Ho ja ka mahlo a rona: Ho tloha tlala ea pono ho satiation digital (2018)

Bokooa le Temoho

Volume 110, December 2016, Maqephe 53-63

KatsunoriOkajimab

Adrian DavidCheokc

OliviaTse nyenyanec

Lintlha-khōlō Tsa

• Bokooa le mokhoa oa ho bona nts'etsopele e amanang le ho fumana lijo.

• Liphetoho tse tsotehang tsa 'mele le tsa phekolo ea meriana tse bonngoeng li arabela litšoantšong tsa lijo.

• Ho na le kotsi ea ho pepeseha ha rona litšoantšong tsa lijo tse nang le liphello tse kotsi.

• Khopolo ea ho lapa pono - takatso ea ho bona litšoantšo tse ntle tsa lijo, le liphetoho tse hlahang libokeng, li hlahisoa.

inahaneloang

E 'ngoe ea mesebetsi ea bohlokoa ea boko ke ho thusa ho iphelisa le ho fepa. Ho ka etsahala hore ebe ha ho makatse hore ebe molomo o teng haufi le boko ba liphoofolo tse ngata. Leha ho le joalo, tikoloho eo boko ba rona bo ileng ba fetoha ka eona e ne e le ngata haholo ho latela ho fumaneha ha lihlahisoa tsa lijo (e leng, limatlafatsi) ho feta boemo ba rōna ba phelang linaheng tsa Bophirimela kajeno. Bothata bo ntseng bo eketseha ba botenya ke e 'ngoe ea matšoao a hore moloko oa batho ha o etse mosebetsi o motle joalo ka ho ntlafatsa lijo tsa mehleng ea kajeno. Le hoja molato mona o atisa ho behoa menyako ea lik'hamphani tsa lijo tsa lefats'e-ho fana ka lijo tsa meriana, tse etselitsoeng ho otla 'ntlha e thabisang' ka mefuta e monate (tsoekere, letsoai, mafura, joalo-joalo), le boiketlo ba ho fihlella ho lijo tse nang le lik'halori - rea ipotsa hore na ha ho na tse ling tse hlakileng libakeng tsa rona tse ka 'nang tsa etsa hore re lape ka makhetlo a mangata ho feta molemong oa rona. Mona, re hlahlobisisa karolo ea bohlokoa ea pono; Haholo-holo, re belaella tšusumetso eo ho eketsehileng ha rona ho hlahisang litšoantšo tsa lijo tse lakatsehang (seo hangata se ngotsoeng e leng 'lijo tsa bootsoa' kapa 'gastroporn') ka litšebelisano tsa digital ho ka 'na ha e-ba teng,' me re botsa hore na e ka 'na ea se ke ea eketsa takatso ea rona ea lijo (seo re se bitsang 'tlala ea tlala'). Re hlahloba 'mele o ntseng o hōla oa lipatlisiso tse nang le tsebo ea kelello e bontšang hore liphello tse tebileng tse shebileng litšoantšo tse joalo li ka ba le mekhoa e metle ea li-neural, likarolo tsa' mele le tsa kelello, le ho ela hloko, haholo-holo bokong ba 'lapile'.

    1. Selelekela: Boko le lijo

    E ne e le Apicius, lekhotla la Roma la 1st Century (bonang Apicius, 1936), bao ho thoeng ba na le poleloana e reng "Re ja pele ka mahlo"(Delwiche, 2012). Mehleng ena, bopaki bo eketsehang ba bopaki bo tsoang ho tsebo li-neuroscience e senola feela hore na sebele aphorism ke efe (mohlala, bona Van der Laan, De Ridder, Viergever, & Smeets, 2011, bakeng sa tlhahlobo). Ka ho lumella mefuta ea pele ea bophelo ho etsa lipatlisiso le ho lemoha libaka tsa tsona tsa libaka tse hōle haholo (ke hore, ka ho li lumella hore li lemohe litšitiso tse teng sebakeng sa hau sa bolulo), mahlo, le lisebelisoa tsa pono hore mahlo ao a fepa, ho iphetola ha tsona ho eketsa menyetla ea ho phela, ka ho ntlafatsa mokhoa o nepahetseng oa ho fumana mehloli ea matla (lijo), kapa limatlafatsi, ho tloha sebakeng se itseng sa tikoloho (mohlala, Allman, 2000, Gehring, 2014).

    Ho iphelisa - ho batla lijo tse matlafatsang - ke e 'ngoe ea mesebetsi ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea boko. Ho batho, ketsahalo ena e itšetlehile haholo-holo ka pono, haholo-holo ha ho tluoa tabeng ea ho fumana lijo tseo re seng re li tloaetse (sheba hape Laska, Freist, & Krause, 2007). Ha e le hantle, ho 'nile ha boleloa hore pono e fokolang ea' mala e ka 'na ea e-ba teng ho li-primates e le mokhoa oa ho feto-fetoha o ileng oa etsa hore ho be le litholoana tse ngata tse nang le matla a matla (le mohlomong a bofubelu) ho tloha-har'a moru o motala oa meru (mohlala, Bompas et al., 2013, Regan et al., 2001, Sumner le Mollon, 2000). Ka sebele, ho sebelisana ho rarahaneng ha liphoofolo ho etselitsoe tlhokomelo (hangata pono) ea li-pollinators le / kapa ho hlasela liphoofolo tse jang liphoofolo e bile karolo e ka sehloohong ea ho feto-fetoha ha lintho tse peli tse bonts'ang liphoofolo le mekhoa ea litšoantšiso tse sebelisoang mebusong ea liphoofolo le tsa limela (mohlala, bona Barth, 1985, Cott, 1940, Poulton, 1890, Rowe le Skelhorn, 2005, Schaefer le Schmidt, 2013).

    Ha ho pelaelo hore ho fumana mehloli ea phepo e nepahetseng bakeng sa boiketlo ba batho, e leng mosebetsi oo pono e nang le karolo e bohareng, e kopanetsoeng ke tlhokomelo, menyaka le mananeo a moputso, hammoho le litlhoko tse ngata tse amanang le tlala (mohlala, Berthoud le Morrison, 2008, Kringelbach et al., 2012, LaBar et al., 2001, Masterson et al., 2015, Shin et al., 2009, Van den Bos le Ridder, 2006). Kahoo ha hoa lokela ho makatsa hore boipiletso bo bonahalang bo na le tšusumetso ea bohlokoa ho thabo e akaretsang eo lijo li e etsang (mohlala, Ho Ferekanya le Molisa, 2003, Spence le Piqueras-Fiszman, 2014).1

    2. Boko bo lapileng

    Hore mefuta e mengata ea liphoofolo e fetohile molomo o lutseng haufi le boko ba bona ha ho potang hore e bile teng ka tšohanyetso; Joaloka rasaense ea tummeng oa Brithani JZ Young (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Zachary_Young) o kile oa beha: "Taba ea hore boko le molomo li le boemong bo lekanang ba 'mele e ka' na ea e-ba e sa reng letho joalokaha e bonahala."(E monyenyane, 1968, leq. 22). Ha e le hantle, ba bang ba nkile boitsebiso bona ho fana ka maikutlo a hore boko bo ka 'na ba iphetola liphoofolong ka mokhoa oa ho laola phepo ea eona ea limatlafatsi, ka ho etsa joalo, ho eketsa menyetla ea ho pholoha le ho hlahisa (mohlala, Allman, 2000). Kenya ka tsela e 'ngoe, ka ho ela hloko hore na ke lijo life tse matlafatsang tse amohelang (ke hore, ho noa) le hore na ke eng e ka u lematsang (mohlala, e chefo)Piqueras-Fiszman, Kraus, & Spence, 2014), molomo o ka 'na oa phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho tataisa nts'etsopele ea lihlopha (mohlala, Allman, 2000). Hape, e ne e le JZ Young ea ileng a hapa khopolo ena lipolelong tse qalang tsa e 'ngoe ea lipampiri tsa hae: "Ha ho phoofolo e ka phelang ntle le lijo. A re ke re phehelle ho tsamaisa taba ena: Ka tsela e nepahetseng, lijo li na le tšusumetso ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ho khethollang mokhatlo oa boko le boitšoaro boo mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng o bolelang."(E monyenyane, 1968, leq. 21).

