Ho fepa le ho fana ka moputso: Tlhahiso ea lipatlisiso tse tsoang mefuteng e meraro ea mekhoa ea ho ja lijo tse ling (2012)

. Sengoloa se ngotsoeng; e fumaneha ho PMC 2012 Jul 25.

E hatisitsoe ka mokhoa o qetelle o hlophisitsoeng e le:

PMCID: PMC3132131

NIHMSID: NIHMS295966

inahaneloang

Patlisiso e shebile ho utloisisa hore na ho ja ho feta tekano ho ka ama mekhoa ea moputso oa boko le boits'oaro bo latelang, litabeng tsa tlhahlobo ea pelehi le maemong a lipatlisiso tsa kliniki. Mosebetsi ona o tsamaisoa ke tlhokahalo ea ho sibolla etiology le kalafo tse ka bang teng bakeng sa seoa sa ho nona sa botenya. Leha ho le joalo, ho ja ho feta tekano, kapa boits'oaro bo sa sebetseng ka lapeng, bo ka hlaha ntle le botena. Ho arola phapang ea ho nona ho tlola sephetho sa boima ba 'mele ho bohlokoa haholo, kaha ho tsebahala hore ho eketsa boima ba' mele kapa botena ho ka tlisa litlamorao ho physiology, ts'ebetsong ea neural, le boitšoaro. Thutong ena, re hlahisa lintlha ho tsoa mefuteng e meraro ea liphoofolo e khethiloeng ea boikoetliso bo sa tloaelehang ba ho se sebetse lapeng tse anngoeng haholo ke ts'ebetso ea bophelo ba Bart Hoebel 40 + -yr, ho fepa, ho matlafatsa, le mekhoa ea neural e nkang karolo taolong ea lits'ebetso tsena. Taba ea pele, ho hlalosoa mofuta oa ho itlopa joala ba tsoekere (Avena / Hoebel), moo liphoofolo tse phetoang khafetsa tharollo ea tsoekere li ntlafatsang boits'oaro le liphetoho tsa boko tse tšoanang le litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi tse ling tsa tlhekefetso, ho sebeletsa e le mohlala oa liphoofolo tsa pele tlhatlhobo ea lijo. Taba ea bobeli, ho hlalositsoe mofuta o mong (Boggiano) oo ho oona nalane ea ho ja le khatello ea maikutlo li ka ntlafatsang ho ja ho feta tsa lijo tse monate le tse seng monate. Ntle le moo, ho hlalosoa mohlala (Boggiano) o lumellang liphoofolo hore li khetholloe ka hore li na le mofuta o mong o thibelang mafu. Qetellong, ho hlalosoa mofuta o fokolitsoeng oa phihlello (Corwin) moo likhoto li sa jang lijo tse nang le monyetla oa ho fumana lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata. Mefuta ena e nkuoa ho latela maemo a litlamorao tsa tsona lits'ebetsong tsa moputso oa boko, ho kenyelletsa dopamine, opioids, sisteme ea cholinergic, serotonin le GABA. Ka kopanelo, datha e nkiloeng ts'ebelisong ea mefuta ena e bonts'a ka kotloloho hore litlamorao le boits'oaro ba ho itlopa lijo tse matlafatsoang, leha li le boima bo tloaelehileng ba 'mele, li fapane le tse hlahisoang ke feela ho ja lijo tse fumanehang habonolo ka tsela e sa tlalang. mokhoa. Liphumano tsena li kanna tsa hlokahala ho utloisisa hore ho nona ho feta tekano ho ka susumetsa boits'oaro le chemistry ea boko.

Keywords: bulimia mothosa, bothata ba ho ja, dopamine, ho lemalla lijo, opioids, lijo tse fumanehang habonolo

Selelekela

Ho hlahloba ho eketsehileng ho se ho ithutile ka ho eketsehileng lipatlisisong tsa bongaka le tsa kalafo. Sena se tsamaisoa ke thahasello ea mahlale a ho utloisisa mofuta oa "etiology" le ho nts'etsapele liphekolo tsa lefu la seoa la botenya. Boithuto bo bongata bo sebelisitse lijo tse matlafatsang ho etsa hore ho nona ho nona haholo le botena ho litheko ka liphetho tse amanang le neurobiology ea ho lemalla ho tlalehiloe [-]. Leha ho le joalo, ho ja ho feta tekano, kapa boits'oaro bo sa sebetseng ka lapeng, bo ka hlaha ntle le botena. Hoa tsebahala hore ho eketsa boima ba 'mele kapa boemo ba botena bo boholo ho ka tlisa litlamorao ho physiology, ts'ebetsong ea neural, le boitšoaro. Ho bohlokoa hape ho utloisisa hore na likarolo tsena li angoa joang ke ketso ea ho nona.

Ho tlotla fictchrift ea Bart Hoebel, re tla hlahisa lintlha tse nkiloeng ho tsoa mehlala e meraro ea liphoofolo e khethiloeng ea boima ba 'mele e sa tloaelehang ea ho fepa lapeng e susumetsoang haholo ke ts'ebetso ea hae ea 40 + yr ho ithuta ho khothaletsa, ho fepa, ho matlafatsa le mekhoa ea neural eo. nka karolo ho tsamaisong ea lits'ebetso tsena. Sehlooho se tloaelehileng se kopanyang mefuta ena hammoho pampiring ena ke hore ba tsepamisitse maikutlo mehlaleng ea ho ja ka tsela e tloaelehileng, tloaelo e tloaelehileng ea ho ja e bonoang mathateng a ho ja, botenya le bongata ba batho [-]. Likarolo tsa mothapo o khethiloe ka mokhoa o hlakileng ke tšebeliso ea lijo tse ngata ka nako e khuts'oane ho feta kamoo ho ka jeoang tlasa maemo a ts'oanang le ka nako e ts'oanang. Ntle le moo, ho itlopa joala ho tsamaea le maikutlo a ho lahleheloa ke taolo []. Ho itlopa lijo ho nka nako ebile ho ba thata ha e etsahala khafetsa, ke hore, makhetlo a 'maloa ka beke bakeng sa likhoeli kapa lilemo. Keketseho ea bophelo ba ho ja khafetsa United States e batla e le 5% e nang le nako ea bohareng ea lilemo tse ka bang 12.5 [, ]. Hoo e ka bang 35% ea ba tloaang ho itlopa joala ho boima ba 'mele o motenya kapa o motenya, empa ho ata ha ho itlopa lijo ho eketseha ka BMI. Ho feta moo, menyetla ea ho hlaphoheloa ke boima ba 'mele ka mora kalafo e phahame haholo ho feta ho feta lithutong tse sa imeng.-]. Har'a ba kulang, ke hoo e ka bang 76% ea batho ba baholo le 85% ea bacha ba nang le mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello joalo ka matšoenyeho, maikutlo, taolo ea tšusumetso kapa mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi [, ]. Bokhoni ba ho sebetsa ka lapeng, mosebetsing, sekolong, tikolohong ea motho ka mong kapa tikolohong ea sechaba bo boetse bo na le bothata bo teng har'a ba itlopang. Mohlala, 78% ea ba nang le lefu la ho fokola ha 'mele le 62.6% ea ba nang le bothata ba ho ja ka mokhoa oa ho itlopa lijo (BED) ba tlaleha karolo ho senyeha [, ]. Menahano ea ho ipolaea le liteko tsa ho ipolaea li phahame ka mokhoa o tšosang ho bacha ba jang ho ja ho feta ho ba sa e rateng. Har'a bacha ntle le mathata a ho ja, 11.2% e bile le maikutlo a ho ipolaea le 3% e lekile ho ipolaea. Leha ho le joalo, har'a bacha ba nang le bulimia mothosa, 53% le 35.1% e tlalehile maikutlo a ho ipolaea le liteko tsa ho ipolaea, ka ho latellana; har'a bacha ba nang le BED, liperesente tse amehang e ne e le 34.4% le 15.1% []. Ka bokhutšoanyane, ho itlopa joala ho tloaelehile mme ho amahanngoa le litšebelisano tse kopanyang kalafo. Ts'ebeliso ea mefuta ea liphoofolo, joalo ka e hlalositsoeng tlhahlobisong ena, e tla ntšetsa pele kutloisiso ea rona ea mofuta ona o thata oa ho ja o sa senyeheng 'me e rala motheo bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea maano a macha a ho kena lipakeng.

Mefuta e hlalositsoeng mona e kopana le tlhaloso ea DSM-IV ea karolo e reriloeng, ke ho re, tšebeliso ea matla a mangata ka nako e fapaneng ho feta e ka sebelisoang tlas'a maemo a tšoanang nakong e ts'oanang ea nako []. Phephetso nts'etsopele ea mefuta ena e ne e le ho khetholla ho ja ho tloaelehileng le ho ja haholo ka nako ea ha o hlaba nako. Menehelo ea Bart Hoebel lefapheng la boits'oaro ba ho ikakhela ka setotsoana e bile karolo ea bohlokoa ntlafatsong ea mehlala ena, mme e ralile motheo oa lithuto tsa ho fepa le moputso o hlahisitsoeng ke ts'ebeliso ea tsona.

Mohlala oa Tlhahiso ea Tsoekere

Ho itlopa joala ka tsoekere ho fella ka boits'oaro bo joalo ba ho lemalla

Ho kile ha ba le litlaleho tsa "anecdotal" tseo ho tsona batho ba reng ba "lemaletse" lijo tse itseng, 'me temallo ena e bonahala e le ho nona ho feta tekano, maikutlo a khatello ha lijo tse fumanehang li sa fumanehe,' me ba lakatsa lijo tse itseng []. Litaba tsena tsa lijo li tloaetse ho sheba lijo tse matlafatsang haholo, tse mafura a matla, kapa ho batho ba bang, lik'habohaedreite tse hloekisitsoeng. Haholo joalo ka motho ea lemaletseng lithethefatsi, ba nang le maikutlo a hore ba lemaletse lijo tse itseng ba thatafalloa ke ho khaotsa ho nona haholo, tse ka qetellang ka phaello ea boima ba 'mele bakeng sa batho ba bang.

Leha poleloana “bokhoba ba lijo” e sebelisoa hangata ka mokhoa o ikhethileng, tlhaloso ea eona ea mahlale e se e ntse e hlaha, mme bopaki bo ntse bo bokellana ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ho ja lijo tse ngata ka tlasa maemo a itseng ho ka hlahisa boitšoaro le phetoho bokong bo tšoanang le tlhekefetso. -ka naha. Ba lemaletseng lijo tse ntlafalitsoeng ba itšebelisang ba sebelisa lijo ho itlhakisa; ba ja ha ba ikutloa ba khathetse, ba tšoenyehile, ba sithabetse maikutlo kapa ba teneha ho baleha boemo bo seng botle ba maikutlo []. Ho theha litataiso tsa ho khetholla batho ba joalo, Yale Food Addiction Scale, e ile ea ntlafatsoa. Sesebelisoa sena ke litekanyetso tsa pele tse netefalitsoeng ka tekanyo ea kelello tsa ho itšetleha ka lijo, tse ipapisitseng le liphetoho tsa maemo a DSM-IV a ts'ehetso ea thepa.]. Ntle le ho thehwa hoa mekhoa e hlakileng ea boits'oaro, lithuto tsa boko le liphatsa tsa lefutso li ts'ehetsa mohopolo oa hore tšebeliso e matla ea lijo tse matlafatsoang li tsamaisana le temallo. Lipalo tse mabapi le Yale Food Addiction Scale correlate e nang le ts'ebetso e kholo ea anterior cingrate cortex, medial orbitofrontal cortex le amygdala, libaka tse amanang le tšusumetso, ho arabela tebello ea lijo tse fumanehang habonolo []. Tšebeliso ea lijo tse fumanehang habonolo e ka kenya tšebetsong likarolo tsena tsa boko [, ], e ka pepisisang likarolo tsa ho lakatsa lijo. Ho ea pele, litekolo tsa PET li senola hore lithuto tse khahlisang li bonts'a phokotso ea striatal D2 ho fumaneha ha li-receptor tse amanang le boima ba 'mele ba taba ['me e ts'oana le boholo ba phokotso e tlalehiloeng lithutong tse lemaletseng lithethefatsi [lithethefatsi].]. Ho feta moo, liphetoho tsena li tsamaisana haholo le mokhoa oa ho itlopa lijo ho feta boima ba 'mele []. Lintho tse jang tse jang li boetse li bontšitsoe hore li na le "mofuta oa ts'ebetso" ea gene ea 'mu-opioid receptor, e lumellanang le lintlha tse phahameng haholo tekong ea ho itlaleha ea ho ja hedonic []. Lipampiri tse ling tse 'maloa li hlalositse ho tlapanana ho teng pakeng tsa bokhoba ba tahi le ho nona ho feta tekano [].

Motho a ka ipotsa hore na ntho e senang letsoalo joalo ka lijo tse natefeloang, tseo batho ba bangata ba li jang khafetsa ntle le litlamorao tse mpe bophelong kapa boiketlong, li ka tšoana le sethethefatsi sa tlhekefetso. Karolong ena, re bua ka mohlala oa phoofolo e ileng ea etsoa laboratoring ea Hoebel e bonts'ang mekhoa eo lijo tse fumanehang hantle li ka hlahisang boits'oaro ka likhoto tse kang tse bonoang ke lintho tse hlekefetsoang. Moetso ona, o ileng oa ntlafatsoa le ho ntlafatsoa karolong ea ho qetela ea mosebetsi oa Bart, ke sephetho sa qetello ea takatso ea 20 + ea ho utloisisa hore na lijo li ka fetoha lekhoba kapa che. Joalokaha ho boletsoe ho e 'ngoe ea lipampiri tsa hae tsa tlhahlobo ea Microphotoal moo ho nang le litlamorao tsa ho ja lijo maemong a tsoang kantle ho mokokotlo (DA) maemong a li-nucleus accumbens (NAc) ho tlalehiloe hore: "Ho ja ho kanna ha tlatsetsa ho isa moo ho nang le litlamorao tse tšoanang le koae." ([], leq. 1711). Mokhoa oa ho lemalla tsoekere o bontša ho boloka mantsoe ao.

Mohlaleng ona, likhoto li bolokoa khaellong ea lijo ea 12-h letsatsi le leng le le leng, e lateloang ke 12-h phihlello ea 25% glucose kapa 10% scrose solution le rodent chow [, ]. Mohlala o hlalositsoe ka mokhoa o qaqileng pele [], mme liphumano tse sebelisang mofuta ona li buisanoa litlhahlobo tse fetileng [, ]. Ka bokhutšoanyane, kamora matsatsi a seng makae feela lenaneong lena, likhoto li qala ho ja tsoekere letsatsi le leng le le leng le ho itlopa joala, joalo ka ha ho bakiloe ke keketseho ea ho ja ha bona tharollo ea tsoekere ka hora ea pele ea phihlello. Ntle le ho itlopa lijo qalong ea phihlello, mekhoa ea ho fepa ea letsatsi le letsatsi e fetoha hoo litoeba li jang lijo tse kholo tsa tsoekere nakong eohle ea phihlello ha li bapisoa le liphoofolo tse laolang tsoekere. ad libitum. Ha ho fanoa ka opioid-receptor antagonist naloxone, matšoao a ho khaotsa, a kang ho tsikinyeha ha meno, ho thothomela pele le hlooho, le ho sisinyeha ha hlooho ho hlaha ho litoeba tse ntseng li itlopa lijo tsa tsoekere []. Likhoto tse lutlang tsoekere le tsona li bonts'a boitšoaro bo kang ba ho tšoenyeha, joalo ka ha bo lekantsoe ke nako e fokotsoang e sebelisoang letsohong le pepesitsoeng la mochini o moholo o phahameng. Matšoao a ho tlosoa joalo ka opiate le 'ona a hlaha a sa ts'oanehe (ke hore, ntle le kalafo ea naloxone), ha lijo tsohle li tlosoa bakeng sa 24 h [, ]. Likhoto tse lutang tsoekere le tsona li bontša matšoao a ho susumetsa haholoanyane ho fumana sucrose; lenti la likhoto le hatelletse tsoekere e eketsehileng ea 23% ka mor'a tlhahlobo ea 2 ea ho ila ho feta kamoo ba kileng ba etsa [], ha sehlopha sa taolo se nang le phihlello ea 0.5-h ea pele ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea tsoekere e lateloang ke li-wks tsa 2 tsa ho ila se ne se sa hlahise phello. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a phetoho tšusumetsong ea tsoekere e tsoelang pele nako eohle ea ho itima lijo, e lebisang keketsong e matlafalitsoeng. Liphetho li boetse li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho fokotseha ha nakoana ha tšebeliso ea tsoekere ha hoa lekana ho fella ka hore motho a je haholo, empa ho e-na le hoo, ho ba le mokhoa o lekanyelitsoeng oa ho ja ka nako e telele letsatsi le leng le le leng, ho hlokahala ho hlahisa sephetho.

