001). Ketsahalo ea locomotor le eona e fokotsehile ho feta matsatsi a 10 a koetliso (NAKO F (9,1422) = 46.3, p <0.001). Ho ne ho se na phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse 14 tsa liphoofolo. Karolelano ea litekanyetso tsa ho arabela letsatsing la ho qetela la koetliso e ne e le lever e mafolofolo, 166.2 ± 6.1, infusions, 83.1 ± 2.0, lever e sa sebetseng, 6.1 ± 0.6, le likheo tsa photobeam, 1946.3 ± 38.4.

Teko ea katleho ea katleho ea moratuoa oa katleho

Bakeng sa karabelo ea Letsatsi la 1 ho bile le phello e kholo ea BOPHELO bakeng sa likarabo tse sebetsang tsa lever (F (4,55) = 40.8), likarabo tse sa sebetseng tsa lever (F (4,55) = 6.8), le likheo tsa photobeam (F (4,55) = 5.8), tsohle p <0.01. Bakeng sa ho araba ha Letsatsi la 30 ho bile le phello e kholo ea BOPHELO bakeng sa likarabo tse sebetsang tsa lever (F (8,103) = 11.8), likarabo tse sa sebetseng tsa lever (F (8,103) = 3.2), le likheo tsa photobeam (F (8,103) = 14.1), tsohle leq <0.01. Likarabo tse sebetsang tsa lever le liphetho tsa likhetho tsa post hoc li hlahisoa ka Setšoantšo sa 2, a Setšoantšo sa 2, lihlopha li hlahisoa ka letsohong le letona la sehlopha sa CON se maemong a tlase ho isa tekanyong e phahameng ea karabelo. CON Day 30 karabelo e sebetsang ea lever e ne e le kholo haholo ho feta CON Day 1 t (33) = 2.3, p <0.05) e bonts'a ho ts'oaroa ha takatso ea tlasa maemo a taolo (CON Day 1 vs. CON Day 30 bohlokoa bo sa bonts'oa ho Setšoantšo sa 2).

ponahalo e nyane

Setšoantšo sa 2. Ho etsa lintho tse nchafatsang kamora matsatsi a 1 kapa 30 ea ho qobelloa ka thipa le ho qhekella ho sa feleng.

Lintlha tsa sehlopha li hlahisoa ka maemo a sehlopha. * e bontša phapang e kholo ho sehlopha sa CON mme x e bonts'a phapang e kholo ho sehlopha sa EE Acute, p <0.05.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0054164.g002

Litlamorao tsa mananeo a fapakaneng a likarabo tsa lever tse sa sebetseng le karohano ea photobeam li ne li ts'oana hantle le litlamorao tsa karabelo ea lever e sebetsang. Mekhoa ea ± SEMS ea likarabo tsa lever tse sa sebetseng le likhefu tsa photobeam hammoho le liteko tsa kamora ho hoc li hlahisoa ho Lethathamo 2.

Teko ea Tšebeliso ea Sesebelisoa sa Sucrose

Bakeng sa ho arabela ka letsatsi la 2 ho bile le phello e kholo ea MANIPULATION bakeng sa likarabo tse sebetsang tsa lever (F (4,55) = 3.3) le likheo tsa photobeam (F (4,55) = 6.4), ka bobeli p <0.05. Bakeng sa ho arabela ka Letsatsi la 31 ho bile le phello e kholo ea BOPHELO bakeng sa likarabo tse sebetsang tsa lever (F (8,103) = 10.2), likarabo tse sa sebetseng tsa lever (F (8,103) = 2.5), le likheo tsa photobeam (F (8,103) = 8.5), tsohle leq <0.05. Likarabo tse sebetsang tsa lever le liphetho tsa liteko tsa post-hoc li hlahisoa ka Setšoantšo sa 3. Lintlha mo Setšoantšo sa 3 li behiloe ho ea ka maemo a cue-reactivity a arabang Setšoantšo sa 2. Litlamorao tsa manolo a fapaneng a likarabo tse sa sebetseng tsa lever le likotlo tsa photobeam (ntle le likarabo tsa Letsatsi la 2 tse sa sebetseng) li tšoana hantle le litlamorao ho likarabo tsa lever tse sebetsang. Mekhoa ea ± SEMS ea likarabo tsa lever tse sa sebetseng le likhefu tsa photobeam hammoho le liteko tsa kamora ho hoc li hlahisoa ho Lethathamo 3.