    Boko ke setho sa 'mele se senyang matla ka ho fetisisa, se ikarabellang sebakeng se itseng sebakeng sa 25% sa phallo ea mali, kapa ho e-na, 25% ea matla a sebelisoang a fumanehang (mohlala, bona Wenk, 2015, Wrangham, 2010). Hlokomela hore setšoantšo sena se phahame le ho feta ho motho ea sa tsoa tsoaloa, moo boko bo fumanang karolo ea boraro ea matla a jang lihlahisoa tse ntseng li tsoela pele. Joalokaha Brown a re: "Li-embryos, karolo ea pele ea neocortex ho hlaolela ke karolo e tla emela molomo le leleme ... "Ha boko bo ntse bo hōla ka boholo ka nako ea ho iphetola ha batho, litlhoko tsa mokhoa oa ho bona ho fumana limatlafatsi tse fumanehang hantle tikolohong ho ka 'na ha boela ha eketseha.2

    Ha ho pelaelo hore taba ea hore linaha tsa lijo tse lulang ho rona ba phelang lefats'e la bophirimela kajeno li fapane haholo le tseo baholo-holo ba rona ba neng ba tlameha ho sebetsana le tsona; Haholo-holo, boko ba motho bo ile ba fetoha nakong ea ha lijo li le boima haholo ho feta hona joale (Caballero, 2007), 'me ho ka bonahala eka tlhahiso ea liphatsa tsa rona tsa lefutso e ntse e re susumelletsa hore re shebe lijo ha re ja lijo habonolo (mohlala, Marteau et al., 2012, Pinel et al., 2000, Wenk, 2015). E ka 'na ea pheha khang hore 'ponotlala ' - khopolo eo re e hlalosang mona e le takatso ea tlhaho, kapa ho khothalletsa, ho sheba lijo - e ka ba phetoho ea ho iphetola ha lintho: Boroko ba rona bo ithutile ho thabela ho bona lijo, hobane ho ka etsahala hore li qale pele ho noa. Moputso o ikemetseng o amanang le ho bona lijo o ne o bolela letsatsi le leng la limatlafatsi tse lekaneng bakeng sa ho phela, 'me ka nako e ts'oanang, likarabo tsa' mele li ne li tla lokisetsa 'mele ea rona ho fumana lijo tseo. Tlhahiso ea rona mona ke hore ho pepeseha ha lijo tse tloaelehileng mehleng ea kajeno, le mefuta e mengata ea li-neural, likaroloana le mekhoa ea boitšoaro e kopantsoeng le eona, e ka 'na ea eketsa maruo a rona a nama ka makhetlo a mangata. Ha ho pelaelo hore tlala e bonahalang e boetse e le lebaka la hore mefuta e fapaneng ea litaba tsa lijo e atlehe haholoanyane ho sena, lilemo tsa digital.

    Pele re bua ka karolo ea bohlokoa ea ho ba le tlala ka pono ea sechaba, re sheba ka bokhutšoanyane bopaki bo bontšang hore ho pepesehela litšoantšo tse ipiletsang tsa lijo (tseo bongata ba tsona li hlahisoang ka digitally, kahoo ka tsela e sa hlokahaleng) e ntse e e-ba ea bohlokoa haholoanyane mohloli oa thabo ho batho ba bangata sechabeng kajeno (mohlala, bona Prince, 2014, Spence, 2015, bakeng sa tlhaloso ea morao tjena). Joale re shebisisa bopaki bo tsoang ho tsebo ea kutloisiso li-neuroscience ho totobatsa phello eo ho shebella litšoantšo tsa lijo ho nang le maemo a mabeli le a mahlaseli.

    3. Lijo tse ntle tsa mahlo a lapileng

    Lilemong tse 50 tse fetileng ho bile le keketseho e pharalletseng ea botumo ba litloaelo tse fapaneng tsa boikoetliso, hammoho le ho phahama ha 'mopheki'Hansen, 2008). Sena se entse hore ho be le tšebetso e ke keng ea qojoa ho mekhoa ea ho pheha e monate e bonang hantle le lijana, tse atisang ho sebelisa lijo tse sa phetseng hantle.3 Letsatsi le leng le le leng, hoa utloahala eka re ntse re khahloa haholo (hape ka khalori e phahameng) litšoantšo tsa lijo, seo ba bang (mohlomong ka tsela e nyelisang) ba se bitsang 'gastroporn'4 kapa 'bootsoa ba lijo' (McBride, 2010; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_porn).5 Ho feta moo, lithalase tsa libuka tsa libuka tsa libuka li ntse li fokotseha ka tlase ho boima ba libuka tseo tsa phepelo tse tletseng litšoantšo tsa lijo tse hlalositsoeng ka holimo le tse nkiloeng holimo (Spence & Piqueras-Fiszman, 2014;; bona Myhrvold & Mocha, 2011, bakeng sa mohlala o mong o tsotehang haholo). Ho 'nile ha boleloa hore ba rona hona joale ba lulang linaheng tsa Bophirimela ba shebeletse lijana tse ling tsa ho bapala ho bontša TV ho feta pele (Bellman, 2004, de Solier, 2005, Prince, 2014, Ray, 2007). Lijo tse joalo li bontša hangata ho khabisa lijo ntle le hakaalo ho bolela pale e leka-lekaneng tabeng ea sechabeng, bophelo bo botle le liphello tsa tikoloho ea ho sebelisa lijo tse feteletseng (Caraher et al., 2000, Ketchum, 2005, Meister, 2001). Ho feta moo, palo ea lihora tsa TV tseo motho a li shebellang e tsamaellanang hantle le tsa tsona tlhahiso ea 'mele (BMI; bona Boulos, Vikre, Oppenheimer, Chang, & Kanarek, 2012).6 Ha e le hantle, lipatlisiso tsa laboratori li bontšitse hore ho shebella mananeo a thelevishene a amanang le lijo a ka ama mekhoa ea batho ea ho fumana matla ho tsoa setsing se fanoeng sa lijo tse fumanehang (Bodenlos le Wormuth, 2013). E boetse e lebisa tlholehong e eketsehileng ea lik'hilojule lijong tseo batho ba qetellang ba itokisetsa tsona (Mopapa, Latimer, & Wansink, 2015), le hoja ba bangata ba rona re ntse re qeta nako e nyenyane re ntse re sebelisana le lijo ka boeona (joalo ka ha ho sebelisoa ha lijo, mokhoa o bonolo oa lijo, le lijo tse itokiselitseng li ntse li phahama ka ho sa feleng; mohlala, Capps et al., 1985, Hamrick et al., 2011, Howard et al., 2012, Moss, 2013, Smith le al., 2013). Hona ho hlakile hore litaba tse tšoenyang li fanoe ka hore lijo tse loketseng li batla li le kotsi ha lijo tse lokiselitsoeng ke liphofu tse ngata tse ratoang haholo lijong tsa ho bapala TV li bontša (Howard et al., 2012, Meister, 2001;; bona hape Mefuta ea Lijo tsa Lijo, 2003).

    Ho tloha litabeng tsa lireschorente ho tloha lireschorenteng, ho tloha litabeng tsa khatiso ho fihlela likarolong tsa liphutheloana tsa lihlahisoa, litlhahiso tsa ho sebeletsa li atisa ho bontšoa ka lijo tse hlahisoang ka mokhoa o motle ka ho fetisisa le o lakatsehang (le hoja o sa utloahale): Lifoto tse ngata tsa lijo li atisa ho ba ngata haholo e khahlehang ho feta lihlahisoa tsa sebele tseo li li hlalosang. Maemong a mang, lijana li bōptjoa feela ka mahlaseli a mahlo a kelello (bona www.theartofplating.com).7 Seo se boletse hore tsela eo lijo li pentiloeng ka eona (e leng, e hlahisitsoeng ka mahlo) e na le tšusumetso mehopolong ea batho, ebile e ka fetola likhetho tsa lijo tse latelang, ho sa tsotellehe boitšoaro ba bona ba ho sebelisa (mohlala, Deroy et al., 2014, Michel le al., 2014, Spence et al., 2014, Zellner et al., 2014;; bona hape Linné, Barkeling, Rössner, & Rooth, 2002).

    Ka lebaka la keketseho ea ho bonts'oa habonolo ho fumaneha ha li-interfaces tsa digital le mecha ea phatlalatso ea li-audiovisual lekholong la ho qetela la lilemo (nahana ka li-smartphone, matlapa le lichelete tsa k'homphieutha), batho ba bangata hona joale ba na le phihlelo ea letsatsi le leng le le leng ho lipapali tsa digital. Ha lilemo li ntse li feta, pontšo ea digital (empa hape le lik'hamera tse entsoeng kahare) ea lisebelisoa tsena e ntse e ntlafala ka ho tsoelang pele ka ho rarolla le boleng ba phetolelo ea 'mala, e hlahisang litšoantšo tse nkiloeng (le tse bonngoeng) tse nang le tse kholoanyane boipiletso bo botle le eena. Ho feta moo, lisebelisoa tsa "embellishing" tse eketsehileng li boetse li tla 'marakeng, ho tloha mananeong a kang' Photoshop 'bakeng sa ba ratang ho nka lifoto le litsebi, ho ea ho' Instagram ', moo mang kapa mang a khonang ho etsa litšoantšo tsa bona li shebahale ka tsela e bonahalang. Mekhoa ena ea theknoloji e ncha e etsa hore bareki ba atamele holimo litšoantšong tsa lijo tsa digital, ke hore, ba hlalane le maemo a tlhaho a ho sebelisoa.8 Ka nako e ts'oanang, lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng li bone ho phahama ho matla ha batho ba jang lemalla ntho e itseng ka ho nka litšoantšo tsa lijo tseo ba leng haufi le ho li ja, hangata ba arolelanang litšoantšo tseo ka melaetsa ea bona ea litaba tsa sechaba (mohlala, bona Abbar, Mejova, & Weber, 2015). Boemo bo se bo fihlile hona joale hore bahlokomeli ba bang ba nahanisisa hore na ka linako tse ling ba fokotsa kapa ba thibela bareki ba bona hore ba se ke ba nka litšoantšo tsa lijana ha ba tsoa kichineng (mohlala, bona Alexander, 2014, Lebala, 2014, Ka hohle, 2013, O'Neill, 2015). Leha ho le joalo, moeletsi e mong oa lireschorente le mohoeletsi o sa tsoa fana ka tlhahiso ea hore tsela eo lijo li shebahalang ka eona e bohlokoa ho feta leha e le neng pele: "Ke netefatsa hore lireschorente tse ling li lokisetsa lijo hona joale tse tla shebahala hantle Instagram"(Saner, 2015). Baokameli ba bang ba bile ba amohela mokhoa ona ka ho fana ka li-camerama lijong tsa bona tsa reschorente, esita le ho sebeletsa lijo lijaneng tse hlahisang 360 °, ka hona li lumella bareki ba bona hore ba thunngoe ka ho fetisisa nako le nako (Elliott, 2015, Michel le al., 2015). Libuka tse nang le tsebo ea ho pata li boetse li khothalletsa 'mali ho etsa hore e shebahala e le ntle (mohlala, Siple & Sax, 1982).

