Lijo tsa lijo tsa ho ja lijo li senya maikutlo a ho utloahala ka tsela e utloahalang le ho ithuta-liphello tsa ho ithuta (2014)

LIHLOOHO TSE LING TABENG EA THUTO

Psychol e ka pele. 2014; 5: 852.

E hatisitsoe Inthaneteng 2014 Aug 27. doi: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2014.00852

PMCID: PMC4146395

Amy C. Reichelt,^1,^2,^* Margaret J. Morris,^1,^* 'me RF Westbrook²

Boitsebiso ba Mongoli ► Sehlooho sa Article ► Tlhahisoleseding ea Copyright le License ►

inahaneloang

Lintlha tse fapa-fapaneng tsa liphoofolo le tsa batho li bontša hore tšebeliso e matla ea lijo tse fumanehang habonolo e lebisa karabong e ntle lipapatsong tsa boko tse fanang ka moputso. Ts'ebeliso e sa laoleheng ea lijo tse matlafatsoang e bontšitsoe ho eketsa boleng bo matlafatsang ba lijo le ho fokolisa taolo ea thibelo; leha ho le joalo, hore na e na le tšusumetso ho maikutlo a maikutlo a tharollo tse fumanehang ha e so lekoe ka semola. Liteko tsena li batlile ho fumana hore na ho pepesetsoa lijo tsa kasebele tse nang le lijo tse matlafatsang tse nang le mafura ho ama bokhoni ba litoeba ho ithuta ka mekhoa e amanang le lijo le thepa ea lijo tse kenngoeng. Re fumane hore likhoto li fepa lijong tsa jarete bakeng sa libeke tsa 2 li ne li sa sebetse hantle taolong ea ho arabela ea Pavlovian ho latela boleng bo khothatsang ba liphetho tse ntle tse amanang le lintlha tsa tlhaiso-leseling ka mor'a ho theola matla ke ho satiety. Satiory-satiety e ikhethileng ke mokhoa o mong oo ka ona lijo tse nang le lijo tse fapaneng li eketsang ho kenella ho motho ea fapaneng. Kahoo, ho khetha ho ja lijo tse ngata tse fapaneng ho ka tlatsetsa ho ateng ha botona hona joale. Re hlokometse hore likhoto li fepa lijong tsa jarete bakeng sa libeke tsa 2 li bonts'itse satiety e senyehileng ea maikutlo ka ho latela ts'ebeliso ea tharollo e phahameng ea khalori. Khaello ha e bua ka satiety e ikhethang ea maikutlo le eona e ne e le teng le beke ea 1 kamora ho tlosoa hoa lijo tsa k'habeche. Kahoo, ho pepesetsoa lijong tsa obesogenic ho ka ama li-neurocircuitry tse kenyelletsoeng taolong e susumetsang ea boitšoaro.

Keywords: botena, ho satiety-e khethehileng ea maikutlo, boleng ba ho susumetsa, boleng ba tšusumetso, boemo ba Pavlovian

SELELEKELA

Phokotso ea lijo le lijo tse nang le phepo e ntle haholo ke ntho e tlatsetsang haholo litekanyetsong tse ntseng li eketseha tsa botenya lefatšeng ka bophara (Caballero, 2007). Ho ja ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho pholoha 'me ho khothalletsoa ke tlhoko ea mantlha ea' mele ea ho sebelisa matla. Leha ho le joalo, litlhoko tsa rona tsa mantlha tsa limatlafatsi le matla a ho boloka homeostasis ea 'mele e atisoa ke mohloli o mongata oa mehloli ea lijo le lino tse fumanehang habonolo. Tšebeliso e fetang ea litlhoko tsa mantlha tsa homeostatic, e thehiloe feela mehloling e tlisang lijo tse fumanehang habonolo, ho khothaletsoa ho ba karolo ea mantlha molemong oa seoa sa ho ba le botenya lefatšeng ka bophara (Berthoud, 2004).

Lintlha tse fapa-fapaneng tsa liphoofolo le tsa batho li bontša hore tšebeliso e feteletseng ea lijo tse fumanehang habonolo e lebisa ho liphetoho mehopolong ea li-circuits tsa moputso oa boko. Litsela tsena tsa moputso li bolokiloe haholo ho mefuta eohle mme li amahanngoa le karabelo e fetotsoeng ea moputso (mohlala, lijo) boteng. Boithuto bo bontšitse ho fokotseha ho arabela ho etsa boits'oaro bo khothalletsoang ke lijo le ho itlhasimolla ho hohelang ka mokhoa o makatsang litulong tse feteletseng (Volkow le Bohlale, 2005; la Fleur et al., 2007; Pickering et al., 2009; Johnson le Kenny, 2010) le ho fokotsa kutloelo-bohloko ea ho fumana moputso (e lekantsoeng ka likhakanyo tsa khothatso le thabo e tlisoang ke ho etsa boitšoaro bo khotsofatsang) bathong ba batenya (Davis et al., 2004).

Ho fepa ka lijo tse thehiloeng moputsong, kapa ho ja bakeng sa boithabiso, ho ka hlahisoa ke ho ithuta hore lijo tse ling tse fumanehang hantle li amahanngoa le litšoaetso tse seng kae. Boithuto bo sebelisang monahano oa ts'ebetso oa bokhabane lithutong tse batsoang li bontša hore lijo tse matlafatsoang le litloaelo tse amanang le lijo li eketsa ts'ebetso libakeng tsa cortical tse amanang le taolo e susumetsang le phepelo e thehiloeng moputsong ho kenyelletsa orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), insula, amygdala, hypothalamus, striatum, le libaka tsa bohareng ba bo-mme. ho kenyelletsoa le sebakeng sa ventral tegmental (VTA; Wang et al., 2001; Stice et al., 2008; Martin et al., 2010).

Ho kile ha etsoa tlhahiso ea hore maikutlo a ho khetholla moputso oa lijo a eketsoa ke botena (Stice et al., 2008), hape e ka fetola mokhoa o amanang le litloaelo tse amanang le lijo, ea tsosa litakatso tsa lijo tse itseng, ea baka ts'ebeliso e feteletseng (Meule et al., 2012; Jastreboff et al., 2013; Meule et al., 2014). Ho fokotsa boleng ba ts'usumetso ea lijo tse itseng tse amanang le karabelo ea "activant" kapa tšusumetso e nang le tšusumetso ea boleng ba matla, kapa ho fepa pele ho satiety ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea likarabo tse itseng.Dickinson et al., 1996; Balleine le Dickinson, 1998; Reichelt et al., 2011, 2013). Haufinyane, likhoto tse tsejoang ka tharollo ea sucrose kapa tharollo e phahameng ea mafura / tsoekere e bonts'itsoe ho bonts'a mathata a ho senyeha ha sephetho maemong a mosebeletsi (Kendig et al., 2013; Furlong et al., 2014), e bonts'a hore tšebeliso ea lijo tse matla haholo li ka baka likhohlano mokhoeng oa ts'ebeliso ea litheko tse matla. Ts'ebetso ena ea taolo ea karabelo e boetse e bonoe tikolohong ea Pavlovian, moo litoeba li tla fokotsa ts'ebetso ea lijo (ho latela sepheo kapa mokhoa oa makasine) mekhoa e amanang le tlhahiso ea CS eo tšusumetso e sa amaneng le eona (US) e arotsoeng ka thoko (Pickens et al., 2003, 2005; Ostlund le Balleine, 2007; Johnson et al., 2009; Lelos et al., 2011). Liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore boleng bo susumetsang ba sephetho se fumanehang bo ka laola ts'ebetso ea boits'oaro ba lijo mme haeba mekhatlo ena e le phoso, mekhoa e metle e ka khothaletsa ho arabela ho sa tsotelehe hore na lijo li bohlokoa, ka hona ho tsosa ho ja haholo. Khopolo e 'ngoe ke hore botenya bo ka eketsa ho hanela ho satiation (Morgan, 1974; Capaldi et al., 1981), moo phoofolo e senyane e tla tsoelapele ho etsa karabo ea bohlokoa ho fumana moputso oa lijo leha theko ea khothalletso ea lijo e le tlase. Mohopolo ona o na le lintho tse ngata tse tšoanang le karabelo e tloaelehileng, eo ho eona boitšoaro bo botle bo ka tsosetsoang ka ho ba le tšusumetso e le 'ngoe (Dickinson et al., 1995; Killcross le Coutureau, 2003).