ponahalo e nyane

Setšoantšo sa 3. Ts'ebeliso ea Ts'ebeliso letsatsi le hlahlamang tlhahlobo ea Cue-reactivity.

Likhoto tsohle li ile tsa beoa maemong a CON kamora tlhahlobo ea Cue-reactivity. * e bontša phapang e kholo ho sehlopha sa CON mme x e bonts'a phapang e kholo ho sehlopha sa EE Acute, p <0.05.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0054164.g003

Likarabo tse sebetsang tsa lever e le liperesente tsa likarabo tsa CON Day 1 li ile tsa hlahlojoa ke ANOVA (maemo a 13 ho kenyeletsoa le CON Day 30 empa ntle le CON Day 1) Ho bile le phello e kholo ea MANIPULATION F (12,148) = 19.9, p <0.001. Lintlha tsena tse fetotsoeng li hlahisoa ka Setšoantšo sa 4 ka liphetho tsa liteko tsa kamora ho hoc. Lintlha mo Setšoantšo sa 4 li beoa ho tloha tlaase ho ea holimo. Li-ANOVA tsa Day 30 le Day 31 lever e sebetsang ea lihlopha tse lekiloeng ka Letsatsi 1 kamora ho qhekelloa ho matla ha ea ka ea hlahisa litlamorao tse kholo tsa MANIPULATION (data e sa bonts'itsoeng). Ke hore, leha ho bile le litlamorao tse kholo tsa manong a tikoloho pele ho tlhahlobo ea Letsatsi 1, likhoto li ile tsa arabela ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le litoeba tsa Con ka khoeli e le 'ngoe hamorao.

ponahalo e nyane

Setšoantšo sa 4. Ho etsa-kopanya hape joalo ka liperesente tsa Day 1 Con.

Ho araba sehlopha sa Letsatsi la 30 kaholimo ho 100% ho ka fana ka maikutlo a ho kenella ha takatso. Lintlha tsa sehlopha li hlahisoa ka maemo a sehlopha. * e bontša phapang e kholo sehlopheng sa CON Day 30 mme x e bonts'a phapang e kholo sehlopheng sa EE Acute Day 1, p <0.05.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0054164.g004

Puisano

Litlamorao tsa Phekolo ho Cue-reacction

Liphetoho tsohle tse mpe tse mpe ntle le SE Acute Day 30 li ne li sebetsa hantle ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea cueacose ha e bapisoa le likhoto tsa Con. Manolo a sa foleng a EE le SoloEE le 'ona a ne a sebetsa, empa SE Chronic le AEnv e telele e ne e se tsona. Ho ile ha bonahala eka mananeoa a senang bohlokoa a (SE Acute Day 30 le SE Chronic) a na le katleho e itseng, leha ho le joalo, litla-morao tseo li kanna tsa sitisoa ke mokhoa oa rona oa lipalo (bona Boithuto ba boithuto). Ho sa tsotelehe, ho qhekella ho sebetsang ka ho fetisisa, ka maemo, e ne e le boemo ba EE Acute. Ena ke eona taba ea hore na ntlafatso e bile teng pele ho tlhahlobo ea XueUMX ea Letsatsi la 1 kapa 30. Mabapi le bohlokoa ba lipalo, EE Acute e ne e sebetsa haholo ho feta AEnv Acute le SE Acute, empa eseng SoloEE Acute, nakong ea nako ea 1 ea Letsatsi (Setšoantšo sa 2). EE Acute e ne e sebetsa hantle ho feta kalafo tse ling tsohle empa SoloEE Acute nakong ea nako ea 30 ea Letsatsi. Joalokaha ho hlokometsoe ho Liphetho tsa mananeo a mangata, ho fokotseha ha likarabo tsa lever tse sebetsang ho ile ha bapisoa le ho fokotseha ha likarabo tsa lever tse sa sebetseng le likhefu tsa photobeam (Lethathamo 2). Sena se ka supa ho fokotseha ka kakaretso ha boleng ba tšusumetso ea likarolo tse tsamaeang le sucrose ka phapusing ea maemo a sebetsang.