    Le hoja ho ka 'na ha bonahala eka tšusumetso ea' lihlahisoa tsena tsa digital 'e ntse e fokotseha karolong e pharaletseng ea sechaba, ho na le kameho ea sebele ea hore polelo ena ea ho khahla litšoantšo tsa lijo e ka ba le tšusumetso e mpe linthong tse ling tsa ho ja boit soaro (mohlala, bona Ouwehand le Papies, 2010, Robinson le Matheson, 2014).9 Ha e le hantle, e se e tsebahala hore papatso ea lijo e eketsa bareki hore ba fumane lijo, ka lebaka leo ho eketsa tšebeliso ea bona ea lijo leha e le life tse ka hlahang. Sena ke 'nete ho bana le ho batho ba baholo (Borzekowski le Robinson, 2001, Halford et al., 2008, Harris et al., 2009). Ho ka 'na ha bonahala eka' tlala ea pono 'e ka etsa hore boitšoaro boo bo amanang le lijo bo sebelisoe ka mokhoa o itekanetseng.

    Ha e le hantle, ho hlahisitsoe ponahalo e fetisisang ea lijo ho se ho bontšitsoe hore e na le karolo ea bohlokoa mabapi le mekhoa e sebelisoang ke thepa: Ho ea ka Wansink (2006), tlhahisoleseding ea lijo e nkiloeng ho mecha ea phatlalatso ea dijethale ho nahanoa hore e tla susumetsa ho feta 70% ea lijo tse jeoang ke malapa a Amerika. Ka nako e ts'oanang, setso sa ho ja lijo, hammoho le mehopolo e metle, e bapisa le seo mecha ea phatlalatso e bonahalang eka e batla ho khotsofatsa bashebelli ba eona (bona Howard et al., 2012). Mopapa le basebetsi-'moho le eena ba sa tsoa fana ka tlhahiso ea hore tlhaloso ena e lebisa ponong satiation e ka 'na ea e-ba pontšo ea mekhoa ea sebele eo e ka' nang ea e-ba boima bo feteletseng, kapa e tlase e amoheleha sechabeng sa kajeno, ha ts'ehetso ea ho ja hantle e fetohile sebaka se tloaelehileng. Tlhaloso ena e makatsang ka taba ena litaba tsa mecha ea litaba e paka ho 'sehlōhōbonyollo ' (bona Adema, 2000), kapa 'ho sebelisoa hampe' (Mopapa le al., 2015)10 hore batho ba bangata ba iphumana ba ikakhela ka setotsoana. Ha e le hantle, ho pheha lipapatso, lijo tse hlahisoang, le lipapatso tsa litaba tsa sechaba, tse fanang ka litšoantšo tsa lijo tse matla-ngata li ka fana ka mohloli oa mekete e nkeloang sebaka, ha ka nako e ts'oanang li khothalletsa ho tlōla le ho khotsofatsa. Joalokaha Passamonti le basebetsi-'moho le eena (2009, p. 43) Hlokomela, "Lijo tsa lijo tse ka ntle, tse kang ho bona lijo tse monate li ka etsa hore motho a lakatse ho ja, esita le ha ho se na tlala."Bothata ba sebele mona ke hore boithabiso bo joalo, ka ho beha mohlala oa lijo le hore na ke lijo tsa mofuta ofe tseo re qetellang re li ja, e ka 'na ea e-ba tse kotsi ho boiketlo ba rona ba kelello le ba nama.

    Leha ho le joalo, tšebelisano ea bafuputsi ba bang ke hore ka ho fumana kutloisiso e ntlafetseng ea mekhoa e metle ea mekhoa ea rona ea lijo, e ka 'na eaba ka letsatsi le leng re ka khona ho thibela bareki ho ja lijo tse nepahetseng (mohlala, Toepel, Knebel, Hudry, le Coutre, & Murray, 2009).

    3.1. Liphello tsa 'mele (tsa neuro) tsa ho sheba litšoantšo tsa lijo

    Empa na ho na le liphello tse amanang le bophelo bo amanang le bophelo bo amanang le bophelo bo amanang le keketseho e tsotehang ea ho hlahella ha rona litšoantšo tse ipiletsang tsa lijo (ka ho eketsehileng, ka li-smartphone tsa rona le theknoloji e meng ea thepa)? Seo ho bonahalang eka se hlakile ka ho bala lingoliloeng ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng ke hore ho pepeseha ha litšoantšo tsa lijo tse lakatsehang ho ka etsa hore ho be le mekhoa ea ho ba le tsebo e kang ho itšoara, ke hore, mekhoa e sebetsang e amanang le ho hanela moleko oa hore lijo tse lakatsehang li hlophisehe, ho boloka boima ba 'mele bo botle (mohlala, Fishbach et al., 2003, Kroese le al., 2009, Van den Bos le Ridder, 2006;; bona hape Uher, Letlotlo, Heining, Brammer, & Campbell, 2006).

    Mekhoa e joalo ea ho thibela ho itšireletsa e ka 'na ea e-ba phephetso ka ho khetheha ho bao, ka mabaka afe kapa afe, ba nang le tšekamelo ea ho ja haholo (mohlala, Ouwehand le Papies, 2010, Passamonti le al., 2009).11 Hlokomela mona hape hore batho bao ba nang le bothata ba bona ho tšoaroa ke ho itlopa joala 'me bulimia phihlelo e kholoanyane ho utloa bohloko, ts'ebetso ea boko, le ho tsosoa, ho arabela litšoantšong tsa lijo tse monate (mohlala, Schienle, Schäfer, Hermann, & Vaitl, 2009). Batho ka bomong, ka ho fapana, ha ba bonts'ebetsoe haholoanyane libakeng tsa bokooa tse amanang le moputso ho arabela ka tšebeliso ea lijo ho feta batho ba nang le boima bo botle. Leha ho le joalo, li bonts'a ts'ebetsong e kholoanyane cortex le libakeng tse fapaneng ho arabela ka lijo tse ntseng li lebelloa tsa lijo ha li bapisoa le batho ba boima ba 'mele. Mokhoa ona oa litholoana o fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba nang le boima bo feteletseng ba ka lebella moputso o moholo oa ho ja lijo ha ba ntse ba e-na le menyaka e fokolang ka lebaka la ho ja (Stice, Spoor, Bohon, Veldhuizen, & Nyane, 2008).

    Ho fanoa ka tšusumetso ea hore litšoantšo tse bonahalang tsa lijo li na le mekhoa ea rona ea ho ja, joalokaha ho boletsoe karolong e fetileng, ha hoa lokela ho makatsa hore ebe boko ba motho bo khetholla litlhoko tsa eona tse fokolang bakeng sa phepelo ea lijo tse mafura haholo (mohlala, Toepel et al., 2009;; bona hape Harrar, Toepel, Murray, & Spence, 2011). Phuputsong e 'ngoe, Toepel le basebetsi-'moho le eena ba sebelisitse letoto la lipapiso tsa lijo tse neng li ntlafalitsoe ho laola likarohano leha e le life tse tlaase ka tsela eo li bonts'ang ka eona (tse kang ho lumellana ha bona le maqhubu a maqhubu a sebaka), empa tse fapaneng ka mafura a bona. Ho sebelisa motlakase ho ba le khoeli ea pono mekhoa ea ho tlosoa (VEPs), bafuputsi bana ba ile ba khona ho bonts'a hore litšoantšo tsa lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata li sebetsoa ka tsela e fapaneng, ka phapang ena ea sebopeho sa ts'ebetso ea cortical e hlahang ka potlako (ke hore, nakong e ka bang 165 ms ea barupeluoa ba bonang tšusumetso ea pono; bona hape Killgore le al., 2003).

    Ho sa le joalo, Harrar et al. (2011) o sebelisitse setšoantšo se ts'oanang le setšoantšo se le seng e le hore ho bontšoe hore litšoantšo tsa lijo tse mafura li boetse li susumetsa boitšoaro ba motho ka katleho ho feta litšoantšo tsa lijo tse mafura a tlase. Thutong ea bona, bankakarolo ba ile ba tlameha ho etsa likarabo tse potlakileng tsa khethollo ea phokotso ea letoto la lipheo tse bonoang tse hlahisitsoeng ka letsohong le letšehali kapa le letona la tokiso e bohareng. Nakoana pele tlhahiso ea sepheo se seng le se seng (nakong ea li-asynchronies tsa 100, 300, kapa 450 ms), ho ile ha khanya setšoantšo se sa lebelloang (seo barupeluoa ba neng ba lokela ho se hlokomoloha) se ile sa bonesoa ka lehlakoreng le leng kapa le shebaneng le skrineng (bona Feie. 1). Liphello tsa phuputso ena li senoletse hore barupeluoa ba arabela ka potlako, 'me ka tsela e nepahetseng ho latela sepheo se latelang ho hlahisa litšoantšo tse ngata tsa mafura ho feta ho latela litšoantšo tsa fatše kapa mafura a mafura.12 Sephetho se tšoanang sa sephetho se ile sa boela sa fumanoa ha litšoantšo li arotsoe ka hore na li phahameng kapa li tlaase lik'habohaedreite lijo li ne li hlahisoa. Harrar et al. (2011, p. 351) o akaretsa liphihlelo tsa bona ka tsela e latelang: "Liphello tsena li tšehetsa pono eo batho ba e etsang ka potlako (ke hore ka har'a makholo a seng makae a milliseconds) mafura / lik'habohaedreite / matla a matla kapa, mohlomong ka ho fetisisa, thabo ea lijo. Mohlomong ka lebaka la lihlahisoa tsa lijo tse mafura haholo / tse phahameng tsa khaba-phepo tse ntle haholo 'me ka hona li na le tšusumetso e phahameng, ho bonahala eka eka ho bona lijo tsena ho fella ka ho ikemisetsa ho arabela, kapa ka kakaretso ho senya, bokong ba motho."