Ntle le mekhoa e amanang le lijo e khothalletsang tšebeliso, mefuta e fapaneng ea lijo lijong le tsona li bontšitsoe ho susumetsa tšebeliso. Lithuto tsa liphoofolo le tsa batho li bontša hore tšebeliso ea lijo e eketseha ha ho e-na le mefuta e mengata lijong kapa lijong le hore mefuta e meholo ea ho ja e amana le boima bo eketsehileng ba mmele le botumo. Tlhahiso ea lijo tse fapa-fapaneng e etsa hore motho a je haholo, e tsejoang e le "phello ea lijo" (Rolls et al., 1981; Rolls, 1984). Ho nona ho tlatsa karolo e kholo boikhethong ba lijo le ho felisoa ha lijo, hape ho ka baka e 'ngoe ea mekhoa e tlatsetsang bothateng. Kholiso ena ea tšebeliso ea lijo ha e hlahisoa le mefuta e mengata ea lijo tse fumanehang e ka ba le monyetla oa ho iphetola ha lintho, ka mokhoa o ka 'nang oa thibela khaello ea phepo e nepahetseng (Rolls, 1981). To fetola mefuta e fapaneng ea litlamorao ke tšebeliso ea khatello ea maikutlo ha lijo li sa fetohe. Ho sithabela maikutlo hona ho kanna ha bakoa ke satiety e ikhethang ea maikutlo, e 'nileng ea hlalosoa e le ho fokotseha hoa thabo ea hedonic ea lijo kamora hore e jeoe (Snoek et al., 2004). Ho fokotseha hona ha matla a lijo tse felisitsoeng ho isa lijong tse ling, e leng se etsang hore li nooe haholo (Rolls, 1981). Kamora ho khotsofalla ho litoeba tse ling tsa lijo, likhoto le liphokojoe le tsona li khetha ho ja lijo tse ling (Rolls et al., 1989; Dickinson et al., 1996; Balleine le Dickinson, 1998; Ahn le Phillips, 1999; Reichelt et al., 2011, 2013; Ahn le Phillips, 2012).

Liphoofolo li eketsa boima ba 'mele kapele ha li fuoa lijo tse fapaneng (lijo tsa k'habeche) ha li bapisoa le lijo tsa lijo tse le' ngoe.Rolls et al., 1981) e fana ka tlhahiso ea hore mefuta ea lijo e ka se ame feela boima ba 'mele joalo ka lebaka la tšebeliso e ngata ea tšebeliso empa e ka ba le tšusumetso ho matla a ho ba le letsoalo le itseng. Kahoo, ho ja ka bongata ka mefuta e fapaneng ho ka ama boleng ba lijo tse itseng tse amanang le CS, hape le ho laola boitšoaro ka lebaka la boleng ba khothalletso.

Liphetoho tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea lijo ho satiety e ikhethang ea maikutlo ha li so hlahlojoe hanyane, haholo mehlaleng ea liphoofolo. Thutong ena re batlile ho theha phello ea mokhoa oa ho itšoaea lijo o nang le phepo e ngata o sebelisang mokhoa oa ho ja o jang lijo tsa sejoale-joale tsa 'mele'.Hansen et al., 2004; Baeti et al., 2013) holim 'a mekhatlo ea CS-sephetho le polelo ea satiety e itseng.

LISEBELISOA LE MEKHOA

TLHOKOMELISO 1A - TLHALOSO EA PUSO E TS'EHETSENG MOSA OA METSOALLE OA PAVLOVIAN

Lihlooho

Lihlooho e ne e le li-32 tsa liteko tsa monna oa Sprague-Dawley tse fumanoeng Setsing sa Lisebelisoa tsa Liphoofolo (Perth, WA, Australia). Likhoto li ne li le libeke tsa 6 ha li fihla mme li ne li le boima ba 230-270 g. Li ne li bolokiloe ka lihlopha tsa tse 'ne ka har'a koekoe ea polasetiki (36 cm ka bophara x 26 cm high x 62 cm tebileng) e le ka phapusing ea mocheso le mongobo (bolelang mocheso 20 ± 2 ° C, mongobo 50 ± 5% ho 12 h leseli: 12 h potoloho e lefifi (mabone ho 07: 00). Teko e ile ea etsoa nakong ea mohato o bobebe oa potoloho, pakeng tsa 08: 00 le 13: 00. Nakong ea liteko, likhoto li ne li thibetsoe metsi (2 h ukufikelela ka letsatsi pakeng tsa 13: 00 le 15: 00). Lijo li ne li fumaneha lipapatso ka nako eohle ea tlhahlobo; maemong a taolo ea ja hona e ne e le li-lab tsa standard tsa laboratori mme maemong a ho ja lijo tsa kofi ena e ne e le lijo tsa laboratori tse tlatselletsoang ka mefuta e mengata ea lijo tse jeoang ke batho (bona ka tlase). Nakong ea lithupelo tsa boits'oaro bo nang le ts'ebetso phihlello ea metsi e ne e thibetsoe kahare ho terata ea lapeng ho 3 h ka letsatsi ka mor'a linako tsa thupelo. Lits'ebetso tsohle tsa liteko li amohetsoe ke Komiti ea Tlhokomelo ea Liphoofolo le Boitšoaro Univesithing ea New South Wales mme li ne li ipapisitse le Litaelo tsa Naha tsa Litekanyetso tsa Bophelo bakeng sa Tlhokomelo le Ts'ebeliso ea Liphoofolo tsa Laboraro (e ntlafalitsoeng 1996).

seratsoana

Likhoto li ne li sebetsoa letsatsi le letsatsi 'me li lumelloa ho lumellana le matlo bakeng sa beke e le' ngoe. Standard lab chow le metsi li ne li fumaneha lipapatso. Kamora ho tumellano ena, likhoto li ile tsa abeloa ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang mofuta o tloaelehileng oa labop (Group Chow) kapa boemo bo phahameng ba ho ja lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata (Sehlopha sa Cafeteria) (N = 16 ka sehlopha ka seng). Standard chow e file 11 kJ / g, matla a 12% joalo ka mafura, 23% protheine, le 65% e le carbohydrate (Gordon's Specialty stockfeeds, NSW, Australia). Lijo tsa kofi li ne li kenyellelitsoe ka labop e tlatselletsoang ka lijo tse 'ne tse fumanehang khoebong. Likhoto li ne li fuoa khetho e lekantsoeng ea lijo letsatsi le leng le le leng eo lithuto tsa pejana li tsoang lipontšong tsa rona tsa laboratori le tsona li khethiloeng ka mokhoa o tšoanang; letsatsi le leng le le leng lijo li ne li e-na le lintho tse peli tsa savory (mohlala, lipie, dim sim) le lintho tse peli tse monate (mohlala, li-cookie, likuku, libiskiti). Lijo tsena li fane ka matla a 13.8 kJ / g, matla a 33% joalo ka mafura, 11% protheine, le 56% e le carbohydrate, ntle le e fanoeng ke laboratori e tloaelehileng. Likhoto tse jang jarete ena ea lijo tsa kofi li fumana matla a ka bang makhetlo a mane 'me li na le mafura a 2.5times a maholo ho feta likhoto tse fepeloang laboratori e tloaelehileng (Baeti et al., 2013). Lijo tsa jareteng li ne li hlahisoa kahare ho koekoe ea malapeng letsatsi le letsatsi, ho 13: 00 h; Lijo tsa k'hapete li ne li fumaneha ad libitum le ho fetoloa letsatsi le letsatsi ho lumella tekanyo ea matla a ho kenella le ho thibela ho senyeha. Metsi a ne a le teng ad libitum. Ho ja matla le boima ba 'mele li ne li lekanyetsoa hang ka beke. Ka matsatsi a tekanyo ea lijo, lijo li ne li sa fetohe libeke tse ngata, likhoto li fumana nama ea khomo (8.55 kJ / g, Coles, Australia), Dim Sims (7.9 kJ / g, Coles, Australia), jam roll (14.9 kJ / g, Coles, Australia ), likuku tsa lamington (13.8 kJ / g, Coles, Australia) ho ekelletsa ho standard lab chow (11 kJ / g) .Chelete e sebelisitsoeng e ne e le phapano lipakeng tsa boima ba lijo tse abetsoeng lekhulo le 24 h hamorao. Ts'ebeliso ea matla bakeng sa kole e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ne e baloa ho sebelisoa litaba tse tsejoang tse nang le matla (kJ / g) le dikahare tsa macronutrient (% protheine, lik'habohaedreite le mafura) ho lijo tse ling le tse ling. Sena se ne se arotsoe lipakeng tsa lipalo tsa likhoto ka har'a teraka (N = 4) ho fumana tšebeliso ea matla ka mokhoa o mong le o mong. Likhoto li ile tsa pepesetsoa lijong tsa jarete bakeng sa libeke tsa 2 pele ho thupelo ea mokhoa oa mokhoa oa Pavlovian.

didirisiwa

Litšoene li fumane koetliso ea Pavlovian ka likamoreng tse 'ne (30 cm ka bophara, 21 cm, le botebo ba 24 cm) tse fumanehang ka mabokoseng a nang le molumo (Med Associates, St Albans, VT, a hlophisitsoe ka sehlopha se habeli ka kamoreng e setseng ho ne ho le lefifi nakong eohle ea liteko. ka kamoreng e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ho ne ho e-na le lithupa tsa tšepe tse se nang tšepe (4.8 mm ka bophara, bophara ba 16 mm ka thoko) Kamore e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ne e boneselitsoe ke khanya ea ntlo ea 3W e neng e le bohareng ba lebota le le leng mme sebui se ne se kentsoe leboteng lena. likamore li ne li kenyellelitsoe makasine e nang le lipelesa tse peli tsa tšepe ho lumella tharollo e arohaneng ka lipompo .. Litharollo tse sebelisitsoeng e ne e le 10% (w / v) sucrose e natefisitsoeng ka 0.05% (w / v) Cher Kool Aid, le 10% ( w / v) maltodextrin e natefisitsoeng ka 0.05% (w / v ) morara Kool Aid.