Ho feta moo, liphuputso tse ling li fana ka maikutlo a hore likhoto tse tsoekere tse tsoekere li bonts'a maikutlo le lithethefatsi tse ling tsa tlhekefetso. Li-hyperactive ha li arabela tekanyetso e tlase, ea phephetso ea amphetamine e nang le phello e fokolang kapa e sa ameheng ho liphoofolo tsa naïve, athe likhoto tse bolokiloeng lenaneong la phepo ea tsoekere empa saline e laoloang ha e na khatello ea maikutlo, kapa litoeba lihlopheng tsa taolo (mohlala, likhoto li lumelloa ho itlopa joala ho chow feela, kapa le ad libitum ho fihlella tsoekere le chow, kapa ad libitum ho fihlella chowot feela) ba fuoeng lethal dose la amphetamine []. Ho feta moo, ha likhoto li ntse li itlopa lijo ka tsoekere ebe li qobelloa ho tlohela, hamorao li bontša joala bo bongata ba 9% ha bo bapisoa le lihlopha tsa taolo tse neng li bolokoa pele ad libitum Scrose le chow, ad libitum chow or binge]. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore ho ja tsoekere nako e telele ho feta tekano e ka ba tsela ea ho sebelisa joala haholo. Hammoho le lipheo tsa methapo e hlalositsoeng ka tlase, diphetho tse tsoang mohlaleng ona li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho itlama ka tharollo ea tsoekere ho ama mesolimbic DA le lits'ebetso tsa opioid, le litlamorao tse tsamaeang le neural tse bonahatsang joalo ka matšoao a ho its'etleha.

Matla a hlakileng a mofuta ona ke hore ke mofuta oa pele oa liphoofolo oo ho oona ho hlalositsoeng litekanyetso tse felletseng tse amanang le ho lemalla ha likhoto li ja lijo tse monate. Kahoo, e ka fana ka sesebelisoa se bohlokoa seo u ka ithutang mekhoa ea boko e amanang le ho phephetsa ho pheta-pheta, 'me mohlomong e thusa ho nts'etsopele ea litlama tsa meriana tse reretsoeng ho thibela ho ja haholo, kapa mohlomong “ho lemalla” lijo tse fumanehang habonolo []. Litlhare tse joalo li ka ipaka li le molemo haholo hara batho ba fanang ka kliniki ba buang ka tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le mathata a ho itlopa lijo., ]. Matla a mang a mofuta ona (hape, mehlala e meng e hlalositsoeng tlhahlobisong ena) ke hore, kaha likhoto tse kulang ha li nkoe ke matla, mokhoa o fapaneng oa ho ja oa mofuta oa ho itlopa lijo o ka qheleloa ka thoko. Sena se bohlokoa, joalo ka ha ho tsejoa hore litlamorao tsa botenya li ka tlisa liphetoho bokong tse susumetsang moputso []. Kahoo, ka ho khetholla phapang ea ho ja-mofuta o itseng oa ho ja ho latela litholoana tsa boima ba 'mele, litlamorao tsa lijo tse matlafatsang tse kulang bokong le boitsholong li ka ikemisoa.

Lirapa tse ling tsa lithupelo li hlahisitse liphetho tse tlatselletsang tse fanang ka maikutlo a ho lemalla ho ka hlaha ha ho sebelisoa linako tse ling tsa ho kena. Ho kenella ka mokhoa o kenelletseng oa "ccrac" sensitens] hape e thusa ho susumetsa maikutlo ho DA agonist quinpirole []. Hape, boitšoaro bo kang ba ho tšoenyeha bo tlalehiloe litotong tse nang le phihlello e fokolang ea ho ja lijo tse phahameng haholo.]. Liphetoho tse ling tsa 'mele le boits'oaro tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore boemo bo seng botle li' nile tsa bonoa litatsong tse ntseng li ja tsoekere nako le nako. Mohlala, ho tlosoa ha tsoekere ho tlalehiloe hore ho fokotsa mocheso oa 'mele [] le matšoao a susumetsang a boitšoaro bo mabifi [].

Nalane ea Modding + Stress (HD + Stress) Model

Nalane ea ho ja + khatello ea maikutlo e fella ka ho itlopa joala

Moetso oa HD + Stress o hlalositsoe ka botlalo libakeng tse ling [, ]. Moetso ona o beha litšobotsi tse 'maloa tsa ho itlopa lijo tsa bongaka [, ] hape e khothaletsa ho itlopa lijo tse ngata ka ho etsa likhoto tsa pele ho nalane ea ho ja (HD) le khatello ea maikutlo. Ka hona, ho loketse thuto ea bulimia mothosa, binge-purge anorexia nervosa, le BED, tseo hangata li khetholloang ke HD le khatello ea maikutlo, 'me li tšoailoe ke ho itlopa joala [, -].

Lihlopha tse 'ne tsa likhoto tsa basali tse nyane li bapisoa: sehlopha se laoloang se hloekileng (noHD + liphoso), sehlopha se nang le HD feela (HD + ho fihlela), sehlopha sa khatello (NoHD + Stress) le sehlopha sa liteko se bontšang ho itlopa lijo, HD + Sehlopha sa khatello. HD e etsisoa ka ho beha likhoto maemong a thibelo ea lijo le ho a thusa hape. Ba fuoa 66% ea li-chow's tsa control bakeng sa matsatsi a 5 a lateloang ke matsatsi a 2 a ad libitum Li-cookies tsa Oreo (e le lijo tse fumanehang habonolo) le ad libitum chow, ebe matsatsi a 4 a nang le eona feela ad libitum chow. Teko e etsahala ho 12th letsatsi la potoloho 'me ka nako eo lihlopha tsa HD li se li hlotse boima ba' mele hape li boima bo lekanang le likhoto tsa noHD. Ho sithabela ha khatello ea kelello ho tsamaisoa ka 3 sec ea 0.6 mA leoto la maoto pele ho tlhahlobo ea phepo. Likhoto tse maemong a haelloa ke khatello ea kelello li qeta nako e lekanang kamoreng ea ho ts'oaroa ntle le ho thothomela. Nakong ea teko ea ho fepa, likhoto li na ad libitum Li-cookies le chow ho matloana a bona. Kamora ho beoa ha lithibelo / ho phelisoa ha boraro le khatello ea maikutlo, le kamora potoloho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ka mor'a moo (ho fihlile mekhahlelo ea 23 []), sehlopha sa HD + Stress se ikhetholla ka ho ja lijo tse nang le lipalo tse ngata (ho tloha ho 30-100% kcals tsa lijo tse fumanehang khahlano le lihlopha tse ling tse tharo) ka har'a 4 ea pele ea tlhahlobo ea phepo le ha li ne li le sieo boemo ba khaello ea lijo []. Likhoto li itlopa cookies, eseng chow, e lumellanang le ho ja moputso ho fapana le tlhoko ea metabolic [, ], le ho netefatsa hore ha ho na khaello ea caloric e tsoang ho thibelo / ts'ebeliso. Bopaki bo kholisang ka ho fetesisa ba hore ho ja ha bo taoloe ka lapeng bo etsahala ha likhoto li hatisoa le ho hlahlojoa li ntse li lapile (nakong ea thibelo ea khalori). HD likhoto tse nang le khatello ea maikutlo le tse ling ntle le khatello ea maikutlo li ja lijo tse ngata ka ho eketsa mokhoa oa tsona oa ho ja o tloaelehileng, empa sehlopha sa khatello ea maikutlo sa HD + se feta tekanyo ena e tlisoang ke lapeng ka ho ja lijo tse fumanehang habonolo haholo []. Ho itlopa lijo tse ngata tse fumanehang khafetsa ka bongata le lithuto tse latelang tsa lithethefatsi tsa opioidergic (tse tšohliloeng ka tlase) li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho itlopa joala ho tlisoa ke moputso. Ho ja bakeng sa moputso le litlamorao tse tlisoang ke khatello ea maikutlo (vs. tlala) ke mokhoa oa ho ja ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng [-]. Hoa hlokomeleha ho supa hore lihlopha tsohle tse tharo tsa taolo li lula li ja lijo tse monate ho feta chow tlasa maemo a tlase, e leng tšusumetso e tloaelehileng e hlahisoang ke bokhoni bo phahameng ba li-cookies. Leha ho le joalo, ho ja ka mokhoa o fetelletseng o bonts'itsoeng ke litoeba tsa HD + Stress ha se ntho e tloaelehileng, mme ka ts'ebetso e nkuoa e le ho tlangoa ke mofuta ona. Lihlopha tse ling tse 'maloa li fetotse mofuta oa HD + Stress, ka ho fetola bolelele ba karolo e' ngoe le e 'ngoe ea potoloho, mofuta oa lijo tse jang, mofuta oa khatello ea maikutlo le mofuta oa methapo e sebelisitsoeng [, , , , ].

Le ha khatello ea maikutlo e le ntho ea bohlokoa ea ho baka, litoeba lia hlokahala eseng ho pepesetsoa khatello ea maikutlo kapa lijo tse matlafatsang nakong ea metsamao ea pele ea HD ea ho ja habeli ho etsahala []. Le ha ho hlokahala lintlha tsohle tse tharo nakong e tlang bakeng sa ho ja ho itlopa joala, nalane ea pele ea phokotso ea matla ke eona ntho ea bohlokoahali ho neuroadapt rats ho ja ho itlopa lijo []. Tlhaloso ea mahlale bakeng sa khokahano pakeng tsa ho ja le moputso e fanoe pele ke Bart Hoebel: khaello ea lijo e fokotsehile haholo litekanyetso tsa extracellular DA ho NAc []. O boetse a fumane hore likhoto li sebelitse ka thata ho itšireletsa ka motlakase ho hypothalamus ea morao ha o lapile [] mme ea tlaleha hore ho iphelisa hang hang ka likhoto tse fokotsang lijo ho phahamisa maemo a DA mokokotlong oa NAc ho eketsa nako ea ho fepa []. Mosebetsi ona o thusitse ho tiisa khokahano ea methapo ea kutlo lipakeng tsa ho fepa le ho putsa le ho fana ka tlhahiso ea hore na HD e ka etelletsa kelello ho openg. HD e ne e tla hlahisa anhedonia e khutliselitsoeng morao ke keketseho ea DA e lefshoang ka ho ja. Ho joalo, mosebetsi o latelang o tsoang ho labbi ea Boggiano o fumane hore likhoto tse nang le HD li ntlafalitse liphetoho tsa methapo ea kutlo le boitšoaro bo tsamaisanang le anhedonia leha e le matla a leka-lekaneng. Sena e ne e le nnete ho sa tsotelehe boiphihlelo le kapa ka khatello ea maikutlo [] le hore na likhoto li ne li e-ba le nakoana, letsatsi le leng le le leng, kapa li ne li sa pepesehe lijo tse fumanehang habonolo nakong ea HD [, ]. E fetolela ho batho, "lijo tse thibetsoeng" (hangata lijo tse fumanehang habonolo) hangata li jelloa nakong ea ho itlopa lijo [, ]. Ts'ebetso e tsamaeang le DA e ka fana ka lijo tsena tse matlafatsang ho batho ba boemong ba ho felloa ke matla (ke hore nakong ea lijo tse fokolang tsa khalori), ho feta ho batho ba jang lijo tse tšoanang maemong a hlokang matla.

Ntle le tšusumetso e matla eo HD e nang le eona ea ho itlopa lijo ka nako e tlang, bopaki ba morao-rao bo boetse bo supa hore ho itlopa joala ho ka fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo. Boleng bona bo eketsehileng bo tla etsa hore ho ja ho be thata haholo ho o tima. Bart Hoebel o boletse esale pele hore "tokollo e bakang khatello ea maikutlo ea DA e ka tsamaisa lipotoloho tsa NAc le libaka tse ling tse ts'episang maikutlo le likarabo" (], leq. 182). Ehlile, khatello ea maikutlo le ka kotloloho, corticosterone (CORT), esale e bontšoa ho nts'etsopele ea DA ho nts'etsopele ho NAc [, ]. Ho lihormone tse 'maloa tsa metabolic tse hlahlobiloeng, lithuto tse entsoeng ho labbi ea Boggiano le ba bang ba sebelisang mofuta oa HD + Stress li senotse hore litheko tse phahameng ho plasma CORT li khetholle likhoto tse jang lijo tse tsoang lihlopheng tsa taolo (ho kenyeletsoa le sehlopha sa khatello ea maikutlo sa "HH +). Sena se ile sa fumanoa le ha u ne u sebelisa li-khatello tse ling tsa khatello. Mohlala, Cifani et al. o sebelisitse khatello ea maikutlo haholo ho feta ho tsitsipana maotong, e leng ho lumella likhoto ho bona le ho fofonela lijo tse monate (Nutella® / chow paste) empa li sa ba lumelle ho e ja bakeng sa metsotso ea 15 [, -]. Sena se hlahisa monyetla oa ho lebisa axis ea HPA ho phekola ho ja ho itlopa joala; sena se tla tšohloa ka tlase karolong ea neurochemistry.

Khetho e makatsang ka mofuta oa HD + Stress e ne e le hore haeba likhoto tsa HD + Stress li fuoa mongobo oa lijo tse matlafalitsoeng ebe li siuoa li se na letho haese ho ratoa ka morao ho khatello ea maikutlo, li ntse li tsoela pele ho itlopa. Ebile, ba jere li-kcs tsa chowNXX% ho feta lihlopha tse laoloang ka tsela e tšoanang li filoe lijo tse matlafatsang []. Ketso e ts'oanang ea lijo tse matlafatsoang ke ho ja lijo tse nang le phepo e tona ea pele ho ne ho bonoa litlamong tse sa potoloha haeba li ne li le sebakeng se nang le litheko tse neng li entsoe pele ka lijo tse fumanehang habonolo (le Oreos).]. Ts'ebeliso ena e eketsehang ea lijo tse sa rateheng le tse ka tlisoang ke ho ja lijo tse monate.-], e amahanngoa le lits'ebetso tse phahameng tsa kelello ho batho (mohlala, menahano e itlhomphang kapa mabaka a holimolimo a ho nona kapa ho sitoa ho latela lijo) [, -]. Ha ho pelaelo hore lits'ebetso tsa kelello li bapala karolo ea ho bakela ho ja ho feta ho batho empa lijo tse ngata tsa "chow" tse nang le khatello ea maikutlo li bontša hore lijo tse fumanehang habonolo li ka etsa hore ho be thata ho li ja, tseo ho ka bang thata haholo ho li laola. Tsoekere e hloekisitsoeng le phofo, mafura a mafura, le maemo a mangata a sodium, ke metsoako e tloaelehileng ea lijo tsa morao-rao tse bonolo [-] 'me e kanna ea sebetsa joaloka li-drug primers [, , -]. Bokong bo boletsoeng esale pele, ho fokola hanyane feela ho ka lebisang ho oeleng hape. Hoebel o fane ka leseli le qobellehang la liphoofolo la ho ba teng ha "tlatsetso ea lijo", joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe karolong e fetileng [, , -]. Matla a lijo tse matlafatsoang ho baka ho jella ho ja ka mokhoa ona le mefuta e meng ea litekete e lokela ho nahanoa ha ho etsoa liqeto mabapi le kenyelletso ea lijo tse joalo taolong ea mathata a ho ja a khetholloang ka ho itlopa lijo (leha ho le joalo, bona Murphy et al., 2010 [], mabapi le ho shebana le melao ea phepo kalafo ea kalafo ea ho itlopa joala).

Lengolo mabapi le phapang e le 'ngoe: lintlha tse tsoang mohlaleng oa Binge-Eating Prone vs Resistant

Har'a batho, ha se bohle ba nang le HD kapa ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo kapa khatello e matla ea lijo. Liphihlelo tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso mohlomong le tsa bongoana li tsejoa ho eketsa kotsi ea ho itlopa lijo tse jang [-]. Ho ka ba joalo le ha ho ja-mofuta o itseng oa ho itlopa lijo ho hlahisoa ka likhoto hang ha ho bile le khatello ea maikutlo. Nakong ea ho sebetsa le mofuta oa HD + Stress, ho ile ha hlokomeloa hore ho na le likhoto tse neng li lula li ja ka tlase kapa ka holimo ho sehlopha li bolela ho ja lijo tse fumanehang habonolo sehlopheng sa khatello ea kelello ea HD +. Kahoo, haeba ho se joalo ka lebaka la ho ja haholo ke likhoto tse itseng, sehlopha se bolela hore menyetla e ka be e sa fapana ka taolo. Ka hona, mokhoa ona oa "rat" oa phepelo ea lijo ka har'a litekanyetso o ithutile ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng, o lebisitseng ho nts'etsopele ea mofuta o fapaneng oa phoofolo, mokhoa o jang oa ho itlopa lijo le mofuta o mong oa ho ja o sa jeng.].