    Feie. 1. (A) Sehlopha sa mefuta e meraro ea setšoantšo se sebelisitsoeng Harrar et al.'S (2011) ho ithuta ka tlhokomelo e hapuoeng ke litšoantšo tsa lijo tse mafura a mangata (kapa tse nang le lik'habohaedreite tse ngata): lijo tse mafura a mangata (kholomo ea leqeleng), lijo tse mafura a tlase (kholomo e bohareng), le lintho tseo e seng tsa lijo (kholomo e nepahetseng). (B) Mekhoa. Foreime ea pele e bonts'a sefapano sa fixation, se bontšitsoeng bakeng sa 700 ms. Foreime ea bobeli e bonts'a setšoantšo sa selae sa pizza) se hlahang ka letsohong le letšehali la sefapano sa fixation - khutlonne e senyehileng e bonts'a sebaka se seng se ka etsahalang moo pono e ka hlahang. Foreime ea boraro e bonts'a sepheo sa pono (se sa huleloang sekaleng) se hlahisitsoeng kaholimo ho le letona (libaka tse ling tse tharo tse ka bang teng bakeng sa sepheo sa pono li bonts'itsoe ke masakana a tepeletseng). Boemo bo bonts'itsoeng setšoantšong ke teko e sa koaloang e nang le setšoantšo sa lijo tse mafura haholo. [Setšoantšo se nkiloeng ho Harrar et al. (2011).]

    Phuputso e entsoeng lilemong tse 5-10 tse fetileng e bontša hore ho ts'oaroa ka hloko ke litšoantšo tsa lijo ho bonahala ho tsejoa haholo ho bankakarolo ba lapileng ho feta ba lutseng (Piech, Pastorino, & Zald, 2010;; bona hape Siep et al., 2009). Tlhokomelo ea tlhokomelo e boetse e phahame ho litšoantšo tsa lijo tse nkoang li le monate haholoanyane (di Pellegrino, Magarelli, & Mengarelli, 2011;; bona hape Brignell, Griffiths, Bradley, & Mogg, 2009). Tlhokomelo ea tlhokomelo ka ho khotsofatsa lijo e boetse e fetisetsoa ke index ea 'mele ea motho (BMI) (Nummenmaa, Hietanen, Calvo, & Hyönä, 2011;; bona hape Yokum, Ng, & Stice, 2011). Hona joale, ha ho fanoa ka hore liphahlo tsa tlhokomelo ea motho li atisa ho lebisa tlhokomelo leha e le efe ea ho sheba, motho a ka 'na a nahana hore na tlhokomelo e khethehileng eo a ka e fumanang ka mefuta e itseng ea setšoantšo sa lijo e ka' na ea se ke ea lebisa tlhokomelo e poteletseng ea bareki ba khethiloeng. Leha ho le joalo, ha tse ling li hlahisa liphello tse tšehetsang boipiletso bo joalo (e leng, hore re tloaetse ho khetha tšusumetso eo pele e re fang tlhokomelo ea rona), ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore lekhotla le tla be le ntse le bonahala le le ho lona (bona Van der Laan, Hooge, de Ridder, Viergever, & Smeets, 2015, bakeng sa moqoqo oa morao tjena).

    Bophelong ba rona ba letsatsi le leng le le leng, ha e le hantle, re atisa ho bona litšoantšo tsa lijo ka thōko. Ke hore, ka tloaelo li hlahisoa khahlanong le boemo bo itseng ba nakoana, e be hore ho kenngoa lijong tseo setšoantšo seo se hlahisoang ho sona, kapa sebaka sa sebaka seo re hlahang ho sona ha re hlahisoa ka poleiti ea lijo setsing sa lireschorente. Zhang le Seo (2015) ba sa tsoa fumana hore tekano eo batho ba e lebisang litšoantšong tsa lijo e itšetlehile ka boikutlo ba morao-rao (e leng, e fetoha e le mosebetsi oa bobeli ba litafole le mokhabiso) le setso.13 Ka bokhutšoanyane, lipatlisiso tse tlalehiloeng ho fihlela joale li bontša hore boko ba mokoti bo atisa ho lebisa tlhokomelo e fokolang ea lisebelisuoa (pele ho sekhukhu, ka holimo-kholo) ho matla a matla a lijo ao hona joale a leng teng tšimong ea pono.

    3.2. Li-neural substrates tse thehiloeng ho ts'oaroang ha lijo tse bonahalang tsa lijo

    Lijo ke e 'ngoe ea lintho tse atlehang ka ho fetisisa mabapi le ho tsamaisa boko bo sebetsang ho barupeluoa ba lapileng (bona Feie. 2), ka pono le monko oa lijo tse khahlehang tse lebisang hoketseho e tsotehang ea 24% ka kakaretso bokhoni ba metabolism ho PET ea moemeli a le mong (bona Wang et al., 2004;; bona hape LaBar et al., 2001).14 Hona ha ho na moelelo o boima ha ho hopoloa hore boko ke setho sa 'mele o nang le matla a nang le matla, ho ikarabella bakeng sa ntho e kang 25% ea phallo ea mali / matla a sebelisoang a fumanehang (Aiello le Wheeler, 1995, Wenk, 2015). Ka ho tsotehang, liphetoho tse ntle haholo tsa li-neural activity li boetse li kenyelitsoe haeba motho ea kenang sekolo a e-ba teng ho se bone letho ho feta setšoantšo se bonahalang sa setšoantšo sa lijo tse lakatsehang tse shebelitsoeng ha a ntse a bua leshano.

    Feie. 2. Litšoantšo tsa PET ho tsoa ho e mong oa barupeluoa ba lapileng ba ileng ba kenella Wang et al.'S (2004) ho ithuta ka ts'ebetso ea boko ho arabela tlhahiso, le ho bua ka, lijo tse khahlisang. Boemong ba tlhahiso ea lijo, bankakarolo (bao lijo tsa bona tsa ho qetela e neng e le lipakeng tsa 17 le 19 h pejana), ba ile ba tlameha ho hlalosa lijo tseo ba li ratang haholo le kamoo ba ratang ho li ja ka teng. Ka nako e ts'oanang, ba ile ba fuoa lijo tseo ba tlalehileng hore ke tse ling tsa tseo ba li ratang haholo, lijo li ile tsa futhumatsoa ho netefatsa ho tlisoa ha monko o monate oa lijo. Ntle le moo, li-swabs tsa k'hothone tse neng li kentsoe e 'ngoe ea lijo tseo barupeluoa ba li ratang li ile tsa beoa lelemeng la bona hore le bona ba li latsoe. Keketseho ea 24% ka botlalo bokhoni ba metabolism e ne e ngotsoe ka ho bontšoa litšoantšo tse ipiletsang tsa lijo ha li ntse li le ka har'a sesebelisoa sa boko. (Bofubelu bo emela mosebetsi o phahameng ka ho fetisisa oa ts'ebeliso ea metsolic le li-dark violet tse tlaase ka ho fetisisa.) (Bakeng sa ho hlalosa litemana tsa 'mala ho setšoantšong sena,' mali o fetisetsoa phetolelong ea web ea sehlooho sena.)

