Likarolo tse peli tsa dopamine lijong le lipatlisiso tsa lithethefatsi: ts'oaetso ea moputso (2013)

. Sengoloa se ngotsoeng; e fumaneha ho PMC 2014 May 1.

E hatisitsoe ka mokhoa o qetelle o hlophisitsoeng e le:

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inahaneloang

Potso ea hore na (kapa ho isa tekanyong efe) botenya bo bontša ho lemalla lijo tse nang le matla a mangata hangata e ts'oara le potso ea hore na ho nona ha lijo tse ngata ho baka lits'oants'o tse tšoanang tsa nako e telele joalo ka ha li khetholloa ka mekhahlelo ea ho lemalla. Ho khahlisang kapa mohlomong ho hoholo ke potso ea hore na ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea ts'ebetso ea kelello e buella ho fumana le ho holisa mekhoa ea ho ja le ho sebelisa lithethefatsi. Bopaki ba pele ba potso ena bo thehiloe lithutong tsa pele tsa moputso oa ts'usumetso ea boko. Ho tsosa motlakase oa "hypothalamic" hamorao ho ka matlafatsa maemong a mang mme ho ka susumetsa ho fepa ho ba bang. Hore tšusumetso ea karolo e le 'ngoe ea boko e lokela ho matlafatsa le ho khothatsa ka mokhoa o makatsang; Hobaneng ha phoofolo e lokela ho sebeletsa ho susumetsa maemo a kang a tlala? Sena se tsejoa e le "paratex ea moputso oa drive." Boitsebiso bo kahara likarolo tse katamelaneng tsa moputso oa drive bo fana ka karabo potsong e phehisanang ea hore na tsamaiso ea dopamine-sistimi e "theohileng" ho tsoa mefuteng e susumetsoang ea hypothalamus ea morao-rao ke. ba kenella haholo ho "ho batleng" kapa ho "ratang" meputso e fapaneng ho kenyeletsoa lijo le lithethefatsi tse lemalloang. Hore ts'oaetso e tšoanang ea boko e kenelletse ts'usumetsong le ho matlafatseng ke lithethefatsi tsa lijo le tse tlatsetsang ho tiisa khang ea mochini o tloaelehileng o qobellang ho tlatlapa le ho qobella ho sebelisa lithethefatsi.

Keywords: Ho ja, botenya, ho batla lithethefatsi, ho lemalla tahi, moputso, ho makatsa

Lilemong tsa morao tjena, lipuisano tsa bokhoba ba tahi li atametse ho tsepamisa mohopolo maemong a bolaeang, ha ho pepesehela lithethefatsi ho fetotse kelello ka mekhoa e ka lekanngoang ke litsebi tsa thuto ea kelello, litsebi tsa elektroniki le litsebi tsa kelello. Lilemong tsa pejana, tlhokomelo e ne e le litlamorao tsa ho tloaela lithethefatsi tse lemalloang; lithethefatsi tse lemalloang li utsoelitse mekhoa ea bongo ea tšusumetso le moputso joang? Potso ea hore na botenya liphetho tsa tlhekefetso ea lijo e re khutlisetsa potsong ea pejana ea hore na ke mekhoa efe ea ts'ebetso ea boko e sebetsang ho nts'etsopele ea lijo tse matlafatsang le lithethefatsi, 'me sena se re khutlisetsa bothateng ba ho fokotsa liphallelo tsa boits'oaro ba ho batla meputso. Matlafatso ().

Karolong e kholo, bopaki bo fanang ka lebaka le tloaelehileng la ho nona le ho lemalla joala ke bopaki bo hlahisang dopamine ea bongo ho litlamorao tse bakang lijo () le lithethefatsi tse lemalloang (). Ha sisteme ea dopamine e butsoa ke lijo () le lithethefatsi tse lemalloang haholo (), ngangisano e sala e le hore na karolo ea dopamine ke karolo ea bohlokoa hakae litlamorao tsa lijo le lithethefatsi kapa karolo ea khothalletso ho li fumana (-); ka mantsoe a tloaelehileng, dopamine e bohlokoa haholo ho "ho ratoa" ha moputso kapa "ho batloa" ha moputso ()? Letoto la bopaki bo nepahetseng bo sa hlahlojoang haholo lilemong tsa morao-rao ke bopaki ba ketsahalo e bitsoang "paradox ea moputso oa ho khanna." Mona ke hlalosa ntho e makatsang mme ke e amahanya le bopaki ba hore dopamine e na le likarolo tse tloaelehileng ho phehelleng ho batla lijo le ho qobella lithethefatsi- ho batla le ho botsa potso ea hore na ke karolo efe ea tse ling — tse susumetsang kapa tse matlafatsang — tse itšetlehileng ka sisteme ea dopamine.