Khamera e khubelu ea infra e ka lebokoseng le kenyelletsang molumo e ile ea lumella boitšoaro hore bo tlalehe ho DVD bakeng sa ho fumana sepheo sa boits'oaro ba makasine. K'homphieutha e nang le software ea MED-PC (mofuta oa IV; Med Associates Inc.) e ne e laola tlhahiso le sepheo sa tlhahiso. Tututso e ne e na le molumo o hloekileng oa 2 kHz 78 dB le molumo o mosoeu oa 75 dB e lekantsoeng ka mitha ea boemo ba molumo (Dick Smith Electronics, Australia).

Tsamaiso

Boemo ba Pavlovian. Liroto li ile tsa koetlisetsoa ho sebelisa tharollo ea makasine nakong ea metsotso ea 30, e phetoang matsatsing a 2. Koetliso ea Pavlovian e ile ea etsoa ka matsatsi a 12 (karolo e le 'ngoe ka letsatsi) eo ka eona lintlha tse peli tse ka khetholloang (CS): molumo o mosoeu kapa molumo - o ile oa hlahisa linako tsa 10 ka' ngoe ka tatellano e hlophisitsoeng karolo e ngoe le e ngoe ea 15 s. CS e 'ngoe le e' ngoe (lerata kapa molumo; litheko ho hokahana le litoeba) e ne e lateloa khafetsa ke tharollo ea e 'ngoe ea tharollo, mohlala, molumo o lateloang ke 0.1 ml ea cherry flavored sucrose [sephetho 1 (O1)] le lerata le lateloang ke 0.1 ml ea grape maltodextrin [sephetho 2 (O2)] joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ho Figure Figure1A1A. Tlhahiso e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea tšusumetso e ne e arotsoe ke karohano e fapaneng ea liteko tsa liteko (ITI; bolele 90 s) le PreCS (15 s).

Tšoantšiso 1

Moralo le nako ea lithuto. (A) Cue-sephetho sa devueation le (B) Satiory e ikhethileng ea satiety, e bonts'a liphetho tsa [chung sucrose, maltodextrin ea morara, kapa moputso (Ø)].

Sephetho sa boleng. Devaluation e ne e kenyelletsa ho lumella likhoto hore li noe ho satiety e 'ngoe ea tharollo (O1 kapa O2). Likhoto li kentsoe ka har'a mekotla ea polasetiki e 'ngoe (30 cm ka bophara, 25 cm high, 45 cm tebileng) ka siling ea terata ea terata le setsi se koahetsoeng ka saw. Likhoto li ne li hlahisoa ka 50 ml ea maltodextrin ea morara kapa tharollo ea cisscrost ka botlolong ea botlolo e lekanyang le bolo e nang le spout. Hare halofo ea likhoto li entsoe sephetho sa O1, halofo e 'ngoe e ne e na le O2. Ka hona, mothapo o mong le o mong o anngoe ka sephetho se amanang le 'ona' me se sa amanngoe le polelo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea molumo. Likhoto li ile tsa khutlisetsoa malapeng a tsona bakeng sa 2 h mme li ile tsa hlahlojoa.

Teko. Ts'ebetso ea limakasine e ne e lekantsoe ka ho kenella ha sehlooho ka har'a makasine e sa buuoang nakong ea ha ho ne ho etsoa liphatlalatso tsa CS tse sa matlafatsoang. Ho bile le litlatsetso tse tharo tse sa reroang tsa lerata le lesoeu le molumo, nehelano ka 'ngoe e le 15 s ka nako le neo e ngoe le e ngoe e arotsoeng ke nako ea ntlafatso ea ITI (e bolelang = 90 s) le 15 s PreCS. Bashebelli ba babeli, ba foufetseng mabapi le kabelo ea lihlopha, ba filoe nako eo lenaka ka leng le sebelisitsoeng ho kenya makasine nakong ea nehelano ka 'ngoe ea CS. Khokahano lipakeng tsa bona e ne e le phahameng, r = 0.82.

TLHOKOMELISO 1B - SENOLO-BOPAKI BA LITLHAKISO TSA KOTSI ea CAFETERIA

Lihlooho le lisebelisoa

Likhoto tse tsoang ho Teko ea 1A li ile tsa lekoa bakeng sa tšebeliso matlong a polasetiki a le mong (30 cm wide, 25 cm high, 45 cm tebileng) ka siling ea terata ea terata le setsi se koahetsoeng ka sawdust bekeng ea 1A kamora ho qeta liteko tsa 1A. Litharollo tse peli tse monate li sebelisitsoe joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ho Teko ea 1A; 10% (w / v) sucrose e natefisitsoeng ka 0.05% (w / v) Cher Kool Aid le 10% (w / v) maltodextrin e natefisitsoeng ka 0.05% (w / v) morara oa Kool Aid o qhibilihile ka metsing a pompo. Litharollo tsena li ne li kopantsoe le litaba tsa matla (1680 kJ ka 100 ml) mme pele li bonts'oa li khethiloe li bile li khethiloe ka mokhoa o tšoanang (Reichelt et al., 2013). Liroto li ile tsa hlahisoa ka 50 ml ea tharollo ka botlolong ea polasetiki ea ho lekanya polasetiki e nang le bolo e nang le botlolo e pepesehang.

Tsamaiso

Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Figure Figure1B1B likhoto li ne li tloaelane le tharollo likamoreng tse le ngoe tsa liteko nakong ea matsatsi a 2. Likhoto li fumane botlolo ea bolo e fuoeng 50 ml ea tharollo ka 'ngoe ka nako e le' ngoe nakong ea matsatsi a 20 min ho ea matsatsing a 2. Lits'ila li fumane liteko tse peli ka matsatsi a latellanang. Likhoto li ile tsa beoa ka phapusing ea liteko mme tsa lumelloa ho sebelisa ka bolokolohi tharollo e le ngoe ea 20 min. Tharollo ena e ne e le monokotšoai o halikiloeng oa halofo ea likhoto le morara o nang le litholoana tsa maltodextrin bakeng sa se setseng. Ba ile ba khutlisetsoa lapeng la bona la 2 h. Likhoto li ne li khutlisetsoa kamoreng ea liteko ea 10 min ebe li hlahisoa ka libotlolo tse peli; e nang le tharollo eo likhoto li neng li e noele 2 h pejana le botlolo ea bobeli e nang le tharollo e 'ngoe. Meqolo e sebelisitsoeng e tlalehiloe e le ml. Ka Lats'oa 1 likhoto li ile tsa hlahisoa tharollo (mohlala, li-sucrose) tsa ntan'o hlahlojoa ka tharollo ka bobeli li hlahisitsoe ka nako e le ngoe (li-cherry sucrose le maltodextrin ea morara). Ka Letsatsi 2, likhoto li ile tsa pepesetsoa tharollo e 'ngoe (morara maltodextrin) ebe li hlahlojoa ka tharollo ka bobeli ka nako e le ngoe. Kahoo, papiso e kahare ho taba e ka etsoa ka mokhoa o hanyetsanang ka botlalo.