Lintlha tse mabapi le mohlala ona li hlalosoa kae kapa kae [empa ka kakaretso, ho ile ha bonoa hore ha likhoto tsa basali li ja lijo tse ngata tsa tlhaho, ha lijo tse fumanehang li fumaneha (mohlala, li-cookie tsa Oreo) hoo e ka bang karolo e le 'ngoe ho tse tharo li ja lijo tse matlafatsang tsa kcals (BEPs) ho feta tse jang lijo tse fumanehang habonolo. ea boraro (BERs) ho 4 ea pele ho 24 hrs ea phihlello e fumanehang ea lijo, kaholimo-limo oa bona oa ho ja kamehla []. Joalo ka mefuta e meng e hlalositsoeng mona, lijo tse matlafatsang li fanoa khafetsa khahlano le letsatsi le letsatsi (2-3x ka beke bakeng sa 24 h). Ho khahlisang ke hore, ha motho a tšoeroe ke maoto, lihlopha ka bobeli li fokotse tšebeliso ea lijo empa ho fokotseha ha li-BEP ho bakoa ke ho ja haholo ha li-BER ka lebaka la phokotso ea ts'ebeliso ea lijo tse fumanehang habonolo []. Hape tlasa maemo a lutseng, li-BEP tse ngata ho feta li-BER li phahamisa lebelo la maoto bakeng sa M & Ms® le li-BEP le tsona li mamella maemo a phahameng a ts'abo ho feta BERs ho fumana M & Ms® []. Ho ja li-BEPs ka kakaretso ha ho felle feela ho lijo tse ling tse mafura / tse monate [-] empa hape le ho mashala a seng monate (mohlala, Crisco®) le liswisi tse se nang mafura (mohlala, Froot Loops®). Ho feta moo, ha likhoto tsa BEP le BER li beoa molemong oa ho ja o tlisoang ke botenya moo ho nang le li-pellets tse mafura a mangata feela tse fumanehang letsatsi le letsatsi.], halofo ea li-BEP le halofo ea li-BER li fetoha haholo ha halofo e 'ngoe ea BEP le BER li hana ho nona []. Ke ka hona mofuta ona o ka bang molemo ho hlahloba mekhoa e tlasa maemo a fapaneng a kliniki, mohlala, BED (e hlahisoang ke BEPs e feteletseng), botenya bo se nang BED (bo hlahisoang ke BERs ba nang le feta), bulimia amanosa (e hlophisitsoeng ke li-BERs tse hanyetsang). le boima bo tloaelehileng ba ho se jeng batho ba phetseng hantle ba phetseng hantle (ba hlahisoang ke li-BER tse se nang melemo).

Ntle le liphapang tsa tlhaho ea ho itlhahisa ho ja lijo tse fumanehang habonolo, liphapang tsa motho ka mong tsa ho ja li ka hlaha le liphihlelong tsa tikolohong ea bongoaneng. Leha ho na le mofere-fere oa mofuta oa HD + Stress ho liphetoho lipuisisong tse entsoeng ke rona le ba bang [, , , -, -], haesale re khona ho fumana likotsi tsa ho ja li-rats. Ka linako tse ling ba bang, hape, ba ne ba sitoa ho fumana phello ka ho ts'oaroa ke leoto kapa haeba ba entse, ho itlopa joala ho ne ho tlisoa., ]. Le ha e le pherekano, bothata bo hlile bo fana ka monyetla o motle oa ho etsa lipatlisiso ka lintho tse rerang esale pele. Ho khahlisang, Hancock et al. fumane, ha o sebelisa mofuta oa HD + Stress, hore feela likhoto tse haelloang ke ho nyeka ha bo-mme le ho itlhopha joalo ka ha malinyane hamorao a ile a itlopa joala kamora 'HD le khatello ea maikutlo []. Sena se etsahetse feela nakong ea bohlankana ebile eseng kamora ho ba motho e moholo empa se lumellana le mehla ea motho ea tloaelo ea ho ba le mathata a amanang le ho itlopa lijo.]. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, malinyane a mafahla a nang le karohano ea bo-mme a bonts'a tšebeliso e fetelletseng nakong ea karolo ea boits'oaro ea methapo ea thibelo / boikoetliso bohlolong. Makeno ana a boetse a na le maemo a phahameng a CORT vs. non-stress cohorts [, ]. Haesale re ithutile hore likolone tsa likhoebo tse sebetsang, esita le lik'hamphaning tsa barekisi, ha li laole liphapang lipalo tsa malinyane a hlokomeloang ke 'm'a kapa mabaka a mang a ho ba lema. Le khatello ea maikutlo ka ho romella e ka ba le litlamorao tse fapaneng tsa liphoofolo. Tsena ke lintlha tse 'nileng tsa tsebahala ho susumetsa sephetho sa liprothane tsa liteko tse laoloang ka mokhoa o fetisisang [-]. Ha re nahana ka sena, re ke ke ra fana ka monyetla oa hore liphihlelo tsa bophelo ba bongoana li kanna tsa baka phapang ea ho ja lijo tse fumanehang mofuteng oa BEP / BER. Ka kakaretso, khatello ea maikutlo ea bophelo ba bongoaneng le ho fapana ha phapang ea lijo tse bakiloeng ke khatello ea maikutlo e hloka ho nahaneloa ha ho sebelisoa mefuta e mengata ea ho itlopa lijo. Hona ho amana le kamano e matla ea tlholeho pakeng tsa ho sithabela ha bongoana le khatello ea bophelo ba bongoaneng mabapi le ho ja ho itlopa lijo ho batho [-].

Mohlala oa ho Fumaneha o Lekaneng

Ho fihlella habonolo hoa lijo tse fumanehang habonolo ho fella ka ho ja lijo tsa mofuta o mong

Mohlala o fokolang oa phihlello o hlalositsoe ka botlalo libakeng tse ling []. Ho fapana le mofuta oa HD oa khatello ea maikutlo le oa lijo tse tsoekere tse ngata tse hlalositsoeng ka holimo, mofuta o lekantsoeng oa phihlello ha o sebelisoe khaello ea lijo e fetileng kapa ea hona joale ho khothaletsa ho ja. Likhoto tse mohlaleng ona ha ho mohla lijo li haelloang, kaha li na le phihlello e tsoelang pele ea chow le metsi ka linako tsohle. Sena se lumelletse tlhahlobo ea tšebeliso ea mofuta oa ho itlopa lijo tse ikemetseng ntle le liphetoho tse ka hlahisoang ke tšebeliso ea lijo. Ho khothaletsa ho ja-mofuta oa ho ja, likhoto li fuoa sporadic (hangata makhetlo a 3 ka beke), nako e lekanyelitsoeng (ka kakaretso 1-2 h) phihlello ea lijo tse matlafatsoang, ho kenyelletsa le chow e fumanehang kamehla. Mohlala o fokolang oa phihlello o na le bohlokoa ba ho ja ho sa ja tlala, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe BED [, ], hammoho le "lijo tse thibetsoeng" tse amanang le ho itlopa lijo tseo batho ba lekang ho kena ho tsona ke lijo tseo ba itlisetsang tsona [, ].

Ho sebelisoa lihlopha tse peli mohlaleng ona, o mong o na le nako e khuts'oane ea ho fumana lijo tse matlafatsang letsatsi le leng le le leng (sehlopha sa taolo ea phihlello ea matsatsi le beke), le e nang le nako e lekanyelitsoeng ea nako ea lijo tse fumanehang habonolo makhetlo a 'maloa. Matsatsi a 3) ka beke (sehlopha sa marangrang a kenang ka nako ea sporadic). Lijo tse fumanehang habonolo ke sekotlolo sa ho khutsufatsoa hoa meroho, e leng mafura a tiileng a haedrojene a tloaetseng ho sebelisoa lihlahisoa tse phehiloeng. Ha ho khutsufatsoa ho fanoa bakeng sa lihora tsa 1-2 letsatsi le leng le le leng, tšebeliso ha e fetohe haholo ho feta nako mme litabatabelo ka kakaretso li haufi le 2 g (∼18 kcal). Leha ho le joalo, ha ho khutsufatsoa ho fanoa nako le nako, ho nka nako ka nako ea libeke tse 'maloa ho fihla ho esc4-6 g (∼36-54 kcal), mme e ba kholo haholo ho feta ea likhoto tse nang le phihlello ea letsatsi le letsatsi. Ho itlopa lijo ho hlalosoa ka tsela ea ts'ebetso ea mofuta ona ha lijo tse fumanehang habonolo sehlopheng sa phihlello ea sporadic li feta sehlopheng sa phihlello sa letsatsi le letsatsi. Ho joalo, kamora libeke tse ka bang 4, sehlopha sa sporadic se ja lijo tse ngata haholo kapa tse ngata tse fumanehang ho 1-2 h joalo ka likhoto tse nang le phihlello e sa feleng ea ho ja lijo tse matlafatsoang 24 h [, ]. Ho eketseha ha lijo tse fumanehang habonolo ho etsahala sehlopheng sa sporadic le hoja ba lula ba na le phihlello ea chow; ho fihlella lijo tse matlafatsoang ho thibetsoe. Likhoto tse nang le nako e lekanyelitsoeng ea nako le nako ea lijo tse matlafatsoang li kenyelletsoa e le taolo bakeng sa lijo tse fumanehang habonolo, le ho ithuta ka nako e lekanyelitsoeng ea lijo tse fumanehang habonolo. Kahoo, sehlopha sa letsatsi le letsatsi se nkuoa e le taolo "e tloaelehileng", e leng moo ho itlopa joala ho sehlopha sa sporadic ho bapisoang. Taba ena e tlalehiloe ho e motona le e motšehali, mefuteng e fapaneng, le ka lihlopha tse 'maloa tsa lilemo [, , ].

Le ha ho khutsufatsa ho sebelisitsoe ka bongata mohlaleng ona, lijo tse ling tse matlafatsoang li boetse li lekoa ho kenyelletsa le tharollo ea sucrose, likhatiso tse fapaneng tsa mafura a hlahisoang e le li-emulsions tse tiileng, lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata, le motsoako oa mafura / sucrose [-]. Ho khutsufatsa ho sebetsa le lijo tse fumanehang habonolo tsa lithuto tsena, kaha likhoto li ja habonolo [] le liphapang lipakeng tsa lihlopha li ka hlahlojoa. Ntle le moo, le ha e le moelelo o atamela marulelong a bokhoni ba "rat" (joalo ka ha ho baloa ho latela Bull le Pitts []) ha li na ho lekaneng ho tlatsana ha mpa. Sena se lumella tlhahlobo ea phokotso le tšusumetso ea tšebeliso ea mali ka ho sebelisa litheko tsa meriana (mohlala, []).

Ho bohlokoa ho sebelisa lijo tse fumanehang habonolo mohlaleng ona o jeoang habonolo, empa seo ha se khothaletse takatso e kholo ea hore phapang ea lihlopha e ke ke ea bonoa. Haeba sehlopha sa letsatsi le letsatsi se jang haholo, joale ho itlopa joala ho ke ke ha khetholoha ho seo se hlahisoang feela ke ho fumaneha ha lijo tse fumanehang habonolo, joalo ka ha ho tlalehiloe lithutong tse ling. Mohlala, likhoto li jele bongata bo bongata (5-9 g) ea li-emulsions tse mafura ka nako e lekanyelitsoeng ea ho fihlella thutong e le 'ngoe,' me ho kenella ho ne ho sa fapana pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tsa sporadic []. Ho se be le phapang pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa letsatsi le letsatsi le tse ling ho tlalehiloe ha ho na le motsoako o mafura a mangata, tsoekere / mafura le litharollo tse ling tsa tsoekere li sebelisitsoe e le lijo tse fumanehang habonolo [-, , ]. Ho khahlisang, phapang ea boitšoaro le ea bongaka lipakeng tsa sporadic le lihlopha tsa phihlello ea letsatsi le letsatsi li tlalehiloe, leha e le nako ea lijo nakong e lekanyelitsoeng ea ho fihlella e ne e sa fapana lipakeng tsa lihlopha (mohlala [, , , ]). Le ha ho le joalo, esita le maemong ana, lits'oaetso li ne li le kholo haholo. Haeba marang-rang a lekanyelitsoe (a kopantsoe) ka nako ea beke ea 5 ea beke ea ho pepesetsa (likhoto li lumelloa feela ho ja 2 g), ho itlopa joala kamora 'nako ha ho jeoa ho sa sebelisoe haholo []. Kahoo, ho pepesehela lijo tse fumanehang habonolo feela, le ho lumelloa ho e ja sampole, ha hoa lekana; likhoto li tlameha ho lumelloa ho 'hlasimoloha' ha li qala ho hlahisoa lijong tse matlafatsang bakeng sa boitšoaro ba ho itlopa ka tsona hore bo hlahisoe ka botlalo.

Likhoto tse nang le phihlello e potlakileng ea lijo tse fumanehang habonolo ha li na boima ba 'mele, hape ha li bokelle mafura a mangata haholo a mmele ho feta ho laoloa ke chow [, ]. Sena ke ka lebaka la phokotso ea ts'ebeliso ea 'mala oa chow e etsahalang. Mofuta o mong oa phepelo e feteletseng, kapa mokhoa oa "sawtooth" oa tšebeliso ea matla a letsatsi le letsatsi o fetoha likhotong ka phihlello ea lijo tse fumanehang habonolo hobane li ja haholo ka nako eo lijo tse matlafatsoang li sa fuoang le ho kheloha ha lijo tse monate li sa fuoe., , -, ]. Sephetho ke hore litekanyetso tse felletseng tsa matla a kopantsoeng (chow + khutsufatsa) le boima ba 'mele ha li fapana lipakeng tsa litheko tsa phihlello ea phihlello le ho laola (mohlala, [, , , , ]. Ho tloha ha likhoto li ja haholo ka matsatsi a ho itlopa lijo, 'me li sa phethe ka matsatsi a se nang ho itlopa lijo, lithuto li entsoe ho bona hore na ho itlopa lijo ho hlaha ka lebaka la thibelo e matla ea nako le nako e etsahalang matsatsing a pele ho phello e ntle ea lijo. Sena ha se bonahale se le joalo; ho itlopa lijo ho ntse ho tsoela pele, leha e le hore litlatsetso ha li etsahale ka letsatsi le fetileng []. Tlhokomelo ea ts'ebeliso ea matla le boima ba 'mele maemong a taolo e ts'oana le maemo a batho joalo ka bulimia mothosa moo ho itlopa lijo ho etsahalang, empa boima ba' mele bo lula bo le maemong a tloaelehileng ka lebaka la boiphetetso bo kang ho tlatlapa []. Kannete ho hloleha ho bokella boima ba 'mele bo feteletseng ke karolo e tloaelehileng ea mehlala e hlalositsoeng tlhahlobisong ena mme ke mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho ja ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa batho; ke feela 35% ea batho ba itlopang ba na le BMI ≥30 [].

Ntle le ho khutsufatsa ho feta nakong ea phihlello e lekanyelitsoeng, likhoto tsa "sporadic binge" hape li sebetsa ka thata ho khutsufatsa mesebetsing ea basebetsi. Keketseho ea karo-karolelano ea nako le nako e ntse e eketseha ha nako ea litšoene ka ho fihlella ka bokhutšoaane [], mme e kholo haholo ho feta ea likhoto tsa letsatsi le letsatsi []. Karolelano ea tsoelo-pele ea ho ikarabella kamora nako ea khaello ea lijo le eona e eketsehile haholo litekong ka phihlello ea sporadic ho khopamisa meroho e monko o monate o kengoang le likhoto tse nang le phihlello ea letsatsi le letsatsi []. Ho arabela ka tekanyo e tsoelang pele ho nkoa e le mokhoa oa boitšisinyo [] e fana ka tlhahiso ea hore liphutheloana tse amanang le moputso li ka kenella ka mokhoa o fapaneng lipapatsong tse nang le linako tse bobebe le linako tse khutšoane tsa ts'ebeliso ea lijo tse monate.

Ho thoe'ng ka mehopolo e nyane ea lijo tse fumanehang habonolo e ka hlahisang liphetoho tse joalo? Ho hlakile hore litoeba li ithuta ho itlopa lijo, empa methapo ea kutlo e amehang molemong oa ho ithuta e se e qalile ho tsebahala. Monyetla o mong ke oa hore mofuta o mong oa tšusumetso ea takatso ea ho ja o ka etsahalang. Likhoto tse lemaletseng tsoekere le mefuta e mengata ea HD + Stress li ithuta ho ja lijo tse fumanehang habonolo ha lijo li haella. Kahoo, karolo ea se ka tsamaisang tšebeliso ea mefuta e menyenyane ea mofuta o joalo ka methapo e hlokahala bakeng sa likamano tsa ho ithuta lipakeng tsa mekhoa ea tikoloho le lijo tse fumanehang habonolo ha li le maemong a ho hloka matla, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ke Holland le basebetsi-'moho le eena []. Lintlha tsa morao-rao tse tsoang lenaneng la Boggiano li bonts'a hore ho ithuta ho joalo ho ka etsahala le ha ho se na khaello ea lijo []. Ka hona, ho a khonahala hore tšusumetso ea cue e susumetsang ea ho ja e sebetsa mohlaleng o fokolang oa phihlello, hape, leha likhoto li sa je lijo.

