Dyshomeostasis, botenya, ho lemala le khatello e sa foleng (2016)

Bophelo bo botle Psychol e Bulehile. 2016 Jan; 3 (1): 2055102916636907.

E hatisitsoe Inthaneteng 2016 Mar 28. doi: 10.1177/2055102916636907

PMCID: PMC5193275

David F Marks¹

inahaneloang

Ha taolo ea ho ja e apareloa ke moputso oa hedonic, ho ba le boemo ba ho ba le botenya dyshomeostasis. Moputso o monate oa hedonic ke karabelo ea tlholeho tikolohong ea obesogenic e nang le khatello ea kelello le lijo tse fumanehang habonolo le tse matlafatsang tse fumanehang habonolo. Obesity dyshomeostasis e kenella pakeng tsa cortex ea pele, amygdala le hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The axrelin axis e fana ka mokhoa o nepahetseng oa ho supa oa ho fepa dyshomeostasis, ho ama taolo le moputso oa hedonic. Dyshomeostasis e bapala karolo ea mantlha ho kholiseho ea botena, litumelo le maemo a sa foleng le ho batho ba 'mele o fapaneng. Boiteko ba ho thibela le ho alafa kalafo bo shebileng mehloli ea dyshomeostasis e fana ka mekhoa ea ho fokotsa ho amohela batho, ho ntlafatsa litšusumetso tsa bophelo bo botle le ho phahamisa boleng ba bophelo ba batho ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo e sa feleng.

Keywords: temallo, khatello ea maikutlo e sa feleng, Circle of Discontent, dyshomeostasis, ghrelin, moputso oa hedonic, botenya

Homeostasis e teng hohle ka tlhaho le lintho tsohle tse phelang. E etsahala kahare ho libopuoa ka bomong, boiketlong ba sechaba le tikolohong. Boemong ba biochemical, 'meleng, kelellong le sechabeng, ts'ebetso e boreleli ea lintho tse phetseng hantle e itšetleha ka ts'ebetso e atlehileng ea homeostasis. Leha ho le joalo, kae kapa kae moo ho nang le homeostasis, ho na le monyetla oa dyshomeostasis. Ha homeostasis e senyeha, boiketlo ba motho ka mong, lelapa kapa sechaba se kenngoa kotsing. Haufinyane, ho ile ha sebelisoa molao-motheo oa dyshomeostasis ho hlalosang botena (botenya)Letšoao, 2015).

Bothata ba mahlale a bohlokoa ke ho utloisisa hore na botenya bo ka etsahala joang sebakeng sa pele le maemong a lefats'e a teng ka nako ea joale. Ho bile le sekheo sa mohopolo mabapi le botena bo fetolang monahano le monahano. Ketsahalo e atileng hakana e ke ke ea hlalosoa ke saense. Kea lumela, ke tsela e bonolo empa e hlokomolohuoang: botenya ke mofuta oa dyshomeostasis. Sehloohong sena, ke hlakisa litekanyetso tsa mantlha mabapi le motheo oa neurobiological oa botena bo fetolehang (OD) mme re tšohla litaba tse hlahisitsoeng ke babuelli ba maikutlo (Annunziato le Grossman, 2016; Brindal le Wittert, 2016; DiClemente le Delahanty, 2016; Markey et al., 2016; Pelletier et al., 2016; Piko le Brassai, 2016; Roosen le Mills, 2016; Rosenbaum le Bosoeu, 2016).

Monate oa litoro

Tlhaloso e amoheloang ea ho nona haholo le botenya e bile Tlhahiso ea Energy Balance Theory (EBT) moo phaello ea boima e le phello ea tšebeliso ea matla e seng ka tlase ho ts'ebeliso ea matla. Mokhoa ona oa ho sebetsa o ile oa lebisa ho ho tepelletseng hoa morao-rao ka ho bala le ho ja khalori (E tšoaea et al., 2015). Ke nnete hore ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele ka nako e khuts'oane ho ka fumaneha ka mokhoa o fe kapa o fe oa ho fokotsa khalori, empa ha nako e ntse e ea, lithuto li bontša hore ho bala khalori ha ho amanngoe le ho fokotsa boima ba' mele haholo. Lebaka le leng la sephetho sena ke hore likhalori tsohle ha li lekane (Feinman le Fine, 2004). Haeba u ja palo e lekanang ea likhalori tsa protheine, mafura le lik'habohaedreite, lits'ebetso tsa metabolic li fapane, 'me likhalori tse tsoang mafura li ka qetella li le lethekeng la hau kaha lik'hilojule tse fokolang li chesoa ke phello ea thermic ea ho ja. Boleng le mofuta oa lijo tseo motho a li jang o susumetsa litsela tse fapaneng tse amanang le boima ba homeostasis, joalo ka moputso oa boko, tlala, likarabo tsa glucose-insulin, satiety, adipocyte function, ts'ebeliso ea metabolic le micobiome. Likhalori tsohle ha li lekane: Lijo tse ling li sitisa mekhoa ea boima ba homeostasis mme tse ling li khothaletsa botsitso ba taolo ea boima. Ka kakaretso, EBT ke mokhoa o hlalositsoeng ka mokhoa o fetelletseng, o hlalosang o khothalelitseng molato oa ho beha molato le ho khesoa, o sa entseng letho ho fokotsa ho ata ha botenya (E tšoaea et al., 2015). E mong a ka re, e ile ea e eketsa.

E amanang le EBT ke maikutlo a hore botenya le boima ba 'mele ke litlamorao tsa ho se sebetse. Tumelo ena e ikarabella bakeng sa ho soetseha ho hoholo har'a batho ba loanelang ho theola boima ba 'mele haholo. Monna oa 100-kg o hloka ho matha ka 20 km beke le beke ho fihlela boima ba 85 kg. Leha ho le joalo, sephetho sena se ka nka lilemo tse ka bang 5 se sebelisa boikoetliso bo le bong. Seo se ka bolela ho matha 5000 km, karolo ea borobeli ea potoloho ea polanete, ka lilemo tse 5 ho lahleheloa ke 15 kg (E tšoaea et al., 2015). Mohlomong ha ho makatse hore ebe bahlahlobisisi ba hlophisehileng ba fihletse qeto ea hore ho eketsa ts'ebetso ea 'mele (ho ikoetlisa) ho kenelletseng lijo bakeng sa batho ba batenya ho na le phello, haeba e le teng, e bakang ho theola boima ba' mele ka kakaretso (Loveman et al., 2011; Lekhotla la Sweden mabapi le Teknoloji ea Bophelo bo Botle, 2013).

Ho sitoa ha EBT ho fana ka mehato e sebetsang ea nako e telele bakeng sa kalafo ea botenya kapa thibelo e bonts'a mongoli enoa hore mokhoa oa ho leka-lekanya matla o haella. Ke khopolo e hlalosang hantle ea phetisetso ea matla kahare le kantle ho mmele empa e hloleha ho re joetsa esale pele hore na hobaneng motho e mong le e mong a tla ba le botenya ho fapana le e mong. EBT e oela, eseng feela ka lebaka la ho haelloa ke matla a hlalosang empa hape hobane e entse hampe ka ho khetholla batho ba boima haholo ba ileng ba jarisoa molato oa ho ba 'meharo' le 'ho ba botsoa'. EBT ha e sa nkoa e le thuso ho utloisisa ka botlalo botenya 'me e lokela ho tlohela mosebetsi.

Kenya khopolo ea homeostasis. Khopolo ea Circle of Discontent (COD) e fana ka maikutlo a hore taolo ea lapeng ea ho ja e ka khathatsoa tlasa maemo a bophelo ba sejoale-joale moo likarolo tse kholo tsa baahi li pepesetsoang khatello ea maikutlo le likotsi tse mpe ha ka nako e ts'oanang li ntse li fanoa ka lijo tse theko e tlase. le lijo tse nang le tsoekere. Tlas'a maemo a hatellehang joalo, khatello ea maikutlo le khatello e mpe e tsamaisoa ke ho ja ho matla ka lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata, tse nang le mafura a mangata kapa a tsoekere, ka mokhoa o sa foleng oa sesosa sa botena. Ka nako e telele e senang nako, OD e na le tšusumetso e mpe haholo ho bophelo bo botle ba 'mele le kelello' me e amahanngoa le metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance / lefu la pelo, lefu la pelo, kankere, lefu la mafura, lefu la polycystic ovarian, khatello ea maikutlo le maemo a mang a mangata ao ha e fetohe habonolo, kapa ha e fetohe.

Motheo oa lefu la botenya

Sebaka sa pele sa ho batla tlhaloso ea OD ke neurobiology. Ho motho ea motenya ka ho fetesisa ho na le ho sa tsamaeeng hantle tsamaisong ea psychoneuroendocrinal. Ho hlakile hore mekhoa e ikarabellang bakeng sa taolo ea ho fepa e sitisitsoe. Empa pherekano ke ea mofuta ofe? Mme hobaneng motho a le mong eseng e mong?

Ho nona haholo ho etsahala ka lebaka la ho sitisoa hoa mekhoa ea lapeng e laolang taolo ea lijo. Ha o sebetsana le bongata ba maemo a bongaka a amehileng ka saense ea bongaka le ea bongaka, mohopolo oa ho se leka-lekane ha homeostasis ke oa khale haholo. Ho tloha likhopolo tsa khale tsa Hippocrates le Galen, nalane ea bongaka ea bongaka e 'nile ea amahanngoa le molao-motheo oa dyshomeostasis. Ho ka makatsang ke hore dyshomeostasis ha e e-so ho boleloe e le sesosa sa botena. Ho tse latelang, taba ea dyshomeostasis ea botenya e tla hlakisoa. Ho ts'oana ho khahlisang ho tla totobala lipakeng tsa ho ja le mefuta e meng ea tšebeliso e itšetlehileng ka mekhoa e ts'oanang ea neurobiological: bokhoba ba nicotine, joala le lithethefatsi tse seng molaong le bokhoba ba boitšoaro. Likarolo tse latelang li tšohla mekhoa e tsejoang ea bioloji e amanang le litaba tsa kelello le tsa sechaba tse kenyellelitsoeng ho 'COD'. Ka ho etsa joalo, monyetla oa ho alima 'lense e kopantsoeng ea biopsychosocial' e amoheloa joalo ka ha ho khothaletsoe ke Rosenbaum le White (2016).

Dyshomeostasis ea phepo ea batho

Tikolohong e khothalletsang ho se khotsofale ho khotsofatsang ha litho tsa 'mele, ho tepella maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo, li-loops tsa maikutlo a lapeng li hlahisa tšebeliso e feteletseng ea lijo tse se nang phepo tse phetseng hantle tse fetang nako e telele li baka botenya ho palo e kholo ea batho ba tlokotsing. Lithuto tse ngata tsa kliniki likarolong tse fapaneng tsa bongaka li bonts'a karolo ea mantlha ea homeostasis ts'ebetsong e phetseng hantle le litlamorao tsa dyshomeostasis. Homeostasis e ka tlatselletsoa haholo kapa ea fetisoa ka bongata haholo ka ho kenella kapa ho hlahisa lintho tse sitisang tšebetso ea eona e tloaelehileng: 'Boitšoaro ba homeostatic ba babusi ba thellisang boa senyeha ha ho na le tšenyo e kholo e sa laoleheng, athe babusi ba phallang ba lahla boits'oaro ba bona ba homeosting moo ho nang le boholo bo sa laoleheng lihahahlapha '(Drengstig et al., 2012). Homeostasis e ka khathatsoa kae kapa kae, 'me litšila li tla etsahala ka ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng (Richards, 1960).