TLHOKOMELISO 2 - TLHOKOMELISO EA BOTSOALLE BA SENOLOFU BOPHELO BA KOTSI

Lihlooho

Lintho tseo e neng e le tsona e ne e le likhoto tsa 24 naïve tse tona tse baholo Sprague-Dawley tse fumanoeng Setsing sa Lisebelisoa tsa Liphoofolo (Perth, Australia Bophirima). Ba lekile pakeng tsa 435-510 g 'me ba bolokiloe ka mokhoa o hlalositsoeng pele ad libitum phihlello ea metsi le chow standard.

didirisiwa

Likhechana tsa ts'ebeliso ea motho ka mong li ne li ts'oana le se hlalositsoeng ho liteko tsa 1.Litharollo tse peli tse sebelisitsoeng teko ena e ne e le 10% (w / v) sucrose le 14% (w / v) vanilla Sustagen (Nestle) e qhibilihile ka metsing a pompo. Litharollo tsena li sebelisitsoe ho liteko tsa 2 le 3 ho lekola bonnete ba litlamorao tse bonoang ka Cherry flavored sucrose le grape flavored maltodextrin tharollo. Litharollo li ile tsa bapisoa le litaba tsa matla a 1680 kJ ka 100 ml; Boithuto ba lifofane li bonts'a tharollo li ne li khethoa ka mokhoa o tšoanang li bile li khetholloang.

Tsamaiso

Likhoto li ne li tloaelane le tharollo ena thutong ea sefofane sa letsatsi la 2, moo likhoto li ileng tsa hlahisoa tharollo e le 'ngoe (mohlala, sucrose) ka letsatsi la pele, le tharollo e' ngoe (mohlala, vanilla Sustagen) ka letsatsi la bobeli. Bekeng e le 'ngoe hamorao ba ile ba fumana teko e le' ngoe ea ho satiety e ikhethang. Likhoto li ne li lumelloa ho sebelisa palo e fokolang ea sephetho nakong ea tlhaiso pele ho tlhaiso-leseling e le ho hlahloba hore na lenane le lenyenyane le jeoang ke lijo tsa likhalase tse jang lijo tsa likhoto le khona ho susumetsa ho satiety ho itseng. Likhoto li hlahisitsoe le 10 ml ea tharollo efe kapa efe nakong ea ho pepesetsoa ha 20 min. Likhoto li ile tsa khutlisetsoa malapeng a bona bakeng sa 120 min. Ha ho etsoa liteko, likhoto li ile tsa hlahisoa ka liteko tse peli tsa khetho ea botlolo joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe pejana.

TLHOKOMELISO 3 - BOTSOALLE BA SENOLO-LITLHAKISO TSA KOTSI ea CAFETERIA LE LITLHAKISO TSE KHOLO

Lintho le lijo

Malepo e tona ea li-Sprague-Dawley (N = 24), e fumanoeng Setsing sa Lisebelisoa tsa Liphoofolo (Perth, Australia Bophirima), e ne e sebelisoa e le lithuto ebile e le ntlo ea matlo joalokaha ho hlalositsoe kaholimo. Halofo ea likhoto (N = 12) li ile tsa bolokoa lijong tsa jarete tse hlalositsoeng pejana bakeng sa libeke tsa 10, 'me tse setseng li ile tsa feptjoa tloaelehileng chow. Kamora libeke tsa 10 lijo tsa kofi li ile tsa tlosoa ho litoeba mme tsa nkeloa sebaka ke standard standard bakeng sa beke ea 1 pele ho liteko.

didirisiwa

Litharollo tse peli tse sebelisitsoeng tekong ena e ne e le 10% (w / v) sucrose le 14% (w / v) vanilla Sustagen (Nestle) e qhibilihile ka metsing a pompo (joalo ka Teko ea 2). Liroto li ile tsa hlahisoa ka 50 ml ea tharollo ka botlolong ea polasetiki ea ho lekanya polasetiki e nang le bolo e nang le botlolo e pepesehang. Likhoto li ile tsa lekoa bakeng sa tšebeliso ea sepache sa motho ka mong le terata e hlalositsoeng pejana.

Tsamaiso

Likhoto li ne li se li tloaelane le litharollo tsena ho tsoa ho boithuto ba sefofane se neng se leka hore na tšebeliso ea litharollo tse peli e bapisoa le lihlopha tsohle tsa lijo nakong ea matsatsi a 2 moo likhoto li ileng tsa hlahisoa tharollo e le 'ngoe (mohlala, sucrose) ka letsatsi la pele, le e ngoe tharollo (mohlala, vanilla Sustagen) ka letsatsi la bobeli, ka hona lihlopha tsena ka bobeli li ne li ts'oana le nalane ea tsona ea ho sebelisa tharollo e ngoe le e ngoe ea liteko. Likhoto li ile tsa lekoa beke hamorao bakeng sa satiety e khethehileng nakong ea matsatsi a 2 joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ho Teko ea 1B.

Tlhahlobo ea statistical

Liphetho li hlahisitsoe joalo ka S mean SEM. Lintlha li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa IBM SPSS Statistics 22 le GraphPad Prism 6. Lintlha li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mehato e hlahlobisisitsoeng ea tekolo ea phapang (ANOVA), tlhahlobo ea covariance (ANCOVA), kapa e ikemetseng t-Sete moo ho loketseng. Post hoc Liteko li entsoe moo litšebelisano tsa bohlokoa li hlokometsoeng, mme li laoloang ke khalemelo ea Bonferroni. Bohlokoa F o ile a khethoa hore a boloke sekhahla sa phoso ea 1 ka tlase ho 0.05.

LIPOTSO

TLHOKOMELISO 1A - TLHALOSO EA PUSO E TS'EHETSENG KOPANO EA PUSO EA PAVLOVIAN

Boima ba 'mele

Likhoto tse pepesitsoeng lijong tsa jareteng bakeng sa matsatsi a 14 li ne li na le boima ba 'mele bo boholo ho feta liphoofolo tse fepetsoeng chowon (Figure Figure2A2A). Sena se netefalitsoe ke mehato e pheta-phetoang ANOVA pakeng tsa lintlha tsa ho ja (cafeteria, chow) le tlasa taba ea ho pepesehela lijo (matsatsi). Sena se senotse phello e kholo ea ho pepesehela lijo, F(4,120) = 1003.9, p <0.001, ha e na phello e ka sehloohong ea phepo, F(1,30) = 2.0, p = 0.165, le tšebelisano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa ho pepesehela lijo x, F(4,120) = 21.9, p <0.001. Ho hlahlojoa ha litlamorao tse bonolo ho bontšitse hore likhoto tsohle li eketsehile boima ba 'mele ho pepesetsoa lijo tsa ho jella le tsa chow, (F's> 141.1, p <0.001). Leha ho le joalo, lijo tse jelloang ke lijo tsa ho jella li ne li le kholo haholo ka boima ba 'mele kamora ho pepesetsoa matsatsi a 14, F(1,30) = 13.2, p = 0.001.

Tšoantšiso 2

(A) Boima ba 'mele jareteng (N = 16) le chow (N = 16) likhoto. (B) Tekanyo e felletseng ea matla a fetang 24 h (kJ / rat). (C) Ts'ebetso ea Macronutrient e fetang 24 h (protheine, lik'habohaedreite, le mafura) joalo ka matla (kJ / rat). Lintlha tse hlahisitsoeng e le tsa bohlokoa (± SEM). *p < ...

Ts'ebeliso ea matla

Likhoto li fepile lijo tsa k'habeche e jeoang, ka karolelano, makhetlo a 2.5 a na le matla a mangata (joalo ka kJ) ho feta likhoto tse kopaneng, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ho Figure Figure2B2B. Mehato e phetoang khafetsa ANOVA lipakeng tsa lintlha tsa ho ja (cafeteria, chow) le kahare ho tlhaiso ea lijo (beke) e senola phello e kholo ea phepo, F(1,3) = 433.4, p <0.001, ha e na tšusumetso e kholo ea ponahalo ea lijo, F(2,6) = 3.5, p = 0.097, 'me ha ho na tšebelisano ea bohlokoa ea ho jella x F <1. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Figure Figure2C2C, likhoto li fepa lijong tsa jaretta tse jeoang haholo ke matla (kJ) joalo ka protheine, (t = 8.4, df = 6, p <0.001), lik'habohaedreite, (t = 8.0, df = 6, p <0.001), le mafura, (t = 21.7, df = 6, p <0.001), ho feta likhofu tse fepehileng.

koetliso ea

Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ka Figure Figure3A3A, Lijo tsa jareteng ka bobeli le lijo tsa likhoto tse feptjoang li ithutile ka likamano tsa CS-US, joalo ka ha%% e sebelisitsoe ho etsa likarabo tsa makasine nakong ea lipuiso tsa 15 s CS ka letsatsi la ho qetela la koetliso le amanang le PreCS. Sena se netefalitsoe ke ANOVA e nang le lintlha tse kahare ho CS (lerata, molumo), le lintlha tse lipakeng tsa lijo (cafeteria, chow), e ileng ea senola phello e kholo ea CS [F(1,27) = 8.5, p <0.01] le lijo [F(1,27) = 13.4, p <0.01], e bonts'a hore likhoto tsa chow li qetile nako e ngata ho feta makasineng nakong ea liphatlalatso tsa CS, le hore likhoto tsena li arabetse lerata ho feta molumo. Ho ne ho se lipalo-palo tsa likamano tse kholo lipakeng tsa CS × diet (F <1). Likhoto tse fepehileng tsa chow le tsa ho jella li arabetse ka ho lekana nakong ea linako tsa PreCS (Bolela likarabo tsa makasine tsa PreCS: chow = 8.1 (± 2.2), cafeteria = 10 (± 3.6), disampole tse ikemetseng t-etona t <1. Ho feta moo, ho ne ho se na phapang lipakeng tsa ho arabela CS ho ipapisitsoe le sephetho sa eona se amanang, se netefalitsoeng ke ANOVA se sa bonts'eng phello ea bohlokoa ea ho loants'a litheko [F(1,25) = 1.8, p = 0.197]. Ha ho na lipuisano tse neng li le bohlokoa (F's <4.03).