Khatello ea motlakase ea "hypothalamic" ea morao-rao

Ka li-1950s, hypothalamus ea morao-rao e ne e ngotsoe setsi sa boithabiso ke ba bang () le setsi sa tlala ke ba bang (). Ho susumetsoa ke motlakase sebakeng sena ho ne ho putsa; ka nako ea metsotso e seng mekae, ts'usumetso e joalo e ne e ka thea khatello ea khatello ea litefiso ho fihlella likarabo tse likete tse 'maloa ka hora (). Boiphihlelo bo fumanang tšusumetso e joalo bo boetse bo thehile tšusumetso ea ho atamela lever, mme ts'usumetso ena e ka ba e lekaneng ho hlola thipa e bohloko (). Kahoo tšusumetso ena e bile mohokahanyi o sa kopaneng, "ho hatakela" litloaelo tsa karabelo le mekhatlo e khothatsang e thehileng mohloli oa karabelo e le tšusumetso e nang le tšusumetso e matla e khothalletsang mokhoa le tšusumetso. Ho tloha lithutong tsa pele-pele ho ile ha kenngoa hore likhoto li rata ho tsosa le hore ho li rata li etsa hore ba batle le ho feta (); lithuto tsa ho susumetsa ho bakuli ba batho li tiisitse hore tšusumetso e joalo e ne e le monate ().

Ho hlohlelletsa tikoloho ena ho ka susumetsa boitšoaro. Mosebetsi oa Hess oa pele o ne a senotse hore ts'usumetso ea kelello ea motlakase e ka susumetsa ho fepa ka matla, e tšoailoeng e le "bulimia" (). Kamora ho sibolloa ha moputso oa ts'usumetso ea boko (), haufinyane ho ile ha fumanoa hore tšusumetso ho hypothalamus ea morao-rao e ka susumetsa ho fepa joalo le moputso (). Kannete, ho hlohlelletsa libakeng tsa moputso ho ka susumetsa mefuta e mengata ea boits'oaro, ea tlhaho le ea tlhaho e kang ho ja, ho noa, ho hlasela le ho etsisa (). Ka mekhoa e mengata, litlamorao tsa ho susumetsa li ts'oana le litlamorao tsa lits'oants'o tsa likoloi tsa tlhaho (), mme litlamorao tsa ho hlohlona le ho hloka lijo li tsejoa ho akaretsa (). Joale, ona e ne e le papatso ea moputso oa ho khanna (); hobaneng ha rat e lokela ho hatella motho ea lelekang hore a huleloe joalo ka tlala?

Methapo ea letsoho la sethoathoa

Ho latela nalane, potso ea pele e hlahisitsoeng ke pherekano ea moputso oa drive e ne e le hore na likarolo tse ts'oanang kapa tse fapaneng tsa hypothalamic li kentse letsoho litlamorao tse peli tsa khothatso. Sena e ne e se monyetla o bonolo oa ho khetholla hobane ts'usumetso ea motlakase e kenya ts'ebetsong lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa neurotransmitter ho fapana le hoo. Karolo e sebetsang ea tšusumetso mohlomong ke millimeter ka bophara, ) 'me ka har'a sebaka sena, litšusumetso li batla ho kenya tšebetsong likhoele tse potileng motlakase. Leha ho le joalo, likhoele tsa boholo bo fapaneng le myelination li na le litšobotsi tse fapaneng tsa thabo, mme li-paramethara tse sebelisitsoeng bakeng sa boits'oaro bo peli li ne li batla li fapane (, ). Le ha e ne e le mohopolo oa bethe ea "hypothalamus" eo pele e neng e nahanoa hore ke mohloli oa mantlha oa tlala le moputso, likhoele tsa maqhubu li na le menyako e tlase haholo ea ts'ebetso ho feta ea litho tsa sele, 'me mookotaba oa "hypothalamus" o feteletsoeng o feta holimo Sistimi ea fiber ea 50 e kenyang moriana o ka sehloohong oa medial (, ). Tšimoloho, sepheo sa hajoale, le neurotransmitter ea tsela e sebetsitsoeng ka kotloloho (kapa litseleng) bakeng sa moputso oa ts'usumetso ea kelello le ho fepa li susumetsang li lula li sa tsejoe, empa likhoele tsa phallo li hlakile ebile li na le litšobotsi tse 'maloa tsa tsona tse boletsoeng. Likarolo tse khutšoane tsa sephetho-le litlamorao tse khothatsang tsa khothatso ea morao-rao li na le litšobotsi tse ts'oanang.

Taba ea pele, 'mapa oa anatomical o senotse hore karoloana ea "hypothalamic substrate" bakeng sa moputso oa ts'usumetso ea boko le lijo tse susumetsang tse ts'oeroeng li na le meeli e ts'oanang ea medial-lateral and dorsal-ventral' me li na le phapang e le 'ngoe ka har'a meeli eo (, ). Ntle le moo, athe karolo feela ea "hypothalamic" ea sethoathoa sa "morusu" e qalileng e fumaneha ka ho fepa le ho putsa, ho susumetsa ha likhakanyo tse eketsehileng tsa bohlasoa, sebakeng sa bohlokahi ba kotlo, le tsona ka bobeli li ka ba le moputso (-) le ho fepa-). Kahare ho sebaka sa ho putlama ha methapo, meeli ea libaka tse tsosang takatso e ts'oanang e lekana le meeli ea lihlopha tsa dopamine tsa lisele tse etsang mesocorticolimbic le nigrostriatal dopamine system (). Ho hlohlelletsa mokokotlo oa "cerebellar peduncle" (lekala le hohelang haholo la mori o ka pele oa mori) le hona ho ka ts'ehetsa ho khothatsa le ho fepa (, ). Kahoo ha likarolo tse arohaneng li sebetsa boits'oaro bo bong, likhakanyo tseo li na le li-traomori tse ts'oanang ka mokhoa o makatsang ebile mohlomong li-subcompriers tse tšoanang.