Le ha mohlomong tšusumetso ea ho fepa e ka susumetsoa ke mefuta eohle e meraro, ho ka etsahala hore mekhoa e fapaneng le e 'ngoe e amehe. Mokhoa oa ho lemalla tsoekere o fana ka tsoekere letsatsi le leng le le leng ho lijo tse fokolang tse se nang mafura lihora tse 'maloa ho potoloha le lefifi. Kahoo, tlhahiso ea tsoekere e boleloa esale pele ka mokhoa oo. Ho fapana le hoo, tlhahiso ea lijo tse fumanehang habonolo e lula e le teng, 'me ha e utluhuoe, mefuteng ea HD + Stress and limited Access. Re fana ka tlhahiso ea hore tšebeliso e sa lebelloang ea lijo tse matlafatsoang li thusa ho itlopa lijo. Patlisiso ea batho e tšehetsa mohopolo ona. Hangata, ho itlama ka lijo ha ho lokisoe kamehla [] le likotsi tsa ho itlopa ka tsona li ka fapana haholo bakeng sa motho e mong le e mong ea filoeng []. Ntle le moo, libaka tse khothaletsang mokhoa oa ho ja o sa lebelloang li bonahala li khothaletsa ho itlopa lijo. Mohlala, ha basali ba lilemong tsa bocha ba ja lijong tsa lelapa le lelapa khafetsa, monyetla oa ho itlopa lijo o tlase ho feta ha basali ba lilemong tsa bocha ba sa ja lijo tsa mantsiboea le lelapa hangata []. Bonyane ts'ebetso e le 'ngoe e atlehileng ea bongaka e lebisa mofuta o sa lebelloang oa linako tsa ho ja le tšebeliso ea lijo tse fumanehang ka ho theha ho ja kamehla e le karolo ea leano la kalafo. [].

Mefuteng e fokolang ea phihlello, ho itlopa lijo ho hlaha ho likhoto tse sa hlokeng lijo tse fumanang lijo tse kulang ka matsatsi a mararo ka beke, ke hore, ka linako tse ling. Boholo ba lithuto tsena li fane ka lijo tse kulang ka Mon, Weds le Fri beke le beke. Kahoo, ka linako tse ling ho na le letsatsi le le leng pakeng tsa ho loana le linako tse ling habeli. Lenaneo lena la phihlello le tlisa boemo bo itseng ba ho hloka bonnete mabapi le hore na menyetla ea ho itlopa eona e tla etsahala neng. Re boetse re lekile litekanyetso tse ling tsa nakoana ka ho ba le litholoana tse tšoanang []. Ntle le moo, likhoto tse nang le monyetla oa ho fumana lijo tse fumanehang habonolo li behiloe ka kamoreng e le 'ngoe le likhoto tse fumanehang letsatsi le leng le le leng. Ka hona, likhoto tse butsoitseng habonolo li pepesetsoa litloaelo tse amanang le lijo tse natefeloang letsatsi le leng le le leng, empa feela li ja lijo tse natefelloang nako le nako. Ka lebaka leo, mekhatlo ea lijo tsa cue le eona e amana le ho hloka botsitso. Fiorillo et al. [] ho tlaleha ho thunngoa ho fapaneng ha li-neuron tsa DA tikolohong ea ventral tegmental (VTA) e le ts'ebetso ea ho hloka botsitso ho protocol eo ho eona cices e boletseng pele ho tlisa moputso oa lijo tsa metsi. Ka hona, ho saena ka dopaminergic libakeng tsa projeke ea VTA (NAc, preortalal cortex) e ka fapana ka likhoto tse nang le sporadic (e sa tsitsang / e sa lebelloang) le likhoto tse nang le phihlello ea lijo tsa mehla le mehla. Ka sebele, lintlha tsa "pharmacological" tse bokelloang ho sebelisoa mofuta oa Phokotso ea "Limited" li lumellana le boemo bona (bona ka tlase).

Sistimi e Khethiloeng ea Neurotransmitter E Ikhethahalitse ho Ho ja Ho Laola: Liphetho le Liphello tsa Kliniki

Bart Hoebel e ne e le pula-maliboho thutong ea lintho tse fetang tse teng ka har'a methapo ea kutlo e laolang lijo le lithethefatsi. Karolong ena, re totobatsa lintho tse fumanoeng tse bululetsoeng ke mosebetsi oa Bart o tsoang mehlaleng e hlalositsoeng mona, e fanang ka leseli mabapi le liphetoho tse etsoang ka lebaka la neuronal tse etsahalang e le mosebetsi oa ho itlopa lijo.

Dopamine

Ho kenya letsoho ha DA le li-receptors tsa ho itlopa lijo ho se ho hlahlobile libakeng tse ling [, ], mme mosebetsi oa Bart Hoebel o bile le tšusumetso e kholo tikolohong ena ea lipatlisiso. Lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso li ka fetola li-receptors tsa DA le ho lokolloa ha DA libakeng tsa mesolimbic ea boko [, ]. Liphetoho tse tšoanang li hlokometsoe ho sebelisoa mofuta oa ts'oaetso ea tsoekere (bona [, ] bakeng sa tlhahlobo). Ka ho khetheha, autoradiography e senola ho eketsa li-receptor tsa D1 ho NAc mme e fokotse li-receptor tsa D2 tse tlamang ho mong ka striatum ho litšoelesa tsa chow-fed []. Ba bang ba tlalehetse ho fokotseha ha li-receptor tsa D2 tse tlamang ho NAc ea likhoto tse nang le phihlello ea nako le nako ea ho sucrose le chow ha li bapisoa le likhoto tse fepelitsoeng limited feela []. Likhoto tse nang le tsoekere e kenellang le phihlello ea maraka le eona e fokotsehile D2 receptor mRNA ho NAc, 'me e eketse D3 receptor mRNA ho NAc le caudate-putamen ha e bapisoa le li-control tse fuoeng []. Leha ho le joalo, e 'ngoe ea matla a tebileng a methapo ea kutlo lipakeng tsa ho itlopa joala le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso ke phello ho DA ea kantle ho naha. Keketseho e phetoang khafetsa ea extracellular DA ka hara khetla ea NAc ke phello e tsebahalang ea lithethefatsi tse sebelisoang hampe [], athe hangata nakong ea ho fepa, karabelo ea DA ea fela kamora ho pepesetsoa lijo hangata ha e lahleheloa ke eona e ncha []. Ha likhoto li ntse li ja tsoekere, karabelo ea DA e tšoana le ea lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso ho fapana le lijo, mme DA e lokolloa ho itlopa joala bo bong le bo bong []. Laola likhoto tse fuoeng tsoekere kapa chow ad libitum, likhoto tse nang le phihlello ea nakoana ho li-chow, kapa likhoto tse latsoang tsoekere makhetlo a mabeli feela, li hlahisa karabelo ea DA e sa bonahaleng e tloaelehileng ea lijo tse lahlehileng. Kahoo, ho itlopa joala ho tsoekere ho hlahisa karabelo ea methapo e fapaneng hantle le ea ho ja tsoekere ntle le ho itlopa lijo, le haeba tsoekere e felletseng e tšoana maemong ana ka bobeli. Liphetho tsena li tšehetsoa ke liphumano tse sebelisang mefuta e meng ea tsoekere e ngata moo ho fetotsoeng liphetoho lipakeng tsa phetoho ea DA le transporter ea DA [, ].

Mefuteng e lekanyelitsoeng ea phihlello, liteko tsa meriana le li-receptor tsa D1 le D2 li lekoa. Tsamaiso ea potoloho ea mohanyetsi-ea joaloka D1 SCH23390 ho fokotsa ho ja mafura le tsoekere ka makhetlo a mangata ho itlopa lijo le litoeba, empa hangata liphetho tsena li ne li tsamaisana le phokotso ea tšebeliso ea lijo tsa 'mele []. Ka hona, litlamorao tsa D1 blockade e kanna ea ba ka lebaka la khatello e akaretsang ea boitšoaro. Tsamaiso ea Peripheral ea D2-like antagonist raclopride, ka lehlakoreng le leng, e bile le litlamorao tse sa hlalosoang ke khatello e akaretsang ea boitšoaro. Raclopride e fokotse tšebeliso ea litharollo tsa tsoekere ho likhoto ka phihlello ea letsatsi le letsatsi kapa ea sporadic, empa e bile le litlamorao tse fapaneng ho tšebeliso ea lijo tse nonneng tse mafura. Haholo-holo, ho ja lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata ho ne ho fokotseha hangata ka litekanyetso tse phahameng haholo litekatsong tse nang le phihlello ea letsatsi le leng le le leng empa e ne e sa angoe kapa e eketsoa ke raclopride ka tekanyetso e tlase ho likhoto tse nang le phihlello e lekantsoeng ea sporadic []. Liphetho tsena li ama li-receptor tsa D2 ts'ebelisong ea lijo tse mafura, empa li boetse li supa ho khetholla ha D2 ho litšoene le taolong. Kaha litekanyetso tse tlase li khothalelitse tšebeliso ea litheko tse ngata tsa binge (sporadic) le litekanyetso tse phahameng li fokotse taolo ea taolo, liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a ho khetholla pele ho nako le ka morao ho synaptic D2 ho supa tlasa maemo a ho itlopa le ho laola. Liphumano tsena li lumellana le litlaleho ho batho le litekong tse fetotsoeng tse fetotsoeng tsa DA tse sebelisang lijo tse mafura [le ho itlopa joala ho ja [, ].

Ntle le NAc, VTA dopamine neurons projeke ho libaka tsa preortalal cortex tse amehang ho etsa liqeto le ho etsa mesebetsi e metle (anterior cingulate), hammoho le tlhokomelo (medial agranular kapa Fr2; []; bona [] bakeng sa tlhahlobo). Boithuto ba monahano ba batho bo fana ka maikutlo a ho kenya letsoho ha sethoathoa sa kantle ho batho ba kulang [-], le ho ameha ha libaka tsa medial agranular ho hlafuna]. Ka hona, lithuto li sa tsoa qalisoa ho sebelisoa mofuta o fokolisitsoeng oa phihlello oo ho oona ho kentsoeng litheko tse tobileng tsa bahanyetsi ba DA receptor libakeng tsena tsa boko. Liphetho, ho fihlela joale, li tsamaellana le liphetho tse fumanoeng ka ente ea pherekano, ke hore, tekanyetso e tlase ea D2 antagonist eticlopride e eketsang tšebeliso ea mafura likotong tsa ho itlopa joala empa eseng ho taolo []. Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, liphetho tsena li bonts'a hore liketso tse fokotsehileng tsa D2 receptor libakeng tsa cortical ha li bake ho itlangoa, empa li ka mpefatsa ho loana hang ha e thehiloe. Ka bokhutšoanyane, liphetho li fana ka maikutlo a hore boiphihlelo bo ka sitisa ho ts'oana ha lets'oao la DA, ho etsa hore ho be thata ho emisa hang ha ho qalisoa.

Li-Receptors tsa Opioid

Ntle le litlamorao ho DA, lits'ebetso tsa opioid li boetse li anngoe ke ho itlopa lijo ka tsela e lumellanang le litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi tse ling tsa tlhekefetso. Tlhahiso-leseling e hlahisitsoeng ho tsoa molemong oa ts'ebeliso ea tsoekere e bonts'itse hore ho itlopa joala ka tsoekere ho fokotseha enkephalin mRNA ho li-nucleus accumbens [], 'me mu-opioid receptor binding e matlafatsoa haholo ka hara leqhephe la NAc, cingrate, hippocampus le locus coeruleus, ha li bapisoa le li-control tse filoeng-chow []. Hape, taba ea hore likhoto tse kulang tsoekere li tsotella litlamorao tsa opioid antagonist naloxone, e ka fanang ka matšoao a ho tlohela [], e fana ka tlhahiso ea hore ho tšela lijo tse tsoekere ka makhetlo a mangata ho ka fetola lisistimi tsa boko oproid.

Liphetho tse tsoang mefuteng ea HD + Stress and limited Access le eona e fana ka tšehetso bakeng sa karolo ea li-opioid ka boits'oaro ba ho ja. Ho ja lijo tse nang le khatello ea maikutlo + tsa HD ho felisoa ke naloxone, mohanyetsi oa kappa / mu-receptor. Le ha e nka nakoana, ha ho na ho ja ho tlatselletsang ho ja ho 24 hrs; ka hona, ho ba le opioid-receptor signaling ho ka hlokahala hore ho ja-ho ja ho etsahale []. Mochine o mong oo HD e neng e bonahala e etsa hore kelello ea hae e tsebe ho itlopa ke ka ho hlasimolla li-opioid-receptors []. Sensitization e ka hlaha ho tloha ho fokotseha ha li-receptor tsa opioid hobane likhoto tse jang tse ling li bontša karabelo e fetelletseng ea anorectic ho mu / kappa-receptor blockade le naloxone []. Receptor-downregulation e tla hlahisa lexxone blockade e felletseng joalo ka ha ho etsahala ho lemaletseng opiate [-]. E lumellana le maikutlo a opioid-receptor sensitivity, opioid-receptor agonist butorphanol e fihlella hyperphagia e nang le tšenyo ea maikutlo ho litheko tse jang tse jang tse amanang le lihlopha tsa taolo le ha li se li ntse li eketsehile maemong a tsona []. Ho fanoa ka ntlafatso ea ho lokolloa ha DA ke li-opioid-receptors ka li-neuron tsa mesolimbic [] le likarolo tsa bona tse kopaneng tsa ho batla le ho rata [] ka ho tšoanang, ha ho makatse hore liphetoho tse entsoeng ke HD ho li-opioid-receptors li lokela ho bapala karolo ea ho ja ho itlopa joala. Habohlokoa, lintlha tse fumanoeng li atolosa litlaleho tsa bopula-pele ba Hoebel mabapi le kamano e fapaneng pakeng tsa khaello ea lijo le moputso ka temoso ea hore leha khaello ea lijo e ka baka liphetoho tsa nako e telele literekeng tse amanang le moputso.

Le ha HD e ka etelletsa pele bokong ho opa ka ho hlasimolla li-opioid receptors, HD e kanna ea se ke ea hlokahala hore maikutlo a joalo a tsoekere a etsahale. Ka mofuta oa Limited Access, opioid antagonist naltrexone e fokotse tšebeliso ea mafura a tiileng a 100% (ho khutsufatsa), emulsions e tiileng e entsoeng ka lintlha tse fapaneng tsa khutsufatso (32%, 56%), le motsoako oa sucrose ha khatello e tlase e ne e le ka likhoto le ho fihlella ho lekantsoeng letsatsi le letsatsi le likhoto tse nang le monyetla oa ho fumana lijo tse fumanehang habonolo [, ]. Ka hona, naltrexone e ne e sebetsa hantle ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea lijo tse mafura ho sa tsotelehe boemo ba phihlello. Ho fapana le moo, likhoto tse jang le ho laola likhoto tse jang sucrose li ne li ameha ka mokhoa o fapaneng litlamorao tsa ho fokotsa ho kenella ka naltrexone. Ka ho khetheha, naltrexone e fokotse tšebeliso ea 3.2% le litharollo tsa 10% ka litekanyetso tse nang le phihlello e lekanyelitsoeng ea sporadic, empa eseng litekong tse nang le phihlello e lekanyelitsoeng ea letsatsi le letsatsi []. Sena se lumellana le litlaleho tse ling tse bonts'ang karolo ea li-opioid receptors tšebeliso ea lijo tse nang le tsoekere literekeng [, , ] hammoho le ho batho []. Ka hona, le ha blockade ea li-receptor tsa opioid e fokotsa ka mokhoa o nepahetseng tšebeliso ea mafura tlasa maemo a sa kulang le hammoho le maemo a mofuta oa ho itlopa lijo, li-opioid li ka ba le karolo e ikhethang ho tšebeliso ea lijo tse nang le tsoekere ka bongata.

Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, liphetho tse kaholimo li khothaletsa hore ho ja ho feta tekano ho ka fetisoa ke opioid-receptor supersensitivity (mohlomong e le ka lebaka la tokollo e atolositsoeng ea opioid khafetsa ka lebaka la lijo tse matlafatsoang, tse lokollang li-opioids tsa endo native [-]. Hona ke ho makatsa ho lemalla joala moo opiate, eseng lijo tse monate, ho tšosang kelello ka ts'usumetso ea opioid e felletseng ka ho qobelleha ha "receptor recregor [-]. Hoa hlokomeleha hore bokhoba ba ho khaotsa ho tsejoang bo tsebahala ka ho nona tsoekere e le ntho e ka nkang liketso tsa opiates bokong. Ho khanna tsoekere ho ka lebisa ho feteng botenya le khatello ea tsoekere [-]. Kahoo, ho shebella mekhoa ea ho thibela takatso ea litakatso tse sebelisoang ho lemalla joala bo tlisoang ke joala ho ka u tsoela molemo ho phekola ho itlopa joala (mohlala, ka buprenorphin [], buprenorphin / naloxone [], D-phenylalanine / L-amino-acid / naloxone []). Ho tsebahala ha matšoao a lefutso a tloaelehileng lipakeng tsa ho lemalla ho opaate le ho ja ho feta (ho e-na le botenya) le hona ho ka potlakisa tsoelo-pele ea kalafo. Ts'ehetso ea mohopolo ona e fanoe ke lithuto tsa kliniki moo ho fokotseng insula mu-receptor e tlamang bakuli ba bulimia mothosa [] le khafetsa le ho feta la li-mu-receptor A118G (tse kentsoeng moputsong le bokhobeng) har'a lihlooho tse fetotsoeng tsa BED tse fetang tse seng BED li tlalehiloe [].