Tšoantšiso 3

(A) Makasine e arabelang thupelong ea ho qetela ea koetliso; (B) Makasine e arabang (bolelang CS1-3) tekong le (C) Makasine ea bolele e fana ka liteko tlhahlobong eohle ea likhapha tsa CSfor chow (N = 14) le likhitsaN = 15). Lintlha tse hlahisitsoeng e le tsa bohlokoa (± SEM). ...

Sephetho sa boleng

Liroto tse tharo li ile tsa behelloa ka thoko ho tlhahlobo ea lipalo-palo (tse peli ho tloha chow le e 'ngoe ho tsoa maemong a ho ja lijo tsa kofi) ka lebaka la ho se jelle tharollo nakong ea litekanyetso tsa sephetho kapa ho hloleha ho etsa likarabo tsa makasine nakong ea teko ea ho timela. Likhoto tse fisitsoeng tsa Chow li qetile molumo o moholo oa sephetho se senyehileng nakong ea phello ea pele [Li- (± SEM): Cafeteria = 8.93 ml (0.79 ml), Chow = 14.1 ml (0.85 ml); disampole tse ikemetseng t-etona t = 4.44, df = 27, p <0.001].

mamella teko

Seboka sa liteko se arotsoe likarolo tse tharo tsa nako, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e kenyelletsa tlhahiso ea CS e amanang le sephetho se senyehileng le CS e amanang le sephetho se sa sebetseng. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe Figure Figure3B3B, chow e fepa likhoto ka kakaretso e arabile haholoanyane ho CS e amanang le sephetho se sa ratiloeng, athe batho ba jeloang ke litheko ba fepile karabelo ho feta CS e amanang le sephetho sa 2 CS nako ea nako ea 1which e kenyelletsa CS e amanang le e amehang le e seng sephetho se hlokoang). Ts'ebetso ea makasine ea% e arabang ka makhetlo a mararo (CS e amanang le sephetho se seng le sa hlokoa) ka mehato e pheta-phetoang ANCOVA e nang le lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa boleng (devalised, non-devalued) and point point (1-3), lipakeng tsa taba ea sehlooho ja lijo (lijo tsa kapejana, chow), le covariate ea molumo o sebelisitsoeng nakong ea phello ea boleng ba tšebeliso (tšebeliso) e hlahisitse phello ea bohlokoa ea ntlha ea nako [F(2,44) = 4.287, p <0.001] le phokotso ea matla [F(1,22) = 6.3, p <0.05], empa ha ho na phello e kholo ea phepo [F(1,22) = 2.73, p = 0.113] kapa tšebeliso [F(1,22) = 1.16, p = 0.29]. Litšebelisano tsa bohlokoa li ile tsa bonoa lipakeng tsa devaluation × lijo [F(1,22) = 8.66, p <0.01], phokotso ea nako × [F(1,22) = 3.97, p <0.05], nako × phokotso × tšebeliso]F(2,44) = 3.86, p <0.05] le nako × phokotso × phepo ea lijo [F(2,44) = 3.29, p <0.05], ha ho litšebelisano tse ling tse neng li le bohlokoa (Max F = 3.37). Litlamorao tse bonolo li ile tsa sebelisoa ho senya tšebelisano ea lijo tsa devaluation x. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe Figure Figure3C3C, ha ho na phello e kholo ea devaluation e bonoang lijong tsa lijo tsa kofiF <1), leha ho le joalo, phello ea bohlokoa ea ho theoha ha lintho e ile ea bonoa lijong tsa chow tse fepehileng [F(1,26) = 8.662, p <0.01].

TLHOKOMELISO 1B - BOTSOALLE BA SENOLO-LITLHAKISO TSA KOTSI ea CAFETERIA DIET

Boima ba 'mele

Likhoto tse abetsoeng sebaka sa thekiso ea lijo le lijo tse jeoang li tsoetse pele ho pepesetsoa lijo tse abetsoeng nako eohle ea thupelo le liteko. Litekong, likhoto sehlopheng sa lijo tsa kapee li ne li le boima haholo ho feta likhoto tse fepetsoeng [Litseho (± SEM): Cafeteria = 530 g (13.5 g), chow = 457.9 g (7.8 g), t = 4.6, df = 30, p <0.001].

Teko ea BOTSOALLE ea SENSORY-SPECIFIC

Tloaelo

Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Figure Figure4A4A, likhoto tsa kopor li jele palo e kholo ho feta ea lijo tse jelelitsoeng ka k'hapete, empa lihlopha tseo ka bobeli li ile tsa e-ba le tharollo e tšoanang. Tsebiso ena e netefalitsoe ke mehato e pheta-phetoang ANOVA e nang le likarolo tsa tharollo (ciliegia sucrose, maltodextrin) le pakeng tsa taba ea ho ja (cafeteria, chow), e ileng ea senola phello e kholo ea phepo [F(1,30) = 13.6, p <0.001, empa ha ho na tharollo ea bohlokoa ea tharollo (F <1) kapa tharollo × tšebelisano ea lijo (F <1).

Tšoantšiso 4

Ts'ebeliso ea litharollo tsa mohlala nakong ea (A) Ho tloaelana le tharollo ea tse peli, (B) Ho pepesehela tharollo pele ho tlhahlobo, (C) Teko e ikhethileng ea satiety e bonts'ang moelelo o sebelisitsoeng ho tlhahlobo e senotsoeng le e seng pele. senola tharollo nakong ...

Ponahatso ea nako e fetileng

Likhoto li ile tsa sebelisa boholo ba tharollo ka 'ngoe,' me likhoto tsa chow tse jang lijo tse ngata li ne li ja haholo ho feta likhoto tse jelloang ke k'haravene joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Figure Figure4B4B. Tlhahlobo ena e netefalitsoe ke ANOVA e nang le lintlha tse ka hare tsa tharollo (cherry sucrose, maltodextrin) le pakeng tsa taba ea ho ja (cafeteria, chow), e senotseng phello e kholo ea tharollo [F(1,30) = 6.2, p <0.05], e neng e bakoa ke ho ja haholo cherry sucrose ho feta morara oa maltodextrin, phello e kholo ea phepo [F(1,30) = 102.6, p <0.001], 'me ha ho na tharollo ea bohlokoa ea lijo x)F <1).

Teko ea likhetho tse peli tsa botlolo

Likhoto tse phehiloeng ka Chow li qetile molumo o moholo oa tharollo e neng e sa pepesoa, e bonts'a satiety e ikhethang, athe likhoto tsa lijo tsa k'habeche li jele palo e tšoanang ea tharollo e senotsoeng le e sa pepesitsoeng, e bonts'a ho ba sieo ha maikutlo a itseng satiety, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ho Figure Figure4C4C. Peho ena e tiisitsoe ke mehato e pheta-phetoang ea ANCOVA e ka tlisoang ke ho pepeseha (e senotsoe, e sa pepesitsoe), lipakeng tsa taba ea ho ja (cafeteria, chow) le covariate ea molumo o sebelisitsoeng nakong ea tlhaiso-leseling, e senotseng phello ea bohlokoa ea ho pepesoa [F(1,29) = 4.598, p <0.05], ha ho na phello ea bohlokoa ea phepo [F(1,29) = 3.233, p = 0.083], ha ho na tšusumetso e kholo ea bophahamo ba tlhahiso ea [F(1,29) = 1.468, p = 0.235]. Tšebelisano e kholo ea phumano ea ho jaF(1,29) = 11.777, p <0.01], empa ha ho na tšebelisano e bohlokoa lipakeng tsa ho pepeseha le bophahamo ba modumo o sebelisitsoeng nakong ea pepesoF <1). Tlhatlhobo e kholo ea litlamorao tsa tharollo ea tharollo × ts'ebelisano ea lijo e bonts'itse hore ho ne ho se na phello ea ho pepeseha lijong tse fepetsoeng ke likhoto (F <1), empa phello e kholo ea ho pepesehela likhoto tse fepehileng tsa chow [F(1,29) = 40.107, p <0.001]. Kahoo, lijo tsa ho jella li fepa likhoto li ne li nka tharollo e pepesitsoeng le e sa pepesoang e le e lekanang, e bonts'ang ho holofala hoa maikutlo a ikhethang.