Ho na le mehlala e mengata ea dyshomeostasis kalafong ea bongaka. E tsebahalang ho litsebi tsa kelello, Hans Selye o tlaleha hore khatello e phehellang ea tikoloho (mohlala, mocheso o feteletseng), hammoho le karabelo ea lihormone tse amanang le homeostatic, e baka likotsi tsa tiske hoo a ileng a re ke 'lefu la ho ikamahanya le maemo' (Selye, 1946). Intestinal homeostasis e putlama le lefu la ho ruruha la matsoele (Maloy le Powrie, 2011) le ho tikoloho ea tlhaho ea kokoana-hloko ea meno e bakang lefu la meno (Marsh, 1994). Mofuta ona oa dyshomeostasis o ka bakoa ke ts'oaetso ea lehae le ho ruruha le ho hlahisa mathata a amang lits'ebetso tsa methapo le endocrine (Maynard et al., 2012). Tekano e fetotsoeng lipakeng tsa phyla e 'ngoe ea baktheria e kholo ea baktheria, Bacteroidetes le Firmicutes, e amana le maemo a kliniki. Ka har'a microbiota ea ka mpeng, botenya bo amahantsoe le ho fokotseha ho ba teng ha "bacteroidetes" le ho ba teng hoa "actinobacteria" ka bongata.Ley, 2010; Turnbaugh le Gordon, 2009). Kamalov et al. (2010) e fana ka tlhahiso ea hore ho na le maikutlo a ho felloa ke pelo ka pelo. Craddock et al. (2012) o khothalelitse hypothesis ea zinc dyshomeostasis ea lefu la Alzheimer's.

Homeostasis regulation kahare ho tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo le e bohareng e amanang le taolo ea phepelo. Libaka tsa cortical tse fanang ka tšusumetso ea maikutlo le boits'oaro phepelong ea lijo li fana ka lipehelo ho bokellane ba dinose (NAc) le sebaka sa morao-rao sa hypothalamic (LHA) ke sebaka sa tšusumetso ea homeostatic le circadian (Saper et al., 2002). Lihormone tse kang leptin li potoloha ho lekana le boima ba mafura a 'mele, li kena bokong' me li sebetse lits'ebetsong tsa methapo e laolang ho ja lijo (Morton et al., 2006). Ka liketso tse tobileng le tse sa tobang, ho nahanoa hore leptin e fokotsa pono ea moputso oa lijo ha e ntse e ntlafatsa karabelo ho matšoao a satiety a hlahisoang nakong ea ts'ebeliso ea lijo a thibelang ho fepa le ho lebisang ho feliseng lijo.

Hormone e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa ke ghrelin eo e leng eona feela mammalian peptide hormone e khonang ho eketsa takatso ea lijo. Ho khahlisang, ghrelin e boetse e sebetsana le maikutlo a matla le khatello ea maikutlo (Labarthe et al., 2014; Müller et al., 2015). Nakong ea khatello ea maikutlo e sa feleng, secretion ea ghrelin e eketsang ho ja hoa maikutlo ka ho sebetsa maemong a sistimi ea hedonic / moputso. Joalokaha ghrelin e na le ts'ebetso e tšoenyang ho arabela khatello ea maikutlo, karabelo ena e tsitsitseng e ka thusa ho laola ho tšoenyeha ho feteletseng le ho thibela khatello ea maikutlo (Labarthe et al., 2014). Bophelong bo batsi, liphuputso li bonts'itse bokhoni bo fokotsehileng ba ho bokella ghrelin ho arabela khatello ea maikutlo kapa bohareng ba moea bo hanyetsanang le boemo ba hedonic / moputso bo ka hlalosang ho se khone ho sebetsana le matšoenyeho le khatello e eketsehileng ea khatello ea maikutlo (Setšoantšo sa 1). Morao tjena, liphuputso li bontšitse hore batho ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo ba eketsehile menyetla ea botena le mathata a ho ja (Letšoao, 2015).

Setšoantšo sa 1.

Setšoantšo sa 1.

Model of hedonic / Karabelo ea moputso ho ghrelin kamora khatello ea maikutlo e sa feleng mabapi le ho tšoenyeha le khatello ea maikutlo.

Ntle le leptin le ghrelin, man messengersosa a mang a lipid a fetolang ho fepa ka ho romela melaetsa a tsoang ka mpeng a ea bokong a fumanoe. Mohlala, oleoylethanolamine e amahantsoe le taolo ea boleng ba moputso oa lijo bokong (Lo Verme et al., 2005; Tellez et al., 2013). Limpisi li fepa lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata li bile le maemo a tlase haholo a oleoylethanolamine ka mala a tsona, 'me ha lia ka tsa lokolla dopamine e ngata ha e bapisoa le litoeba tse jang lijo tse mafura a tlase. Kahoo, liphetoho lipakeng tsa 'mele tse hlahisoang ke mafura a lijo tse feteletseng e ka ba lebaka le leng le ikarabellang bakeng sa ho ja ho feta tekano linthong tsa botenya.Tellez et al., 2013).

Khopolo ea OD e tiisa hore botenya bo bakoa ke ts'ebetso ea moputso oa hedonic, e etselitsoeng ho khothatsa khatello ea maikutlo e sa feleng, ho tšoenyeha le khatello ea maikutlo, ho fetella homeostasis. Ka har'a mohopolo oa OD, COD (Letšoao, 2015) E bapisoa haholo le mohlala oa karabelo ea hedonic / moputso ho ghrelin (Labarthe et al., 2014; Setšoantšo sa 1).^¹ The Labarthe et al. Moetso o na le likarolo tse ling tse sa hlakang le ho pheta-pheta mefuta ea lintho tse ka qojoang. Ho Setšoantšo sa 2, 'khatello ea maikutlo e sa foleng' le 'matšoenyeho / khatello ea maikutlo' li kopantsoe mohahong o le mong, 'tse mpe tse mpe'. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, maemong a botena, 'moputso / karabelo ea hedonic' le 'ho ja maikutlong' le tsona ke ts'ebetso e le 'ngoe. Ka liphetoho tsena, ho ka bonoa hore sebopeho se bonolo sa daemane ea COD se tsoa mohlaleng oa Labarthe (Setšoantšo sa 2). Mohlala oa Labarthe et al. (2014) e fana ka COD le moralo ka hare ho neurochemistry.

Setšoantšo sa 2.

Setšoantšo sa 2.

Karolo e ka bang teng ea ghrelin ho boteng ba dyshomeostasis le sisteme ea moputso oa hedonic ho amelisation ea ama tse mpe, khatello ea maikutlo e sa feleng, matšoenyeho le khatello ea maikutlo.

Phetohelo ea khopolo ea OD ka neurobiology

Ka setso, taolo ea ho fepa e kopantsoe le hypothalamus (Kelley et al., 2005). Lintho tse potolohang maling li fetola tšebetso ea li-neurons tse utloisang matla bokong bo arcuate, bo fetolang litloaelo tse lebisitsoeng ho lijo ka ts'ebetso ea bona ea liphetho ho tsoa libakeng tsa hypothalamic tsa morao-rao ho ea litsamaisong tsa thalamocortical, li-activator tse bohareng ba motlakase le lijenereithara tsa mohlala. Ho na le khokahano ea litlatsetso ho tsoa ho amygdala, prefrontal cortex (PFC) le NAc shell e lumellang phetoho e tobileng ea mekhoa ea ho fepa e thehiloeng ho lets'oao la tlhokomeliso le le ananelang. Mekhoa ena ea ts'usumetso ea taolo ea ho fepa e fana ka sebaka sa ho kena COD. Ha maemo a tikoloho a (a) obesogenic, ka lebaka la phepelo e fumanehang ea lijo tse matlafatsang haholo; (b) khatello ea maikutlo, ka lebaka la ho ba le sekhobo, khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho; le (c) ho tlisa khotsofalo ea 'mele, ka lebaka la bophelo bo bobebe ba setjhaba, re na le metsoako eohle e hlokahalang bakeng sa boteng ba botena. Ho latela khopolo ea OD, ts'ebetso ea kelello le e ananelang ea COD e feta tšebetso ea methapo e laolang ho fepa le homeostasis ea matla.

Amygdala, PFC le NAc li nka karolo taolong ea bobeli e amang le ho fepa. Amygdala e na le sehlopha sa li-nuclei tse kenyellelitsoeng ho ithuteng maikutlo le ho bua, karolo ea bohlokoa ea motheo oa maikutlo. Tšenyo ea ho amygdala e ka lebisa tebelong e kholo ea pono le maikutlo, ho sitisoa ke ho ithuta maikutlong, bofokoli ponong ea maikutlo a hlalosoang hantle le memori e sa sebetseng bakeng sa liketsahalo tsa maikutlo (Cardinal le al., 2002).

Har'a batho ba baholo ba banyenyane, ho fumanoe hore bokhoni ba ho laola ka boomo ho ama hampe, ho etsa hore ho be le likarabo tse sebetsang liphihlelong tse sithabetsang, ho kenella libakeng tsa PFC le amygdala. Urry et al. (2006) le lekesitse hore na likarabo tsa PFC le amygdala nakong ea molawana oa maikutlo li bolela sebopeho sa diurnal sa secretion sa salivary cortisol. Ba boetse ba lekile hore na libaka tsa PFC le amygdala li kenya letsoho ho laoleng maikutlo ho batho ba baholo (62-64 years). Ba lekanya ts'ebetso ea boksi ba sebelisa monahano o sebetsang oa matla a matla a matlafatso ho nka karolo ha barupeluoa ba laetse (ka ho eketsa kapa ka ho fokotsa) likarabo tsa bona tse amanang le tsona kapa ba ea ho maikutlo a mabe a setšoantšo. Urry et al. e boetse e bokelletse disampole tsa mathe bakeng sa beke ea 1 lapeng bakeng sa assort ea cortisol. Keketseho e mpe e mpe e bakile libaka tsa ventral lateral, dorsolateral le dorsomedial libakeng tsa PFC le activation ea amygdala. Khokahano e boletsoeng esale pele lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko ho PFC le amygdala e etsahetse ha e ntse e fokotsa lits'usumetso tse mpe ka laboratoring le taolong ea diurnal ea ts'ebetso ea endocrine tikolohong ea lapeng (Urry et al., 2006). Bangoli ba phethela ka hore ho kopanya tšebetsong pakeng tsa PFC le amygdala ho etsa hore ho be le taolo e ntle ea maikutlo a fosahetseng le ts'ebetso ea potoloho ea PFC-amygdala nakong ea taolo ea litšusumetso tse mpe tse boletsoeng esale pele ho laola nako e telele ea ts'ebetso ea endocrine e ka bang bohlokoa ho bophelo bo botle le bophelo bo botle.