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Ho phahama ha extracellular ACh ho amahantsoe le ho qala ha satiety []. Mohlaleng oa ts'ebeliso ea tsoekere, likhoto tse tlotsang tsoekere li lieha ho hlaha ha ACh, e ka ba lebaka le leng le etsang hore boholo ba sejo se kulang se eketsehe ha nako e ntse e feta []. Li-neurons tsa Accumbens cholinergic le tsona li bonahala li na le seabo ho boits'oaro bo fapaneng. Matšoao a boitšoaro a ho khaotsa lithethefatsi hangata a tsamaea le liphetoho lipakeng tsa DA / ACh balance ho NAc; DA e fokotseha ha ACh e ntse e eketseha. Ho se leka-lekane hona ho bontšitsoe nakong ea ho tlohela lithethefatsi tse 'maloa tsa tlhekefetso, ho kenyelletsa morphine, nikotine le joala [-]. Lits'oaetso tsa ho itlopa joala ka tsoekere le tsona li bontša ho se leka-lekane ha methapo ho DA / ACh nakong ea ho ikhula. Sephetho sena se etsahala ka bobeli ha likhoto li fuoe naloxone ho fana ka maikutlo a ho itlosa joalo ka [] le kamora 36 h ea tlhokeho ea lijo [].

Serotonin

Hoebel le basebetsi mmoho ba ile ba etsa lithuto tsa semole ho likhoto tse thusitseng ho rala motheo oa hore serotonin e be le sepheo sa ho phekola ho ja ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang [, ]. Ho HD + Stress model fluoxetine, selebeta-serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) e amoheloang bakeng sa kalafo ea bulimia, e fokotse tšebeliso ea likhakanyo tsa HD + tsetress ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le ha o ka ja ho tlola hoa likhoto tsa HD + Stress ho 2 h. Ho kalafo ea morao-rao ea 4 h, fluoxetine e ne e ntse e sebetsa litlamong tse jang tse jang, empa eseng ho taolo ea HD + hofeta []. Ka hona, HD e ka etsa liphetoho tse tšoarellang molemong oa satiety, ts'ebetso ea bohlokoa ea serotonin, leha e le boima ba 'mele bo tloaelehileng. Khatello ea kelello e tsejoa ho eketsa butle-butle maemo a serotonin a ka hlalosang ho eketseha hoa nako e telele hoa katleho ea fluoxetine e hlokometsoeng ho likhakanyo tsa khatello ea kelello ea HD + []. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, fluoxetine ha e sebetse ho fokotsa ho ja ha mofuta oa likhoto hore li na le matla a mabe a matla, mohlomong ka lebaka la serotonin e sa lekanang bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea SSRI []. Ntle le moo, fluoxetine e bile le litlamorao tse matla ho li-rats tse nang le sporadic ext (24h) phihlello ea lijo tse fumanehang habonolo tse amanang le likhoto tse nang le HD tse neng li se na lijo kapa li bile le tsona letsatsi le leng le le leng []. Kahoo, karolo ea lijo tse fumanehang nako le nako hore e sebelisane le HD ho senya mosebetsi oa serotonin ha ea lokela ho nyenyefatsoa.

GABA le Glutamate Receptors

Receptor ea GABA-B e fumane tlhokomelo lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng ka lebaka la bokhoni ba litsebi tsa kalafo ea kalafo ho fokotsa ho itaola ha lithethefatsi lithutong tsa liphoofolo, le bakeng sa bokhoni ba bona kalafong ea mathata a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi [, ]. Mefuteng e lekantsoeng ea phihlello, "GABA-B agonist baclofen" e fokotsitse ts'ebetso ea ho khutsufatsa, hammoho le mafura a matla (56%) emulsions e tiileng, litekong tse nang le phihlello e khutšoane ea letsatsi le letsatsi le bonyane ho litheko tse khothatsang kapa tse sa kang tsa ba le tšusumetso ho ts'ebelletsong ea chow. [, ]. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, baclofen e ne e se na phello ea ho ja tharollo ea li-sucrose tse tharo tse fapaneng (3.2%, 10%, 32%) ka likhoto tse nang le phihlello ea sporadic kapa ea letsatsi le letsatsi []. Ha mafura le sucrose a ne a kopantsoe hammoho le baclofen a fokotsetse ho ja likhoto ka li-sporadic kapa ho fihlella letsatsi le leng le le leng ha mahloriso a sucrose a ne a le tlase (3.2%, 10%) empa a se na phello ho sehlopha leha e le sefe sa mahloriso a sucrose a ne a le holimo (32%) []. Liphetho tse tšoanang li tlalehiloe ke ba bang. Mohlala, baclofen ha ea ka ea fokotsa tšebeliso ea lijo tse matlafatsang tse nang le mafura a 40% le su16% sucrose ka mokhoa oa toeba ea ho ja ho itlopa joala []. Mosebetsing o tlalehiloeng ke Hoebel le basebetsi-mmoho, baclofen e fokotse tšebeliso ea ho khutsufatsoa hoa meroho ho likhoto tse nang le phihlello ea 2-h ea letsatsi le letsatsi, empa ha e na tšusumetso ho batleng tharollo ea tsoekere []. Kahoo, litlamorao tsa phepelo ea baclofen ho litoeba li bonahala li khethehile ho lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata, ka ts'ebeliso e ntle ea tsoekere ke tsoekere e ngata.

Ha ho na ba fokolang, liteko tsa morao tjena tsa bongaka li bontša bohlokoa ba ho ba le baclofen kalafong ea ho ja ho itlopa lijo [, ]. Haholo-holo, baclofen e fokotsitse boholo ba binge ka bongata bo bulehileng [] le lithuto tse laoloang ke placebo []. Mefuta ea lijo tse jeoang le sebopeho sa macronutrient ha li so hlahlojoe litekong tseo. Leha ho le joalo, tlhaiso-leseling ea litekanyetso e bontša hore baclofen e ka ipaka e sebetsa haholo ho batho ba itlhahisang haholo ka lijo tse mafura tse se nang tsoekere e ngata.

Ho sebetsa le topiramate ea lithethefatsi ho bonts'a hore liphetoho tse sebetsang ho GABA-A le li-receptor tsa glutamate li ka fokotsa ho ja ho tlisoang ke mofuta oa HD le khatello ea maikutlo. Ba sebelisa mohlala oa bona o fetotsoeng oa HD + Stress, Cifani et al. o fumane hore, ha fluoxetine le sibutramine li hatella ho ja mofuta oa ho itlopa lijo, ke li-topiramate feela tse khethiloeng ka mokhoa o ikhethileng tse sebelisang sehlopha sa HD + Stress ntle le ho ama ts'ebeliso e ntle ea taolo e hloekileng, khatello ea maikutlo le lihlopha tsa HD feela []. Bangoli ba belaela hore e kanna ea ba thepa e hanyetsang takatso ea topiramate e khothalletsoang ke ts'ebetso ea eona ea GABA-A receptors le thibelo ea AMPA / kainate glutamate receptors e neng e khetha ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ho ja mofuta oa ho itlopa lijo [, ]. Ha e fetoloa ke boemo bo seng botle ba phello e ntle, topiramate e sebelisitsoe hantle ho fokotsa ho ja ho tlil'o kula hangata []. Leha ho le joalo, litlamorao tsa "litoeba" li bohlokoa ka hore li fana ka leseli la "neurobiology" e ikhethang e entsoeng ke tšebelisano ea nakong e fetileng ea khalori, khatello ea maikutlo le lijo tse fetolehang ho fetola taolo ea kelello ea lijo. Lipatlisiso tse ling mabapi le karolo ea GABA le glutamate mabapi le ho ja ho itlopa lijo li loketse.

HPA axis

Ntle le tšusumetso e matla eo HD e nang le eona ea ho itlopa lijo ka nako e tlang, bopaki ba morao-rao bo boetse bo supa hore ho itlopa lijo ho ka fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo ho etsa hore ho be thata le ho feta ho tima boits'oaro. Bart Hoebel o boletse esale pele hore "tokollo e bakang khatello ea maikutlo ea DA e ka tsamaisa lipotoloho tsa NAc le libaka tse ling tse ts'episang maikutlo le likarabo" (], leq. 182). Ehlile, khatello ea maikutlo le ka ho khetheha CORT, esale e bontšoa ho nts'etsopele ho lokolloe ha DA ho NAc [, ]. Joalokaha ho boletsoe pejana, maemo a CORT a eketsehileng ke letšoao la li-ligrous tsa likhoto tse jang tse jang mofuta oa HD + Stress [, ]. Cifani et al., Ba hlokometse maemo a CORT a phahameng a sebelisa mofuta oa bona o fetotsoeng oa mofuta oa HD + Stress [, ]. Ho ja lijo tse fumanehang habonolo ho bontšitsoe ho kenya ts'ebetsong ka mokhoa o hlasimollang oa hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis [, , ]. Ho litoeba, thibelo ea matla e ka eketsa maikutlo a khatello ho khatello ea maikutlo (e tsamaeang le tokollo e ntlafalitsoeng ea CORT) mme e ka eketsa tšebeliso ea lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata ho arabela khatello ea []. Ho bohlokoa, CORT e boetse e eketseha nakong ea ha ho tlosoa mafura a mangata haholo [], joalo ka ha ho tlosoa lithethefatsi tse lemalloang []. Sena se ka etsa hore ho be le mokhoa o mobe oa ho ja lijo tse matlafatsoang ha o tobane le mathata a ho tlosoa hoa lijo, khatello ea maikutlo ka boeona [].

Ho sebetsana le sena, Cottone et al. e fumane hore likhoto tse nang le phihlello ea nako le nako ea ho fumana lijo tse matlafatsoang tsa lijo ha li sa fumanehe, matšoao a khutlisoa ke mohopolo oa corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) -1-receptors []. Ts'ebetso e ts'oanang e kanna ea etsahala matsatsing a mathata a ho ja a tšoauoa ka ho itlopa lijo. Ho batho ba batenya haholo ba nang le maemo a cortisol a BED ba amana haholo le batho ba batenya haholo ntle le BED., ]; maemo a cortisol a mali ha a sebetsana le khatello ea maikutlo a bolela ho ja lijo tse tsoekere haholo []; le litheko tsa cortisol ea salivary li tsamaisana hantle le ho jeoa ke ho itlopa joala []. Ntle le ho hlahisa likarabo tsa khatello ea maikutlo, CORT e boetse e kenelletse tšusumetsong ea ho batla lintho tse nang le moputso [, -]. Kahoo, eng kapa eng e ka ts'oarang potoloho ena (mohlala, ho kenya lijo tse fumanehang hantle ka moputso o phelisang hantle le / kapa ho tsepamisa mohopolo oa HPA ts'ebetsong ea meriana) e ka ba molemo ho kalafo ho phekola ho itlopa lijo ka ho thibela ho khutla hape. Ho hlokahala patlisiso e eketsehileng ho fumana hore na ts'ebetso e sa tloaelehang ea HPA ea ho imeloa kelellong ke mohopolo o neng o le teng bakeng sa ho ja ho itlopa joala ha thuto e le 'ngoe e ka ba teng [].

Ho ntse ho le joalo, maemo a phahameng a CORT ka har'a mofuta oa khatello ea HD + le ho batho ba nang le BED a fana ka maikutlo a hore ho itlopa joala ho amanang le khatello ea maikutlo ho kenyelletsa ho se sebetse hantle holofong ea HPA. Ka hona, ho lebisa li-hormone tsa khatello ea maikutlo ho ka sebetsa hantle ho phekoleng ho itlopa joala. Nociceptin / orphanin ke "ligrothein" ea endcia ea "nociceptin opioid-receptor" (aka, OP4, ORL1). Lintho tse khahlanong le khatello ea maikutlo le takatso ea tsona ea ho matlafatsa, tse ka fetotsoeng ka bobeli ke CRF ba re ke mohanyetsi ea sebetsang oa CRF []. Ho khahlisang ke hore, tekanyetso e tlase empa e seng e phahameng haholo e fokotsa haholo ho itlopa ho ja li-rats tsa khatello ea maikutlo tsa HD +]. Leha litlamorao li hlalositsoe e le "tse nyane" ke bafuputsi, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ha rea ​​lokela ho nyahlatsa mokhoa oa ho phekola ho ja lijo tse matlafatsang ka takatso e matla ea lithethefatsi, haeba le tsona li ka fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo. Kahoo, dosing e ka ba e tebileng. Karolo e 'ngoe e khahlehang ea molek'hule ena ke hore ho fapana le bahanyetsi ba CRF, e kanna ea fana ka litlatsetso tsa kalafo ntle le ho thibela mokokotlo oa HPA [].

Salidroside ke glucoside e Rhodiola rosea L. (aka, Golden Root, Roseroot), semela se tsebahalang Europe Bochabela le Asia bakeng sa thepa ea eona ea "adaptogenic" e khahlanong le khatello ea maikutlo [, ]. Mofuteng oa HD oa Khatello, litekanyetso tsa motsoako ona ha li na tšebeliso ea letho ea lijo tse nang le taolo e ntle, khatello ea maikutlo, kapa likhoto tsa HD feela empa li felisitse ka ho felletseng mofuta o jang oa lijo tse fumanehang habonolo ka har'a khatello ea kelello ea HD +. likhoto. Hape hobane ha e a ka ea ama ho kenngoa ha likhoto tse sa potang kapa ha lijo li fokotsoe [], phello e ka se be teng ka lebaka la khatello ea keketseho e akaretsang ea lijo (tlala kapa matla a ho ferekanya) joalo ka tloaelo ea li-serotonergic agents []. Leha komporo e ka eketsa li-monoamine le B-endorphin, phello ea eona ea ho ja e loants'ang e tlisoa ke ho fifala ha khatello ea maikutlo [] kaha komporo ena e ile ea felisa bophahamo ba CORT bo tloaelehileng ba likhoto tsena tse jang lijong []. Meharo e tobileng ea li-receptors tsa CRF-1 le eona e kanna ea tšepisa lipehelo tse fuoang bopaki ba hore li fokotsa lijo tse khothalletsoang ke lijo tse litheko ho [, ].

Kakaretso / sephetho

Melaetsa e mengata ea lapeng e ka nkuoa ke kakaretso ena. Taba ea pele, mefuta eohle e meraro e hlalositsoeng mona e bonts'a hore ho pepesehela lijo tse fumanehang habonolo ha ho bake phetoho ea boits'oaro le neuronal tse bonts'ang maemo a methapo e kang ho lemalla. Ho fapana le hoo, ho bonahala eka nako le nako ha motho a e-ja lijo tse matlafatsang, ho hlokahala hore a etse boitšoaro bo fetisisang le liphetoho tsa kelello. Sena se bontšoa khafetsa ka ho bapisoa le lihlopha tse laolang tse jang lijo tse tšoanang tse ntle. Lintlha tse hlahisitsoeng ke tšebeliso ea mefuta ena li bontša ka ho hlaka hore litlamorao le boits'oaro ba ho itlopa lijo tse matlafatsang li fapane le tse hlahisoang ke feela ho ja lijo tse hlabolloang ka tsela e sa hlonephang. Taba ea bobeli, le ha lijo tse fumanehang habonolo li sa bonahale li lekane bakeng sa ho itlopa lijo mme li kopana le liphetoho tse amanang le lona, ​​ho bonahala lijo tse monate li ka hlokahala. Sena se bontšoa ka mokhoa o motle ke mokhoa oa ho lemalla tsoekere. Ha likhoto li ne li na le ts'ebeliso ea chow feela tlasa maemo a ts'oanang a neng a khothaletsa ts'ebetso ea tsoekere (12-h phihlello ea ho qala 4 h ho potoloha ka lefifi ka likhoto tse neng li lahleheloa ke lijo tsa 12-h), mekhoa ea boits'oaro le neuronal e tsamaellanang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ha ea ka ea bonoa []. Ntle le moo, joalo ka ha ho tlalehiloe ka mofuta oa HD + Stress esita le ha ho itlopa joala ho etsahala, ho ne ho lokela hore pele ho nkoe ka lijo tse fumanehang habonolo []. Taba ea boraro, mofuta o mong oa phihlello ea nako le nako lijong tse matlafatsoang, ho fapana le phihlello e tsoelang pele, o bonahala o hlokahala bakeng sa ho itlopa lijo. Mekhoa e ikarabellang bakeng sa phello e matla ea ho kenella ha lijo tse fumanehang habonolo ha e tsejoe, empa e ntse e le lipatlisiso nakong ena. Taba ea bone, ha ho sa na le mosebetsi o mongata o lokelang ho etsoa, ​​mehlala e hlalositsoeng mona e se e hatetse pele ho hlakiseng tse ling tsa methapo ea kutlo, li-receptor tsa bona le likarolo tsa boko tse bonahalang li na le seabo ho jang ho ja. Ha ho ntse ho ithutoe likhetho tse 'maloa tse fapaneng, DA le li-peptide tsa opioid ka har'a mekotla ea mesocorticolimbic li thabela tšehetso e kholo ho tsoa mefuteng e hlahisitsoeng mona. Ya bohlano, leha mekhoa ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ntle le pelaelo e kenya letsoho ho ipeheng kotsing ea ho itlopa, mefuta eohle e meraro e fana ka bopaki bo matla ba hore ho etsa khafetsa boits'oaro ba mofuta oa ho itlopa lijo ho na le litlamorao tsa neuronal le boitšoaro. Ka bokhutšoanyane, ho bonahala eka ho itlopa joala ho ka etsa hore motho a ntlafatse boits'oaro boo a neng a bo qalile. Taba ea botšelela, mefuta eohle e bontša hore tšebeliso ea lijo tse matlafatsang e ka ba teng ntle le botenya.