Leha re sa lumelle ho khetholoha ha litaba tsa li-neurotransmitter, mekhoa ea psychophysical-ho lekola litlamorao tsa boits'oaro ba phetoho e hlophisitsoeng-e lumella phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa sebopeho sa axonal. Mekhoa ena ha e buisanoe haholo litabeng tsa ho lemalla kapa ho fepa.

Taba ea pele, "ho hula ka matla" ho sebelisitsoe ho hakanya linako tse khathollang le menyetla ea ho kena ha methapo ea "mokhahlelo oa pele" (moputso- le litheko tse nepahetseng tsa phepelo e sebetsang ka kotloloho ke se sebelisitsoeng hona joale ntlheng ea elektrone. ). Mokhoa oa ho lekanya linako tse tlohelang - nako e hlokahalang bakeng sa hore membrane ea neuronal e nchafatse kamora ho putlama ha matla a ketso - e thehiloe ho mokhoa o sebelisoang ke li-electrophysiologists tse ithutang li-neuron tse le 'ngoe. Ha ho ntse ho na le lintho tse poteletseng tse lokelang ho nahanoa ts'ebetsong, mokhoa ona o hlakile haholo. Ha ho ithutoa li-neuron tse le 'ngoe, e' ngoe e tsosa li-neuron habeli, e fapana le nako pakeng tsa matla a pele le a bobeli, e le hore e fumane nako e lekanang e lumellang sele hore e arabe. Haeba ts'usumetso ea bobeli e latela ea pele ka potlako haholo, neuron e ke ke ea fola ho litlamorao tsa pele ka nako ho arabela ea bobeli. Haeba pulse ea bobeli e fihla ka mor'a nako, neuron e tla be e folile ka ho lekaneng ho thunya e bakiloeng ke pulse ea pele ea mollo hape ha o arabela oa bobeli. Nako e nyane e kenang ea ho kopanngoa le maikutlo bakeng sa ho fumana likarabo ho lithapo tsena ka bobeli e hlalosa "nako ea ho khumama" ea axon e khothalelitsoeng.

Bakeng sa ho fumana likarabo tsa boits'oaro litekanyetsong tse tsitsitseng tsa motlakase, ho feta fiber e tlameha ho tsosoa mme ho tlameha ho fanoa ka lipalamo tse fetang e le 'ngoe; maemo a phahameng a ho hlasimolla a fanoa ho fihlela likhoele tse ngata ho potoloha li-electrode, mme "literene" tsa phepelo e pheta-phetoang lia hlokahala ho kenya tšebetsong linako tsena tse 'maloa. Boithutong ba boithati, literene tse susumetsang tsa metsotsoana ea 0.5 li fanoe ka moetlo; lithutong tse susumetsang tsa ho fepa tse susumetsang tsa metsotsoana ea 20 kapa 30 li fanoa. Lerapo le leng le le leng kahare ho terene le lula feela 0.1 msec: le bolelele bo lekaneng ho kenya li-neuron tse haufi hanngoe empa ha li na nako e lekaneng ea hore li fole le ho chesa ka lekhetlo la bobeli nakong ea pulse e tšoanang. Li-pulses hangata li fanoa khafetsa ea 25-100 Hz, e le hore esita le ka terene ea motsamao oa halofo ea bobeli ho na le makhetlo a mangata a pheta-phetoang. Terene e bonolo ea lifofane tse khothatsang e ngotsoe ho Setšoantšo sa 1A.

Feie. 1 

Papiso ea mekhoa le tlhaiso-leseling ho tsoa litekong tsa nako ea refractory. A e bontša sebaka sa mapheo a terene ea ho khothatsa e le 'ngoe e nang le litšoantšo tse robong tse bonts'itsoeng. Mohlala o tloaelehileng haholoanyane oa ts'usumetso e sebetsang o ka kenyelletsa ho hula ha 25 ho feta ...

Ho khetholla linako tse ntlafatsang tsa methapo ea methapo ea pele, literene tsa paired pulses (Setšoantšo sa 1B), ho fapana le literene tsa thula e le 'ngoe (Setšoantšo sa 1A), li fuoe. Khoele ea pele ho para ka 'ngoe e bitsoa "pulse" C kapa "boemo bo botle"; ha sekepe sa bobeli se sebelisoa ka bobeli se bitsoa "pulse" kapa "liteko" (Setšoantšo sa 1C). Haeba li-C-pulses li lateloa haufi haholo le li-T-pulses tsa tsona, li-T-pulses li ke ke tsa sebetsa 'me phoofolo e tla araba joalo ka ha e fumana feela li-C-pulses. Haeba karohano lipakeng tsa C- le T-pulses e ekeletsoa ka ho lekana, T-pulse e tla sebetsa 'me phoofolo, ha e fumana moputso o eketsehileng, e tla arabela ka matla. Hobane palo ea li-neuron tsa pele li na le linako tse fapaneng tsa karohano, karabelo ea boitšoaro ho ts'usumetso e qala ha nako ea CT e fihla nakong ea phetoho ea likhoele tse potlakileng haholo, mme e ea ntlafala ha likhahla tsa CT li atolosoa ho fihlela li feta nako ea ho fetoha ha nako likhoele tse liehang ho feta (Setšoantšo sa 1D). Kahoo mokhoa ona o re fa litšobotsi tsa nako ea lipalo tsa baahi kapa palo ea methapo ea methapo ea mantlha bakeng sa boits'oaro bo botsoang.