Ka khopolo ea OD, ho ama hampe ho baka ho fepa ho eketsehileng. Kamano ena ea ho qhekella e etsoa ke 'nete ea hore sistimi e laolang hampe e ama, li-axoth tsa hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) le tsona li laola ho fepa, ka hona ts'ebetso e' ngoe le e 'ngoe e susumetsa e' ngoe ka ho phahamisa tšebeliso e eketsehileng (Maniam le Morris, 2012). Lintho tse mpe tse amang litšusumetso tse matla li eketsa ho khothaletsa lijo le ho eketsa boima ba 'mele ho batho (Dallman et al., 2003). Ho litoeba, khatello ea maikutlo e sa foleng e hlahisa ho fokotseha ha corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA ho hypothalamus. Batho ba tepelletseng maikutlong ba nang le ho ja ho feta tekano ba fokotsehile ka CRF ea calbrospinal, ho tsepamisa maikutlo ka catecholamine, le mosebetsi oa HPA Tumellanong le mohopolo oa COD, ho khothalelitsoe hore batho ba je lijo tse matlafatsang molemong oa ho fokotsa tšebetso ea khokahano ea khatello ea maikutlo e sa foleng le matšoenyeho a eona a mosebeletsi (Dallman et al., 2003, 2004).

Ho nona ho amahanngoa le meferefere ea neuroendocrine, eo ho eona axis ea HPA e phethang karolo ea mantlha. Mokokotlo oa HPA o susumetsoa ke tšusumetso e mpe e amanang le "discrete", linako tse phahameng tsa cortisol (Björntorp le Rosmond, 2000). Ho hlohlelletsa nako e telele ea HPA ho lateloa ke tšilafalo e tsoelang pele ea mekhoa e laolang ho ja le ho ama. Litlamorao tse hlahisoang ke neuroendocrine - endocrine perturbation ka HPA axis ke ho hanyetsa insulin le ho bokella mafura a mmele. Tsena ke litlamorao tsa cortisol e kopantsoeng le secretion e fokotsehileng ea kholo le sephiri sa li-hormone tsa thobalano. Liphetho tsa liphetoho tsena ke hypothalamic arousal le metabolic syndrome. Taolo ea karabelo ea selepe sa HPA e na le boemo ba bohlokoa mokokotlong oa liketsahalo ka taolo e kopantsoeng le li-receptors tsa glucocorticoid (Björntorp le Rosmond, 2000).

Litlamorao tsa ho ama hampe, ebang ke ka mokhoa oa ho tšoenyeha, khatello ea maikutlo kapa khatello ea maikutlo, li fetoloa ke PFC e lekang, e lekole, e fetole le ho lekola boithati le lefatše le kantle ho kenyelletsa likarabo ponahalong ea 'mele oa hona joale. Ho se khotsofale ha 'mele oa motho hang-hang ke sehlahisoa se hlokolosi le se nahanang se thehiloeng tlhokomelong ea kelello le boits'oaro bo hlakileng ba litšobotsi tsa' mele le maikutlo a motho ka tsena. Ho arabela, axero ea HPA e hlahisa li-glucocorticoids tse laolang homeostasis ea ts'ebeliso.

Ntle le ts'ebetso ea likarabo tsa khatello ea kelello ke maqhubu a HPA, liphuputso tsa morao tjena li hlokometse hore ho na le mokhoa o mong oa ho arabeloa ha likarabo tsa khatello ea maikutlo ha o potoloha ghrelin, hormone ea peptide, e sebetsang ho amygdala (Meyer et al., 2014). Re khutlela karolong ea ghrelin hamorao sehloohong sena.

Motheong oa tlhahlobo ea bopaki bo kaholimo, tlhaloso ea nakoana ea methapo ea kutlo ea COD e akaretsoa ho Setšoantšo sa 3. Moetso o bonts'a litheko tsa karohano lipakeng tsa cortex ea pele, amygdala, axis ea HPA le phallo ea visceral e le babuelli ba ho se khotsofale ha 'mele, tšusumetso e mpe, boits'oaro ba ho ja le botenya.

Setšoantšo sa 3.

Setšoantšo sa 3.

Mohlala oa motheo oa neurobiological oa Circle of Discontent.

Bopaki ba neurobiology bo fana ka maikutlo a hore homeostasis ea ho ja e ka fetisoa ke ts'ebetso ea moputso oa hedonic e sebetsang ho imolla khatello ea kelello ka ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ea lijo tse matlafatsang (Setšoantšo sa 4). Ntle le moo, ho ja ho laoloa ke khokahano e rarahaneng ea neural ho kenyelletsa le tsela ea mesocorticolimbic, e nang le sebaka sa likarolo tsa sephethephethe, NAc, amygdala, hippocampus le PFC. Likarolo tsena ke likarolo tse nyane tsa thabo, thabo, takatso, boiphihlelo, khotsofalo ea mmele le boits'oaro 'me li na le tšusumetso e kholo mokhoeng oa ho ja ebile li ka hlahisa ho ja haholo. Sistimi ea hedonic e ata le ho sitisa taolo ea homeostatic ha ho e-na le tšusumetso e mpe e sa feleng le ho fumaneha ha lijo tse matlafatsang tse matla. Ho batho ba batenya, ho ja ho fetella ho hlahisoa ke COD, mokhoa o thata oa ho itaola oa moputso oa hedonic ho imolla khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha le khatello ea maikutlo tse bapisoang le, empa li sa tšoane le ts'ebeliso ea bokoali, joala le lithethefatsi. hara basebelisi ba lemalloang.

Setšoantšo sa 4.

Setšoantšo sa 4.

Tšebelisano ea homeostatic le hedonic taolo ea lijo.

Ho kena le ho tsoa COD

Potso ea bohlokoa e mabapi le ho kena le ho tsoa ho COD (DiClemente le Delahanty, 2016). Ke mang ea kenang Circle ka lekhetlo la pele, ke mang ea lulang mme ke mang ea tlohang, mme ke monyako o potolohang? Ho na le litebello life, hang ha u le ka har'a Circle, ea ho etsa phetoho e ntle?

Mosebetsi oa bohlokoa mabapi le phetoho ea boits'oaro bo amanang le bophelo bo botle o entsoe ke sehlopha sa DiClemente (DiClemente, 2003; DiClemente et al., 2015). Haeba mohopolo o lokela ho ba le boleng bo hlalosang ba nnete, litaba tsena li hloka ho rarolloa ke mohopolo oa homeostasis. Joalokaha ho boletse DiClemente le Delahanty (2016),

Phephetso ke ho utloisisa hore na mathata a mantlha a ho hokahana a ka susumetsa ba bang joang hore ba ho ja ho feta tekano kapa ho ipolaisa tlala, ba bang ho ts'ebelisano le lithethefatsi, ba bang ba sithabetse maikutlo kapa ho tšoenyehe, 'me ba bang ba be litsebi tse atlehileng. Ho ipapisitse le hore na liphihlelo, tikoloho, tsebo le menyetla li sefa liphihlelo tsa pele joang le ho susumetsa ho ea pele molemong oa phetoho liphellong tsena tse fapaneng.

Tlhahiso ea Homeostasis ea Obesity e hlalosa lits'ebetso tse peli tsa bohlokoa, COD le Motivation and Energy Mobilization (MEM) (Setšoantšo sa 5). Ka COD, maemo a ho se khotsofale ha 'mele, tšusumetso e mpe le tšebeliso e matla ea matla a felloa ke matla. Khokahano ea bohlokoa Circle e pakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le ho ja lijo tsa boiketlo (Dallman et al., 2003). Ts'ebetsong ea MEM, ts'usumetso e theotsoeng e baka liphetoho phetohong, ho ja lijo le ts'ebetso, tse bakang liphokotso ho phela hantle, ho sisinyeha le ho ama tse ntle. Ho rarahana ho theha mekhoa e metle ea ho ja, maemo a tlase a ts'ebetso, ho ama hampe, ho nona haholo le botenya.

Setšoantšo sa 5.

Setšoantšo sa 5.

Obesity dyshomeostasis: e bakang ho nona haholo le botenya, ho fana ka maikutlo a mangata a hlokahalang bakeng sa ho lekana hoa sitisoa ke tsamaiso ea moputso oa hedonic.

Hangata ho nahanoa kelellong ea kelello hore botenya bo bakoa haholo ke 'liphetoho tsa bophelo'. Taba ena, leha ho le joalo, ha e jaroe ke bopaki. Bakhanni ba bangata ba sutumelletsa motho ho keneng Circle. Re ka sebelisa papiso ea lotto moo batho ba abetsoeng litekete. Boholo ba litekete li fanoa ka linako tse fapaneng tse boima mokhatlong oa bophelo ho tloha nakong ea kemolo. Litekete li na le lintlha tsa liperesente ho latela bohlokoa ba tsona e le limmapa tsa botenya. Nako efe kapa efe, index ea 'mele ea motho (BMI) e tsamaellana ka tsela e lekanang le palo eohle ea' manonyeletso a ho nona 'ao a a fuoeng. Morero oa merero ea ho kenyelletsa botenya o bontšoa ho Lethathamo 1.

Boikemisetso ba botenya libakeng tse kholo tsa ho kena ho Circle of Discontent.

Nako ea bokhachane le bohlankana e fana ka linako tse mahlonoko tsa ho holisa botona bo ntseng bo tsoela pele ho ba motho e moholo.Dietz, 1994). Phello ea tlhaho ea lefutso, lintlha tse amanang le epigenetic le khatello ea maikutlo ea boimana, ho kenyelletsa mathata le molekane (Sominsky le Spencer, 2014; Talge et al., 2007) kaofela li na le tšusumetso. Tlokotsi ea bophelo ba sechaba ka tsela ea bofuma e baka khatello ea maikutlo bophelong bo sa feleng ho tloha boseeng le boroetsaneng ho fihlela motho e moholo. Batho ba phelang ka maemo a tlase a chelete ba hlokofatsoa ke khatello ea sechaba, khatello ea maikutlo le maemo a mangata a ama hampe, ho ithiba le ho ja moputso oa ho ja lijo tse mafura le tse tsoekere tse lebisang botenya (Drewnowski le Specter, 2004; McLaren, 2007; Monteiro et al., 2004). Matšoenyeho a bophelo ba bongoaneng ho kenyelletsa ho ba motsoali ka kakaretso, ho hlekefetsoa ha ngoana le mokhoa oa ho ikamahanya le tšusumetso ea takatso, takatso ea ho fepa le metabolism bophelong bohle (Felitti, 1993; Felitti et al., 1998; Puig et al., 2013; Sleddens et al., 2011; Sominsky le Spencer, 2014).

Lekala la epigenetics le botenya ke le lecha empa mehato ea pele e ntse e etsoa ho tsebahatsa li-biomarkers bakeng sa botena. Liphumano li fana ka maikutlo a hore matšoao a mangata a epigenetic ha a fetoloe eseng ka ho fetola feela tlhahiso ea utero empa hape le ka liphetoho tsa mokhoa oa bophelo ba batho ba baholo, ka hona ho na le menyetla ea ho kenella ho fetola profiles tse sa lokang tsa epigenomic (Van Dijk et al., 2015).