    Van der Laan et al. (2011) o entse tlhahlobo ea meta ea 17 e fapaneng liphuputso tse sa tšoaneng (e amanang le barupeluoa ba bang ba 300) moo neural activation e hlalositsoeng ke pono e bonts'oang ea litšoantšo tsa lijo e ne e hlahlobisitsoe. Le hoja hoo e batlang e le karolo ea 200 e fapaneng ea ts'ebetso e ile ea totobatsoa hohle liphuputsong tsena tse fapa-fapaneng, liphello tsa lipalo tsa meta li senola palo e nyenyane ea libaka tsa boko bo ka sehloohong tse ileng tsa sebelisoa ho arabela litšoantšo tsa lijo (ho pholletsa le lithuto tse ngata). Ka mohlala, ka mohlala, ho latela maemo a mabeli fusiform gyrus, ka letsohong le letšehali la oralofrontal cortex (OFC), le bohareng ba bohare e leng sehlekehleke bohle ba bonts'itse mesebetsi e mengata ea boipheliso ka mor'a ho hlahisa litšoantšo tsa lijo ka lithuto tse 'maloa. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, naha ea ba lapileng e ile ea fetola karabo ea boko ho litšoantšo tsa lijo ka ho le letona amygdala le ho tloha hamorao ea OFC. Qetellong, karabelo ho hypothalamus / ventral striatum e fetisitsoe ke matla a lebelletsoeng a lijo.15

    Morao tjena, Pursey et al. (2014) e entse lipatlisiso tsa lithuto tse sa tšoaneng tsa 60 (ho akarelletsa kakaretso ea barupeluoa ba 1565) ba neng ba hlahlobile neural response ho tsejoang lijo tse bonahalang e le mosebetsi oa boima ba litho tsa bona. Tabeng ena, liphello li senoletse hore batho ba mahlomoleng ba bonts'e keketseho e kholo ea ts'ebetso ea li-neural ha ba arabela lijo ha ba bapisoa le litšoantšo tse sa jeoang, haholo-holo bakeng sa lijo tse phahameng tsa lik'halori, libakeng tseo tsa boko tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea moputso (mohlala, insula le OFC), thuto e matlafatsang le e tsitsitseng (ea amygdala, putamen, le OFC), phekolo ea maikutlo (sehlekehlekeng sa lihlekehlekeng tsa Afrika, se-amygdala, le cingulate gyrus), ho hopola le ho sebetsa mohopolo (amygdala, hippocampus, Thalamus, morao o motle oa lik'hemik'hale, le caudate), tshebetso e sebetsang (e prefrontal cortex (PFC), li-caudate le li-gyrus), ho etsa liqeto (OFC, PFC, le thalamus), mokhoa oa ho bona litšoantšo (thalamus le gyrus ea fusiform), le thuto ea likoloi le ts'ebetso, tse kang ho tsamaea ka letsoho ho isa molomo le ho metsa (insula, putamen, thalamus, le caudate).

    Batho bao ba neng ba le bobebe ba ne ba boetse ba bonahala ba amoheleha haholoanyane ho lijo ha ba le boemong bo tsoetseng pele ho feta ba nang le boima ba 'mele bo botle. Boemong ba ho itima lijo, batho ba bolileng ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea neural libakeng tseo ho tsejoang hore li amahanngoa le tebello ea moputso. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho laola boima ba 'mele bo bontšitse ts'ebetso e kholo ho libaka tseo tsa neural tse amanang haufi-ufi le ts'ebetso ea ts'oaetso. Liphello tse kang tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore boima le tlala boemo ba mofani / mohoeletsi thuputsong ea boipheliso bo na le tšusumetso e kholo ho amoheleng moputso oa boko ba bona ho litšoantšo tsa lijo. The bophelo bo botle 'me ho nahanoa hore monate oa litšoantšo tsa lijo ho boetse ho susumetsa karabelo ea boko, haholo-holo ho batho ba nang le BMI e phahameng.

    Petit et al. (2014) ba tlaleha hore ha barupeluoa ba bona litšoantšo tsa lijo tse phetseng hantle ha ba ntse ba nahana ka thabo eo ba neng ba tla e fumana, ba ne ba lokela ho li ja, ts'ebetso e kholo e ne e bonoa ho batho ba nang le BMI e phahameng ho feta batho ba nang le bokooa libakeng tseo tsa bokooa tse amanang le taolo ea kutloisiso (e tlase gyrus ka pele) le tebello ea moputso (insula, orbitofrontal cortex). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ha batho ba nang le BMI e phahameng ba ne ba nka litšoantšo tse tšoanang ha ba ntse ba nahana ka melemo e ka 'nang ea e-ba le bophelo bo botle, mosebetsi o fokolang o ne o bonoa libakeng tsena tsa boko. Liphello tsena li bontša hore batho ba nang le BMI e phahameng ba atisa ho leleka melemo ea bophelo bo botle, 'me ho khothalletsa ho ja lijo tse phetseng hantle ho ntlafatsa ba bona boitlhompho Bokhoni.

    Leha ho le joalo, pele u koala karolo ena, ho ka 'na ha hlokahala hore u eme nakoana ho nahana hore na ho tloha hōle hakae le ho sebelisoa ha lijo tse ngata haholo ke phihlelo ea litho tsa barupeluoa ba lumelang ho kenya letsoho thuputsong e' Spence & Piqueras-Fiszman, 2014).16 Hlokomela hore na barupeluoa ba lokela ho shebella joang ka hloko-ba laoloang ka hloko, empa eseng hakaalo tsohle tse ipiletsang, litšoantšo tsa lijo (e leng, ho tsosoa ho sa hlokahaleng) ntle le tebello ea sebele ea hore ba tla fumana monyetla oa ho ja lijo tseo ba li bonang ( ka tsela ena, mohlomong ho ipapisa le boemo ba bareki bohle ba shebelletse lijo tseo tse bonts'a TV). Kaha ho na le mathata a joalo, ho ka 'na ha e-ba le tebello ea hore liphetoho tse kenyelletsong tsa boko tse ka' nang tsa amahanngoa le ho ba teng ha lijo tsa sebele pele ho boiphihlelo ba meriana (ka mekhoa e mengata ea lintho tse ngata) e tla ba e phahametseng ho feta ka tloaelo ho tlalehiloe lithuto tsa "neuroimaging" tse hlalositsoeng karolong ena (cf. Spence, 2011).

    3.3. Tšusumetso ea litšoantšo tsa lijo tsa psychology / physiology

    Hase feela litšoantšo tsa lijo tse hlahisang liphetoho tse tebileng tlhokomelong le linthong tsa neural tse kenang marang-rang a libaka tsa boko (bona ka holimo), li ka boela tsa lebisa ho salivation e eketsehileng (bonyane haeba litšoantšo tsa lijo li kopantsoe le maikutlo a mang a amanang le lijo cues; bona Spence, 2011, bakeng sa tlhahlobo), ho sa bue ka liphetoho tse ling tsa 'mele. Liphetoho karolong ea cephalic e lokolloa ka insulin li tlalehiloe ka mor'a tlhahiso ea litšoantšo tsa lijo, hammoho le liphetoho lebelo la pelo ka tebello ea lijo tse lebeletsoeng ho tla (mohlala, Drobes et al., 2001, Wallner-Liebmann et al., 2010). Ho thahasellisang ke hore mona, setsi se seholo sa lipatlisiso tsa khale ka lintlha tse tsotehang tse hlahisang karabo ea boikarabello li bonts'a ho bontša hore na karabo e mengata (ea boikarabello) e ka 'na ea e-ba efe ho feta moo ho ka fumanoang lintlha tse ngata tse utloahalang tse kenyelletsong tse hlahisoang ho morupeluoa, le ea haufi le phepelo ea sebele ea lijo tseo motho a ka li fumanang.

    Litšoantšo tsa lijo li ka boela tsa fetola mokhoa oa tlhahlobo ea hedonic ea litlhahiso. Ka mokhoa oa electro-encephalography (EEG), Ohla, Toepel, Le Coutre, le Hudry (2012) e bonts'itse hore litšoantšo tse phahameng (vs. tse tlase) tsa lijo tsa khalori li ntlafatsa tlhahlobo ea hedonic ea tatso ea motlakase e sa nke lehlakore e hlahisoang ke leqhubu le lenyane le sebelisitsoeng lelemeng. Boemong ba boitšoaro, bankakarolo ba lekantse tatso ea motlakase hore e monate haholo kamora ho shebella litšoantšo tsa lijo tse nang le likhalori tse ngata ho feta kamora ho shebella litšoantšo tsa lijo tse nang le likhalori tse tlase. Boemong ba bokong, litšoantšo tsa lijo tse nang le likhalori tse ngata li bakile phetoho e qalang ea ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kutlo ho insula / frontal operculum (FOP) kahare ho 100 ms kamora ho qala ha tatso. Mohlala o joalo oa liphetho o fana ka maikutlo a hlakileng hore tlhaiso-leseling e bonts'itsoeng mabapi le matla a sejo sa lijo e hlophisa litlhahiso nakong ea qalo ea ts'usumetso ea khokahano libakeng tsa mantlha tsa tatso. Phapang ea morao-rao ea ts'ebetso e bonoeng ho OFC (latency ea 180 ms), 'me e neng e hokahane hantle le tlhahlobo ea hedonic ea tatso, e ile ea lateloa ke mekhoa e latelang ea ts'ebetso ea insula / FOP ka latency ea ho pota 360 ms. Ts'ebetso ena ea morao-rao e fana ka maikutlo a tlhahlobo e ncha ea hedonic ea tatso e ipapisitseng le matla a teng a litšoantšo tsa lijo.

    Ka tsela e itseng, motho a ka ipotsa mona hore na ponahalo ea liphihlelo tse amanang le lijo tse amanang le lijo, tse kang li-apps (mohlala, bona http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-26526916), tatso e tloaelehileng (Ranasinghe et al., 2011), ho pheha ho bapisa lipapali tsa k'homphieutha (mohlala, ho pheha 'Mè: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_Mama), le liphihlelo tsa lijo tsa sebele (http://www.projectnourished.com/), ho sa tsotellehe hore na e ka ba hantle hakae, e ka 'na ea e-ba le phello e fapaneng le eo ba e rekisang. Ho na le ho bua ka lijo tse ntlafetseng tsa 3D VR Blogs (bona Perception Fixe, ea Matheus De Paula Santos ea Myo Studios). Ho latela Swerdloff (2015): "Myo Studios e etsa libanka ka khopolo ea hore ho fana ka boiphihlelo bo ntlafetseng ba pono ka 'nete ea sebele e tla hlahisa li-ante tsa eona tsa lijo. Basebedisi ba tla khona "lula fatše ka pel'a moeti oa reschorente, le hoja ho se na sebaka sa likhoeli tse tharo." ... DeaulaSantos o ile a mpolella, "E 'ngoe ea tšepo ea ka ke hore ke se ke ka nka lifoto feela tsa lijo empa hape ke khona ho li phekola. Haeba u bona steak ea sizzling ka pel'a hao, ena ke tsela e le 'ngoe feela ea ho susumetsa maikutlo a eketsehileng."