Khetho lipakeng tsa tharollo tse peli tse sebelisitsoeng tlhahlobong e ne e lekana, e bonts'itsoeng ke lipalo tse tšoanang tse sebelisitsoeng [Chow ja lijo - Methati (± SEM): cherry sucrose = 11.4 ml (0.78 ml), grape maltodextrin = 10.3 ml (0.89 ml). Lijo tsa cafeteria - Mehato (± SEM): cherry sucrose = 6.6 ml (0.97 ml), grape maltodextrin = 5.6 ml (0.58 ml)]. Tlhahlobo ena e netefalitsoe ke mehato e pheta-phetoang ANOVA e kahare ho tharollo (Cherry sucrose, maltodextrin) le pakeng tsa taba ea ho ja (cafeteria, chow), ha e na tharollo ea mantlha ea tharollo [F(1,30) = 1.569, p = 0.22], phello e kholo ea phepo [F(1,30) = 31.2, p <0.001], 'me ha ho na tharollo ea bohlokoa ho sebelisana ha lijo (F <1).

TLHOKOMELISO 2 - TLHOKOMELISO EA BOTSOALLE BA SENOLOFU BOPHELO BA KOTSI

Ponahatso ea nako e fetileng

Likhoto li sebelisa boholo ba tharollo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe [Kusho (± SEM) = sucrose 9.41 ml (0.36 ml), vanilla 9.16 ml (0.37 ml), disampole tse ikemetseng t-a ho feta: t <1].

Teko ea likhetho tse peli tsa botlolo

Likhoto tse fepiloeng ka kotla li qetile molumo o moholo oa tharollo e sa senotsoeng, e bonts'ang tharollo e hlakileng ea satiety [Means (± SEM): tharollo e senotsoeng = 3.87 ml (0.69 ml), tharollo e sa senoloang = 10ml (0.78 ml), disampole tse paired t-a ho feta: t = 4.95, df = 23, p <0.001]. Kahoo, likhoto tse pepeselitsoeng molumo o lekantsoeng o ka bang 10 ml li bonts'a satiety e ikhethileng ea kutlo. Ka hona ho ka hlahisoa hore tharollo e nyane nakong ea pele ho pepeso e ne e lekane ho hlahisa satiety e ikhethileng ea maikutlo ha ho lekoa likhoto tsa chow tse fepehileng.

TLHOKOMELISO 3 - BOTSOALLE BA SENOLO-LITLHAKISO TSA KOTSI ea CAFETERIA LE LITLHAKISO TSE KHOLO

Boima ba 'mele

Ha ho etsoa liteko, likhoto tse tlositsoeng lijong tsa jarete li ne li ntse li le boima haholo ho feta likhoto tse fepeloang feela tse neng li feptjoa [Maana (± SEM): Ex-Cafeteria = 696.7 g (11 g), chow = 582.3 g (10.9 g), t = 7.419, df = 22, p <0.001].

Ponahatso ea nako e fetileng

Likhoto li ile tsa ja likarolo tse ngata tsa tharollo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, 'me likhoto tse kopantsoeng li ja likhoto tse ngata ho feta likhoto tse neng li jeoe ka nako ea kofiri pele ho nako (Kusho (± SEM) Ex-Cafeteria = sucrose 16 ml (0.83 ml), vanilla 16.08 ml (1.4 ml), Chow = sucrose 21.08 ml (1.05 ml), vanilla 18.42 ml (1.07 ml). Ho bona sena ho netefalitsoe ke ANOVA ka lintlha tsa tharollo (sucrose, vanilla) le pakeng tsa li-factor tsa phepo (ex-cafeteria, chow), e sa senotseng phello ea bohlokoa ea tharollo [F(1,22) = 1.4, p = 0.257], phello e kholo ea phepo [F(1,22) = 11.1, p <0.01], 'me ha ho na tharollo ea bohlokoaF(1, 22) = 1.0, p = 0.497].

Teko ea likhetho tse peli tsa botlolo

Likhoto tse kileng tsa feptjoa feela li qeta ho ja tharollo e sa senoloang, e bontšang ho satiety, athe likhoto tse tlositsoeng lijong tsa k'habeche ebile li fepa kopu li nkile likarolo tse ngata tsa tharollo e senotsoeng le e sa pepesitsoeng. e bonts'a ho ba sieo ha satiety e khethehileng ea sensory, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ho Figure Figure55. Tlhatlhobo ena e tiisitsoe ke ANCOVA e nang le mabaka a ho senola (e senotsoe, e sa senoloe), lipakeng tsa taba ea ho ja (ex-cafeteria, chow) le covariate ea bosholu ba tšenyo ea nako e telele e senotsoeng (ho pepesetsoa) e sa senoleng phello ea bohlokoa ea ho pepesoa (F <1), phello e kholo ea phepo ea lijo [F(1,21) = 3.56, p <0.05], le ts'ebeliso e kholo ea ts'ebelisano 'moho le lijo [F(1,21) = 13.97, p = 0.001]. Ha ho na phello e ka sehloohong ea bophahamo ba phello ea pele e le covariate [F (1,21) = 3.56, p = 0.073], kapa tšebelisano ea x ea ho pepeseha xF <1). Tlhatlhobo e bonolo ea litlamorao e bonts'itse hore ho ne ho se na phello ea ho pepeseha lijong tsa lijo tsa ho jelaF <1), leha ho le joalo, ho bile le phello e kholo ea ho pepesehela likhoto tse fepehileng tsa chow [F(1,21) = 32.564, p <0.001]. Ka hona, likhoto tse neng li ja lijo tsa ho jella li ne li ntse li bonts'a ts'oaetso e ikhethileng ea beke e le 'ngoe kamora ho tlosoa ha lijo tsa ho jella, e leng se bontšang phello e telele ea lijo tsa ho jella.

Tšoantšiso 5

Teko e 'meli ea khetho ea botlolo ea satiety e ikhethileng e latelang ho pepesetsoa tharollo e monate liphatseng tsa beke ea 1 kamora ho khaotsa lijo tsa kharebe (N = 12) le likhoto tsa taolo ea chow fedN = 12). Lintlha tse hlahisitsoeng e le tsa bohlokoa (± SEM). ***p <0.001. Bonferroni ...

Ntle le moo, ho ne ho se na khetho pakeng tsa litharollo tse peli tse fapaneng tse sebelisitsoeng tlhahlobong. ANOVA, e nang le lintlha tsa tharollo (sucrose, vanilla) le lipakeng tsa taba ea ho ja (ex-cafeteria, chow), e netefalitse hore ha ho na tharollo ea mantlha ea tharollo [F(1,22) = 1.6, p = 0.22], ja lijo [F(1,22) = 3.6, p = 0.072], 'me ha ho na tharollo ea bohlokoa lipuisanong tsa ho ja (F <1).

TŠOHLOA

To ile a hlahisa sephetho sa liteko tse teng hona joale tse bonts'a hore likhoto li fepa lijo tsa k'hapete, tse nang le lijo tse jeoang ke batho, li ne li sa ts'epahala ho latela tataiso ea bohlokoa ea lijo tse batloang ke likarabo tse amanang le tharollo e ntle le polelo. Ntle le moo, ho senyeha hona ha polelo ea maikutlo a ho hlaka ka ho khetheha har’a likhoto tse fephileng lijo tsa cafeteria ho ne ho le teng hape ha mokhoa ona oa lijo o tlosoa ebe o nkeloa sebaka ke tloaelehileng chow bakeng sa beke ea 1. Qetellong, ho senyeha hona ho ne ho sa bonahale ho bakoa ke phapang pakeng tsa chelete e sebelisitsoeng tharollo ea pele e senotsoeng ha likhoto tse kopaneng li bonts'a satiety e ikemetseng ea chelete e sebelisitsoeng tharollo ea pele e senotsoeng, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe tlhahlobo ea rona ea covariance.