Litlamorao tsa Liphetoho ho Ts'ebeliso ea Sona

Boithuto ba hona joale bo ne bo etselitsoe ho ntlafatsa bokhoni ba rona ba ho bona litlamorao tsa ho fetoha ha manonyeletso a manyane ka lebaka la tlhaiso-leseling, 'me kaha mananeo a bohloko haholo e ne e le ho pepeseha bosiu bo le bong, re ile ra khetha ho qoba ho pepesetsoa tlhaiso e' ngoe pele ho tlhahlobo ea tšebeliso ea sucrose (a hlobaetsang haholo e ne e ke ke ea hlola e sebetsa. ba a hlobaetsang). Leha ho na le moeli o ka fokolisang moralo oa hau le 'nete ea hore taba ea bocha e se ke ea bolela esale pele ka boits'ebetso (mohlala [9]), re khonne ho bona litlamorao tsa bohlokoa tsa ho ruisa kapa ho sebelisa manyolo a manyane ka tšebeliso ea sucrose (Setšoantšo sa 3). Bakeng sa liteko tsa Day 2, ts'ebeliso e ile ea fokotseha ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho fetoloa ha manonyeletso ha ho bapisoa le litoeba tsa Con, le ha thetso ea SoloEE e ile ea sitoa ho fihlela bohlokoa ba lipalo. Bakeng sa Letsatsi 31, mekhoa eohle e fetotsoeng empa SE e sa foleng le AEnv e sa foleng ea tšebeliso; ho fokotseha ho neng ho bonahala haholo ho EE Ho sa feleng sehlopha. Ka kakaretso, likamano lipakeng tsa cue-reactivity le ts'ebeliso ea likhoto tsohle e ne e le: Letsatsi la 1 le Letsatsi la 2 (n = 60) r = 0.57, Letsatsi la 30 le Letsatsi la 31 (n = 112), r = 0.56 (ka bobeli p <0.001). Kamora nako, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe ho Liphetho le kaholimo mabapi le karabelo ea cue-reactivity, phokotso ea lever e mafolofolo e arabang tekong ea ts'ebeliso e ne e ts'oana le phokotso ea likarabo tse sa sebetseng tsa lever le likhetsi tsa photobeamLethathamo 3). Hammoho le ho fokotseha ha likarabo ka kakaretso nakong ea teko ea cue-reactivity le ho fokotseha hoa lever e sebetsang bakeng sa sucrose nakong ea teko ea tšebeliso, sena se supa ho fokotseha ka kakaretso ha boleng ba tšusumetso eseng feela ka kamoreng ea maemo a sebetsang le likarolo tse tsamaeang le sucrose, empa tsa sucrose hape.