    3.4. Kakaretso ea nakoana

    Seo re se boneng ho fihlela joale, ke hore boko ba motho ke setho sa 'mele se hlokang boima ka ho sebelisoa ha matla a matla, e leng e' ngoe ea mesebetsi ea mantlha ea bokhoni ba boko ke ho fumana mehloli ea phepo e matlafatsang, hore litšoantšo tse phahameng tsa matla a lijo li amohele mekhoa ea ho sebelisa lisebelisuoa, le hore tlhahiso e sa hlokahaleng ea litšoantšo tsa lijo e ka lebisa liphetohong tse tebileng mesebetsing ea bokooa, haholo-holo ho batho ba lapile. Ke hona moo re lokelang ho nahana ka sefahleho se fetohang sa sebaka sa lijo bakeng sa batho lekholong la bo20 la lilemo: Ho tloha ho bahlaseli-ba bokellang ba fetohileng ka tlhaho ea tlhaho, re ntse re eketseha haholo hore re be bareki ba bangata, sesole se ka sehloohong sa mehloli ea tlhaho e fokolang ea tlhaho. Ho phenyekolla ha rona lijo ha ho sa etsahala naheng, empa ho kenyelletsa tlhahiso ea lijo tsa indasteri ka lehlakoreng le le leng, le ho tsamaea ha bahoebi ba aisle ea supermarketeng (le ho feta ka ho fetisisa Inthaneteng) ho e 'ngoe (Sobal le Wansink, 2007).

    Ho 'nile ha phehisana khang ke ba bangata hore lijo tse feteletseng li entse hore mathata a ntseng a eketseha a ho nona a tobane le linaha tse ngata lefats'e le tsoetseng pele (mohlala, Caballero, 2007, Critsen, 2003, Moss, 2013, Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo, 1998). Ho beha molato mona ho atisa ho behoa menyako ea lik'hamphani tsa lijo tsa lefats'e (Moss, 2013), ho leleka lijo tse lemalang, tse etselitsoeng ho otla 'ntlha ea thabo' ka mantsoe a tsoekere, letsoai, mafura, joalo-joalo (Moskowitz le Gofman, 2007, Wrangham, 2010). Leha ho le joalo, sepheo sa rona karolong e latelang ke ho hlahlobisisa karolo ea bohlokoa ea pono, mme haholo-holo ts'oaetso e ntseng e eketseha ea ho ipiletsa ho litšoantšo tse ngata tsa mafura tsa lijo ho eketsa lijo tsa rona tse ngata.

    4. Ho ja ka mahlo a rona: Ho lapa ka botlalo mehleng ea digital

    Joalokaha re bone pejana, 'tlala ea pono' e ka hlalosoa e le takatso ea tlhaho, kapa khothatso, ho bona litšoantšo tsa lijo le mefuta e mengata ea likarolo tsa makhethe, tsa 'mele le tsa boitšoaro tse bakoang ke ho pepeseha ha motho litšoantšong tsa lijo - e leng se bolelang hore ha ho hlokahale ( bonono) ts'usumetso ha ho se na lijo tsa sebele. Ho ba teng ha ketsahalo ena ho ka behoa fatše joaloka pele Pleistocene ho ikamahanya le matšeliso a ho bona lijo, ho bolela hore batho ba pele ba na le matla a lekaneng a ho phela ka matsatsi a seng makae. Ho phahama ha ho penta le litšoantšo tse bonono ho ile ha etsa hore ho khonehe ho bontša lijo ntle le ho ba teng. Mehleng ea morao tjena, ponahalo ea khatiso, le ka mor'a moo li-digital skrini - eo boteng ba letsatsi le leng le le leng ba batho ba bonang ho hōla ha li-exponential - ho entse hore ho be le lijo tse tloaelehileng. Joalokaha ho se ho fetile sehloohong sena, ho pepesehela lijo tse tloaelehileng ho ka 'na ha e-ba thata ho eketsa tlala ea rona ea mmele ho feta kamoo ho hlokahalang, ka lebaka la mefuta e mengata ea likarolo tsa mokokotlo, tsa' mele le tsa boitšoaro tse amanang le ho bona lijo. Ka lebaka la hore karolo e ntseng e eketseha ea baahi ba lefatše e phela libakeng tse matla, sena ha se bonahale se thusa ho rarolla maloetse a itseng a amanang le lijo a amehileng ka mekhatlo e itseng e nang le tšusumetso le baetsi ba melao ea sechaba, ho sa tsotellehe tikoloho ea tikoloho liphello tse amanang le tlhahiso e ntseng e eketseha ea lijo tse joalo. Re lumela hore ho buisana le ho utloisisa bohlokoa ba tlhahiso ea tlhaho ea lijo ka tikolohong ea kajeno ke habohlokoa ka ho lebisa batho molemong oa mekhoa e meng e nepahetseng ea boitšoaro le khetho, e leng taba ea bohlokoa haholo kaha ho na le mathata a maholohali a talimaneng le batho tse amanang le lijo tse sebelisoang le mekhoa ea lijo - bophelo bo botle, ho sebelisa nama e feteletseng, tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho, tsamaiso ea metsi, tšebeliso ea mobu - ho bolela tse seng kae feela.

    Sechabeng ka kakaretso, ho na le tlhokomeliso e ntseng e hōla ea hore na batho ba rata ho nka litšoantšo tsa lijo tseo ba li laetseng lijong tsa lijo, 'me bapaki ba batla ho theha lijo ka mokhoa o thabisang haholo. Ho tla bonahala eka batho ba qeta nako e eketsehileng ba shebile litšoantšo tsa sebele tsa lijo tse monate, 'me ba se na tlhokomelo e fokolang ea lijo tse ntseng li sebelisoa (bona Feie. 3). Ho hobe le ho feta, ba bangata ba rona re ja ha re shebeletse lisebelisoa (TV, kapa smartphone) ka kelello, re sa lebise tlhokomelo ea rona phihlellong ea tatso e ka 'nang ea e-ba mohloli oa theo ea tlase satiety, le ho feta lijo tse ngata tsa lijo tsa khalori: Thabo ea ho bona lijo tse tloaelehileng (tlala ea litšoantšo, kapa 'lihlahisoa tsa dijithale') ha ho ntse ho ja ka tsela e itseng li phahamisitse monate oa ho bona ntho ea sebele. 'Me le hoja ba bang ba ka' na ba lekeha ho bona sena e le phoso ea indasteri / bahoebi, ke habohlokoa ho hopola, ka lebaka la botumo bo ntseng bo eketseha ba bareki ba ntseng ba nka litšoantšo tsa lijo,17 hore bothata mona bo tla bonahala eka bonyane, karolo e itseng, bo ikemetseng.18

    Feie. 3. Ke phello efe, hona sesosa sa eng, ea ho lemala ha lithethefatsi tsa bootsoa (Victor, 2015b)?

    4.1. Ho tloha ho pheha ha sebele ho fepa ka ho feletseng

    Mona, motho a ka 'na a batla ho nahana ka liphello tsa ho itšetleha ha rona lijo tse ntseng li sebelisoa, tse tsamaisoang ka theko e tlaase le mokhoa oa eona o bonolo (mohlala, Moss, 2013). Ho latela Eric Schlosser (2001, p. 121), bukeng ea hae e rekisoang haholo Sechaba sa lijo tsa Fast: "hoo e ka bang 90% ea chelete e sebelisitsoeng ke Amerika Leboea ka lijo e sebelisetsoa ho reka lijo tse nkiloeng". Hlokomela hore ntle le liphello tse mpe tsa bophelo bo botle tseo ka tloaelo li amanang le lijo tse amanang le ho ja lijo tse ngata (sheba Moss, 2013), sepheo se senyenyane se nahannoang ke hore ha lijo li tla pele li lokiselitsoe, litlhoko tsohle (ho akarelletsa le pono) tseo hangata li amanang le ho itokisetsa lijo li felisoa. Ekaba ho ka ba joalo hore hona joale lemalla ntho e itseng ka ho shebella ba bang ho pheha thelevisheneng, le ho bala libuka tsa phepelo tse sa feleng tsa mefuta-futa (gastroporn)Allen, 2012, Baumann, 1996) e ka etsoa ka mokhoa o hlakileng mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le boemo e etselitsoeng ho etsa bakeng sa ho lahleheloa ke maikutlo a amanang le ho pheha (e leng mofuta oa matšeliso a tloaelehileng haeba u ka rata; Prince, 2014)? Joalokaha Allen (2012, p. 74) lintlha, ho na le moo ho hlokahalang ho ba le tlaleho ea hore na ke hobane'ng ha hona joale ho na le libuka tse ling tse ngata tsa ho phehella moo ho feta mang kapa mang ea ka khonang ho pheha ho feta bophelo bohle ba hae. Hona ho na le tšusumetso efe eo motho a lokelang ho e botsa, ho ikokobelletsa tlala ea rona bakeng sa litšoantšo tse bonahalang tsa lijo tse nang le mekhoa ea rona ea ho sebelisoa (Boyland le al., 2011)?