Joalokaha ho bontšoa ke mekhoa e joalo, linako tse fetotsang maikutlo tse ntlafatsang ka ho felletseng mabapi le moputso oa methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ho tloha ho 0.4 ho isa ho hoo e ka bang 1.2 msec (-). Linako tse phethahetseng tsa phepo e khothatsang le tsona li maemong ana (, ). Ha se feela hore linako tsa phetiso ea tsona bakeng sa lipalo tse peli li ts'oana; likarolo tse peli li na le anomaly e ts'oanang: maemong ka bomong, ha li bonts'e ntlafatso ea boits'oaro ha li-intervals tsa CT li eketseha pakeng tsa 0.6 le 0.7 msec (, ). Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore ho na le likarolo tse peli tse tlase tsa likhoele tse kenyang letsoho ho e mong le e boits'oaro: palo e nyane ea batho ba nang le likhoele tse potlakileng haholo (linako tse khathollang ho tloha ho 0.4 ho isa ho 0.6 msec) le palo e kholo ea batho ba liehang ho fokola ka linako tse ling (linako tse khathollang ho tloha ho 0.7 ho isa ho 1.2 msec kapa mohlomong e teletsana). Ho thata ho nahana hore palo e fapaneng ea batho e khothaletsa litlamorao tse khahlisang le tse khothatsang ha liphihlelo tsa nako ea phetoho li ts'oana, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e nang le discontinuity lipakeng tsa 0.6 le 0.7 msec.

Bopaki bo eketsehileng ba substrate e tloaelehileng ea drive le litlamorao tsa phello ke hore ho hlohlelletsa libakeng tse ling ka thoko ho morusu oa litlhare tsa mori ho ka etsa hore ho fepa ka bobeli (-, , ) le moputso (, -). Lingoliloeng tse fanang ka moputso le tšusumetso tse khothatsang li tšoana hantle le ha li-electrod tse susumetsang li mocheng oa moea kapa sekhahla sa methapo ea methapo ea methapo (). Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore likarolo tse peli tse tšoanang tsa tšireletso li na le boikarabello boitshwarong ka bobeli.

Ho feta moo, hang ha tšekamelo ea likhoele tse tsamaisanang le phello e susumetsang e se e khethollotsoe, melemo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea pele bakeng sa boits'oaro bo peli e ka ikemisoa le ho bapisoa (). Mokhoa oa ho lekanya lits'oaetso tsa conduction o ts'oana le oa ho lekanya linako tse thata, empa ketsahalong ena li-C-pulses li hlahisoa sebakeng se le seng sa khothatso tseleng ea fiber (mohlala, hypothalamus ea morao-rao) le T-pulses li isoa ho e 'ngoe. (bap. tikoloho ea "ventral tegmental"). Sena se hloka li-elektrone tse susumetsang tse tsamaisanang le ho theola li-axon tse tšoanang lintlheng tse peli ho bolelele ba tsona (). Ha li-electrode li fumanoa li hokahane hantle molemong oa moputso, li fetoha hammoho le likhoele bakeng sa ho khothatsa tse susumetsang (). Mona, ha ho fanoa ka liphaepe tse lipakeng, nako e telele pakeng tsa C-pulses le T-pulses e lokela ho lumelloa pele T-pulses e sebetsa. Lebaka ke hobane, ho kenyelletsa nako ea ho hlaphoheloa hape ho tloha nako, nako e tlameha ho lumelloa bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea bokhoni ba ts'ebetso ho tloha ntlheng e le 'ngoe ea elektrone ho isa ho e ngoe (, ). Ka ho tlosa nako ea ho kenyelletsa (e khethiloeng ke ts'usumetso e le 'ngoe ea li-electrode) ho tloha nako e mahlonoko ea CT bakeng sa li-pulses tse fanoeng li-electrodes tse fapaneng, re ka hakanya mefuta ea linako tsa conduction mme ra fumana maemo a phallo ea li-conduction bakeng sa baahi ba methapo ea methapo ea pele. Boithuto bo sebelisang mokhoa ona bo bonts'itse hore likhoele tsa moputso o susumetsang o na le li-velocities tse tšoanang kapa tse ts'oanang le tsa likhoele tsa tšusumetso e matlafatsang (). Kahoo paradox ea moputso oa drive ha e rarolloe habonolo motheong oa meeli, linako tse khathollang, li-velocities tsa conduction, kapa tsela ea tlhahiso ea likarolo tse tlase bakeng sa phello e ntle le e susumetsang ea ho susumetsa hoa motlakase oa morao-rao; ho fapana le hoo, ho bonahala eka mochine oa sephetho sa drive o susumetsoang ke morusu oa tšusumetso ea methapo ea methapo e ka ba o ts'oanang kapa o ts'oanang ka mokhoa o ts'oanang oa ts'ebetso ea matlafatso ea tšusumetso.