Mekhoa e boletsoeng ea merero ea EE ho li-Behaviors tse susumetsoang

EE e bontšitsoe hore e sebetsa e le matlafatso ea tlhaho [14], joalo ka ha e ncha [15]. Ho tsoa ponong ea boits'oaro ea boitšoaro, ho pepesehela moruo kapa bocha ho ka baka phapang [16] e le hore ha likhoto li lumelloa ho arabela bakeng sa setšoantšo se ikemetseng, ha li bone e le se matlafatsang joalo ka moelelo o ntlafalitsoeng kapa pale e tsoang moo ba sa tsoa fihla. Re ntse re nahanisisa mabapi le mochini oa litlamorao tsa EE thutong ena ea joale. Leha ho le joalo, haeba EE ea rona e na le thepa e matlafatsang, lintho tseo re li fumaneng li ka tlatsana le liphetho tse ling mabapi le litlamorao tse ling tsa tlhabollo ea meetso ea liphoofolo. Mohlala, ho fihlella ha mabili ho fokotsa ho rekisoa hoa koae ka likhoto [17] le phihlello ea ho matlafatsa tse ling nakong ea ho felisoa ho potlakisa karabelo ea ho timela [18]. Phuputsong e teng hona joale, matlafatso a mang a ile a hlaha maemong a mang ntle le phaposi ea maemo a ts'ebetso, a atolosa maemo ao tlhatlhobo e 'ngoe e ka fetohang mofani oa karabelo.

Ho fapana le khopolo ena ea matlafatso, Solinas le basebetsi-mmoho ba khothalelitse hore litlamorao tse fokotsang bokhoba ba EE li ka bakoa ke litlamorao tsa anti-khatello tsa maikutlo tsa EE [19]. Litlamorao tse khahlanong le khatello ea maikutlo tse kang ena li hlahlojoe ka mokhoa o itseng lithutong tsa morao tjena. Mohlala, maemo a plasma a corticosterone a fumanoe a fokotsehile kamora ho hlobaela EE ka likhoto tse nang le nalane ea boits'oaro ba koae [20]. Leha ho le joalo, tlalehong ena e le 'ngoe ea corticosterone e ne e sa tšoane ha ho bapisoa litoeba tse arohaneng le likhoto tse neng li na le EE e sa foleng. Sena se fapane le ho feta ke ho fumana litheko tse sa foleng tsa EE tse nang le maemo a corticosterone ka holimo taolo e thoko [21]. Ka ho hlakileng ho hlokahala hore ho etsoe ho lekola tšusumetso ea khatello ea maikutlo ho litlamorao tsa ntlafatso ea tikoloho.

Kameho ea likarolo tsa EE mabapi le ntlafatso ea katleho ea c'rrrc le ho sebelisa

Le ha ho se na lipapiso tse otlolohileng ho lingoliloeng bakeng sa tšusumetso e matla ea lijo kapa taolo ea lithethefatsi, litlamorao tsa rona tsa EE li maemong a ts'oanang le lithuto tse ling tse fetileng. Le ha e sa bohlokoa ka lipalo, litloaelo tsa rona tsa SE Chronic li boetse li ts'oana le lithuto tse fetileng. Mohlala, likotsi tsa EE tse sa foleng li itlhokisa ethanol e nyane ho feta likhoto tse arohaneng le likhoto tsa SE tse sa feleng li batla li le lipakeng tsa karohano le EE ea ho ja [22]. Likhoto tse sa foleng tsa EE le SE ha li phahamise ho ipusa ha bona ka tekanyetso e fokolang ea koae ha e bapisoa le likhoto [23]. Mafu a sa foleng a EE (a basali) a na le lintlha tse tlase tsa kofi ho feta likhoto tse ikhethileng [24], leha sekhahla sa karabo ea mantlha ea karabelo se le seholo ho litoeba tse ikhethileng. Makhopho a sa foleng a EE le SE le 'ona a ipehela tekanyetso e tlase ea amphetamine ka tekanyo e tlase ho feta taolo e ikhethileng [25]. Liphetho tsa boits'ebetso ba katleho ha li lumellane. Bardo et al. e fumane hore likhoto tsa EE tse sa foleng li itlhomme pele ka lebelo le phahameng ho feta litekanyetso tse sa feleng tsa SE le likhoto [25], empa likhoto tse sa foleng tsa EE le SE li sebelisa sucrose (ho tsoa botlolong) ho feta likhoto tse ikhethileng [26]. Lithutong tsa phello ea EE lithethefatsi ho batla, likhoto tse pepesetsoeng matlo a sechaba li lula li le litšenyehelo tsa koae ka koae ho feta likhoto tsa EE, empa litheko li tlase ho likhoto [27]. Likhoto tse nang le matlo a marang-rang ha li tšoarelle hantle ho terata e koaheletsoeng ka marapo ho feta likhoto tse ikhethileng, empa tse fetang likhoto tsa EE [28].