Lithuto tse nang le phetoho e matla ho batho le litloholo tse seng tsa batho li hokahanya OFC le ts'ebetso ea hedonic le ho hokahana ha lijo le boleng ba lijo (Kringelbach et al., 2003; Kringelbach, 2005). Ntle le moo, liphuputso tsa morao-rao li bonts'itse hore ho ja lijo tse nang le satiety ho fokotsehile karabelo ea neural ho OFC, mme karabelo ena e fumanoa hape ha ho hlahisoa lijo tse ncha (Rolls et al., 1990). Ka hona, OFC e hlahisitsoe e le sebaka sa bohlokoa sa neural ha ho hlahlojoa likarolo tse khahlisang tsa lijo tse matlafatsoang le ho kenyelletsa maikutlo a litekanyetso tsena. Ka lebaka la tlhokomeliso ea hore satiety e ikhethileng ea maikutlo e sitisoa ke likhoto li fepa lijo tsa kapejana, le bopaki ba hore OFC ke sebaka se bohlokoa se kenyeletsang ho hokahanya tlhahisoleseling e thehiloeng holima boleng mabapi le meputso e boletsoeng esale pele. (Delamater, 2007; Ostlund le Balleine, 2007; Clark et al., 2012), re fana ka maikutlo a hore lits'ebetso tsa ho kenyeletsa boleng ba boleng li sitisoa kamora ho pepesetsoa lijo tse matlafatsang lijong tsa cafeteria. Se boleloang ke tlhahiso ena ke hore tlhahiso ea lijo tse nooang ho likhitsa tse feptjoang ke kofi e tla sitoa ho fumana likarabo tsa neural ho OFC le hore sena se ka sitisa khetho ea lijo tse fapaneng maemong a sensory-satiety le ntlafatso ea boleng bo khothatsang ba sephetho sa lijo ho arabeloa ka mokhoa o hlakileng.

Likhoto li fepa lijo tsa kapejana li arabetse mefuteng e 'meli ea ho hakanya moputso o monate o fumanehang nakong ea thupelo. Leha ho le joalo, kamora ho nyahlatsoa ho e 'ngoe ea liphetho tsena ka satiety e itseng, likhoto tse fepeloang lireschorenteng ha lia ka tsa fetolela makasine ho arabela ka boleng ba tšusumetso ea sephetho. Liphetho tsa rona li bonts'a hore likhoto tsa chow li ne li ameha ka tlase ho boleng ba moruo, empa likhoto tsa lijo tsa k'hapete li ne li se joalo ha ho hlahlobisisoa liteko tsohle. Leha ho le joalo, ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore boholo ba phello ea devaluation bo fetohile ho feta liteko. Sena se bonts'a hore tšebeliso ea mokhoa oa ho jella li-ceterata tse nang le phepo e kanna ea ama libaka tsa boko tse amehang ho thehoeng ha litlamorao tsa sephetho sa khothalletso le boleng ba khothatso, joalo ka basolateral amygdala (BLA), striatum le OFC, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe pejana. Johnson et al. (2009) e tlaleha hore BLA e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho ts'ebetsong ea devaluation kamora ho matlafatsa maemo a mefuta ea Pavlovian. Empa, Johnson et al. (2009) sebelisitse tatso e sebelisang tatso ho fapana le satiety e itseng ho fetolela boleng ba sephetho sa takatso ea lijo, hape e bonts'itse hore morao-rao koetliso ea BLA e sitisitse polelo ea boitšoaro bo laoloang ke boleng. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang Balleine et al. (2011) 'me Ostlund le Balleine (2007) e fumane seo LINTHO tsa OFC li ile tsa sitisa tšusumetso ea ts'usumetso ea Pavlovian nakong ea phetisetso e hlophisitsoeng e ikhethang ea Pavlovian. Ttšusumetso ea ts'usumetso e amanang le sephetho mabapi le khetho e kenyelletsa potoloho e kholo ho kenyeletsoa OFC, striatum, le amygdala. Haholo-holo, khubu ea bohareng ba amygdala e bontšitsoe e hlokahala bakeng sa mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng oa mekhoa ea mekhoa e lekantsoeng ke boits'oaro ba lets'oao la matsoho (Gallagher et al., 1990; Parkinson et al., 2000); ka holimo ho moo, satiety e mabapi le maikutlo e ferekanngoa le ts'ebetso ea nakoana ea "konopo" e bohareng ea amygdala (Ahn le Phillips, 2002). Ka hona, ho shebella ha rona ba sa kopane le maikutlo a itseng a satiety le sephetho sa cue ho kanna ha supa hore lijo tsa cafeteria le tsona li ama tšebetso ea amygdala e bohareng.

Ho sitoa ho bona phello ea sephetho se senyehileng mabapi le likarabo tsa mokhoa oa limakasine tse kopilitsoeng ke setho sa eona sa CS se lumellana le lithuto tsa batho tse fanang ka maikutlo tse bontšang ts'ebetso e fapaneng ea ts'ebetso ea moputso (haholo ts'ebetso ea mesocorticolimbic dopamine) ka litheko tse amanang le lijo lithutong tse amanang le lijo tse feteletseng. (Stoeckel et al., 2008, 2009; Jastreboff et al., 2013). Liphuputso tse entsoeng nakong e fetileng lithutong li bonts'itse hore BLA e na le karolo ea mantlha tokisetsong ea lintlha tse qaqileng tsa sephetho sa maikutlo, ho lumella ho hokahanngoa ha tlhaiso-leseling e ncha mabapi le boleng ba sephetho mehahong e teng ea likamano (Ostlund le Balleine, 2007). Ntle le moo, libaka tsa striatum, haholo-holo ventrolateral (Lelos et al., 2011), dorsomedial, le dorsolateral striatum (Corbit le Janak, 2010), li bile le tšusumetso tharollo ea sephetho sa Pavlovian, joalo ka mantlha ea NAc le khetla (Corbit et al., 2001). Leha ho le joalo, lesapo la OFC le BLA ha le na liphello tse bonoang ho bopeng kapa ts'ebeliso e bonolo ea litloaelano tse ikhethileng tsa phepo e nepahetseng tlatsong ea devaluation (Scarlet et al., 2012), kapa liteko tsa tšebeliso tse latelangCorbit et al., 2001; Corbit le Janak, 2010; Lelos et al., 2011). Ska mokhoa o sa ts'oaneng, mantlha ea NAc le khetla li bonts'itsoe ho hlokahala bakeng sa taolo ea boemo ba Pavlovian bo latelang ho latela boitlamo ba LiCl ho nyekeloa pelo (Singh et al., 2010). Tlintlha tsa hese li fana ka maikutlo a hore mantlha ea NA le khetla ke karolo ea potoloho e hlokahalang bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea leseli le hlahisitsoeng ke cue mabapi le liphetho tse lebelletsoeng ho tataisa boits'oaro, haholoholo tse kenyeletsang libaka tse kang OFC le BLA projeke e eang ho NAc.

Ena ke thuto ea pele ea ho bonts'a ho senyeha ha polelo ea ho hlonama ka ho khetheha litšoantšong tse fepileng lijo tsa kharebe, tse ka emisang boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho nona haholo. Boithuto bo batlisisang hore na botenya bo ama satiety e ikhethileng bathong ba tlalehiloe ka liphetho tse fapaneng. Tey et al. (2012) o fumane hore batho ba nang le index ea boima ba 'mele le mafura a mangata ba bontsitse ho theoha hoa boemo bo itseng ba maikutlo bo ikhethileng qalong. Phuputso ena e boetse e bonts'a hore batho ba neng ba tloaetse ho ja lijo tse matla tse tšoanang le tse senang mafura tse ngata ba bonts'a phokotso ea ho satiety e ikhethang ea maikutlo ka nako e telele, ka hona ho ja lijo tsena tse se nang phepo ha hoa ka ha susumetsoa ke lijo tse neng li entsoe pele. Ho fapana le moo, ho fokotsa mefuta e fapakaneng ea lijo tse senotsoeng ho fokotsehile litekanyetso tsa lijo tsa lijo tse bobebe le ho fokotseha ho ja litho tse ngata tse tloaelehileng tsa boima le ba boima, e leng sesupo sa ho satiety ha nako e telele.Raynor et al., 2006). Ho fapana le hoo, phuputso e fetileng le barupeluoa ba boima bo feteletseng le ba tloaelehileng ba sa bonts'a phapang ea kutloisiso mabapi le ho satiety e ikhethileng ea maikutloSnoek et al., 2004).