Bopaki ba pharmacological bo fana ka maikutlo a karolo e tloaelehileng ea moputso oa ts'usumetso ea boko le ts'usumetso e susumetsang; bopaki bona bo fana ka maikutlo a ho nka karolo ho tloaelehileng ha li-dopamine neurons, li-neuron tse se nang nako ea ho ikatisa le litšobotsi tsa velocity ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo empa e le methapo ea karolo ea bobeli kapa ea boraro e theohelang ka tlase ho likhoele tse sebetsang ka kotloloho. Taba ea pele, meputso e susumetsoang ke ts'usumetso le takatso ea bongoana ea hypothalamic e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e fumanoa ke bahanyetsi ba dopamine (-). Ntle le moo, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e tsamaisoa ka ente ea methapo ea methapo ea kutlo (, ) le mu le delta opioid agonists (, ) e hlahisang sisteme ea dopamine (). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ka bobeli li tataisoa ke delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (-). Le ha amphetamine e le sethethefatsi sa anorexigenic, le eona e hlahisa likarolo tsa ts'usumetso e susumetsang () hammoho le moputso oa ho susumetsa ha kelello (), haholoholo ha e kenyellelitsoe tšebetsong ea nyutlelie (, ).

Tšebelisano le dopamine system

Mekhabiso ea karolo ea pele ea moputso oa bongo oa tšusumetso e sebetsa joang le sistimi ea dopamine? Phuputso e 'ngoe e susumetsang ea li-elektrone tse peli e bonts'a hore methapo ea methapo ea pele e qala hantle ho tloha sebakeng se rostral ho ea sebakeng se latelang sa hypothalamic, ho ea fihla kapa ka hare ho sebaka sa tsamaiso ea dopamine. Ho hlohlelletsa ho sebelisoa hape ho sebelisoa li-elektrone tse peli tse hokahaneng ho susumetsa likhoele tse tšoanang lintlheng tse fapaneng bolelele ba tsona, empa ketsahalong ena e 'ngoe ea li-electrodes e sebelisoa e le cathode (e kenang li-cation tse ntle) ho hlakola li-axons tsa sebakeng sa eletso sa elektrode ebe se seng ke sebelisoa e le anode (ho bokella likhoele) ho kopanya li-axon tse tšoanang ntlheng e fapaneng bolelele ba tsona. Kaha ts'usumetso ea methapo e kenyelletsa motsamao oa tlase oa axon ea sebaka sa phasic depolarization, tšusumetso e hloleha haeba e kenella sebakeng sa hyperpolarization. Ha ts'oaetso ea anodal e thibela litla-morao tsa boitšoaro ba cathodal ho bolela hore anode e pakeng tsa cathode le "nerve" terminal. Ka ho fetola cathodal ho tsosa le "anodal blockade" pakeng tsa libaka tse peli tsa li-electrode le ho etsa qeto ea hore na moralo oa ts'ebetso o sebetsa hantle ka tsela efe, re ka tseba hore na tataiso ea tsamaiso ea likhoele tsa mekhahlelo ea pele e sebetsa joang. Teko ena e bonts'a hore bongata ba likhoele tse khothalelitsoeng li tsamaisa melaetsa ea moputso tseleng ea rostral-caudal, e lebisang sebakeng sa moea se oelang ka hare (). Le ha tšimoloho le tšimoloho ea sistimi li ntse li lokela ho tsejoa, mohopolo o le mong ke hore likhoele tsa methati ea pele li emisa sebakeng se khubung ea ventral, li lumellana le lisele tsa dopaminergic moo (); kholo e 'ngoe ke hore methapo ea methapo ea pele e feta sebakeng sa moea ebe e emisa ka mokokotlong oa "patunculopontine tegmental nucleus" e khutlelang liseleng tsa dopamine (). Ka tsela e 'ngoe, bopaki bo bongata bo fana ka maikutlo a hore liphapang tse tšoanang kapa tse tšoanang haholo tsa maselese a mesifa ea morara () ts'oara litlamorao tse khahlisang, le litlamorao tse susumetsang tsa hypothalamic ea morao-rao ka nqane ho sebaka sa sepheo sa moea, le hore li-dopamine neurons tsa sebaka sa karolelano ea mocheso ke sehokela sa tsela ea ho qetela e tloaelehileng bakeng sa litlamorao ka bobeli.