Thutong ea hona joale, likhoto tsa SE li arabetse ka tsela e itseng (empa eseng haholo) bakeng sa sekhonthe sa sucrose kapa ho ikemela ho feta likhoto tsa Con, empa ka kakaretso ho feta likhoto tsa EE (ekaba tse mpe kapa tse sa foleng) (Litšoantšo 2 'me 3). Liphetho tsena li lumellana hantle le liphetho tsa lithuto tse sa tsoa hlalosoa. Ka ho hlakileng tšebelisano ea kahisano ha e ikarabelle ka litlamorao tsa EE tseo re li boneng thutong ea joale, leha ho le joalo, tšebelisano ea kahisano e fana ka tšusumetso ea ho fumana moputso le ho khothaletsa bathusi ba lithethefatsi le lijo. Kaine et al. e tlaleha hore matlo a sechaba a fokotsa karabelo bakeng sa tšusumetso e ncha e bonoang litšoantšong (hape, ha e na phello e ngata joaloka EE) [15]. Karolo e 'ngoe ea maemo a sechaba, mohlomong e matlafatsang boitšoaro ba papali [29], e ka fetola tšusumetso ea likhoto ho arabela bakeng sa li -forforcers (tsa mantlha kapa tse nang le maemo) kapa tse sa tloaelehang.Ketsetso ea maemo a SoloEE le AEnv thutong ea hona joale e ne e le boiteko ba ho qolla mabaka a tikoloho a fetang ts'ebelisano ea setjhaba a ka bakang phello ea EE. Ho latela seo re se thetsitseng, re fumane hore ho pepesetsoa tikoloho e ruileng ntle le boiketlo ba sechaba ho lekane ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea boiketlo le ho nka. Litlamorao tsa SoloEE tseo re li tlalehang, mohlomong ke tsa pele ho mofuta oa bona mme li bonts'a hore ho ruisa tikoloho feela ho ka ba le phello e kholo ho susumetseng boikemelo. Re fumane hape hore phetoho e mpe tikolohong ea lipale (AEnv) e ne e lekane, empa ho pepeseha nako e sa lekanyetsoang ho ne ho se joalo-leha ho bile le phokotso e nyane (e seng ea bohlokoa) ea ho chona hape ts'ebeliso sehlopheng se sa foleng. Bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea tšebeliso ea ts'ebeliso e kanna ea ba e entsoe, ka mokhoa o makatsang, ho ea ho bocha ba ho fetoha ho tloha maemong a sa foleng a AEnv ho ea ho matlo a 24 h pakeng tsa tlhahlobo ea cue-reactivity le liteko tsa tšebeliso ea scrose. Se fumanoeng ke AEnv se lumellana le liphuputso tse tsoang phuputsong e 'ngoe moo ho pepesehang lintho tse ncha ho, kapa pele ho ho kena, kamore ea maemo a ts'ebetso e liehisa ho fumana tsamaiso ea amphetamine [30]. Ka kakaretso re fumane hore, maemong a mangata, "likarolo" tsohle tsa EE feela li lekane ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea molao oa ts'ebetso le ts'ebeliso. Leha ho le joalo, mananeo a sebetsang ka ho fetesisa e ne e le a ba neng ba na le taba ea EE.