Phuputsong ena, re hlokometse hore likhoto tsa lijo tsa kapee li ja likarolo tse ngata tsa tharollo e senotsoeng le e sa pepesitsoeng. Ena ke ntlha e tsotehang, hobane ho se je lijo tsa kofi ho fepa likhoto ho sebelisa tharollo ea rialo ho ka nkuoa e le ho itšireletsa khahlanong le ho nona mme ka hona ho eketsa boima ba nako e telele. Tšebeliso ea lijo tse fapa-fapaneng tse matlafatsang tse shebahalang li sitisa polelo ea maikutlo a itseng a satiety ka hona ho ka baka ts'abo e fokotsang ts'ebetso e fapaneng. Sena se bonts'a hore lijo tse jeloang ke lijo tsa litonki li ka sitoa ho "arabisa" likarabo tse khotsofatsang ha li fuoa monyetla oa ho fuoa lijo tse ncha, tse monate. Sena se fapane le lingoliloeng tse hlalosang "lijo tse" tse "buffet" tseo ka tsona mefuta ea phepo e khothalletsang ts'ebeliso e ngata ka ho fetohela ho ja lijo tse ncha (Rolls, 1981). Lintlha tsa rona li fana ka maikutlo a hore lijo tse nang le phepo e phahameng li ka eketsa satiety e itseng le ho khothaletsa tšebeliso ka kakaretso.

Litekong tse teng hona joale, likhoto li fepa lijo tsa jarete tse sa jelloang ke tharollo e bonolo ho feta likhoto tse fepiloeng. Ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng ea tharollo tse fumanehang mohlomong ke ka lebaka la mongobo o mongata lijong tsa k'holera, ka hona, phello ea 'mele ea thibelo ea metsi e ka fokotsoa, kapa boleng ba boleng bo tlase ba ho fumana tharollo kamora ho pepesehela lijo tse matlafatsang haholo ha li bapisoa. ho ja laboratori chow. E 'ngoe e fapaneng ke hore ts'ebeliso e fokotsehileng lijong tsa k'holera e fepiloeng ke litoeba e ne e bakiloe ke satiety ea metabolic, le hore litheko tse fokolisitsoeng tse sebelisoang tlhahlobong li bonts'a sena ho fapana le ho satiety ho itseng. Leha ho le joalo, tlhahlobo ea rona e bile le bophahamo ba molumo o sebelisitsoeng nakong ea ponaletso e le sesupo sa covariate, ho bonts'a hore polelo ea satiety e ikhethileng ha e a susumetsoa ke bophahamo bo sebelisitsoeng. Ntle le moo, leha re bonts'itse hore palo e lekanyelitsoeng ea 10 ml e ne e lekane ho tsitsisa maikutlo a satiety ho li-rats tse chesitsoeng, ha rea ka ra leka lipalo tse nyane, joalo ka likhoto tsa lijo tsa kapejana tse jeroang pakeng tsa 5-7 ml nakong ea tlhahiso ea pele. Ho ekelletsa moo, kamora ho natefeloa ha lijo tsa kantle ho lijo tse jeoang ke likhoto tse jelelitsoeng ka bongata ho tharollo, leha ho le joalo li bontsitse ho senyeha ho itseng ka satiety e ikhethileng ea maikutlo, tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore taba ena e ne e se ka lebaka la satiety ea metabolism.

Lintlha tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore lijo tse jeoang ke lireschorente li ka sitoa ho boloka tlhaiso-leseling ea nako e khutšoane mabapi le lijo tse nchafatsoang (Henderson et al., 2013), ka hona e hloleha ho bonts'a satiety e ikhethang. Khaello ea kelello le ho hlobaela hippocampal li amahanngoa le botenya bo khothalletsoang ke ho ja (Greenwood le Winocur, 1990; Baybutt et al., 2002; Davidson et al., 2005; Granholm et al., 2008; Kanoski le Davidson, 2010, 2011; Darling et al., 2013), mme tsena li ka tlatsetsa ho bonts'eng ho feteletseng. Mohlaleng ona, ho ba le potoloho e mpe ea botenya le bofokoli ba ts'ebetso ea tatellano e phahameng ea hippocampal - ho kenyelletsa mohopolo oa episodic (ke hore, ho hopola seo re se jeleng) le kutloisiso ea rona ea tlala ea kahare le litakatso tse satiety. (Davidson et al., 2007; Francis le Stevenson, 2011). To lebisa khaellong ea hae ea ho fokotsa ho hopola memori ea takatso ea kamora nako ea ho ja lijo tse matla tse amanang le lijo tse amanang le tikoloho, a eketsa monyetla oa hore litheko tseo li ka tsosa boits'oaro bo eketsehilengr (Davidson et al., 2005). Leha ho le joalo, e bonahalitsoe lits'oants'o tsa hippocampal ha li susumetse satiety e tobileng ea maikutlo, kapa boleng bo khothalletsoang ba karabelo ea ts'ebeliso ea methapo (Reichelt et al., 2011).

Khopolo ea tloaelo e hlalosang e bonts'a maikutlo a susumetsang a susumetsang a amanang le boits'oaro ba ho ingestive, moo ho arabela ka phetoho lijong le lithahasellong tse amanang le lijo tse bang teng khafetsa nakong ea lijo (Epstein et al., 1992, 2009; Raynor le Epstein, 2001). Ha batho ba ja lijo tse tšoanang nakong ea lijo ba tloaela ho etsa lijo tse susumetsang ebe li fokotsa ho li sebelisa. Kahoo, ha e hlahisoa le mefuta e mengata ea lijo nakong ea lijo lijo li eketsehile haholo, haholo hobane tikoloho e khothalelitsoe ka kotloloho le hobane mefuta e fapaneng e ka hlahisa litlamorao tsa lijo.Raynor le Epstein, 2001). EHo natefeloa ke lijo tsa ka jareteng tse nang le lijo tse fapakaneng tse fetotsoeng letsatsi le leng le le leng e kanna ea fetola tloaelo lijong tsena, 'me ka hona, ho ts'ehelloa ke ho haelloa ke ts'ebeliso ea maikutlo a satiety e ikhethang.

Dopamine e khothalletsoa ho bapala karolo ea boits'oaro bo susumetsoang, le liphumano ka Ahn le Phillips (1999) e bonts'a hore NAc le PFC dopamine e ﬄ ux li ka theha lets'oao la bohlokoa le kenyetsang tšusumetso ea lijo tse amanang le lona mme ka tsela eo e sebetsa e le mokhoa oa mokhoa oa boits'oaro bo bonoang ho satiety e ikhethang. Thus, ho hlokomela ha rona ho thatafala ha maikutlo a itseng a itseng ka mokhoa o hlakileng oa ho ja haholo e ka ba sesupo sa boitšoaro ba mesocorticolimbic dopamine system dysfunction. Tšusumetso ea botenya bo khothalletsoang ke ho ja e ka ba le litlamorao libakeng tse ngata tsa boko, mohlomong ho ama maemo a li-opioids (Woolley et al., 2007a,b) le / kapa phetiso ea dopaminergic (Ahn le Phillips, 1999, 2002; Johnson le Kenny, 2010; Kenny et al., 2013).

QETELLO

Seo re se fumaneng hajoale se bonts'a hore ho pepesetsoa "lijo" tsa "cafesia" tse senyehelang batho ba bang ho sitisa polelo ea litloaelo tse ikhethileng tsa maikutlo le litlamorao tsa khothatso. Litlhokomeliso tsena li bohlokoa kutloisisong ea hore na botenya bo ka ama ts'ebetso ea litlamorao tsa takatso ea lijo le litabatabelo tse amanang le eona, le hore na mekhatlo e sa sebetseng hantle e ka laola boits'oaro ba lijo joang ho sa hlokahale litlhoko tsa 'mele le tsa homeostatic. Lithuto tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho holisa seo re se boneng hajoale, ho fokotsa bophahamo ba ho pepeseha le ho botsa lipotso tse mabapi le bofokoli ba senotlolo ba maikutlo boo re bo boneng kamora ho ntshwa ha beke ea 1, le hore na phello ea boitlhopho e tsoela pele ho latela ho nona.

Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso

Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.

lumela hore baa fokola

Mosebetsi ona o tšehelitsoe ke NHMRC Projeke ea 1023073 e fuoeng Margaret J. Morris le RF Westbrook. Amy C. Reichelt ke moamoheli oa khau ea Patlisiso ea Tlhokomeliso ea Pele ea Thupelo ea Australia (nomoro ea projeke DE140101071). Bangoli ba lakatsa ho leboha Mofumahatsana Jessica Beilharz bakeng sa thuso ea hae mabapi le boits'oaro ba boits'oaro.

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