Tlatsetso ea lithethefatsi le moputso

Papatso ea moputso oa drive ha e ikhethang ho lithuto tsa boitšoaro tse susumetsoang ke ts'usumetso ea motlakase; mohlala o mong o kenyelletsa boitšoaro bo susumetsoang ke li-microinjection tsa lithethefatsi. Mohlala, likhoto li tla hatisa kapa li hule nko ho tsamaisa microinjections ea morphine (, ), kapa endo native mu opioid endomorphin () ho kena sebakeng sa ho kenella hare; ba boetse ba ithuta ho ipehela likhetho tsa DAMGO tse khethiloeng le li-delta opioid le DPDPE sebakeng sena sa boko (). Li-muio le li-delta opioids li na le moputso o lekanang le bokhoni ba tsona ba ho kenya tšebetsong sisteme ea dopamine; li-opioid li feta linako tsa 100 tse sebetsang hantle ho feta li-opioid tsa delta ho kenya tšebetsong sisteme ea dopamine () mme, ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, li feta linako tsa 100 tse sebetsang hantle haholo joaloka meputso (). Kahoo li-opioid tsa mu le delta li na le liketso tse khotsofatsang tse hlahisoang ke ts'ebetso (kapa, mohlomong, disinhibition []) ka tšimoloho ea sisteme ea mesocorticolimbic dopamine. Liente tsa ka kotlolloho li-opioid tse kenang kahare ea moea le tsona li hlohlelletsa ho fepa ka likhoto tse matlafatsang le ho e matlafatsa ho ba lapileng. Ho fepa ho hlahisoa ke liente tse tsoang ka hare tsa morphine (-) kapa mu kapa delta opioids (, ). Joalo ka liphetho tsa bona tse khotsofatsang, DAMGO ea opioid ke 100 kapa e sebetsa ka makhetlo a mangata ho feta Delta opioid DPDPD ho fepa e khothalletsang (). Kahoo, moputso le ho fepa li ka khothaletsoa ke ho sebelisa sebaka se le seng sa boko, ho sebelisa lithethefatsi tse ikhethileng haholo ho feta ts'usumetso ea motlakase bakeng sa ho kenya tšebetsong likarolo tse khethehileng tsa neural.

Mohlala o mong o kenyelletsa li-agonists bakeng sa Gaba ea neurotransmitter. Microinjections ea GABA kapa GABAA agonist muscimol ka har'a caudal empa eseng karolo e otlolohileng ea sebaka se senyane sa khubung e khothalletsang ho fepa hoa liphoofolo tse tsofetseng (). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang liente tsa muscimol sebakeng sa caudal empa ha se sebaka sa rostral ventral tegmental se fanang ka moputso (). GABAA bahanyetsi lia khotsofatsa (), le ho etsa hore li-nucleus tsa bokellane tsa dopamine li phahamisoe (); khetlong lena sebaka se sebetsang sa ente ke rostral eseng phalla tikoloho e arohaneng ea mokokotlo, ho fana ka maikutlo a hanyetsanang le li-system tsa GABAergic tse hanyetsanang. Ho fepa ha e e-so ho hlahlojoe le bahanyetsi ba GABA-A likarolong tsena.

Qetellong li-cannabinoids tsa systemic () le li-cannabinoids tse kenyellelitsoeng kahare ho sebaka sa likarolo tse sa sebetseng () li tiisa ka ho lekana ha tsona le li-cannabinoids tsa tsamaiso le tsona li ka matlafatsa phepelo e hlahisoang ke ts'usumetso ea motlakase ea morao-rao ea hypothalamic (). Hape, re fumana liente tse monate le tse khothatsang bakeng sa ho fepa. Hape, sisteme ea mesocorticolimbic dopamine e ea sebetsa; ketsahalong ena li-cannabinoids lia sebetsa (joalo ka meputso, bonyane) sebakeng se kenang sethopo sa moea, moo li sebelisanang le lipallo ho sisteme ea dopamine mme e etsa hore e sebetse., ).

Lithuto tse hlahlojoang kaholimo li kenyelletsa mokhoa o theohelang setulong sa 'mele oa mori ho yin le yen oa tšusumetso: tšusumetso ea ho nka khato ka ts'episo ea moputso pele e ka fumanoa le ho matlafatsoa ha karabelo ea morao-rao le mekhatlo ea khothatso ka ho amohela ka nako moputso, hang ha o se o fumane. Sistimi ena e kenella ka mokhoa o hlakileng ho tloha ho hypothalamus ea morao-rao ho ea ho sisteme ea dopamine — ka linako tse ling e kenyelletsa ho eona kapa ho tsoa ho eona - e leng ea bohlokoa, (le hoja mohlomong e sa hlokahale (, )), karolo ea polelo ea maikemisetso ana ka bobeli () le tlatsetso ena ().

Khopolo-taba

Sisteme ea dopamine, e leng sistimi e kenelletseng liphellong tse mpe tsa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, e ka ameha joang molemong oa ho fumana meputso ee? Monyetla o hlakileng ka ho fetisisa ke hore lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa dopamine li ka tšehetsa mesebetsi ena e fapaneng. Metheo ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso e ka sebetsa mesebetsi e fapaneng e khothalletsoa, ​​pele, ke karohano e sa tsejoeng ea li-nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, le mesocortical system le ka subsystems tse ka har'a tsona. Sisteme ea nigrostriatal e amahanngoa le moetlo oa ts'ebetso, athe mokhoa oa mesolimbic o amana le moputso haholo (, ) le susumetso () sebetsa (empa bona []). Sisteme ea mesocortical e bohlokoa hape mosebetsing oa moputso (-). Li-ventromedial (khetla), li-ventrolatal (konokono) le dorsal striatum — likarolo tse kholo tsa dopamine — li ​​arabela ka mokhoa o fapaneng mefuteng e fapaneng ea meputso le baatlelete ba moputso (-). Lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa ts'ebetso e ka sebetsa mesebetsi e fapaneng li khothaletsoa hape ke taba ea hore ho na le lihlopha tse peli tse akaretsang tsa dopamine receptor (D1 le D2) le litsela tse peli tse hlahisoang ka kotloloho (tse tobileng le tse sa tobang) tse fanang ka khetho. Monyetla o mong o khahlisang, leha ho le joalo, ke hore li-dopamine neurons li ka ts'ehetsa liprofinse tse fapaneng ka ho sebelisa mekhoa e fapaneng ea li-neuronal. Mohlomong phapang e khahlisang haholo ke phapano lipakeng tsa liketsahalo tse peli tsa dopamine neurons: mmuso oa tonic pacemaker le mmuso o phatlohileng oa phasic ().