Lintho tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso le methapo ea kutlo li thusa ho hlalosa hore na hobaneng batho ba bangata ba natefala ha ba bang ba leba maemong a amanang le ts'ebeliso e joalo ka bokhoba ba tahi, nikotini kapa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi. Hape, ghrelin e thusa ho pheta pale. Maemo a Ghrelin ho bana ba nang le lefu la Prader Willi a 3- ho ea 4-makhetlo a phahameng ha a bapisoa le taolo ea obese e amanang le BMI-matchedHaqq et al., 2003). Ghrelin e bonts'a phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa batho ba baholo le ba baholo ba boima ba boima (Tschop et al., 2001) le hara bacha ba nang le mefuta e fapaneng ea mathata a kang ho ipolaisa tlala le botenya. Meetso ea motheo ea li-ghrelin e eketseha le ho fokotseha, ka mokhoa o tšoanang, lijong tse tsoakiloeng ho bacha ba batenya ba batenya (Stock et al., 2005). Ghrelin e tlase ea plasma e 'nile ea amahanngoa ka boithatelo le mofuta oa lefu la tsoekere la 2, khatello ea insulin, khanyetso ea insulin le khatello e phahameng ea mali (BP) (Pöykkö et al., 2003). Maemo a Ghrelin a boetse a fumanoe a phahame haholo ho bakuli ba lemaletseng joala ba nang le joala ho feta taolong, empa eseng ho lithethefatsi tsa banna (Wurst et al., 2007). Tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng tse tsoang maikutlong mabapi le methapo ea kelello ea mafu a kelello a methapo ea litsela e fapaneng ea li-COD li tla phatlalatsoa kae kapa kae.

Hang ha o le ka har'a Circle, na ho na le pholoho? Joalokaha re bone ho Lethathamo 1, boholo ba "litekete" tse fumanehang bakeng sa botenya 'li fanoa ke nako eo motho a bang motho e moholo ka eona. Botenya ke peresente ea 90 e ikemiselitseng pele ho batho ba baholo ba nang le boholo ba phetoho feela. Ho shoa ha botenya ho lahliloe. Haeba re lumella monyetla oa hore hoo e ka bang halofo ea litšusumetso tsa epigenetic ho botona li ka fetoloa mme peresente e ngoe ea 10 e eketsehileng bakeng sa likhethollo tse ka fetohang tsa bophelo, re fihlela qeto ea hore liperesente tse 80-90 tsa liperesente tse mabapi le botenya ha li fetohe ka kalafo.

COD ke e khopo, e iphehlang. Likhetho tsa ho tsoa li fokola. Ho tsoa mokokotlong o khopo ho hloka tšusumetso e matla ea nakoana le phetoho ea phetoho mekhoeng ea ho ja, mokhoa oa bophelo le filosofi ea ho phela. Ho nona ke boemo bo phehellang bo ke keng ba phekoloa. Ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele ka tekanyo e itekanetseng ea 2-4 kg ho ka fihlelleha ka ho latela boitlamo bo tiileng mmusong oa lijo o hlophisitsoeng (Dansinger et al., 2005) empa lits'ebetso tsa ho ja ka kakaretso ha li fane ka linotlolo tsa pheko (Hlahisa et al., 2003; Katz, 2002). Mekhoa ea phekolo ea kelello e lebisa liphellong tse nyahamisang, ka kalafo ea boits'oaro ea kelello e hlahisa tahlehelo e phahameng haholo ea li-kilogram (Shaw le al., 2005). Phekolo ea lithethefatsi e kenyelletsa litaba tsa polokeho hape e hlahisa boima bo tlase haholo. Ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele ho latela sebaka sa placebo ho tloha ho liperesente tsa 3 bakeng sa orlistat le lorcaserin ho 9 lekholong bakeng sa phentermine hammoho le topiramate-Extended Release ho 1 selemo (Yanovski le Yanovski, 2014). Phekolo e sebetsang feela ea ho fokotsa boima ba nako e telele ho bakuli ba nang le botenya ba kliniki ke ho buuoa, ho leng theko e boima ebile ho sa fumanehe ho bongata ba bakuli (Buchwald et al., 2004).

Ho latela tsebo ea hona joale, lisosa tsa botenya ha li fetohe; bokuli bona bo ntse bo phehella mme hoo e ka bang ha bo phetse. Ho fana ka maikutlo a mang ho bakuli ha ho phoso ebile ho fosahetse. Motho ka hare ho COD o khona ho lula ka hare. Sebaka sa ho tsoa ka ho fetesisa e tla ba lefu la pejana. Ho tsoelapele ho fana ka kalafo tse tsejoang hore li sa sebetse hanyane, mme mohlomong, ho ka ba kotsi ho bophelo bo botle ba 'mele kapa kelellong ha se lebaka. Ho fihlela mekhoa e mecha ea phekolo ea endocrinological e ncha e fumaneha, lisebelisoa tsohle tse hlokahalang li lokela ho lebisoa thibelong.

Ho fihlella ha homeostasis ea kelello

Ha u sheba ka nqane ho sehlooho sa botena, bopaki ba dyshomeostasis bo hlaha likarolong tse ngata tsa psychology ea bophelo bo botle le meriana ea boits'oaro. Ka kakaretso, masimo ana a na le bothata ba theoretical. Mona ke bua ka likarolo tse peli tse ikhethileng moo dyshomeostasis e hlahelletseng teng, ho lemalla le phapang ea 'mele.

Litšitiso

Ho botenya, ho phehisanoa kaholimo hore moputso oa hedonistic o bapala karolo ea bohlokoa e sitisang ts'ebetso ea boima ba homeostasis. Bangoli ba bangata ba bontšitse hore meputso ea lijo le lithethefatsi e arolelana likarolo tse tloaelehileng tsa neural, ka li-receptor tsa opioid li bapala karolo ea ho fepa le ho putseng (Kelley et al., 2005). Saper et al. (2002) e boletse,

Sistimi ea opoid ea endo native e laola boleng ba hedonic ba lijo ka botsitso ho latela litlhoko tse tsoelang pele tsa metabolic tsa motho. Ntle le moo, khaello ea lijo, e ntlafatsang karabelo ea lijo lijong, e boetse e eketsa boleng ba meputso eo e seng ea lijo, joalo ka psychostimulants… intracranial boithati… le ho ja ka bongata.

Pono ena e beha lijo le lithethefatsi tse lemalloang joalo ka nicotine le heroin ho karolo e ts'oanang. Le ha ho le joalo, leha ho hlile ho na le ho tšoana, tlhahlobo ea papiso le phapang lipakeng tsa mekhoa ea moputso oa lijo le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le tsona e supa phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa mefuta e 'meli ea tšebeliso (DiLeone et al., 2012). Le ha ho ja ho hlokahala bakeng sa ho pholoha mme ho ka ba bonolo ho khetha likhatello nakong ea ho iphetola ha lintho, bokhoba ba lithethefatsi bo qala e le khetho ea boithatelo 'me ho bonoa ho ba le "piggybacked" litseleng tsa moputso tse tlang pele ho phetoho, ho kenyelletsa sethala se hlokahalang bakeng sa ho fepa (Setšoantšo sa 6).

Setšoantšo sa 6.

Setšoantšo sa 6.

Libaka tsa boko tse kopanyang lijo le lithethefatsi.

COD e amana le maemo a fapaneng a tšoailoeng ka ho qobelloa joaloka ho lemalla koae, joala, lithethefatsi tse seng molaong le boits'oaro bo joalo ka papali ea chelete le papali ea inthanete. Mekhoa ena / litlatsetso e kenyelletsa ho qobelloa le tahlehelo ea taolo e ka bang litšenyehelo ho batho ba amehang litabeng tsa bophelo le tsa lichelete; kaofela li kopantsoe le khatello ea maikutlo le khatello e mpe joalo ka mofuta oa khalefo, matšoenyeho kapa khatello ea maikutlo (Breslau et al., 1993; Helzer le Pryzbeck, 1988; Patton et al., 1996, 1998; Swendsen et al., 1998). Mefuta e fapaneng ea tšebeliso ea lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa palo ea batho e paka hore 'ha ho na boholo bo lekanang tsohle' empa lits'ebetso tsa ho qhekella li lula li tšoana hantle.

Ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ke leano la hedonic ho eketsa moputso le ho matlafatsa boits'oaro bo tloaelo ka ho fokotsa ts'usumetso e mpe le ho se khotsofale. Tai, lithethefatsi, papali ea chelete, papali ea chelete, mabenkele, tšebeliso ea inthanete, ho shebella TV, lipapali, boikoetliso ba ho ikoetlisa, ho matha, ho sesa, ho ts'oaroa ka thipa le thobalano ke lintho tsohle tse boletsoeng e le tlatsetso kapa tloaelo ea ho etsoa ke ba boholong kapa e ngoe. Ho tla lekana mona ho nahana ka bokhoba ba koae.

Ho tsuba koae ke boitšoaro bo botle ba hae bo lokisang ho leka-lekana ha moputso oa dopaminergic maemong a biochemical le a mmele mme o fokotsa ho se khotsofale le ho ama hampe. Mefuta e fapaneng ea homeostasis e thusana ho tsitsisa 'mele le kelello. Ho na le mehlala e mengata ea litloaelo tse mpe tse matlafatsoang ke moputso oa hedonic le palliation ea tse mpe tse amang COD.

Bokhoba ba Nikotine ke litholoana tsa liphetoho tsa methapo ea kutlo ho bokong. Ho tsuba koae ka nako e telele ho fella ka ho its'epaha 'meleng le ho qobelloa ho sebelisa koae. Ho tsuba ke mokhoa o sebetsang ka ho fetisisa le o potlakileng oa ho tlisa nicotine bokong. Nikotine e tsoang mosi oa ho tsuba e kenella ka potlako matšoafong ebe e fetela ka potlako bokong moo e kopanang le li-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) tse ikhethang. Ho hlohlelletsa li-nAChR ka nikotine ho etsa hore ho nkoe li-neurotransmitters tse ngata bokong, tseo dopamine e leng tsa bohlokoahali hobane e hlahisa thabo. Ha motho ea lemaletseng ho tsuba, nicotine e hlahisa molumo oa maikutlo le oa maikutlo. Leha ho le joalo, litlamorao tsa koae e le 'ngoe li phela hakhutšoanyane,' me motho ea tsubang o hloka litlolo tse ngata khafetsa ho boloka boemo ba kelello le botsitso. Bakeng sa motho ea lemalloang ea tsubang, ho tsuba ke ntho eo u tloaetseng ho e etsa e bolokang nicotine e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea nicotine bokong (Prochaska le Benowitz, 2016).

Ka ho lemalla ha nikotine e sa feleng, mamello ea hlaha e le hore nicotine e eketsehileng e hlahise matla a tšoanang a methapo. Nikotine ea hlokahala ho boloka ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea kelello, le ho emisa ho tsuba, kapa ho siea nako e telele pakeng tsa ho tsuba, ho tsamaisana le matšoao a khaotsang a ho teneha, ho tšoenyeha, khatello e fokolang ea tlala, tlala, boima ba 'mele le mathata a ho tsamaisana le ba bang. Ka hona, bokhoba ba Nikotine ke 'sabole e sehang ka n twoa tse peli' e tšehelitsoeng ka bobeli ke litholoana tse monate tsa thabo le thabo le ho qoba litlamorao tse sa thabiseng tsa ho tlosoa hoa nicotine. Boemo bo boloka tšebeliso ea koae ka ho hokahana ho matlafatsang pakeng tsa ho tsuba le "lisosa" ka tsela ea boitšoaro bo ikhethileng bo kang ho noa kofi kapa joala, ho bua ka mohala, ho khanna koloi le / kapa ho qeta ho ja. Sensorimotor lisosa tse amanang le ketso ea ho tsuba, mohlala, monko, tatso le ho utloa mosi oa koae e fetoha mekhoa ea ho tsuba le ho boloka tšebeliso ea koae (Sulzberger le Marks, 1977).