    4.2. Ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse bonahalang ho khothaletsa ho ja hantle

    Ha re koala, hoa lokela ho hlokomela hore le hoja ho atolosoa ha pono ho litšoantšo tsa lijo ka kakaretso ho entsoe hore ho na le tšusumetso e mpe ho batho ba sebelisang lijo, ha ho hlokahale hore kamehla ho be joalo haeba ho bonahale eka motlakase o ts'oaroa hantle, mme o sebelisoa ka nako e loketseng (bona hape Boulos et al., 2012). Ha e le hantle, ho na le maemo a itseng ao ho bona ho eketsehileng ho bonahalang litšoantšong tsa lijo ka sebele ho ka ba le phello e ntle holim'a boitšoaro ba batho. Ka hona, mohlala, bana ba banyenyane ba ratang meroho ba ka eketseha ka ho ba pepesetsa litšoantšo tsa meroho (mohlala, libukeng; Houston-Price et al., 2009, Houston-Price et al., 2009). Ka mokhoa o makatsang, ho shebella litšoantšo tsa lijo ho ka boela ha etsa hore motho a lule a e-na le bothata bo tšoanang le ba hae: Ho tšoana le ho fokotseha butle-butle ha tlala,Redden & Haws, 2013), esita le ho bapisoa ha thepa ho ka fokotsa tlala (Morewedge, Huh, & Vosgerau, 2010). Morewedge et al. e bonts'itse hore ketso feela ea ho nahana ho ja palo e kholo ea M & M (khahlanong le palo e nyane) e fokolitse haholo tšebeliso ea batho ea lipompong tsena. Mohlomong ho makatsang le ho feta, ke liphetho tsa morao-rao tse bonts'ang hore ho shebella feela litšoantšo tsa 60 (vs. 20) tsa lijo tse amanang le boiphihlelo bo itseng ba tatso (mohlala, letsoai) ho fokolitse thabo ea batho liphihlelong tse tšoanang tsa tatso nakong ea tšebelisoLarson, Redden, le Moholo, 2014).

    E 'ngoe, e sa tobang ka ho toba, melemo ea ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa lijo e amahanngoa le mosebetsi oa palo e ntseng e eketseha ea bafuputsi ba hlahisang litšoantšo tsa lijo tsa motlakase (mohlala, ka marang-rang) sebakeng sa liteko - ke hore, ho hlahloba litakatso tsa batho bakeng sa tokisetso e le' ngoe ea likarolo ho ea ho e mong (mohlala, Michel le al., 2015, Reisfelt et al., 2009, Youssef et al., 2015). Liphello tsa lipatlisiso tse joalo li tla sebelisoa ka ho eketsehileng ho thusa ba fanang ka lijo hore ba ntlafatse ponahalo ea lijo tseo ba li sebeletsang, 'me ka letsatsi le leng ba ka fepa melaong ea bophelo bo botle ba sechaba' me ba etselitsoe ka mokhoa o bohlale oa lijo. Ka sebele motho a ka bona kamoo ho etsa hore lijo li phethehe ka tsela e ntle kateng ka letsatsi le leng e ka 'na ea e-ba le karolo ho khothaletsa batho hore ba je haholoanyane (bona Michel le al., 2014).19

    Hape, ha u shebeletse haufinyane nakong e tlang, ho tla ba monate ho bona kamoo mefuta e sa tšoaneng e ntseng e eketseha le e sa tloaelehang (AR le VR, ka ho latellana) theknoloji e ntseng e qala ho hlaha likopanong tsa theknoloji, 'me ka linako tse ling,' marakeng, e tla lumella ba jang lijo tsa bokamoso hore ba je lijo tse le 'ngoe ha ba ntse ba talima e mong (mohlala, Choi et al., 2014, Narumi et al., 2012, Okajima le Spence, 2011, Okajima et al., 2013, Schöning et al., 2012, Swerdloff, 2015, Victor, 2015a). Mokhoa oa AR o sebelisoang ke Okajima et al. e ka fetola ponahalo ea ponahalo ea lijo leha e le life, tse kenyeletsang lino tse ngata ka nako ea sebele. Habohlokoa, sena se ka etsoa ntle le tlhokahalo ea letšoao leha e le lefe le ka kenngoa lijong ka boeona. Tlas'a maemo ana, ho fetola ponahalo ea ponahalo ea lijo ho ne ho bontšoa ho fetola tatso haholo, hammoho le ho nahanngoa ha lijo, lijo tse kang kaka le sushi (bona Feie. 4). Mona, motho a ka nahana ka moreki a shebile se shebahalang eka ke lijo tse lakatsehang, empa tse sa pheleng hantle, tse hlileng li jang mefuta e meng e nepahetseng.

    Feie. 4. Ho ntse ho le joalo litšoantšo tse tsoang moemo oa Sushi oa Sushi. (A) le (C) sushi ea tlhaho (tuna) ka lehlakoreng le letšehali le liphetolelo tse nkiloeng (mafura a tuna le saalmon ka ho latellana) ka ho le letona. (B) Khato ea letsoho e sebelisoang e le trigger ho fetola ponahalo ea ponahalo. Bona http://www.okajima-lab.ynu.ac.jp/demos.html bakeng sa video. [Video e fanoeng ke Moprofesa Katsunori Okajima, Lefapha la Tikoloho le Saense ea Tlhahisoleseling, Yokohama National University, Japane.]

    5. Liphello

    E 'ngoe ea mesebetsi ea mantlha, kapa mathata, a tobaneng le boko ke ho fumana lijo tse nang le phepo e nepahetseng le ho qoba ho kenya lintho tse ka' nang tsa e-ba chefo kapa tsa kotsi. Le hoja boikutlo ba tatso (monokotšoai), monko (olfaction), le botsoako (ho ama kapa ho bua ka molomo) ho fana ka li-arbiters tse phahameng tsa lijo palatability, ke mohopolo oa pono o fanang ka mekhoa e atlehang haholo ea ho iphelisa, ho bolela esale pele hore na ke lijo life tse ka sireletsehang le tse matlafatsang ho ja, le ho hlahisa litebello tse tla thibela phihlelo ea mocheso. Kajeno neuroscience e bontša hore na ho na le sepheo se matla hakaakang ha pono ea lijo tse ipiletsang e ka ba tsa boko, haholo-holo boko ba motho ea lapileng.

    E fanoe ka hona joale botenya tlokotsi (Flegal, Carroll, Ogden, & Curtin, 2010), ho ka bonahala ho le bohlale ho ela hloko ntho leha e le efe ea tikoloho e ka susumetsang kamano ea rona le lijo, 'me e ka' na ea etsa hore boko bo khone ho ba le lijo (bona Castellanos et al., 2009, Marteau et al., 2012, Stoeckel et al., 2008). Ho ea ka 'mele oa lipatlisiso o boletsoeng mona, ntho e' ngoe ea likhetho e lokelang ho hlahlojoa ke ho ata ha litšoantšo tse phahameng tsa lijo tse re potolohileng sebakeng sa sebele le sa sebele sa lijo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, potso e sa ntseng e fumana karabo e khotsofatsang ke feela hore liphello tsa litšoantšo tseo tse lakatsehang tsa lijo li na le mekhoa efe ea ho sebelisoa ha batho ba linaheng tsa Bophirimela ba nang le menyetla ea ho ja, 'me ka nako e tšoanang ba hlasela ka gastroporn (cf. Berthoud, 2011). Lilemong tse tlang, ho arabela lipotso tse joalo ho tla ba bohlokoa ho ba rona ba 'nang le mahlohonolo' ho lekanngoa hore re pota-potiloe ke lijo tse ngata, tsa sebele le tsa sebele.

    Ha re fuoa karolo ea bohlokoa eo lijo li bapalang ka eona ho re thusa hore re phele bophelo bo bolelele le bo phetseng hantle, e 'ngoe ea mathata a bohlokoa a boletsoeng mona e amana le mekhoa ea rona ea ho batla lijo / tlhaho ea biology, e ileng ea fetoha ka mekhoa ea pele ea thekenoloji le ea lijo, ba khona ho ikamahanya le maemo a lijo-ngata (a mangata a mangata) a mangata, moo theknoloji e nang le karolo ea bohlokoa ho tsebisang liqeto tsa rona (tse etsoang ka hloko).

    Lithahasello tse tsitsitseng

    Bangoli ha ba phatlalatse lithahasello.

    Menehelo ea Mongoli

    CS, CM, OP, le AC ba tlatsetsa ho ngotseng pampiri ena. Bangoli bohle ba bala le ho amohela phetolelo ea ho qetela ea mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho.

    lumela hore baa fokola

    CS e ka rata ho amohela thuso ea AHRC ea ho fokotsa lits'ebeletso (AH / L007053 / 1). KO e ka rata ho amohela Grits ea JSPS KAKENHI (23135511 le 25135715).

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    1

    Le hoja ponahalo ea lijo e se eona e ka sehloohong e matlafatsang, litšoantšo tsa lijo li ka fumana thepa e ntle joalo ka Pavlovian-Instrumental Transfer (mohlala, bona Talmi, Seymour, Dayan, & Dolan, 2008). Hape hlokomela hore ho pepesehela litšoantšo tse tloaelehileng tsa lijo ho ka etsa hore ho be le lintlha tse sa tšoaneng tsa ho hopola lintho tse kang ho fumanoa ha lintho tse hopola lintho le litlhahlobo tsa hedonic tse boloketsoeng nakong ea likhetho tse fetileng, le liphihlelo tsa tsona, Berthoud le Morrison, 2008, Shin et al., 2009).