Kamora nako, litholoana tse tsoang mehlaleng ena e meraro li bonts'a hore bafuputsi ha baa lokela ho beha meeli eo re lekang ho e bontša ho liphoofolo tsa mahlale ka ho lumela hore mekhoa e itseng e ikhethile ho batho. Haeba re pheta tikoloho ea motho haufi haholo kamoo ho ka khonehang literekeng, mohlala, ka ho etsa moriana oa HD, khatello ea maikutlo, lijo tsa batho, jj., Ha rea ​​lokela ho makala ha liphoofolo li bonahatsa litšobotsi tsa ho ja tse 'thata' joalo ka 'taolo' boitšoaro ka lijo [, ], khatello ea maikutlo [], le boitšoaro bo bonahalang bo se na kelello joalo ka ho mamella litlamorao tse tlisoang ke lijo tse fumanehang habonolo [, ]. Ho nahana ka lintho tse peli tse "mpehileng" batho ha hoa lokela ho hatela pele molemong oa ho utloisisa le ho phekola mafu a tsebahalang ka ho itlopa joala [-]. Ho alima mantsoe a Hoebel ha a bua ka litlatsetso tsa James Old mabapi le tšusumetso, ha rea ​​lokela ho tsilatsila ho leka le "mehopolo e hole-hole haholo, e mahlo a mahlo…” ([], pg.654).

Lintlha-khōlō tsa Patlisiso

  • Mefuta e meraro ea likhakanyo tsa ho ja mofuta oa ho itlopa lijo le litlamorao tsa tsona li hlalositsoe
  • Liphetho tse amanang le ho itlopa lijo ha li tšoane le ho itlopa lijo.
  • Ho ja mofuta oa mofuta o itseng ho ka ba teng ntle le botenya.

Ho ananela

Ts'ehetso bakeng sa lithuto tse hlalositsoeng mona tse fanoeng ke MH67943 (RLC), MH60310 (RLC), Penn State Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (RLC), National Eating Disorders Association (NMA) le DK079793 (NMA), DK066007 (MMB), P30DK056336 (MMB) ) le khau ea NEDA Laureate Award (MMB).

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

 

Boitlhotlhollo ba Mohoeletsi: Ena ke faele ea PDF ea mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho o sa amoheloang o amoheletsoeng bakeng sa ho hatisoa. Joaloka tšebeletso ho bareki ba rona re fana ka phetolelo ena ea pele ea mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho. Mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho o tla ba le ho kopitsa, ho kenya lihlopha le ho hlahloba bopaki bo hlahang pele o hatisoa ka mokhoa oa oona oa ho qetela. Ka kopo hlokomela hore nakong ea mekhoa ea tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa e ka fumanoa e ka amang litaba, le litsebiso tsohle tsa molao tse sebetsang koranteng e amanang le eona.

 