Ha ho etsoa ts'ebetso ea bokhoba ba koae, mosi oa "novice o tsuba koae", mehatong ea pele, o fana ka maikutlo a nang le chefo le a sa thabiseng ka hanong le 'metso. Leha ho le joalo, ka ho hema ka mokhoa o mong le o mong o latelang, mehopolo e sa thabiseng 'metso le molomong e nkeloa sebaka ke maikutlo a khotsofalo ha motho ea tsubang a matlafatsa tloaelo eo. Maikutlo a khotsofalo a matlafala ha mokhoa ona o matlafatsoa ke maikutlo a thabo le phokotso ea tse mpe. Ha matla a tloaelo a ntse a eketseha le ho lemalla ho tsuba, motho ea tsubang o ikutloa a khaotsa ho tsofala le ho feta ha a emetse ho tsuba koae e latelang. Matšoao a bokhoba ba tahi a hlaha kamora matsatsi kapa libeke kamora ho tsuba ho qala ka nako e itseng (Russell, 1990).

Motho ea tsubang o sebelisa hantle ho tsuba koae e le mokhoa oa ho laola maikutlo, joalo ka mokhoa oa ho iphekola, o fa lethal dose ho tsamaisana le maikutlo a nakoana. Batho ba tsubang ba khona ho laola ho tsubella le ho tsubella nicotine motheong oa ho hula, karolo ea taolo ea ho tsuba e fumanoang pejana ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea koae.Collins et al., 2010). Ka lebaka lena, batho ba tsubang ba tlaleha hore lisakerete li thusa ho imolla maikutlo a bona a khatello ea maikutlo (Setšoantšo sa 7).

Setšoantšo sa 7.

Setšoantšo sa 7.

Circle of Discontent iniction: Phokotso ea lapeng ea ho ama hampe le khotsofalo e tlase e etsa hore tšebeliso e ngata e eketsehe, e eketsang matla a tloaelo ka ho matlafatsoa ka moputso oa hedonic le khothatso e mpe ho tsoa palloation ...

Khahlano le boiphihlelo bo ikhethileng ba batho ba tsubang, maemo a khatello ea maikutlo a batho ba tsubang a phahame ho feta a batho ba sa tsubeng, 'me batho ba tsubang ba lilemong tsa bocha ba tlaleha maemo a eketsehang a khatello ha ba ntse ba tsuba mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ho tsuba (Parrott, 1999). Ts'ebeliso ea Nikotine e eketsa sekhahla sa pelo le BP (Rose et al., 2001).

Ho lemalla tahi ea Nikotine ho mpefatsa khatello ea maikutlo leha ho le joalo ho fana ka maikutlo a thetsang ho batho ba tsubang hore ho fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo. Kahoo, "phello ea ho phomola" ea ho tsuba ke phello ea ho khutlisetsa tsitsipano le ho teneha ho bang teng nakong ea ho putlama ha nicotine lipakeng tsa koae. Batho ba tsubang joala ba tsuba ba hloka nikotini ho ikutloa e le ntho e tloaelehileng (Parrott, 1999). Matšoao a sa khahliseng a ho khaotsa a tloaetse ho amahanngoa le ho eketseha ha maikutlo le sepheo sa ho sebelisa lithethefatsi. Ntle le moo, batho ba lemaletseng litekanyetso ba sebetsana le maemo a amang hampe joalo ka sepheo sa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (Baker et al., 2004). Ketso ea ho tlohela ho tsuba e baka khatello ea maikutlo.

Mokhoa o mong oa ho lemalla ha nikotine ke phetisetso ea dopamine e eketsehileng, e fanang ka maikutlo a thabo kapa khotsofalo. Keketseho ea ketsahalo ea dopamine ho tsoa ho nicotine e fella ka maikutlo a monate a khotsofalo bakeng sa ea tsubang, empa ho fokotseha ho latelang ha dopamine ho siea motho ea tsubang a lakatsa koae e eketsehileng (Arias-Carrión et al., 2010; Gamberino le Khauta, 1999).

Litla-morao li ama tšusumetso ea hore na motho o batla ho ja hakae, ebang ke lijo, ho tsuba, joala, lithethefatsi tse ling kapa boitšoaro le hore na motho o lakatsa ka matla hakae, qetellong, hore na motho ea sa laoleheng o tla khutlela tšebong e mpe. Tšebeliso e mpe ea joala e sa fetoheng e fetola ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea sistimi e amang e baka khatello e kholo ea khatello ea maikutlo (Adinoff et al., 1998). Sena se eketsa monyetla oa tsoelo-pele ha se ntse se hlahisa mokhoa oa ho mpefala moo ho pepeseha khatello ea maikutlo ho lebisang liphateng tsa tšebeliso, ho fokotsa matla a ho sebetsana le khatello ea maikutlo le ho khutsufatsa bolelele ba nako pakeng tsa linako tsa ho ila.

Batho ba bangata har'a batho ba lemaletse joala bo bongata.Anthony le al., 1994; Linshen et al., 2011). Bathong ba joalo, li-COD tse ngata li sebetsa ka tsela e tlatselletsang. Setšoantšo sa 8 e bontša mohlala oa motho ea lemaletseng nicotine, ethanol, cocaine le papali ea chelete. Litumelo tse 'ne tse tšoanang tsa nako le nako e' ngoe le e 'ngoe e na le tsamaiso ea eona ea homeostatic le COD. Motho a le mong a ka ba le litlatsetso tse ling hape (mohlala, ka kofi, lithethefatsi tse ling le marang-rang), 'me setšoantšo se seng se rarahane se tla hloka ho atolosoa ho kenyelletsa lintho tsena. Likhakanyo tse fapaneng li na le khokahano e kopanetsoeng 'me e' ngoe ea boitšoaro e ka ba sesosa sa e 'ngoe kapa tse ngata tsa ba bang. Sebaka sa boko se kopanyang takatso ea lithethefatsi le litloaelo tsa boits'oaro se ka fapana lipakeng tsa bokhoba, empa bonyane kenyeletsa tse ling tsa libaka tse bonts'itsoeng. Setšoantšo sa 5. Litla-morao tseo tse 'ne li matlafatsana' me, kamora ho pepesoa nako e telele, litlamorao li khaohantsoe le tšusumetso ea kantle le ho qobelloa ka tlhaho (Vanderschuren le Everitt, 2004; Volkow le Fowler, 2000). Sistimi e felletseng e iphelisa ka litlolo tsohle tse tlasa taolo ea moputso o le mong oa hedonic e etselitsoeng ho kokobetsa tšusumetso e mpe ka boits'oaro bo khahlisang ba takatso ea lijo. Joalokaha ho boletsoe pejana, peptide ghrelin e kenya ts'ebetsong mekhoa ea moputso, 'me li-receptors tsa eona (GHS-R1a le R1b) li bonahala li hlokahala bakeng sa joala, cocaine, amphetamine le nicotine-ikiwa ea moputso (Jerlhag le Engel, 2011). Sistimi ea moputso oa hedonic, tlasa ts'usumetso ea ghrelin, e fetisa ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea homeostasis, e boloka COD le ho beha motho eo kotsing e kholo ea nako e telele.

Setšoantšo sa 8.

Setšoantšo sa 8.

Multiple Circle of Discontent: Motho ea lemaletseng nicotine, ethanol, cocaine le papali ea chelete.

Mebele e fapaneng

Ha ho buisanoa ka ho stigmatization ha botenya. Roosen and Mills (2016) fana ka maikutlo a tlhokeho ea phetoho ea moetlo 'eseng feela ho fokotsa matla a manyane empa hape le ho khothaletsa ho amohela kamohelo ea' mele ea mefuta e fapaneng, ho kenyelletsoa le 'mele e utloisisoang e le e sa sebetseng, e se kotsi ebile e sa hlahise (ho bolela hore o holofetse le / kapa o motenya)'. Roosen and Mills (2016) fana ka maikutlo a hore phetoho ena ea moetlo e se e ntse e tsoela pele, ka 'mele oa eona o "lekane" ho e-na le o fokolang kapa o le mesifa.

Tumellanong le pono ena, homeostasis le dyshomeostasis li bonahala maemong a fapaneng a bophelo le maemo (bona Lethathamo 2). Homeostasis ea Behaivereal e etsahala ka litsela tse fapaneng ho kenyelletsa maano a ho sebetsana le mathata, liketso tsa matšeliso, merero ea boitseko ba bophelo le lethathamo le sa fetoheng la mekhoa ea bophelo bo botle ea ho kula, likotsi le liketsahalo tsa bophelo. Bohlokoa ba bohlokoa ba ho stigmatization ke ponahalo e hlakileng ea botena, gigantism, dwarfism, mme maemong a mangata, ho senyeha. Tekanyo ea stigmatization e kanna ea susumetsoa ke karolo ea boits'epo ba boikemisetso bakeng sa maemo. Gigantism, dwarfism, 'me maemong a mangata, ho senyeha ka tlhaho ke liphatsa tsa lefutso ebile ho ke ke ho qojoe. Ho nona hangata ho nkoa e le ntho e ka fetoloang, e fetohang ebile ke taba ea boikhethelo ba motho. Pono ea sechaba eo batho ba batenya haholo ba ka e bonang khetha ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele haeba ba batla, empa ba sa khone ho etsa joalo, ho ka hlalosa ho khetholloa ho matla ha batho ba batenya mokhatlong oa sejoale-joale (Backstrom, 2012).

Circle of Discontent bakeng sa maemo a fapaneng.

Tšusumetso

Pelletier et al. (2016) shebisisa litlhahlobo tsa bona ho khothaletso ho tsoa khopolong ea boithati (SDT; Deci le Ryan, 1985). Ba fana ka maikutlo a hore COD 'ha e hlalose hore na ke hobaneng ha batho ba bang ba le maemong a tšoanang (mohlala, lijo tse se nang phepo e ntle, liketsahalo tse seng ntle tsa bophelo) ha ba na boima ba' mele ebile ba batenya 'me e hatella maano a sa nkeng batho ka bomong e le basebeletsi ba mafolofolo ba boits'oaro ba bona. Ke hlakisa mona likarolo tse susumetsang tsa mohopolo oa ka.

Ha ho na pelaelo ea hore tšusumetso e bapala karolo ea bohlokoahali phetohong ea boitšoaro ba motho le ho aetiology ea botena. Joalokaha ho boletsoe pejana, 'Ho sa ntse ho hlokahala ho hlalosa kamoo or ke hobane'ng ha ho nona ho feta tekano kapa botenya li ka hlaha ho motho ea ipehang kotsing, mme hobaneng batho ba bang ba e ntshetsa pele eseng e meng'(Letšoao, 2015). The Homeostasis Theory of Health (HTO) e tiisa hore bophelo ba motho bo laoloa ka linako tsohle ka mekhoa e mengata ea homeostasis tse sebetsang ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le li-cascade tsohle li lebisitsoe ho botsitso ba tšebetso. Tsena tsohle tse likete tsa lits'ebetso tsa homeostatic li hokahane ebile li tlatsana ho boloka botsitso ba setho sa motho. Ke lebisa 'mali ho Setšoantšo sa 5. Sehloohong sa ka sa pele, ke ile ka tsepamisa mohopolo ho o mong feela oa lits'ebetso tse ngata tsa homeostatic, tse COD, karohano ea maikutlo e kenyelletsang Bophelo bo botle ba 'mele, Khotsofalo ea Bophelo, Kamano le Ts'ebeliso.