Ke maemo a phasic a phatlohileng a "dopamine neurons" a nang le bots'epehi ba nakoana ba ho bonts'a ho fihla ha meputso kapa baphatlalatsi ba moputso (). Dopamine neurons e phatloha ka latency e khuts'oane ha meputso kapa mophatlalatsi oa moputso a fumanoa. Hobane li-neurop tsa dopamine li arabela meputso ka boeona ha li sa lebelloa, ho fetola karabelo ea tsona ho ba boletsoeng esale pele ha polelo e ntse e qala, ho fetohile khafetsa ho bona moputso le ponelo-pele ea moputso e nkuoang e le liketsahalo tse ikemetseng (). Maikutlo a mang ke a hore mophatlalatsi oa moputso, ka boemo ba Pavlovia, e ba ntho e matlafatsang le karolo e ikhethileng ea ketsahalo e thabisang (): ka 'nete, hore e fetoha sehlohlolo sa moputso (, ). Ke mokhoa o tloahelehileng oa ho fumana meputso — ebang ke meputso e sa lefelloeng kapa ea maemo a itseng (ba lekanyang meputso) - e hlokang hore ho be le nakoana e khutšoane, phasic, phano e tlatsanang le karabelo. Meputso e fanoang hang-hang ka mor'a karabelo e sebetsa haholo ho feta moputso o isitsoeng motsotsoana o le mong hamorao; phello ea moputso e theoha ka mokhoa o hlakileng e le ts'ebetso ea ho lieha kamora karabelo e e fumanang (). Phasic activation ea dopamine system e tsejoa e hlohlelletsoa ke likatse tse peli tsa thabo: glutamate () le acetylcholine (). E 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea tsena e nka karolo liphellong tse thabisang tsa koae e fumanoeng: glutamatergic le cholinergic ho ts'ebetsong ea dopamine e mong le e mong o tsosoa ke tebello ea moputso oa koae, 'me e' ngoe le e 'ngoe ea lipehelo tsena e tlatselletsa litlamorao tse thabisang tsa koae ka boeona (, ).

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ke liphetoho tse liehang ho fokotseha ha methapo ea kutlo ea li-dopamine le liphetoho tse tlisoang ke dopamine tse atamelaneng le tsona tse amanang le liphetoho tse tlisoang ke takatso ea lijo kapa lithethefatsi. Ho fapana le matlafatso, libaka tse khothatsang ha li ea itšetleha ka nako e khutšoane le nako ea ho arabela. Mebuso e susumetsang e ka haha ​​butle butle mme e ka ts'oarella ka nako e telele, 'me litšobotsi tsena tsa nakoana li kanna tsa bonts'a liphetoho tse liehang ho feta ha tekanyo ea pacemaker ea ho thunya li-neurop tsa dopamine le liphetoho tse liehang maemong a dopamine tsa extracellular. Litlamorao tse susumetsang tsa ho phahamisa litekanyetso tsa dopamine () mohlomong li bontšitsoe hamolemo ho karabelo e khutlisetsang ea lijo le taolo ea lithethefatsi (), moo liphoofolo tse fumaneng koetliso ea ho timela li ka ts'oaroa ke khatello ea maikutlo, ho ja kapa ho theola lithethefatsi, kapa lithahasello tsa maikutlo kapa tse amanang le lithethefatsi ho nchafatsa lijo kapa tse batlang lithethefatsi. E 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea lintho tsena tse qholotsoang ke khatello ea kelello (), lijo () kapa lithethefatsi () priming, le lijo- (kapa lithethefatsi- (, , ) li-cices tse amanang le tsona li phahamisa maemo a dopamine tsa extracellular tsa metsotso kapa mashome a metsotso. Ka hona liphetoho tse fetotsoeng ha ho letsoa ha pacemaker ea dopaminergic neurons ke tsona phepelo ea maikutlo ea ho qala likarabo tse ithutoang tsa lijo kapa lithethefatsi tse lemalloang.