LITLHAHISO

1. Le Magnen J. Karolo ea li-opiate moputsong oa lijo le bokhoba ba lijo. Ka: Capaldi PT, mohlophisi. Latsoang, Boiphihlelo le ho fepa. Washington, DC: Mokhatlo oa American Psychological; 1990.
2. Teegarden SL, Bale TL. Ho theoha ha khetho ea lijo ho hlahisa maikutlo le menyetla ea ho ja hape. Psychology ea Biol. 2007; 61: 1021-1029. [E fetotsoe]
3. Johnson PM, Kenny PJ. Dopamine D2 receptors ka ho lemalla ho lemalla ho lemala le ho qobella ho ja litlhapi tse ngata. Nat Neurosci. 2010; 13: 635-641. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
4. Cottone P, Sabino V, Roberto M, et al. Ts'ebetso ea CRF e kopanya lehlakore le lefifi la ho ja ka matla. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2009; 106: 20016-20020. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
5. Hudson JI, Hiripi E, Mopapa HG, Jr, Kessler RC. Ho ata le ho tsamaellana ha mathata a ho ja ho phetisetso ea National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychology ea Biol. 2007; 61: 348-358. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
6. Swanson SA, Crow SJ, Le Grange D, Swendsen J, Merikangas KR. Prevalence and Correlates of Lits'oaetso tsa ho ja ho Bacha: Liphetho ho tsoa Tlhatlhobo ea Sechaba ea Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent. Psychology ea Arch Gen. 2011 Epub pele e hatisoa. [E fetotsoe]
7. Stunkard AJ, Wadden TA. Likarolo tsa kelello tsa botenya bo boholo. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992; 55 524S-532S. [E fetotsoe]
8. Mokhatlo oa American Psychiatric Association. Tlhatlhobo le tlhaiso-leseling ea liphatlalatso tsa kelello. (Revised 4th ed.) Washington, DC: Mongoli; 2000.
9. Ifland JR, Preuss HG, Marcus MT, et al. Tlatsetso ea lijo tse ntlafalitsoeng: bokuli ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Mehopolo ea Med. 2009; 72: 518-526. [E fetotsoe]
10. Gearhardt AN, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Tlatsetso ea lijo: Tlhahlobo ea mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea lefutso. J Motlatsi oa Med. 2009; 3: 1-7. [E fetotsoe]
11. Gearhardt AN, Yokum S, Orr PT, Stice E, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Litekanyetso tsa Neural tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Psychology ea Arch Gen. 2011 Epub pele e hatisoa. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
12. Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Thanos PK, Fowler JS. Ho tšoana pakeng tsa botenya le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi joalo ka ha ho hlahlojoa ke monahano oa neurofunctional: tlhahlobo ea mohopolo. J Khotso Dis. 2004; 23: 39-53. [E fetotsoe]
13. Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Telang F, et al. Ho pepesehela takatso ea lijo tse hlasimolohileng ho susumetsa kelello ea motho haholo. Neuroimage. 2004; 21: 1790-1797. [E fetotsoe]
14. Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Logan J, Pappas NR, Wong CT, Zhu W, Netusil N, Fowler JS. Dopamine ea boko le botenya. Lancet. 2001; 357: 354-357. [E fetotsoe]
15. Wang GJ, Geliebter A, Volkow ND, et al. Khokahano ea Dopamine e Ntlafatsang Nakong ea Khotlo ea Lijo ho Binge Eating Disorder. Ho Nona Haholo. 2011 Epub pele e hatisoa. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
16. Davis C. Psychobiological tšobotsi ea boemo ba kotsi ba ho nona le ho nona haholo. Int J Obes. 2009; 33: 49-53. [E fetotsoe]
17. Davis CA, Levitan RD, Reid C, le al. Dopamine bakeng sa "ho batla" le li-opioid bakeng sa "ho rata": papiso ea batho ba baholo ba nang le botenya ba nang le ntle le ho itlopa joala. Botenya. 2009; 17: 1220-1225. [E fetotsoe]
18. Hernandez L, Hoebel BG. Moputso oa lijo le cocaine e eketsa dopamine ea extracellular dopamine ea li-nucleus ha e lekantsoe ke microdialysis. Saense ea Bophelo. 1988; 42 (18): 1705-1712. [E fetotsoe]
19. Avena NM, Rada P, Hoebel BG. Bopaki ba bokhoba ba tsoekere: litla-morao tsa boits'oaro le methapo ea kutlo ea nako le nako, tšebeliso ea tsoekere e ngata. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2008; 32: 29-39. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
20. Avena N, Rada P, Hoebel B. Tsoekere e itlopa ka likhoto. Ka: Crawley J, Gerfen C, Rogawski M, Sibley D, Skolnick P, Wray S, bahlophisi. Li-Protocol tsa Hajoale ho Neuroscience, Yuniti ea 9.23C. Indianapolis: John Wiley & Bara, Inc; 2006.
21. Avena NM, Hoebel BG. Likhoto tse matlafatsoang ke Amphetamine li bontša tsoekere e matlafatsang tsoekere (tšusumetso ea maikutlo) le hyperphagia ea tsoekere. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2003; 74: 635-639. [E fetotsoe]
22. Colantuoni C, Rada P, McCarthy J, Patten C, Avena NM, Chadeayne A, Hoebel BG. Bopaki ba hore nako le nako, ho ja lijo tse tsoekere ho feta tekano ho baka ts'epo ea sethoathoa. Libaka Res. 2002; 10: 478-488. [E fetotsoe]
23. Avena NM, Long KA, Hoebel BG. Likhoto tse itšetlehileng ka tsoekere li bonts'a karabelo e ntlafalitsoeng bakeng sa tsoekere kamora ho ts'oaroa: bopaki ba phello ea phallo ea tsoekere. Physiol Behav. 2005; 84: 359-362. [E fetotsoe]
24. Avena NM, Hoebel BG. Lijo tse khothalletsang ho ts'epa tsoekere li baka tšenyo ea maikutlo sefapanong se tlase sa amphetamine. Neuroscience. 2003; 122 (1): 17-20. [E fetotsoe]
25. Avena NM, Carrillo CA, Needham L, Leibowitz SF, Hoebel BG. Lirata tse itšetlehileng ka tsoekere li bonts'a tšebeliso e matlafatsang ea ethanol e sa koaeloang. Joala. 2004; 34: 203-209. [E fetotsoe]
26. Berner LA, KE Bocarsly ME, Hoebel BG, Avena NM. Ts'ebetso ea meriana malebana le ho ja lijo tse tahang: Lithuto ho tsoa mehlaleng ea liphoofolo, kalafo ea morao-rao le tataiso ea nako e tlang. Moralo oa Hona joale oa Lingaka. ka khatiso. [E fetotsoe]
27. Pandit R, de Jong JW, Vanderschuren LJ, Adan RA. Neurobiology ea ho nona le ho nona haholo: Karolo ea melanocortins le hofeta. Eur J Pharmacol. 2011 Epub pele e hatisoa. [E fetotsoe]
28. Gosnell BA. Ho ja lijo tsa pelehi ho ntlafatsa maikutlo a boitšoaro bo hlahisoang ke koae. Brain Res. 2005; 1031: 194-201. [E fetotsoe]
29. Foley KA, Fudge MA, Kavaliers M, Ossenkopp KP. Quinpirole e susumetsang boitšisinyo ba boitšoaro bo matlafatsoa ke ho pepesetsoa nako e sa reroang esale pele: Tlhahlobo e fapaneng e fapaneng ea mosebetsi oa locomotor. Behav Brain Res 2006; 167: 49-56. [E fetotsoe]
30. Cottone P, Sabino V, Nagy TR, coscina DV, Zorrilla E. Ho fepa ka mokhoa o kenyelletsang ho tepella maikutlo ho bakoang ke ho tepella ho feteletseng le likhoto tse hanyetsanang: litlamorao tse ka sehloohong tsa urocortin 2. J Physiol. 2007; 583: 487-504. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
31. Widman CH, Nadzam GR, Murphy HM. Litlamorao tsa phoofolo ea mofuta oa temallo ea tsoekere, ho ikhula le ho khutla hape bakeng sa bophelo bo botle ba motho. Nutr Neurosci. 2005; 8: 269-276. [E fetotsoe]
32. Galic MA, Persinger MA. Tšebeliso e matla ea sucrose ka likhoto tsa basali: ho eketsa "nippiness" nakong ea ho tlosoa ha sucrose le nako ea oestrus e ka bang teng. Psychol Rep. 2002; 90: 58-60. [E fetotsoe]
33. Hagan MM, Wauford PK, Chandler PC, Jarrett LA, Rybak RJ, Blackburn K. Mohlala o mocha oa phoofolo ea ho ja ho itlopa lijo: senotlolo sa synergistic sa thibelo ea caloric e fetileng le khatello ea maikutlo. Physiol Behav. 2002; 77 (1): 45-54. [E fetotsoe]
34. Boggiano MM, PC ea Chandler. Ho itlopa lijo ka har'a likhoto tse hlahisoang ka ho kopanya ho ja le khatello ea maikutlo. Curr Protoc Neurosci. 2006 Ch. 9, Yuniti 9.23A. [E fetotsoe]
35. Mathes WF, Brownley KA, Mo X, Bulik CM. Bioloji ea ho itlopa lijo. Takatso ea lijo. 2009; 52: 545-553. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
36. Corwin RL, Buda-Levin A. Mefuta ea boitšoaro ea ho ja mekhoa e metle. Physiol Behav. 2004; 82 (1): 123-130. [E fetotsoe]
37. Laessle RG, Schulz S. Khatello ea kelello ea ho ja lijo maikutlong ho basali ba batenya ba nang le bothata ba ho ja. Int J Dis Disord. 2009; 42: 505-510. [E fetotsoe]
38. Goldschmidt AB, Le Grange D, Powers P, Crow SJ, Hill LL, Peterson CB, Crosby RD, Mitchell JE. Ho Nona Haholo. Letšoao la ho ja la ho ja ka linako tse tloaelehileng ho batho ba boima bo feteletseng ba nang le bothata ba ho ja. 2011 Epub pele e hatisoa. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
39. Howard CE, Krug Porzelius L. Karolo ea phepo e nepahetseng bothateng ba ho ja: Etiology le litlamorao tsa kalafo. Clin Psych Rev. 1999; 19: 25-44. [E fetotsoe]
40. Reas DL, Grilo CM. Nako le tatellano ea ho qala ha boima ba 'mele tse feteletseng, ho ja le ho itlopa lijo ho bakuli ba boima haholo ba nang le bothata ba ho ja. Int J Dis Disord. 2007; 40: 165-170. [E fetotsoe]
41. Artiga AI, Viana JB, Maldonado CR, Chandler-Laney PC, Oswald KD, Boggiano MM. Sebopeho sa 'meleng le boemo ba ho qetela bo bakoang ke khatello ea kelello e bakoang ke khatello ea kelello. Physiol Behav. 2007; 91: 424-431. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
42. Glass MJ, Billington CJ, Levine AS. Naltrexone e fanoe ho li-nucleus tsa bohareng tsa amygdala kapa PVN: neural dissociation ea lijo le matla. Koranta ea Amerika ea Physiology. 2000; 279: R86-R92. [E fetotsoe]
43. Hagan MM, PC ea Chandler, Wauford PK, Rybak RJ, Oswald KD. Karolo ea lijo tse matlafatsoang le tlala joalo ka mabaka a qholotsoang molemong oa phoofolo ea khatello ea maikutlo e hohelang ho itlopa joala. Int J Dis Disord. 2003; 34: 183-197. [E fetotsoe]
44. Metsi A, Hill A, Waller G. Bulimics 'likarabo litakatsong tsa lijo: na ho ja joala ke sehlahisoa sa tlala kapa boemo ba maikutlo? Behav Res Ther. 2001; 39: 877-886. [E fetotsoe]
45. Stice E, Akutagawa D, Gaggar A, Agras WS. Ho fosahetse ho ama kamano pakeng tsa ho ja le ho ja ka thata. Koranta ea Machabeng ea Mathata a ho ja. 2000; 27 (2): 218-229. [E fetotsoe]
46. Freeman LM, Gil KM. Khatello ea kelello ea letsatsi le letsatsi, ho loantšana le phepo e nepahetseng ea ho ja. Koranta ea Machabeng ea Mathata a ho ja. 2004; 36 (2): 204-212. [E fetotsoe]
47. Wolff GE, Crosby RD, Roberts JA, Wittrock DA. Phapang ea khatello ea maikutlo ea letsatsi le letsatsi, ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo, ho sebetsana le maemo, le boits'oaro ba ho ja ho itlopa joala le basali ba kolecheng ba sa jeng. Mekhoa e Mebetsang ea Ho Sebeka. 2000; 25: 205-216. [E fetotsoe]
48. Hagan MM, Shuman ES, Oswald KD, et al. Kotsi ea boits'oaro ba ho ja ka ho hloka taolo bothateng ba ho ja ho feta: Ho fana ka mabaka. Behav Med. 2002; 28: 99-105. [E fetotsoe]
49. Tiggemann M. Psychol Rep. Thibelo ea phepo ea lijo e le ponelopele ea ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele le ho ama. 1994; 75: 1679-1682. [E fetotsoe]
50. Pothos EN, Creese I, Hoebel BG. Ho ja ho lekantsoeng le boima ba 'mele ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ho fokotsa dopamine ea extracellular dopamine le li-alter dopamine karabelo ho amphetamine, morphine, le lijo. Tlaleho ea Neuroscience. 1995; 15: 6640-6650. [E fetotsoe]
51. Hoebel BG, Teitelbaun P. Hypothalamic control ea ho fepa le ho ikhatholla. Mahlale. 1962; 135: 375-377. [E fetotsoe]
52. Hernandez L, Hoebel BG. Ho fepa le ho tsitsisa ha hypothalamic ho eketsa phetoho ea dopamine ho li-accumbens. Pholoji le Boitšoaro. 1988; 44: 599-606. [E fetotsoe]
53. Chandler PC, Castaneda E, Viana JB, Oswald KD, Maldonado C, Boggiano MM. Nalane ea taolo e kang ea batho ea ho ja li-serotonergic taolo ea ho fepa le ho leka-lekana ha li-neurochemical ka mokhoa oa mofuta oa ho ja. Int J Ho Sebetsa ka Ho Ratana. 2007; 40: 136-142. [E fetotsoe]
54. Chandler-Laney PC, Castaneda E, Artiga AI, Eldridge A, Maddox L, Boggiano MM. Nalane ea thibelo ea caloric e baka liphetoho tsa methapo ea kutlo le boits'oaro literekeng tse lumellanang le mehlala ea khatello ea maikutlo. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2007; 87: 104-114. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
55. Kales EF. Tlhahlobo ea macronutrient ea ho itlopa joala ka bulimia. Physiol Behav. 1990; 48: 837-840. [E fetotsoe]
56. Guertin TL. Boitšoaro bo jang ba bo-'mampuli, ba jang ba itlhahisang ho itlopa lijo le batho ba sa jeng lijo tse fapaneng: ke eng e khethollang batho baa? Clin Psychol Rev Jan. 1999; 19: 1-23. [E fetotsoe]
57. Hoebel BG, Hernandez L, Schwartz DH, Mark GP, Hunter GA. Boithuto ba Microdialysis ba norepinephrine ea boko, serotonin le dopamine e lokolloang nakong ea boits'oaro bo ingestive. Litlamorao tsa kelello le tsa bongaka. Liphatlalatso tsa New York Academy of Science. 1989; 575: 171-191. [E fetotsoe]
58. Rougé-Pont F, Deroche V, Le Moal M, Piazza PV. Phapang e ikhethileng ea ho lokolloa ha dopamine e tlisoang ke khatello ea methapo e susumetsoa ke corticosterone. Eur J Neurosci. 1998; 10: 3903-3907. [E fetotsoe]
59. Marinelli M, Piazza PV. Tšebelisano pakeng tsa lihormone tsa glucocorticoid, khatello ea maikutlo le lithethefatsi tsa psychostimulant. Eur J Neurosci. 2002; 16: 387-394. [E fetotsoe]
60. Cifani C, Polidori C, Melotto S, Ciccocioppo R, Massi M. Mohlala oa ho ja ka mokhoa o makatsang o hlahisoa ke yo-yo oa ho ja le ho pepesehela lijo tse matlafatsang: phello ea sibutramine, fluoxetine, topiramate, le midazolam. Psychopharmacol. 2009; 204: 1113-1115. [E fetotsoe]
61. Kopf S, Di Francesco MC, Casartelli A, et al. Ghrelin o kenella litlamong tse bakang khatello ea maikutlo ho lijo tsa likhoto tse pepesitsoeng ke mokhoa oa ho ja oa yo-yo. Federation of European Neuroscience Societies Forum Abstracts. 2006 3 Vienna, Austria; Phupu 8-12.
62. Cifani C, Micioni Di B MV, Vitale G, Ruggieri V, Ciccocioppo R, Massi M. Phello ea salidroside, molao-motheo o sebetsang oa Rhodiola rosea extract, ka ho itlopa joala. Physiol Behav. 2010; 101: 555-562. [E fetotsoe]
63. Boggiano MM, Dorsey JR, Thomas JM, Murdaugh DL. Matla a Pavlovia a lijo tse matlafatsoang: lithuto tsa ho latela tahlehelo ea boima ba 'mele ho tsoa mofuteng o mocha oa litoeba tsa ho itšotla ho tlisoang ke moea. Int J Obes. 2009; 33: 693-701. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
64. Abraham SF, Beumont PJV. Tsela eo bakuli ba hlalosang ho ja kapa ho itlopa lijo ka eona. Psychological Med. 1982; 12: 625-635. [E fetotsoe]
65. Metsi A, Hill A, Waller G. Metsoako ea ka hare le e kantle ea likotlo tse jang lihlopheng tsa basali tse nang le bulimia mothosa. Mathata a Int J Ho ja. 2001; 29: 17-22. [E fetotsoe]
66. Rogers PJ, Hill AJ. Ho felisoa ha thibelo ea phepo e nepahetseng ka mor'a ho pepesetsoa takatso ea lijo: likamano pakeng tsa thibelo, tlala, maloetse, le lijo. Mekhoa e Mebetsang ea Ho Sebeka. 1989; 14: 387-397. [E fetotsoe]
67. Hetherington MM, Meqolo ea BJ. Boitšoaro ba ho ja mathateng a ho ja: karabelo ho mejaro ea pele. Physiology le Boitšoaro. 1991; 50: 101-108. [E fetotsoe]
68. Smith CF, Geiselman PJ, Williamson DA, Champagne CM, Bray GA, Ryan DH. Mokhatlo oa lithibelo tsa boits'oaro le tšilafalo ka boits'oaro ba ho ja, boima ba 'mele le tlala. E-ja boima ba 'mele. 1998; 3: 7-15. [E fetotsoe]
69. Stunkard AJ, Messick S. Potso ea lintlha tse tharo tsa ho ja ho lekanya phepelo ea lijo, disinhibition le tlala. J Psychosom Res. 1985; 29: 71-83. [E fetotsoe]
70. Ruderman AJ. Thibelo ea phepo ea lijo: Tlhatlhobo ea theoretical le e susumetsang. Psychol Bull. 1896; 99: 247-262. [E fetotsoe]
71. Barnard ND. Mekhoa ea ho fumaneha ha lijo, 1909-2007. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010; 91: 1530-1536. [E fetotsoe]
72. Li-Cocores JA, Gold MS. The Salted Food Addiction Hypothesis e ka 'na ea hlalosa ho nona haholo le lefu la seoa la botena. Mehopolo ea Med. 2009; 73: 892-899. [E fetotsoe]
73. Brownell KD, Warner KE. Likotsi tsa ho se natse nalane: Ho tsuba koae e kholo e ile ea bapala litšila mme ba limilione ba shoa. Lijo tse kholo li tšoana hakae? Milbank Q. 2009; 87: 259-294. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
74. Lenoir M, Serre F, Cantin L, Ahmed SH. Monko o monate o feta moputso oa koae. PloS One. 2007; 2: e698. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
75. Tuomisto T, Hetherington MM, Morris MF, Tuomisto MT, Turjanmaa V, Lappalainen R. Litaba tsa kelello le tsa mmele tsa lijo tse monate tsa "ho lemalla" Int J Eat Disord. 1999; 25: 169-175. [E fetotsoe]
76. Colantuoni C, Schwenker J, McCarthy J, et al. Ho ja lijo tse tsoekere tse ngata tse tlamang bokong dopamine le li-mu-opioid receptors bokong. Neuroreport. 2001; 12: 3549-3552. [E fetotsoe]
77. Rada P, Avena NM, Hoebel BG. Letsatsi le leng le le leng ho itlopa lijo ka tsoekere khafetsa ho lokolla dopamine ka shell shell. Khopolo-taba. 2005; 134: 737-744. [E fetotsoe]
78. Spangler R, Wittkowski KM, Goddard NL, Avena NM, Hoebel BG, Leibowitz SF. Litlamorao tse kang tsoekere ho polelo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso libakeng tsa moputso oa boko ba rat. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2004; 124: 134-142. [E fetotsoe]
79. Murphy R, Straebler S, Cooper Z, Fairburn CG. Phekolo ea boits'oaro ea kelello bakeng sa mathata a ho ja. Psychiatr Clin North Am Sep. 2010; 33: 611-627. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
80. Helder SG, Collier DA. Mofuta oa mathata a ho ja. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2011; 6: 157-175. [E fetotsoe]
81. Javaras KN, Laird NM, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Bulik CM, Mopapa HGJ, Hudson JI. Lelapa le ho lekana ha lona la bothata ba ho ja ho feta: litholoana tsa thuto e laoloang ke lelapa le thuto ea mafahla. Int J Dis Disord. 2008; 41: 174-179. [E fetotsoe]
82. Favaro A, Tenconi E, Santonastaso P. Lisosa tsa kotsi le kotsi ea ho ba le anorexia mothosa le bulimia amanosa. Psychology ea Arch Gen. 2006; 63: 82-88. [E fetotsoe]
83. Hildebrandt T, Alfano L, Tricamo M, Pfaff DW. Ho nahanisisa karolo ea li-estrogens le serotonin kholisong le tlhokomelo ea bulimia mothosa. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010; 30: 655-668. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
84. Boggiano MM, Artiga AI, Pritchett CE, PC ea Chandler, Smith ML, Eldridge AJ. Ho ja lijo tse matlafatsang ho na le tšekamelo ea ho ja lijo tse matlafatsang ntle le ho ts'oaroa ke botenya: Mohlala oa phoofolo ea ho ja le ho nona ho feta tekano ka ho ja le botenya le ntle le ho itlopa lijo. Int J Obes. 2007; 31: 1357-1367. [E fetotsoe]
85. Oswald KD, Murdaugh LD, King LV, Boggiano MM. Khothatso ea lijo tse matlafatsoang leha ho bile le litlamorao molemong oa phoofolo ea ho itlopa lijo. Int J Dis Disord. 2010; 44: 203-211. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
86. Klump KL, Suisman JL, Culbert KM, Kashy DA, Keel PK, Sisk CL. Litlamorao tsa ovariectomy mabapi le ho itlopa lijo ka mokhoa o itseng oa ho ja li-rats tsa batho ba baholo. Horm Behav. 2011 Epub pele e hatisoa. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
87. Klump KL, Shisman JL, Culbert KM, Kashy DA, Sisk CL. Ho itlopa joala ho itlhahisa ho hlaha nakong ea ho kena bohlankaneng lipuong tsa basali: Phuputso e telele. J Abnorm Psychol. ka khatiso. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
88. Levin BE, Dunn-Meynel lAA. Ts'ireletso ea boima ba 'mele e itšetlehile ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng oa ho ja le ho tsebahala ka har'a litoeba ka botenya bo matlafatsang. Koranta ea Amerika ea Physiology. 2002; 282: R46-R54. [E fetotsoe]
89. Boggiano MM, PC ea Chandler, Viana JB, Oswald KD, Maldonado CR, Lekala PK. Ho ja lijo le ho imeloa kelellong ho kopantsoeng likarabo tse feteletseng ho likokoana-hloko tsa likokoanyana tse jang lijo tse ngata. Behav Neurosci. 2005; 119: 1207-1214. [E fetotsoe]
90. Cifani C, Polidoria C, Ciccocioppoa R, Massia M. Mohlala o ka tšeptjoang oa ho itlopa lijo ke likhoto. Takatso ea lijo. 2010; 51: 358.
91. Selekane sa D, Contarino A, Tabarin A, Drago F. Ho itima lijo joaloka litoeba. Int J Eat Disord. 2009; 42: 402-408. [E fetotsoe]