Bohlokoa ka ho lekana ho COD ke bona Sisteme ea MEM. Sisteme ea MEM e kenyelletsa ho susumetsa, thibelo, phepo e nepahetseng, bophelo bo botle ba 'mele, ts'ebetso, ho phela hantle, ho ba le boiketlo le ho ameha. E le setšoantšo sa Setšoantšo sa 5 e bonts'a, lits'ebetso tsa MEM le COD ka bobeli li kentse letsoho ka mokhoa o tšoanang ho tataiseng Bophelo bo botle ba 'mele le ho ama, empa ke sisteme ea MEM feela e kenyeletsang khothatso ea motho ka mong. Ntle le ho belaela, Sisteme ea MEM e bohlokoa haholo ho boloka mekhoa le boits'oaro bo phetseng hantle mme, ha lintho li sa tsamaee hantle, molokong oa ho nona le botenya.

Ho bohlokoa ho nahana ka mefuta ea taolo ea SDT e arohantsoeng hammoho le ts'ebetso eo ho thoeng e ntse e tsoela pele ho tloha ho li-mode tse sa ikemiselitseng (ho re ke ho hlakoloa, taolo ea kantle le ts'ebetso) ho ba ikemiselitseng (ke ho re, ho tsebahala, ho kopanya le ho susumetsa kahare). Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ke Pelletier et al. (2016), ho na le ho tšoana lipakeng tsa likhopolo tsa SDT mabapi le mokhoa oa tšusumetso le HTO. COD e ts'oanetse hantle profil ea 'Motlatsi o laoloang'^² ka har'a SDT.

Lithuto tsa Pelletier et al. (2004) e fane ka bopaki bo khahlisang mabapi le mokhoa oa tšusumetso o ka bang teng o amanang le ho ja o sa phetseng hantle, matšoao a sithabetsang le ho eketseha hoa BMI, e leng, 'Controlled Motivation'. Pelletier et al. (2004) e senoletse mokhoa oa ho arabela o lumellanang le COD, e leng molao o sa atleheng oa ho ja, ho ameha ka bongata empa eseng boleng ba lijo tse jeoang, matšoao a tšoaetsoang le a nyahamisang, boitšepo bo tlase le khotsofalo ea bophelo bo tlase le BMI e eketsehang, tsohle tse amanang haholo le taolo molawana (Tafole 4 ho Pelletier et al., 2004). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, melaoana ea boipuso e fumanoe e lumellana haholo le ho ameha ka lijo tse ngata tse jeoang, ka melao e atlehileng ea ho ja, mekhoa e metle ea ho ja, boitšepo bo phahameng le khotsofalo e phahameng ea bophelo. Motho o ne a ke ke a lakatsa bakeng sa netefatso e nepahetseng ea khopolo eo, leha ke ne ke sa e tsebe ho fihlela Pelletier et al. e ile ea lebisa tlhokomelo ea ka ho eona.

Ka leseli lena, lifaele tse peli tsa Controlled Motivation and Autonomous Motivation li emela lipheletso tse fapaneng tsa tsoelo-pele ea homeostasis. Khothatso ea Autonomous e tlisa taolo e khotsofatsang ea kahare ea boits'oaro ba ho ja, khotsofalo e kholo ea bophelo le phello e ntle, boemo ba homeostasis e ntle. Ts'usumetso e laoloang, ka lehlakoreng le leng, ke karolo ea ho se leka-lekane ha lapeng leo motho a hlolehang ho thabela, kapa ho kenya lipheo tse lakatsehang tsa boits'oaro ba ho ja (Ryan le Deci, 2006). COD e eme hantle ka ho hlaka ke 'Regani Regulator', motho eo mekhoa ea hae ea ho ja e felloa ke taolo le eo khotsofalo ea bophelo ba hae le maemo a hae a seng a senyehile. Ho SDT, melaoana e laoloang e hlaha ka mefuta e meraro:

Molaoli oa Intronty, a sa batle ho hlajoa ke lihlong ke tsela eo a shebahalang ka eona le ho ja, a ikutloa hore o tlameha ho ba mosesane ka ho felletseng, a ikutloa eka o tla kokobetsoa haeba ba sa laole tsela eo ba jang ka eona.
Molaoli oa Kantle, batho ba bang ba haufi le bona ba tsitlallela hore ba etsa lintho ka tsela e itseng, batho ba bang ba haufi le bona ba tla koata haeba ba sa je hantle, batho ba ba potileng ba tla ba qobella ho e etsa, kapa ho lebelletsoe bona.
Molaoli oa Amotivated, boemo bo bobe ka ho fetisisa, ba ikutloa ba se na thuso ebile ba hloka tšepo, ba sa tsebe hore na ba etse eng, ba na le maikutlo a hore ba senya nako ea bona ho leka ho laola boitšoaro ba bona ba ho ja, ba sa bone hore na matsapa a bona a ka lebisa ho jang bophelo bo botle kapa ho thusa ho ntlafatsa bophelo ba bona bo botle.

Ho SDT, sepheo ke morena, 'me o na le karolo e laelang ho khotsofatsa boipuso, boiphihlelo le ho tsamaellana (Ryan le Deci, 2000). Ho HTO, tšusumetso e ntle haholo ho feta morena, empa sebapali sa bohlokoa, leha ho le joalo, ts'ebetsong ea MEM. Ho latela pono ea HTO, karolo ea tšusumetso ea phetoho ea boits'oaro ba 'nete e lokela ho hlahlojoa motheong oa liphetho tse hapiloeng ka thata tsa litlhahlobo tse hlophisitsoeng le tlhahlobo ea meta. Ng et al.'s (2012) tlhahlobo ea meta ea lithuto tsa SDT tlhokomelong ea bophelo bo botle e fumane li-correlations tse tlase feela: lipakeng tsa boitaolo ba ho itaola le bophelo ba kelello le ba mmele ba .06 le .11, ka ho latellana; lipakeng tsa taolo e laoloang le bophelo bo botle ba kelello le ba 'mele ba −.19 le .09, ka ho latellana; le lipakeng tsa boithabiso le bophelo bo botle ba kelello le ba 'mele ba −.05 le −.15, ka ho latellana. Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore mokhoa oa ho susumetsa o laola boholo ba 3-4 ka liperesente tse fapaneng tsa bophelo ba kelello le ba 'mele.

Litloaelano tsena tse bonolo pakeng tsa li-SDT le sephetho sa bophelo bo botle li ka hlalosoa ke mathata a mokhoa mabapi le ho fumana sepheo sa ho ikemela. Ho nepahala ha tsoelopele ea boikemisetso ba ho nahanisisa, ho theha motheo oa mehato e sebelisitsoeng, ha e e-so ho tšehelitsoe ke tlhahlobo e matla ea maemo a bophelo. Thutisong ea Rasch ea mohopolo o tsoelang pele, Chemolli le Gagne (2014) o fumane bopaki bo matla ba sebopeho sa multidimensional factor ho fapana le bopaki ba ho tsoela pele. Taba ena ea bohlokoa e beha tšitiso e kholo ts'ebelisong ea SDT ho thibela botenya. Ho fihlela mathata ana a mekhoa a rarollotsoe, boemo ba SDT bo lula bo sa tsejoe ebile bo sa hlaka. Ntle le hore likhopolo tsa kelello le ho kena lipakeng ho ka hlahisoa ka melemo ea sephetho sa bophelo bo botle, li ka lebisa ho ts'epo le liphoofolong tsa bohata feela.

Teko e laoloang e sa laoleheng (RCT) e nang le tšusumetso ea ts'ebetso e thehiloeng ho SDT e lekotse ts'ebetso ea ho laola boima ba boitšoaro mabapi le phetoho ea boima ba selemo sa 3 (Silva et al., 2011). Ts'ebetso ea SDNUMX ea selemo sa XTUMX e ile ea lateloa hanghang mme ea boela ea phetoa lilemo tsa 1 hamorao le barupeluoa ba basali ba 2. Sehlopha se kenelletseng se kene likopanong tsa 221, tse reretsoeng ho eketsa ts'ebeliso ea PA le ts'ebeliso ea matla, ho amohela lijo tse lumellanang le khaello e matla ea matla le ho kopanya mekhoa ea boikoetliso le mekhoa ea ho ja e ts'ehetsang tokiso ea boima ba 'mele. Sehlopha sa taolo se amohetse li-30 tsa lithuto tsa bophelo bo botle motheong oa lithuto tse 'maloa tse akaretsang lihlooho tse fapaneng, mohlala, phepo e nepahetseng, taolo ea khatello ea maikutlo, boitlhokomelo le tsebo e sebetsang ea puisano.

Phekolo e ne e na le litlamorao tsa bohlokoa ho melao ea boits'oaro ea 1- le 2 ea selemo, 2-PA ea selemo le phetoho ea boima ba selemo sa 3. Karolelano ea boima ba 'mele ho likhoeli tsa 12 e ne e le −7.29 lekholong ha e bapisoa le −1.74 liperesente sehlopheng sa taolo, empa phello ea ho kenella e felile ka mor'a nako e bonts'a feela −3.9 ea liperesente tse lekanang le −1.9 lekholong ho laola likhoeli tsa 36. Ho kenella ho hlahisitse 2.0 ka halofo e kholo ea boima ba 'mele ho likhoeli tsa 36 ho feta boemo ba taolo. Khothatso ea setaele ea Autonomous correlated −.31 e nang le phetoho ea boima ba selemo sa 3, e hlalosang feela 10 lekholong ea phapang ea phetoho ea boima.

Ka bomalimabe, bohlokoa ba bohlokoa ba tšusumetso ho SDT ha bo e-so theoe ka mokhoa oa liphetho tse hlakileng tsa bophelo bo botle. Karolo ea tšusumetso ea motho ka mong e bonahala e le bonolo haholo, e le 'ngoe ts'ebetsong e rarahaneng, joalo ka ha e potlakile ho HTO.

Ho nyoloha hofihlela phallo ea molapo o phoroselang

Ho ba le tšusumetso efe kapa efe ea bohlokoa seoa sa botenya. Morero ofe kapa ofe oa nako e telele oa ho fokotsa koluoa ea botenya o hloka ho ipapisa le katleho ea chelete. Ntlheng ena, ho kenella linthong tse nyolohang (thibelo ea mantlha) ho bontšitsoe hore li sebetsa hantle ebile li theko e boima ho feta tse oelang ka tlase (thibelo ea bobeli). Tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea moruo ea seoa sa botenya

Thuto le boikarabello ba motho ke likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa sistimi efe kapa efe ea ho fokotsa botenya, empa e sa lekane ka bo bona. Ho na le mehato e tlatselletsang e hlokang ho itšetleha haholo ka khetho ea motho ka mong le liphetoho tsa tikoloho le maemo a sechaba. (Dobbs et al., 2014)

Ho na le bakuli ba limilione tse likete tsa 1 le ba ntseng ba phela kajeno. Meaho ea motheo e hlokahalang bakeng sa ho kena lipakeng maikutlong a motho ka mong molemong oa batho bana ba limilione tse likete tsa 1 e feta hole lisebelisoa tse fumanehang. Ho etsa tšusumetso leha e le efe ea 'nete seoa sa botenya, ho bohlokoa ho kopanya boiteko ba thibelo le batho ba nang le melaoana e nyolohang ho fetola moelelo oo hajoale o khothalletsang ho pharalla ha botona maemong ohle a sechaba.