Ho Ruruha ho sa Foleng le ho sa Foleng

Hoo e batlang e le lithuto tsohle tse nang le tšebeliso ea matla a ho ruisa liphoofolo li ruile liphoofolo libeke tse 'maloa pele ho liteko tsa boitšoaro. Tse bohlokoa haholo thutong ea hona joale ke liphetho tsa ho batla koae ka koae e fokotsoeng ke likhoto tse latelang tlase ho ntlafatso ea tikoloho ea 24 h [11], [13]. Hoa tšoana le seo ba se fumaneng, re bone ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha karabo bakeng sa cue eo e neng e amana le boits'ireletso kamora ho pepeseha ho matla ho EE. Bangoli ba ka bobeli ba fetileng ba ne ba belaela hore na litla-morao tsa EE tse matlafatsang li ne li kopantsoe ke mekhoa e ts'oanang ea phetoho e tšoanang le ea EE e sa foleng. Rea lumela hore litlamorao tse mpe le tse sa foleng li ka arohanngoa maemong a mang. Mohlala, likarolo tsa tikoloho li ka lula libeke tse fetang tse ngata mme mohlomong ho bile joalo ka litlolo tsohle tse sa fetoheng tseo re li sebelisang. Ho feta ha nako ho ho ruisa ho ka boela ha lebisa ho nts'etsopele ea boits'oaro bo ka kopanyetsang ho batla le ho sebelisa ka mokhoa o hlakileng. Mohlala, re ne re kile ra nahana hore phokotso ea ho batla ho ikemela ka mor'a khoeli e le 'ngoe ea ho ruisa tikoloho e kanna ea ba ka lebaka la bokhoni ba ho ithuta bo ntlafalitsoeng. [10].

Ka sena kelellong, litlhaloso bakeng sa litlamorao tse matlafatsang tse matlafatsang tseo re li tlalehang mona e ka ba liphetoho tse potlakileng ts'ebetsong / ts'ebetsong ea methapo ea methapo ea kutlo e kenyelletsang li-nucleus accumbens le orbitofrontal cortex tse kenyelletsoang ho ts'oarella boleng ba moputso oa hona joale [31], [32]. Liphetoho tse bang teng ka nako e telele tšebetsong ea boko li ka ama tse ling tsa litlamorao tse sa feleng. Liphetoho tsena li ka hlaha libakeng tsa boko ho kenyeletsa orbitof Pambal cortex le frontort cortex. Mohlala, likotsi tsa EE tse sa foleng li bonts'a boitsoaro bo fokotsehileng ha bo arabela ho sucrose [33]. Impulsivity hangata e amahanngoa le liphetoho mosebetsing oa orbitofrontal le preortal cortex [34], [35]. Re ts'epa ho supa libaka tsa bohlokoa le tsamaiso ea man messengerosa lithutong tse tlang.