    2

    Le hoja, ho hlakile, ho boleloa hape ho lokela ho etsoa mona Wrangham's (2010) tlhahiso e thahasellisang ea hore ho kenyelletsa mollo (ho pheha) ho ne ho tla eketsa ka mokhoa o hlollang baholo-holo ba rona lijo tse amanang le lijo, ka ho ba lumella hore ba qete nako e seng kae ea ho iphelisa, ho hlafuna le ho cheka. Homo erectus ka tsela eo e ne e tla ba le phetoho e nyenyane e sebetsang haholo e neng e tla be e lokolla matla a mangata, e leng se tla etsa hore boko bo eketsehe (bona hape Aiello & Wheeler, 1995).

    3

    Howard, Adams le White (2012) o fumane hore litlhapi tsa TV tsa phephetso li ne li le mafura haholo, mafura a mangata, le sodium ho feta e khothalletsoang ke tataiso ea phepo e nepahetseng ea Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo.

    4

    Lentsoe lena, le seng le kene ka har'a Dictionary ea Senyesemane sa Collins, le hlalosoa e le 'e leng tlhahiso ea lijo ka mokhoa o feteletseng oa nama'. Lentsoe lena le ile la qalisoa ke Alexander Cockburn, sehloohong sa 1977 se hlahang ho sona Tlhahlobo ea Libuka tsa New York, 'me e ne e sebelisetsoa ho hatisa ka ponahalo ea lijo (bona Poole, 2012, leq. 59).

    5

    Ho ea ka setsebi se seng, batho ba mehleng ea kajeno ba amehileng ka ho hlahisa lijo ba ka ba teng ho tloha khale ho 1970, ka nako e le 'ngoe ho hlaha lifoto tsa lijo le mecha ea lijo: "Ha e le hantle, ho tšoenyeha ka hore na lijo li shebahala joang li ka hlaha morao ho hlahisa lijo tse ncha. Litšoantšo tsa lijana tsena li ipehile likelellong tsa sechaba. New cuisine e ne e le photogenic ... Nahana ka litšoantšo tse mebala-bala tse khanyang tsa lijana tsena, tse seng li le joalo ka ho hlophisoa ha diresepe."(Halligan, 1990, leq. 121;; bona hape Smart, 1994). Mabapi le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa litabeng tsa thelevishene, Ray (2007) e hlalosa hore e etsahala "ha re nahana ho pheha le ho ja ha re ntse re shebile batho ba bang ba e etsa". Ba bang ba e hlalosa e le 'foodatainment'(Finkelstein, 1999).

    6

    Pinel et al. (2000, p. 1112) e behe ka tsela ena: "Tsela ea ho iphetola ha lintho, lebaka leo batho ba phelang mekhatlo ea mehleng ea kajeno e tsoetseng pele e atisang ho ja haholo ke hore boteng, tebello, kapa esita le mohopolo oa lijo tse nang le ts'ehetso e ntle e khothalletsang tlala."

    7

    Ha e le hantle, ho na le kotsing e kholo ea hore ka ho etsa lijo e le tse ipiletsang ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang, ke hore, ka ho etsa hore ponahalo ea eona e shebahalle, ka nako e 'ngoe re qetella re lebala ka, kapa re nyenyefatsa, bohlokoa ba tatso, ea lijo tse latsoang hantle, kapa tse hloekisitsoeng ka molao.

    8

    Sheba Tšoaea & Spencer phutuho ea morao tjena ea lijo, bakeng sa mohlala o le mong o ts'oanang le oa boikutlohttp://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/09/02/marks-and-spencer-food-pudding-advert-this-is-not-just-any_n_5751628.html).

    9

    Mona, papiso e ka ts'oaroa le moqoqo o tsoelang pele ka liphello tse mpe ho sechaba sa mefuta-futa ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephileng tse sa jeoang (mohlala, Lambert et al., 2012, Maddox le al., 2011, Malamuth le Check, 1985, Olmstead et al., 2013). Ha e le hantle, kamano pakeng tsa ho kopanela liphate le lijo, lihlooho tse peli tsa motheo ke sehlooho se letetseng thuto e phahameng ea thuto (mohlala, bona Crumpacker, 2006, bakeng sa kenyelletso e kopanelang). 'Me ho ea ka Jamie Oliver, motlatsi oa mohoebi le mohoebi ea nang le tšusumetso e matla, "lijo" ke tsa bobeli tse batlisisang nako ka Inthaneteng ka morao, o ile ua e nahana, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (mohlala, Cadwalladr, 2014;; bona hape Carter, 2014).

    10

    Ho latela Mopapa le al. (2015), batho, haholo-holo basali, ba ka sebelisa thelevishene lijo bakeng sa mekhoa ea sebele e sa amoheleheng mehleng ea kajeno, mananeo a ho pheha a ka 'na a fana ka thabo ka mokhoa o tsoileng matsoho. Mopapa le al. tsoela pele ho re: "Hobane ho pheha ho hongata ho bontša hore ho tloaelehile hore motho a nahane ka ho feteletseng le ho khotsofatsa, ha ho makatse hore ebe batho ba shebellang mekhoa e metle ea ho ja"(Mopapa le al., 2015, leq. 132).

    11

    As Passamonti le al. (2009, p. 43) e beha: "Ho ja ha ho bakoe feela ke tlala empa hape ke ho bona lijo. Ho shebella lijo tse monate feela ho ka etsa hore motho a lakatse lijo le ho ja, le hoja ho e-na le phapang e khōlō ho sena "lijo tse tsoang ka ntle ho tlhaho" (EFS). Hobane ho eketseha ha EFS ho amana le ho ja lijo tse ngata, ho khetholla li-neural correlates ke habohlokoa ho utloisisa seoa sa hona joale sa botenya. "

    12

    Leha ho le joalo, ho thahasellisang ke hore boholo ba tšusumetso ea libaka tse fokolang mofuthu, kapa e sa tloaelehang, ha boa ameha ka mofuta oa setšoantšo se ileng sa bontšoa ka ho hlaka, kahoo se fana ka maikutlo a hore ho hlahisa litšoantšo tsa lijo ho na le phello e akaretsang ho ba susumetsang / ho tsosoa ha barupeluoa litekanyetso ho e-na le ho ntlafatsa ka ho khetheha ho hlokomeloa ha libaka.

    13

    Tlhokomelo ea batšoaruoa ba Sechaena Zhang le Seo's (2015) thuto e ne e lebisitsoe ho lijo litšoantšong hamorao ka nako ho feta kamoo ho neng ho le joalo bakeng sa barupeluoa ba Amerika Leboea bao boitšoaro ba bona bo ileng ba hlahlojoa.

    14

    As Gordon Shepherd (2014) e behe morao tjena sebokeng sa seboka: "Tatso e kenella boholong ho feta ntho efe kapa efe e meng."

    15

    Le hoja ho thahasella, ho ka etsahala hore ebe ho na le lintho tse ngata tse sa lebelloang pakeng tsa lijo tse lebeletsoeng (joalo ka ho hlahlojoa ka ponahalo ea tsona) le matla a bona a sebele (mohlala, Brunstrom, Shakeshaft, le Scott-Samuel, 2008;; bona hape Davies, 2015, Jimenez le al., 2015).

    16

    Ha e le hantle, ho ka ba thata ho fumana boemo ba sebele ba lijo ha motho ea kenang letsoho a ntse a khomaretsoe ka ho hlahloba boko; bona Spence & Piqueras-Fiszman, 2014).

    17

    Sena se ka 'na sa theohela' nete ea hore, ho bonolo haholo ho ntlafatsa (kapa ho senya) monate oa ho itekanetse oa lijo ka-skrine, ka lebaka la tlhaloso e phahameng ea lik'hamera tse nkiloeng le li-filters tse entsoeng pele (Instagram) 'me, setsing sa setsebi, theknoloji e fumaneha ho khabisa litšoantšo tsa lijo. Ha e le hantle, motho o ntse a bona litlhahiso tse hlakileng ho batho ba nang le litlotla tse kang: "Mokhoa oa ho fetola litšoantšo tsa hau tse monate tsa ho ja lijo tsa litlhapi tsa li-Instagram"(Mohlala, bona Victor, 2015b)

    18

    Ho thahasellisang ke hore taba ea hore tlhahiso ea maikutlo e rarahaneng ka mokhoa o rarahaneng e ka ba e 'ngoe ea mabaka a etsang hore tlhokomelo ea rōna e be bonolo habonolo ke likereko, esita le ha re ntse re ja. Joale bothata bo ka ba hore haeba tlhokomelo ea rona e lebisitsoe ho ho shebella litšoantšo ha re ntse re ja, sena se ka 'na sa etsa hore re fokotsehe' me kahoo re lebise matla a mangata a matla (mohlala, Boulos et al., 2012, Braude le Stevenson, 2014, Gore le al., 2003, Robinson le Matheson, 2014).

    19

    Hlokomela hore na lipatlisiso tse joalo li thehiloe hakae tumelong ea hore tebello ea lijo tse behiloeng ka sephiring e tla tiisa phihlelo e latelang e lokela hore re tsebe ho latsoa eng kapa eng eo re e bonang (bona Piqueras-Fizman & Spence, 2015, bakeng sa tlhahlobo).

    Sheba sephiri