Pelletier et al. (2016) ba pheha khang ea hore "Liphetoho tsa tikoloho ... li kanna tsa lieha ho kenya tšebetsong, li ka ba theko e boima haholo, 'me li ka emisoa ke liindasteri tse nang le lithahasello tse khahlang. Leha ho le joalo, ho fana ka mehlala e 'meli feela, liphetoho tsa tikoloho ka tsela ea melao mabapi le tsoekere kapa papatso li ka hlahisa chelete e ngata. Ka bobeli lekhetho le tsoekere le tsoekere la tsoekere le ho felisoa ha setlamo sa lekhetho bakeng sa ho bapatsa lijo tse se nang phepo e ntle ho bana ho tla lebisa ho litefiso tse kholo tsa selemo sa lekhetho (US $ 12.5 billion le US $ 80 milione) ka tatellano; bona Gortmaker et al., 2015b). Tlhahlobo ea Gortmaker et al. (2015a, 2015b) li bontšitse hore katleho ea litšenyehelo tsa ts'ebetso ena ea thibelo e kholo ho feta e fumanoeng mananeong a bongaka a ho phekola botena. Mekhoa ea motho ka mong e sebelisang meetso ea khethollo ea sechaba e lekoa le ho lekoa ka lilemo tse ngata, 'me liphetho li bile tse soabisang (E tšoaea et al., 2015). Lehnert et al. (2012) e sekasekile liphumano tsa nako e telele tsa moruo (bonyane lilemo tsa 40) bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea thibelo ea botenya ea 41. Mehato ea ho kenella e ne e arotsoe ho latela mokhoa oa bona oa ho fana, maemo le likotsi tse lebisitsoeng ho boits'oaro (n = 21), sechaba (n = 12) le mehato ea tikoloho (n = 8). Lits'ebetso tse fetotseng tikoloho ea batho ba shebiloeng, ke hore, mehato ea lichelete le taolo, e tlalehile ts'ebeliso e ntle haholo ea litšenyehelo. Ha ho na khoao ea hore thibelo ea botenya e hloka ts'ebeliso ea lits'ebetso tse bolokang chelete maemong ohle a sechaba.

Bakeng sa limilione tse likete tsa 1 le batho ba phelang kajeno ba nang le botenya, mantsoe ana a ke ke a amoheleha haholo. Empa ho molemo ho tobana le 'nete ho e-na le ho phela lefatšeng la litoro le nang le tšepo le litebello tse sa khoneheng. Bakeng sa batho ba batenya ba bangata ba ntseng ba phela kajeno, ho ke ke ha ba le phetoho e kholo. Phekolo ea hona joale e fokolisa ka mokhoa o nyahamisang, e theko e boima, 'me hangata e ba le litlamorao tse sa batleheng, haholo-holo lithethefatsi le ho buuoa (E tšoaea et al., 2015). Tsela feela ea ho ea pele e utloisang bohloko ke thibelo - ho thibela linyeoe tse ncha ka bongata kamoo ho ka khonehang. Khatello e lokela ho beoa ho mekhoa e hloahloa, ho thibela likhohola tse ncha tsa linyeoe pele ba fihla boemong ba ho se khutle.

Bomoea ba homeostasis?

Piko le Brassai (2015) ba etsa nyeoe ea teka-tekano ea moea joalo ka mofuta oa homeostasis. Ba pheha khang, ka nepo ke lumela hore maikutlo a teng a amana haholo le 'boits'oaetso, kholo ea boitšoaro, maikutlo a amanang le boleng, sepheo sa hae le khetho ea bophelo'. Ho ba le morero bophelong ho khothaletsa ho ba le boits'oaro bo khothalletsang bophelo bo botle le ho qoba boits'oaro bo behang bophelo bo botle kotsing, joalo ka botenya le mathata a ho ja. Hammoho le litlhoko tsa nama, tsa setso, tsa maikutlo le tsa moruo, tlhaloso ea bophelo bo botle e ka kenyeletsa litlhoko tsa moea eseng feela ho se be teng ha bokuli (E tšoaea et al., 2015: 5).

Piko le Brassai (2016) buisana ka mohlala oa ho etsa moelelo oa Park (2010), e fanang ka maikutlo a hore maikutlo a batho a ka kenya letsoho ho khotsofatseng / ho se khotsofale ka bophelo, 'mele le lefatše. Park (2013) e re,

Ho latela moelelo oa ho etsa molumo, tekanyo eo motho a nkang bokuli ba hae bo sa lumellane le litumelo tsa lefats'e, joalo ka tse mabapi le boitsebahatso (mohlala, ke phela bophelo bo botle) le bophelo bo botle (mohlala, ho phela ka tsela e phetseng hantle ho sireletsa batho bokuli ), le sepheo sa lefats'e (mohlala, ho lakatsa ho phela nako e telele le bophelo bo botle) se tiisa hore na bokuli bo sithabetsa hakae. (leq. 43)

Mohlala o Behiloeng oa Park (2013) e nka hore phapang pakeng tsa litumelo tsa lefats'e le boitsebahatso e baka khatello ea maikutlo. Maemong a mang, litumelo tseo ke tsa moea ka tlhaho. Leha ho le joalo, mehloli ea mantlha ea lipatlisiso tsa bomoea ha se hangata e tšehetsang mohlala o hlahisitsoeng ke Park (2013).

Karolo e bohareng ea moelelo le sepheo bophelong e ne e buelloa ke Viktor E Frankl (1959) 'me, hamorao, ho theolelo ea Salutogenic ea Aaron Antonovsky (1979, 1987). Leha ho le joalo Frankl's (1959) ho ithuta kapa khopolo ea Antonovsy ea salutogenesis e tšohloa ke Park (2010, 2013). Ha rea lokela ho lebala eng Frankl (1959) ha a bua ka batšoaruoa ba lulang likampong tsa mahloriso: 'Monna e mong le e mong o ne a laoloa ke mohopolo o le mong feela: ho ipoloka a phela bakeng sa lelapa le mo emelang hae, le ho pholosa metsoalle ea hae'. Ha a hlalosa bophelo ba batšoaruoa ba teronko, o itse, 'Batšoaruoa ba ne ba lora eng khafetsa? Bohobe, likuku, lisakerete le libate tse futhumetseng tse futhumetseng. Ho haella ha litakatso tsena tse bonolo ho khotsofalitsoe ho ile ha etsa hore a batle takatso-ho phethahala ka litoro '. Sebakeng se seng, Frankl o hlalosa ho lemoha ha hae hore o lerato le khotsofatsang litlhoko tsa motho tsa moelelo:

Mohopolo o ile oa nkutloisa bohloko: ka lekhetlo la pele bophelong ba ka ke ile ka bona 'nete kaha e thehiloe pina ke liroki tse ngata tse phatlalalitsoeng e le bohlale ba hoqetela ke batho ba bangata ba nahanang. 'Nete - hore lerato ke ntho ea mantlha le sepheo se phahameng ka ho fetesisa seo motho a ka se lakatsang. Eaba ke utloisisa moelelo oa lekunutu le leholo leo thothokiso ea motho le monahano oa batho le tumelo li lokelang ho li tsamaisa: Poloko ea motho e teng ka lerato le ka lerato. Ke ile ka utloisisa kamoo monna ea se nang letho le setseng lefats'eng lena a ka bang thabo e khaphatsehang, ekaba motsotsoana feela, ha a nahana ka moratuoa oa hae… 'Nketsetse joalo ka tiiso pelong ea hau, lerato le matla joalo ka lefu'.

Ha ho na moo ho boleloang tlalehong ea Frankl ea ho batla moelelo ho fumana bomoea. Frankl (1959) o tiisitse seo a se bitsitseng 'thato ea ho bolela': ho batla ha motho moelelo e le tšusumetso ea mantlha bophelong ba hae.

HTO ke taba e 'ngoe ea Khopolo e Akaretsang ea Bophelo bo Botle, e fanang ka likamano tse mofuthu pakeng tsa ho phela hantle le khotsofalo ea bophelo (Letšoao, 2015; E tšoaea et al., 2015). Lithuto tse matlafatsang li fana ka maikutlo a ho ba le kamano e matla le e tsitsitseng lipakeng tsa morero bophelong le boiketlo ba subjective (Zika le Chamberlain, 1992). Batho ba bonang bophelo ba bona bo na le morero bo atile ho ba le ts'epo le ho itšepa haholoanyane (Compton et al., 1996), itšepa haholoanyane (Steger et al., 2006) le tse mpe tse amang (King et al., 2006), hammoho le ho sithabela maikutlo le ho tšoenyeha ho fokolang (Steger et al., 2006) le maikutlo a fokolang a ho ipolaea (Harlow et al., 1986). Khopolo ea Salutogenic ea Antonovsky e totobalitse kamano lipakeng tsa moelelo, sepheo bophelong le liphetho tse ntle tsa bophelo bo botle (Eriksson le Lindström, 2006).

Ho batho ba bangata, boiphihlelo ba semoea ke moelelo o moholo maphelong a bona. Leha ho le joalo, litumelo tsa moea le boiphihlelo ba se hole le bokahohle. Ho qotsa palo e le 'ngoe, batho ba limilione tse 500-750 lefatšeng ka bophara ha ba na tumelo kapa litumelo tsa moea mme ba phela joalo ka ha ho phatlalalitsoe hore ha ba lumele ho Molimo (Zuckerman, 2009). Ho homeostasis, sebopuoa se leka ka matla ho fokotsa phapang pakeng tsa boemo bo holimo kapa boleng le boemo ba sona ba hajoale. Le ha batho ba bangata ba hlile ba loanela ho fumana morero mme ba ka ikutloa eka ba phela 'bophelo bo se nang letho', ha ho na bopaki ba boemo bo nepahetseng kapa mochini o hlamatsehang oa bomoea.

Litaba tse hlokang lipatlisiso tse ling

Khopolo ea Homeostasis e fana ka maikutlo a hore phaello ea boima ba mmele e khothalletsoa ke COD e nang le ho se khotsofale ha 'mele, ho ama hampe le ho se sebetse ho feta tekano. Ho latela moralo ona, Annunziato le Grossman (2016) Hlalosa lipatlisiso libakeng tse peli, 'me a hlaseloa ka molato,' me a hlakisa hore o entse joalo. Ba fana ka maikutlo a hore litsebi tsa kelello tsa bophelo bo botle tse fumanehang univesithing li boemong bo fapaneng ba ho sebelisa mekhoa e meholo e bonts'itseng ts'episo ea ho rarolla mathata a mantlha ho HTO. Annunziato le Grossman ba fana ka mehlala ea lipatlisiso tse kenyelletsang kharikhulamo ea 'Sechaba le Moruo' ho Sweden e bonts'ang ho fokotseha ha tlhekefetso (Kimber et al., 2008) le 'Morero oa' mele 'o hlahisitseng phokotso mathateng a ho ja (Stice et al., 2013), ka ts'ebeliso e ntle ea boemo bo holimo, ho se khotsofale ha setšoantšo sa 'mele le tšusumetso e mpe ho baithuti ba basali (Stice et al., 2011) le lenaneo le thehiloeng inthaneteng le bonts'itseng litlamorao tse kholo tsa ho fokotsa boima (Stice et al., 2014). Annunziato le Grossman (2016) eletsa ts'ebeliso e pharaletseng ea ho kenella ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng le motho ka mong le bacha le bacha ba maemong a sekolo. Mohlala, mananeo a maholo sekolong se mahareng le liunivesithing a ne a ka etsoa ho tlisa phetoho ea moetlo.