Mekhoa e Ntle ea Mekhoa ea Puseletso ea Ho Matlafatsa Ho Rala

Bangoli ba patlisiso e sa tsoa hatisoa mabapi le likhoto tse nang le nalane ea boikoetliso ba koae ba fihlela qeto ea hore ntlafatso ea tikoloho ha e sebetse ho thibela ts'ebetso ea ho lakatsa [36]. Liphumano tsena li fapane hole le seo re se tlalehileng ho 2008 mabapi le likhoto tse nang le nalane ea boits'oarollo [10], 'me ka kotloloho ho tsoa tlalehong ea ho kenella ka mokhoa o kopanetsoeng le EE ha ho kenngoa koae e batlang ho likhoto [37]. Thutong ea rona e fetileng re bapisitse karabelo ea likhoto ka matsatsi a mabeli a 1 le 30 ea ho qobelloa ka thipa. Likhoto tse ileng tsa pepesetsoa ntlafatso ea tikoloho matsatsing a 29 a ho qobelloa ho qobelloa lipakeng tsa liteko tsa cue-reactivity tse ileng tsa arabeloa ka litheko tse ts'oanang ka matsatsi a mabeli a 1 le 30 ea ho qobelloa ho lahla [10]. Thiel et al. bapisa karabelo ea likhoto tse fumaneng "li le mpe" haholo pele ho Teko ea 1 ea letsatsi le karabelo ea likhoto tse fumaneng li “sa foleng” EE pele ho teko ea Letsatsi la 21 [36]. Ho araba ho ne ho phahame bakeng sa likhoto tsa 21 vs. 1 ea Letsatsi. Thutong ea hona joale, re bone phello e ts'oanang-ho arabela ka Letsatsi la 30 ke litoeba tsa EE Chronic li ne li le kholo haholo ho feta likhoto tsa EE Acute Day 1 (Setšoantšo sa 4). Leha ho le joalo, karabelo ea EE Acute Day 30 rats 'e ne e sa fapana le karabelo ea EE Acute Day 1 rats' (ka bobeli keketseho ea 85% ha e arabeloa ha e bapisoa le sehlopha sa bona sa taolo e loketseng). Uena, lintlha tsena li bonts'a hore poloko e ne e sa bonoe litekong tsa EE Acute Day 30. Ha e le hantle, ha e nkuoa e le karolo ea karolo ea kakaretso ea matsatsi a Con Day 1, lihlopha tse hlano ho tse robeli tsa liteko tsa 30 (kaofela ntle le manokotsoe a SE le AEnv Chronic) li ile tsa arabela ka mokhoa o tlase ho feta sehlopha sa Con Day 30 le tse supileng ho lihlopha tse robeli (kaofela empa AEnv Chronic) e arabile ka tlase ho benchmark ea 100% (CON Day 1) (Setšoantšo sa 4). Ka ha sehlopha sa Con Day 30 se emela karabelo e kenelletseng, liphetho tsena li ka hlalosoa ho bolela hore ho incubation e koetsoe ho isa tekanyong e batlang e le lihlopha tsena kaofela.

Lekhetlong lena re ka nahana feela hore na manong a mang a kang EE a thibela ts'ebetso ea takatso ea takatso. Mohlala, "thibelo" ea ho kenella ka popelong sehlopheng sa EE se sa feleng e kanna ea ba ka lebaka la blunation ea ntšetso-pele ea incubation, athe thibelo ea ho kenella ka bongata sehlopheng sa 30 EE Acute e kanna ea ba ka lebaka la phello e itseng polelong. ea incubation. Tlhaloso e 'ngoe ke hore litlamorao ka bobeli li ka be li kopantsoe ka tsela e ts'oanang ke EE e sebetsang joalo ka ts'ebeliso e' ngoe. Ena e kanna ea ba tlhaloso e hlakileng hona joale. Joalokaha ho hlokometsoe pele [13], [37], Litlamorao tsa EE lia lieha. Leha thuto e teng hona joale e ne e sa etsetsoa ho lekola ho phehella ha mananeo, re ile ra khona ho bonts'a tlhokomeliso ena ka ho lekola ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso le ts'ebeliso ea litoeba ka Letsatsi la 30 le 31 e neng e amohetse bolotsana bo matla pele ho Letsatsi la 1. Li-ANOVA tsa lever e sebetsang tse arabelang ka Mats'oa a 30 le 31 ha li hlahise phello e kholo ea MANANE (data e sa bonts'ang). Haeba manyolo a hlabang a ne a sentse tsoelo-pele ea poloko ena ho ne ho sa be joalo. Kakaretso ea bokhutšoanyane ba EE le mananeo a mang a tšebetso a tšehetsa khopolo-taba e boletsoeng kaholimo ea hore mekhabo-puo ena e hlahisa bonyane phetoho ea nako e khuts'oane ho matlafatsong ea tikoloho ea boitaolo. Ho latela pono e hlakileng, lintlha tsena mabapi le mekhoa le toloko li tla ba bohlokoa ho nts'etsopele ea lithuto tsa nako e tlang mabapi le hore na EE e ama boits'oaro ba ho batla moputso joang.