Le ha litlhaloso tsa pherekano ea moputso oa drive li sa lula li sa netefatsoa, ​​lithuto tse hlahlojoang ka holimo li fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso ea ho khanna le ea moputso e kopantsoe ke ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea ho theoha ha methapo ea methapo ea methapo e ka tlung kapa ka kotloloho e sebetsa. Polelo e bonolo ka ho fetisisa ke hore dopamine e sebeletsa tšebetso e akaretsang ea maiketsetso e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho tsamaisa le ho matlafatsa. Sena se lumellana le 'nete ea hore dopamine ea extracellular e bohlokoa bakeng sa boits'oaro bohle, joalo ka ha ho netefalitsoe ke akinesia ea liphoofolo tse nang le "depo" tsa dopamine tse haufi.). Tekanyetso e ikemetseng ea karabo e ikemetseng maemong a dopamine a kantle ho karolo (e amanang le ho fokotseha ha tonic ea sistimi ea dopamine) e etsa hore ho be le keketseho mesebetsing e akaretsang, mohlomong ka ho eketsa sekhahla sa buka le sepheo se susumetsang se etsang hore lipatlisiso tsa Patlovian li ithute le ho ithuta likarabo tse sebetsang.-). Ponong ena, keketseho ea litekanyetso tsa dopamine ea tonic e hlahisoang ke lijo kapa litabatabelo tsa lithethefatsi ke khafetsa khafetsa ea litakatso tse nkehang kapa "litlhokahalo." Ho eketseha ho hanyetsanang le maemo a dopamine a nakoana a amanang le ho thunya ha phasic ea setempe sa dopamine ka ts'usumetso le Mekhatlo ea karabo, ka mokhoa o hlakileng ka ho matlafatsa kopants'o ea letšoao le ntseng le sebetsa le kopanyang mohopolo oa nakoana oa mekhatlo ena (, ). Le ha pono ena e ts'oants'a hore maemo a fetohang a dopamine a fetohang a tsamaisana le litlamorao, o tiisa hore litlamorao e le tsa mantlha; ke feela kamora ho bonoa ha lijo kapa mokoloto oa karabelo a hokahantsoeng le litlamorao tse matlafatsang tsa lijo tseo kapa sethethefatsi se lemalloang moo lijo kapa joala e bang tšusumetso e susumetsang e ka ntšang takatso ea ho lakatsa le ho hohela. Taba ea mona ke hore ke litlamorao tsa yesteday tsa lijo kapa lithethefatsi tse itseng tse thehisang litakatso tsa kajeno tsa lijo kapa sethethefatsi sena.

Ho phethela litlhaloso

Ha se feela hore tšebeliso e matla ea lijo tse matla haholo e ea qobella ebile e lula e le teng ha ho e-ba le litlamorao tse mpe tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore ho nona ho tlatsetsa ho tlisoang ke ho lemalla. Ho thata ho nahana hore na khetho ea tlholeho e ka be e bakile mokhoa o feng oa lithethefatsi ha mehloli e matlafatsang ea lithethefatsi le bokhoni ba ho li tsuba kapa ho li kenya ka bongata haholo ke liketsahalo tse sa tsoa etsahala nalaneng ea rona ea ho iphetola ha lintho. Ho natefeloa ha lithethefatsi le ho batlana le lijo ho hloka ho tsamaisana ho tšoanang, 'me ka hona, mekhoa ea bona e arolelanang tsela e tloaelehileng. Tsena ka bonngoe li amana le litakatso tsa subjective 'me e' ngoe le e 'ngoe e ea tlas'a ho satiety ha nakoana. E 'ngoe le e' ngoe e kenyelletsa ho potoloha hoa letlalo ho tlatsetsang ka matla ho khothalletsong le ho matlafatsong, ho potoloha ho kenelletseng ka matla ho theheng litloaelo tse matla tsa matla (, -). Ha ho ntse ho na le tjantjello e ntle ho seo re ka ithutang sona ka botenya ho tsoa lithuto tsa ho lemalla.), hape e tla ba ho khahlisang ho bona seo re ka ithutang sona ka ho lemalla ho tsoa lithutong tsa botena le takatso ea lijo. Mohlala, li-neuron tsa hypothalamic / hypocretin li khothaletse likarolo tsa ho fepa () le moputso () 'me hoa tsebahala hore moputso oa ts'ebetso ea boko (), joalo ka moputso oa lijo () e ka fetoloa ka peripheral satiety hormone leptin. Mekhoa e mecha ea optogenetic () lumella tumellano e matla ea ho khetha ea potoloho e khothalletsoang ho feta ts'usumetso ea motlakase, 'me re ts'epahale hore mekhoa ena e ka ntšetsa pele kutloisiso ea rona ea tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le ho tsietsana ka matla le ho rarolla mofere-fere oa moputso.

lumela hore baa fokola

Litokisetso tsa buka ena e ngotsoeng ka letsoho li ile tsa tšehetsoa ka mokhoa oa moputso ke Lenaneo la Lipatlisiso la Intramural, National Insititute on Drug Abuse, Institutes of National Health.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

 

Liphatlalatso tsa Lichelete

Sengoli ha se tlalehe lithahasello tsa lichelete tse sa lumellaneng kapa likhohlano tse ka bang teng.

 

 

Boitlhotlhollo ba Mohoeletsi: Ena ke faele ea PDF ea mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho o sa amoheloang o amoheletsoeng bakeng sa ho hatisoa. Joaloka tšebeletso ho bareki ba rona re fana ka phetolelo ena ea pele ea mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho. Mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho o tla ba le ho kopitsa, ho kenya lihlopha le ho hlahloba bopaki bo hlahang pele o hatisoa ka mokhoa oa oona oa ho qetela. Ka kopo hlokomela hore nakong ea mekhoa ea tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa e ka fumanoa e ka amang litaba, le litsebiso tsohle tsa molao tse sebetsang koranteng e amanang le eona.

 

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