Lenaneo le thehiloeng ho sekolo le hlalositsoe ke Tran et al. (2014) e thehiloe profinseng ea Canada ea Alberta. Fung et al. (2012) e bonts'itse bokhoni le katleho ea lenaneo le ipapisitseng le sekolo ho thibela botenya ba bana, Morero oa Alberta Ho Ntšetsa pele ho ja le ho ja ka mokhoa o phetseng hantle Likolong (Likolo tsa APPLE). Ho kenella ho ne ho kenyelletsa Morupeli oa Bophelo ba Sekolo sa Bophelo bo Botle Sekolong se seng le se seng sa 10 bakeng sa ho kenya ts'ebetso ea ho ja ka mokhoa o phetseng hantle le melaoana ea boipheliso e sebetsang, litloaelo le maano ha a ntse a kenya letsoho ba amehang, ho kenyeletsoa batsoali, basebetsi le sechaba. Bahlahlami ba kentse letsoho kharikhulamong ea bophelo bo botle ea likolo le mesebetsi e hlophisehileng joalo ka lihlopha tsa ho pheha le lijo tsa hoseng tse phetseng hantle, lijo tsa mots'eare le lijo tse bobebe, kamora mananeo a PA a sekolo, matsatsi a ho ea sekolong, lirapa tsa sechaba, liketsahalo tsa beke le beke le mangolo a phatlalatso a hasitsoeng. Ka 2010, litloaelo tsa ho ja tsa baithuti le maemo a PA likolong tsa APPLE li ne li ntlafalitse haholo ha bongata ba botenya bo ntse bo fokotseha ka lebaka la lithaka tsa bona tse kenang likolo tse ling tsa Albertan (Setšoantšo sa 9). Mananeo a mang a sekolo a felletseng a finyeletse litholoana tse tšoanang (Greening et al., 2011; Khambalia et al., 2012; Verstraeten et al., 2012; Li-Veugelers le Fitzgerald, 2005). Ka mokhoa o nepahetseng, thuto mabapi le koetliso ea mekhoa e metle ea ho ja le PA e tloaelehileng e tla ba karolo ea lithuto tsohle tsa sekolo ka bophara.

Setšoantšo sa 9.

Setšoantšo sa 9.

Litefiso tsa bophelo bo botle tsa litšenyehelo tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle tsa Canada le profinse ea Alberta (lidolara tse milione) ka lebaka la lenaneo la thibelo ea botenya e thehiloeng sekolong Tran et al. (2014), Setšoantšo sa 6).

Markey et al. (2016) e bua ka karolo ea likamano tsa sechaba ka mekhoa ea ho ja le baratani ba lerato bao ho bonahalang ba le bohlokoa haholo ebile e le ntho e sa tsotelleng ho litloaelo tsa ho ja, setšoantšo sa 'mele le kotsi ea botenya. Tumellanong le Markey et al.'s (2016) mehopolo, tšusumetso ea boleng ba likamano tsa lenyalo litekanyetsong tsa takatso ea lijo e ile ea hlahlojoa nyeoeng e habeli e sa sebetseng ea Crossover (Jaremka et al., 2015). Litho ka bobeli tsa banyalani ba 43 li jele lijo tse tloaelehileng qalong ea ketelo tse peli. Ho tlalehiloe ka lirekoto tse shebiloeng tsa likhohlano tsa lenyalo ho lekola mathata a lenyalo. Ghrelin le leptin ba ne ba etsoa sampole pele le postmeal ka lihora tsa 2, 4 le 7. Batho ba manyalong a nang le mathata a mangata ba ile ba fumanoa ba e-na le lijo tse phahameng tsa boemo bo holimo le lijo tse futsanehileng ho feta tsa ba nyalaneng ba se nang khatello ea maikutlo, empa ba le har'a barupeluoa ba nang le BMI e tlase. Ghrelin le boleng ba ja ka hona e kanna ea ba khokahano lipakeng tsa khatello ea lenyalo le litlamorao tsa lona tse mpe tsa bophelo bo botle (Jaremka et al., 2015).

Bana ba hola tikolohong e thata, ebang letsoalo le bakoa ke khaello ea moruo kapa mabaka a mang, ba pepesitsoe ke pherekano ea motsoali, likhohlano tsa likamano, ho hloka ts'ehetso le bonngoe, lits'ebetso tse mpe tsa tumelo, litlhoko tse sa hlonepheng tsa maikutlo le ho se sireletsehe ka kakaretso. Liphihlelo tsena tse sithabetsang li eketsa kotsi ea khatello ea maikutlo le maikutlo, ho kenyelletsa ho itšepa ho tlase le ho itšepa, maikutlo a fosahetseng, ho itšepa ho se sebe, ho hloka matla, khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha, ho se sireletsehe le maikutlo a phahameng a ho imeloa kelellong (Hemmingsson, 2014).

Brindal le Wittert (2016) fana ka maikutlo a ho nahanisisa ka allostasis, mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le maemo le sebaka sa bolulo ho kenyelletsa le mofuta oa COD. Ba pheha khang ea hore ho kenyelletsoa ha likarolo tsena ho Polelo ea Homeostatic ea Obesity ho ka thusa ho "holisa matla a eona a hlalosang le mekhoa e meng e amanang le ho kena lipakeng '. Ntle le moo, ba fana ka maikutlo a hore mokhoa o nang le morero oa lefu lena la botena le lefu le sa foleng o tla hloka 'melao le melaoana le maano a boitšoaro a ikemiselitseng ho fokotsa mojaro o moholo'. Leha ho le joalo, ka maikutlo a mongoli enoa, mohopolo oa allostasis ha o eketse letho le lecha ho mofuta oa COD, o thehiloeng khopolong ea homeostasis e hlalositsoeng ke Cannon (1932). Mehopolo ea 'allostasis' le 'allostatic umthwalo' ho bonahala e thehiloe ho se utloisiseng mohopolo oa mantlha oa homeostasis, e akaretsang mesebetsi eohle eo batšehetsi ba lakatsang ho e hlahisa allostasis (Letsatsi, 2005). Ntle le moo, kaho ea allostasis ha e re thuse ho hlalosa khatello ea maikutlo hamolemo. Ke lumellana le Letsatsi (2005), ea faneng ka polelo e thusang ea 'allostasis theory' ka tsela e latelang: McEwen le Wingfield (2003) o ile a ngola:

'(polelo) khatello ea kelello e tla sebelisoa ho hlalosa liketsahalo tse sokelang motho ka mong le tse etsang hore karabelo ea' mele le boits'oaro e le karolo ea allostasis ka ntle ho seo se hlahisoang ke mekhahlelo e tloaelehileng ea bophelo'(litekanyetso tsa ka) Ba fana ka maikutlo a hore khatello ea maikutlo ke mofuta o le mong feela oa phephetso e ka etsang… likarabo tsa hau (kapa, kamoo ke ratang, likarabo tsa homeostatic). Ka hona, re ka akaretsa boemo ba bona ka tsela e latelang: bophelo ke letoto la mathata; tse ling ke karolo ea potoloho e tloaelehileng ea bophelo; ba bang ba ka hlalosoa e le khatello ea maikutlo; mathata ana kaofela a tlameha ho kopana, ke hore homeostasis e lokela ho bolokoa; Ts'ebetso ea ho boloka homeostasis (ts'ebetso eo ba ka e bitsang allostasis) e kenyelletsa ho roala le ho hohola (eo ba e bitsang mojaro oa allostatic) e ka bang le phello e mpe bophelong. Polelo ena ea boithuto ba thuto ea McEwen le Wingfield e kanna ea utloahala empa ho e bala ka mantsoe a seng makae a tlositsoeng ho tla bontša hore ho utloisisa mohopolo oa bona ha ho hloke hore ho amoheloe polelo ea allostasis. Potso e mahlonoko e setseng ka nako eo ke ena: na mohopolo oa allostasis o re thusa ho hlalosa hantle khatello ea maikutlo? Ke fana ka maikutlo a hore karabo ke 'che'. (Letsatsi, 2005: 1198)

fihlela qeto e

Homeostasis ke ts'ebetso e fapaneng le e 'ngoe e seng e sa tsotelloe ho psychology ea theoretical. Homeostasis ke ts'ebetso ea mantlha ea ho boloka likokoana-hloko tse phetseng hantle. Ho senyeha ha homeostasis ho baka likhathatso ho kenyelletsa botenya, litheko le maemo a sa foleng a kenyelletsang khatello ea maikutlo bathong ba nang le 'mele e fapaneng. Maemo ana kaofela a kenyelletsa mosebetsi o matlafatsang oa COD e mpe. Moputso oa Hedonic o feta homeostasis ea boima ho hlahisa OD. Mohlala oa pele o fana ka maikutlo a hore OD e kopantsoe le PFC, amygdala le axis ea HPA ka ho supa ka peptide hormone ghrelin eo ka nako e tšoanang e laolang ho fepa, ho ama le moputso oa hedonic. Kakaretso ea bopaki ka har'a tsebo ea hona joale e bonts'a hore botenya ke boemo bo phehellang, bo ke keng ba phetoa. Boiteko ba ho thibela le kalafo bo lebileng mehloling ea dyshomeostasis bo fana ka mekhoa ea ho fokotsa ho amohela batho, ho ba lekhoba la boithabiso le ho phahamisa bophelo ba batho ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo e sa foleng.

lumela hore baa fokola

Sengoli se leboha ka mofuthu litlhaloso tse buang ka Homeostasis Theory of Obesity bakeng sa tlhalohanyo ea bona mabapi le nts'etsopele ea mohopolo: Rachel Annunziato, Kristin August, Lindzee Bailey, Laszlo Brassai, Emily Brindal, Janine Delahanty, Carlo DiClemente, Stephanie Grossman, Camille Guertin, Charlotte Markey, Patrick Markey, Jennifer Mills, Christopher Nave, Luc Pelletier, Bettina Piko, Paige Pope, Meredith Rocchi, Kaley Roosen, Diane Rosenbaum, Kamila White le Gary Wittert.

Notes

^1.Mohlala o tšoanang, o sa tsoa hatisoa ke Hemmingsson (2014), e tšohla ho sithabela maikutlong ha ho baka botenya:

…. Likhathatso tsa ka hare li baka khatello ea maikutlo le kelello, li baka litlamorao tse bakang boima ba mmele ba ho ja joalo ka ho ja ho hatella maikutlo a sithabetsang, khatello ea maikutlo, takatso ea morao-rao, ts'oaetso e tlase le mohlomong le phokotso ea metheo ea basal. Ha nako e ntse e tsamaea, sena se baka ho nona haholo, ho potoloha le ho potoloha hoa boima ba 'mele. (leq. 770)

^2.Khopolo-taba ea ho ikemela, polelo ea boikemisetso bo se nang boikemelo e bitsoa 'Motheo o laoloang'. Mohlomong, lentsoe le hlasimollang le ka ba 'UnTs'usumetso e laoloang '.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

Phatlalatso ea lithahasello tse hanyetsanang: Sengoli se phatlalalitse hore ha ho likhohlano tse ka bang teng mabapi le lipatlisiso, bongoli le / kapa phatlalatso ea sengoloa sena.

Lithuso: Sengoli ha sea fumana tšehetso ea lichelete bakeng sa ho etsa lipatlisiso, bongoli le / kapa phatlalatso ea sengoloa sena.

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