Qetellong, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe kaholimo, e 'ngoe e khahlisang ka mokhoa o makatsang thutong ea hona joale ke hore, le ha bobeli ba Acute Day 30 le EE Chronic ba theoletse ts'ebetso ea (ho thibela ho kenella joalo ka ha ho phehisanoe kaholimo), Letsatsi la 30 EE Acute manipulation ho bonahala le bile le phello e kholo ho cue- ho etsa hape ha manonyeletso a sa foleng a EE a bile le phello e kholo ho ts'ebeliso ea sucrose (Litšoantšo 2 'me 3). Ho arabela ka lever e sebetsang ho ne ho se bohlokoa lipalo-palo lipakeng tsa lihlopha (p = 0.029 le alpha e lokisitsoeng ea Bonferroni ea p <0.0073), empa papiso e latellanang ea palo ea liphallelo tsa sucrose e bontšitse hore lihlopha li fapane haholo (p <0.0073; data ha e bontšoe ). E kanna eaba hore ho pepeseha ho sa feleng ho EE ho hlahisa liphetoho tse ling molemong oa tšusumetso ea sucrose. Phello ena e ka ba bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa ho utloisisa karolo ea tikoloho eseng feela ho batla lijo, empa le boits'oaro ba ho nka lijo. Re ikemiselitse ho etsa lipatlisiso ka litlamorao tse ka bang teng tsa EE e matla le e sa foleng ea ts'ebetso ea boko (mohlala, fos activation kamora tlhahlobo ea cue-reactivity) e le mokhoa oa ho kopanya liphuputso tsena mabapi le ho ruisa le se tsejoang mabapi le neurobiology ea ho kenella ha takatso [38].

Kakaretso le Liphello

Katoloso ea tikoloho e bile le phello e matla ea ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea sucrose le ts'ebeliso litsing tse nang le nalane ea boipuso. Maemong a mangata, ho fihlella ka mokhoa o hlakileng, ho rarahana ha tikoloho, le ho pepesehela lintho tse ncha feela ho ne ho lekane ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso le ts'ebeliso. Leha ho le joalo, ho fokotseha ho hoholo ka ho fetesisa mosebetsing oa cue-reaction le ts'ebeliso li ile tsa bonoa ha likhoto li buleloa molemong oa ho khothaletsa e ka ba ka lihlopha tsa boithabiso kapa tsa boithabiso.

Seo re se fumaneng se fana ka sepheo sa ho ithuta nakong e tlang ea lintlha tse mabapi le liphetoho tse amanang le boits'oaro bo amanang le moputso kamora ho ruisa tikoloho. Se fumanoeng liphuputsong tsena le tse tlang li ka fana ka moralo oa mekhoa ea ho fokotsa ho batla le ho nka moputso. Mohlala, ho bonahala ho tsoa ho rona le lithuto tse ling tse nang le EE hore ho batla moputso ho ka fokotsoa ka ho fetola boleng ba tikoloho ea "motho ea lemaletseng". Lithuto tsa nako e tlang li hlakisa mekhoa ea methapo e amanang le litlamorao tse matla le tse sa foleng tsa EE ka boitšoaro e ka lebisa ho lithulusi tse ncha tsa thuto ea meriana bakeng sa ho fokotsa boits'oaro.

lumela hore baa fokola

Bangoli ba lakatsa ho leboha Ryley Hausken, Lisa Deuse, Stefan Collins, le Kindsey North bakeng sa ho thusa ka pokello ea data.

Menehelo ea Mongoli

O ile a amohela le ho hlophisa liteko: JWG RW JB JK KD EG. O entse liteko: RW JB JK KD EG. Ho hlahlobisisa data: JWG. Li-reagents tse kenyellelitsoeng / lisebelisoa / lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo: JWG. Ngola pampiri: JWG RW JB JK KD EG.

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