92. Hancock SD, Menard JL, Olmstead MC. Phapang lipakeng tsa tlhokomelo ea bo-mme e baka tlokotsing ea ho ja ho tlisoang ke khatello ea maikutlo litorong tsa basali. Pholoji le Boitšoaro. 2005; 85: 430-439. [E fetotsoe]
93. Ryu V, Lee JH, Yoo SB, Gu XF, Moon YW, Jahng JW. Hyperphagia e matlafalitsoeng ho likhoto tsa bocha tse nang le karohano ea bo-mme Int J Obes. 2008; 32: 1355-1362. [E fetotsoe]
94. Jahng JW. Mohlala oa phoofolo oa mathata a ho ja a amanang le boiphihlelo bo sithabetsang bophelong ba bongoaneng. Horm Behav. 2011; 59: 213-220. [E fetotsoe]
95. Laroche J, Gasbarro L, Herman JP, Blaustein JD. Phokotso ea karabelo ea boitšoaro ho lihormone tsa gonadal ho litoeba tse tsamaisoang nakong ea bokhachane / nakong ea bocha. Endocrinology. 2009; 150: 2351-2359. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
96. Laroche J, Gasbarro L, Herman JP, Blaustein JD. Matlafatso ea litšusumetso tsa khatello ea peripubertal / ea lilemong tsa bocha mabapi le karabelo ea boitšoaro ho estradiol le progesterone ho litoeba tsa basali ba baholo. Endocrinology. 2009; 150: 3717-3725. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
97. Burn CC, Deacon RM, Mason GJ. E tšoailoe bophelo bohle? Litlamorao tsa ho hlatsuoa khafetsa ha likhopo pele ho nako, ho tlisoa ha litheko le ho tšoaea matšoao a lits'oants'o tsa mathathamo. Dev Psychobiol. 2008; 50: 266-277. [E fetotsoe]
98. Shim SB, Lee SH, Kim CK, et al. Litlamorao tsa ho tsamaisoa ha nako e telele, ho ba le mocheso o tlase ho lipontšo tsa mmele le biochemical tsa khatello ea litoeba. Lab Phoofolo. 2008; 37: 121-126. [E fetotsoe]
99. Turnbull AV, Rivier CL. Likhoto tsa Sprague-Dawley tse fumanoeng ho barekisi ba fapaneng li bonts'a likarabo tse ikhethang tsa adrenocorticotropin ho susumetsa maikutlo. Neuroendocrinology. 1999; 70: 186-195. [E fetotsoe]
100. Paré WP, Kluczynski J. Phapang karabong ea khatello ea maikutlo le likhoto tsa Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) tse tsoang ho barekisi ba fapaneng. Physiol Behav. 1997; 62: 643-648. [E fetotsoe]
101. Allison KC, Grilo CM, Masheb RM, Stunkard AJ. Tekanyetso e phahameng ea ho itlaleha ea ho se tsotelle le ho hlekefetsoa maikutlong, ke batho ba nang le bothata ba ho ja ho feta le lefu la ho ja bosiu. Behav Res Ther. 2007; 45: 2874-2883. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
102. Striegel-Moore RH, Dohm FA, Pike KM, Wilfley DE, Fairburn CG. Tlhekefetso, bompoli le khethollo e le lintho tse ka re bakelang bothata ba ho ja. Ke J Psychiatry. 2002; 159: 1902-1907. [E fetotsoe]
103. D'Argenio A, Mazzi C, Pecchioli L, Di Lorenzo G, Siracusano A, Troisi A. Matšoenyeho a pele le botenya ba batho ba baholo: na ho se sebetse hantle kelellong ke mokhoa oa ho kena lipakeng? Physiol Behav. 2009; 98: 543-546. [E fetotsoe]
104. Smyth JM, Heron KE, Wonderlich SA, Crosby RD, Thompson KM. Tšusumetso ea koluoa ​​e tlalehiloeng le liketsahalo tse bohloko mabapi le ho khathatseha hoa lijo ho batho ba baholo ba bacha. Int J Dis Disord. 2008; 41: 195-202. [E fetotsoe]
105. Corwin RL, Wojnicki FH. Ho itlopa lijo ka likhoto tse nang le mokhoa o lekanyelitsoeng oa ho khutsufatsa hoa meroho. Curr Protoc Neurosci Aug. 2006 Khaolo ea 9: Unit9 23B. [E fetotsoe]
106. Zocca JM, Shomaker LB, Tanofsky-Kraff M, le al. Khokahano lipakeng tsa ho ja le thibelo ea bo-mme le bana. Takatso ea lijo Apr. 2011; 56: 324-331. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
107. Dimitriou SG, Rice HB, Corwin RL. Liphello tsa phihlello e lekanyelitsoeng ea khetho ea mafura ho kenyelletsong ea lijo le sebopeho sa 'mele ho likhoto tsa basali. Koranta ea Machabeng ea Mathata a ho ja. 2000; 28: 436-445. [E fetotsoe]
108. Wojnicki FH, Johnson DS, Corwin RL. Maemo a phihlello a ama tšebeliso e khuts'oang ea mofuta oa binge ho likhoto. Physiol Behav. 2008; 95: 649-657. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
109. Corwin RL, Wojnicki FH, Fisher JO, Dimitriou SG, Rice HB, Monyane MA. Ho fihlella hoa mokhoa oa ho ja oa mafura ho ama boitšoaro bo botle empa eseng sebopeho sa 'mele ho likhoto tsa banna. Physiol Behav. 1998; 65: 545-553. [E fetotsoe]
110. Thomas MA, Rice HB, Weinstock D, Corwin RL. Litlamorao tsa ho tsofala ho ja lijo le ho hlophisoa ha 'mele ka har'a likhoto. Physiol Behav. 2002; 76: 487-500. [E fetotsoe]
111. Berner LA, KE Bocarsly ME, Hoebel BG, Avena NM. Baclofen e hatella ho itlopa lijo tse mafura a mangata empa eseng lijo tse nang le tsoekere kapa tse mafura a mangata. Behav Pharmacol. 2009; 20: 631-634. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
112. Czyzyk TA, Sahr AE, Statnick MA. Mohlala oa ho jella joalo ka mokhoa oa ho ja ho litoeba tse sa hlokeng ho nyahamisoa ke lijo kapa khatello ea maikutlo. Ho Nona Haholo. 2010; 18: 18. [E fetotsoe]
113. Davis JF, Melhorn SJ, Shurdak JD, Heiman JU, Tschop MH, Clegg DJ, Benoit SC. Ho bapisa ho khutsufatsoa hoa meroho ka hydrogenated le phepo e nepahetseng ho fepa ka mafura a mangata ka boits'oaro bo fokolang ba phihlello ea litheko ho likhoto. Physiol Behav. 2007; 92: 924-930. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
114. Kinzig KP, Hargrave SL, Honours MA. Ho ja mofuta oa mofuta oa binge ho thathamisa likarabo tsa corticosterone le hypophagic ho kokobetsa khatello ea maikutlo. Physiol Behav. 2008; 95: 108-113. [E fetotsoe]
115. McGee HM, Amare B, Bennett AL, Duncan-Vaidya EA. Litholoana tsa boitšoaro ba ho tlohela meroho e monate e khutsufatsang ka likhoto. Resin ea Boko. 2010; 1350: 103-111. [E fetotsoe]
116. Rao RE, Wojnicki FH, Coupland J, Ghosh S, Corwin RL. Baclofen, raclopride, le naltrexone ka mokhoa o fapaneng li fokotsa ho kenella ha mafura a emulsion tlas'a maemo a fokolang a ho fihlella. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2008; 89: 581-590. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
117. Wojnicki FH, Stine JG, Corwin RL. Ho tsamaisoa ha liquid ka likhoto ho itšetleha ka kemiso ea phihlello, mokhoa oa ho tsepamisa mohopolo le tsamaiso. Physiol Behav. 2007; 92: 566-574. [E fetotsoe]
118. Wong KJ, Wojnicki FH, Corwin RL. Baclofen, raclopride, le naltrexone ka mokhoa o fapaneng li ama ho kenella ha motsoako oa mafura / sucrose tlasa maemo a fokolang a phihlello. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2009; 92: 528-536. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
119. Lucas F, Ackroff K, Sclafani A. Ho ja lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata ho litšoene e le mosebetsi oa mofuta oa mafura le sebopeho sa 'mele. Physiol Behav. 1989; 45: 937-946. [E fetotsoe]
120. Bull LS, Pitts GC. Bokhoni ba sefuba le ho kenngoa ha matla ka hara lere le matlafalitsoeng. J Nutr. 1971; 101: 593-596. [E fetotsoe]
121. Corwin RL, Wojnicki FH. Baclofen, raclopride, le naltrexone li ama phapang ea mafura le sucrose tlasa maemo a fokolang a phihlello. Behav Pharmacol. 2009; 20: 537-548. [E fetotsoe]
122. Wojnicki FH, Babbs RK, Corwin RL. Ho tiisa katleho ea mafura, joalo ka ha ho hlahlojoa ke karabelo e tsoelang pele, ho ipapisitse le ho fumaneha ho sa sebelisoeng. Physiol Behav. 2010; 100: 316-321. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
123. Berner LA, Avena NM, Hoebel BG. Ho itlopa lijo, ho ithiba, le ho eketsa boima ba 'mele litepising tse nang le monyetla oa ho ja lijo tse mafura a mangata. Ho Nona Haholo. 2008; 16: 1998-2002. [E fetotsoe]
124. Corwin RL. Ho ja mofuta oa mofuta oa phepelo e bakoang ke ho fihlella ho likhoto ha ho hloke thibelo ea matla ka letsatsi le fetileng. Takatso ea lijo. 2004; 42: 139-142. [E fetotsoe]
125. Wojnicki FH, Roberts DC, Corwin RL. Litlamorao tsa baclofen ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebetso ea li-pellets tsa lijo le ho khutsufatsoa ha meroho ka mor'a nalane ea boits'oaro ba mofuta o mong o thata ho likhoto tse se nang lijo. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2006; 84: 197-206. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
126. Arnold JM, Roberts DC. Tlhahlobo ea litekanyetso tse tsitsitseng le tse tsoelang pele tsa ho lekola litekanyetso tsa neural tsa ts'ebetso ea lithethefatsi. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1997; 57: 441-447. [E fetotsoe]
127. Holland PC, Petrovich GD. Ts'ebetso ea neural system e bonts'a bokhoni ba ho fepa ka maemo a susumetsang. Physiol Behav. 2005; 86: 747-761. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
128. Kirkley BG, Burge JC, Ammerman A. Ho itšireletsa ka lijo, ho itlopa lijo le mekhoa e metle ea ho ja. Int J Dis Disord. 2006; 7: 771-778.
129. Haines J, Gillman MW, Rifas-Shiman S, Field AE, Austin SB. Lijo tsa lelapa le boits'oaro bo bobe ba ho ja ka har'a sehlopha se seholo sa bacha. E-ja Disord Jan. 2010; 18: 10-24. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
130. Fiorillo CD, Tobler PN, Schultz W. Discodcoding ea menyetla ea meputso le ho hloka botsitso ke li-dopamine neurons. Mahlale. 2003; 299: 1898-1902. [E fetotsoe]
131. Bello NT, Hajnal A. Dopamine le boits'oaro bo bobe ba ho ja. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2010; 97: 25-33. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
132. Berridge KC, Ho CY, Richard JM, DiFeliceantonio AG. Boko bo lekiloeng bo ja: boithabiso le litakatso tsa takatso ho botenya le mathata a ho ja. Brain Res. 2010; 1350: 43-64. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
133. Unterwald EM, Ho A, Rubenfeld JM, Kreek MJ. Nako ea nako ea ntlafatso ea boits'oaro ba boitšoaro le dopamine receptor up-regulation nakong ea taolo ea koae. J Theracol Exp Ther. 1994; 270: 1387-1396. [E fetotsoe]
134. Unterwald EM, Kreek MJ, Cuntapay M. Khafetsa ea tsamaiso ea koae e ama liphetoho tse amanang le koae. Brain Res. 2001; 900: 103-109. [E fetotsoe]
135. Bello NT, Lucas LR, Hajnal A. E phetetse tšusumetso ea phihlello ea dcramine D2 receptor density ho striatum. Neuroreport. 2002; 13: 1575-1577. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
136. Di Chiara G, Imperato A. Lithethefatsi tse hlekefetsoang ke batho ka mokhoa o ikhethileng li eketsa ho tsepamisa mohopolo ho dopamine ka har'a sisteme ea mesolimbic ea likhoto tse tsamaeang ka bolokolohi. Proc Natl Acad Sci US A. 1988; 85: 5274-5278. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
137. Bassareo V, Di Chiara G. Tšusumetso e fapaneng ea mekhoa ea ho ithuta e sa amaneng le boikemelo mabapi le karabelo ea phetisetso ea phepelo ea dopamine ea pele le e amanang le litheko tsa lijo lithutong tse fuoeng lib ad. J Neurosci. 1997; 17: 851-861. [E fetotsoe]
138. Hajnal A, Norgren R. Ho pheta-pheta ho ea sucrose ho kenya chelete ea dopamine nucleus accumbens. Neuroreport. 2002; 13: 2213-2216. [E fetotsoe]
139. Bello NT, Sweigart KL, Lakoski JM, Norgren R, Hajnal A. Ho fepa ka mokhoa o lekantsoeng ka sephetho sa phihlello ea sucrose ho hlahiseng phallo ea transporter ea rat. Ke J Physiol. 2003; 284: R1260-R1268. [E fetotsoe]
140. Conte WL, Kamishina H, Corwin JV, Reep RL. Togama ea merero ea "postalior thalamus" ea morao-rao e nang le "cortex" ea "canal agranular" mabapi le potoloho bakeng sa tlhokomelo le tlhokomelo. Brain Res. 2008; 1240: 87-95. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
141. George O, Koob GF. Phapang pakeng tsa motho ka mong ts'ebetsong ea cortex ea pele le phetoho ho tloha tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho ea ho ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2010; 35: 232-247. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
142. Frank GK, Wagner A, Achenbach S, McConaha C, Skovira K, Aizenstein H, Carter CS, Kaye WH. Ts'ebetso e fetotsoeng ea boko ho basali e hlaphohetsoe ke mathata a ho ja mofuta oa bulimic ka mor'a phephetso ea glucose: thuto ea sefofane. Int J Dis Disord. 2006; 39: 76-79. [E fetotsoe]
143. Lock Lock J, Garrett A, Beenhakker J, Reiss AL. Ts'ebetso ea boko e fetisang nakong ea mosebetsi o thibelang ho ja lijo tsa bongoaneng subtypes. Ke J Psychiatry. 2011; 168: 55-64. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
144. Marsh R, Steinglass JE, Gerber AJ, Graziano O'Leary K, Wang Z, Murphy D, Walsh BT, Peterson BS. Ts'ebetso e sa lekaneng lits'ebetsong tsa neural tse tsamaisang taolo ea boits'oaro ho bulimia mothosa. Psychology ea Arch Gen. 2009; 66: 51-63. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
145. Penas-Lledo EM, Loeb KL, Martin L, Fan J. Anterior o tiisa ts'ebetso ho bulimia mothosa: thuto ea nyeoe ea fMRI. E-ja boima ba 'mele. 2007; 12: e78-e82. [E fetotsoe]
146. Uher R, Murphy T, Brammer MJ, et al. Mesebetsi ea pele ea cortex ea medial e amanang le tlhahiso ea mafu mathateng a ho ja. Koranta ea Amerika ea Psychiatry. 2004; 161: 1238-1246. [E fetotsoe]
147. Onozuka M, Fujita M, Watanabe K, Hirano Y, Niwa M, Nishiyama K, Saito S. Liphetoho tse amanang le ts'ebetso ea tikoloho ea boko nakong ea ho ruruha: thuto ea maiketsetso ea matla a maiketsetso. J Ehang Res. 2003; 82: 657-660. [E fetotsoe]
148. Corwin RL, Babbs RK, Wojnicki FHE. Ho kenella ha li-receptor tsa D2 ho medial agranular cortex ho tšebeliso e matla ea mafura ho likhoto. Takatso ea lijo. 2010; 54: 640.
149. Hagan MM, Moss DE. Mohlala oa phoofolo ea bulimia mothosa: maikutlo a opioid ho likarolo tsa ho itima lijo. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1991; 39: 421-422. [E fetotsoe]
150. Marie N, Aguila B, Allouche S. Ho latela li-receptor tsa opioid tseleng ea boikemisetso. Cell Signal. 2006; 18: 1815-1833. [E fetotsoe]
151. Higgins ST, Preston KL, Cone EJ, Henningfield JE, Jaffe JH. Supersensitivity to naloxone e latelang ho hlobaetsa ho hlohlona ha morphine ho batho: boits'oaro, litla-morao tsa mmele le mmele. Lithethefatsi. 1992; 30: 13-26. [E fetotsoe]
152. Bargava HN. Li-receptor tse ngata tsa "opiate" tsa boko le lesapo la mokokotlo li lemaletse opoate. Gen Pharmacol. 1991; 22 767-727. [E fetotsoe]
153. Bozarth MA, RA ea bohlale. Li-substrates tsa Neural tsa matlafatso ea opiate. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1983; 7: 569-575. [E fetotsoe]
154. Drewnowski A, Krahn DD, Demitrack MA, Nairn K, Gosnell BA. Naloxone, e thibelang mahlo hore e fokotse tšebeliso ea lijo tse matla tse nang le mafura a mangata ho batho ba jang batenya le ba tloaetseng ho itlopa joala. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995; 61: 1206-1212. [E fetotsoe]
155. Erlanson-Albertsson C. Tsoekere e baka mokhoa oa rona oa ho putsa. Lipompong li hlahisa li-opiate tse susumetsang takatso ea sucrose-insulin e ka e sithabetsang. Lakartidningen. 2005; 102: 1620-1627. [E fetotsoe]
156. Grigson PS. Joalo ka lithethefatsi tsa chokolete: meputso e arohaneng e fetotsoeng ka mekhoa e tloaelehileng? Physiol Behav. 2002; 76: 389-395. [E fetotsoe]
157. Kelley AE, Will MJ, Steininger TL, Zhang M, Haber SN. Ts'ebeliso e lekantsoeng ea letsatsi le leng le le leng ea lijo tse fumanehang habonolo (chisi ea netefatso) Etsa hore e fetole polelo ea mofuta oa "striatal enkephalin". Eur J Neurosci. 2003; 18: 2592-2598. [E fetotsoe]
158. Dallman MF, Pecoraro NC, la Fleur SE. Ho imeloa kelellong le matšeliso a lijo: ho itlhokomela meriana le botenya ba mpa. Boin Behav Immun. 2005; 19: 275-280. [E fetotsoe]
159. Chang GQ, Karatayev O, Barson JR, Chang SY, Leibowitz SF. Ho eketsa enkephalin bokong ba likhoto tse tloaeloang ho fetela lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata. Physiol Behav. 2010; 101: 360-369. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
160. Welch CC, Kim EM, Grace MK, Billington CJ, Levine AS. Hyperphagia e haelloang ke matla e eketsoa ke matlafatso ea "hypothalamic dynorphin peptide" le "mRNA". Patlisiso ea Brain. 1996; 721: 126-131. [E fetotsoe]
161. Mysels DJ, Sullivan MA. Kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea opioid le tsoekere: tlhahlobo ea bopaki le ts'ebeliso ea bongaka. 2010; 6: 445-452. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
162. Katzman MA, Greenberg A, Marcus ID. Bulimia ho basali ba lemaletseng opiate: nts'etsopele ea motsoala le lebaka la ho khutla. J Tšoara Tlhekefetso. 1991; 8: 107-112. [E fetotsoe]
163. Chen TJ, Blum K, Payte JT, Schoolfield J, Hopper D, Stanford M, Braverman ER. Barekisi ba narcotic ba ts'ehetso ea lithethefatsi: boithuto ba lifofane bo bonts'ang ntlafatso ea ho latela SYN-10, li-prebrors tsa amino-acid le enkephalinase inhibition. Mehopolo ea Med. 2004; 63: 538-548. [E fetotsoe]
164. Fareed A, Vayalapalli S, Casarella J, Amar R, Drexler K. Heroin meriana ea anticraving: tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng. Am J Juse drug Usecohol. 2010; 36: 332-341. [E fetotsoe]
165. Phihlelo ea Clinical ea Amato P. e nang le habrennyane luprenorphine / naloxone e bapisoang le luprenorphine ho Itali: lintlha tsa pele tsa ho shebella maemong maemong a ofisi. Patlisiso ea lithethefatsi ea Clin. 2010; 30: 33-39. [E fetotsoe]
166. Bencherif B, Guarda AS, Colantuoni C, Ravert HT, Dannals RF, Frost JJ. Receptor ea mu-opioid ea tikoloho e tlamang kahare ea cortex e fokotsehile ho bulimia mothosa mme e lumellana ka mokhoa o tebileng le boitšoaro bo potlakileng. J Nucl Med. 2005; 46: 1349-1351. [E fetotsoe]
167. Hoebel BG, Avena NM, Bocarsly ME, Rada P. Tlatsetso ea tlhaho: Mohlala oa boitšoaro le oa potoloho o thehiloeng tšebelisong ea tsoekere litlamong. Tlaleho ea Bongaka ba Tlatsetso. 2009; 3: 33-41. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
168. Rada P, Johnson DF, Lewis MJ, Hoebel BG. Ho litoeba tse tahiloeng ke joala, naloxone e fokotsa dopamine ea extracellular mme e eketsa acetylcholine ho li-bokellase tsa nucleus: bopaki ba ho tlosoa ha opioid. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2004; 79: 599-605. [E fetotsoe]
169. Rada P, Jensen K, Hoebel BG. Liphello tsa nicotine le mecamylamine-e hlahisang ho tlosoa hoa dopamine ea li-extracellular dopamine le acetylcholine ho "nucleus" ea "ger" nucleus accumbens Psychopharmacology. 2001; 157: 105-110. [E fetotsoe]
170. Rada PV, Mark GP, Taylor KM, Hoebel BG. Morphine naloxone, ip kapa sebakeng sa heno, e ama li-acetylcholine tsa extracellular ho li-accumbens le preortalal cortex. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1996; 53: 809-816. [E fetotsoe]
171. Breisch ST, Zemlan FP, Hoebel BG. Hyperphagia le botenya bo latelang ho fokotseha ha serotonin ka intraventricular p-chlorophenylalanine. Mahlale. 1976; 192: 382-385. [E fetotsoe]
172. Hoebel B. Taolo ea limela ea fepa. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1977; 17: 605-621. [E fetotsoe]
173. Placidi RJ, Chandler PC, Oswald KD, Maldonado C, Wauford PK, Boggiano MM. Khatello ea kelello le tlala e fetola mokhoa o matla oa ho itšireletsa ha fluoxetine ho tse jang ho ja likhoto tse nang le nalane ea thibelo ea caloric. Koranta ea Machabeng ea Mathata a ho ja. 2004; 36: 328-341. [E fetotsoe]
174. Brebner K, Ngaka ea bana ea bana, Roberts DC. Karolo e ka bang teng bakeng sa li-agonists tsa GABA (B) kalafong ea temallo ea psychostimulant. Joala. 2002; 37: 478-484. [E fetotsoe]
175. Tyacke RJ, Lingford-Hughes A, Reed LJ, Nutt DJ. GABAB receptors lekhoba la eona le kalafo ea eona. Adv Pharmacol. 2010; 58: 373-396. [E fetotsoe]
176. Broft AI, Spanos A, Corwin RL, Mayer L, Steinglass J, Devlin MJ, Attia E, Walsh BT. Baclofen bakeng sa ho itlopa joala: teko e nang le lebitso le bulehileng. Int J Eat Disord Dec. 2007; 40: 687-691. [E fetotsoe]
177. Corwin RL, Boan J, Peters K, Walsh BT, Ulbrecht J. Baclofen e fokotsa ho ruruha hangata. Takatso ea lijo. 2010; 54: 641.
178. Han DH, Lyool IK, Sung YH, Lee SH, Renshaw PF. Litlamorao tsa li-acamprosate tsa joala le takatso ea lijo ho bakuli ba ts'ehetsoeng joala. Lithethefatsi. 2008; 93: 279-283. [E fetotsoe]
179. McElroy SL, Guerdjikova AI, Martens B, Keck PEJ, Mopapa HG, Hudson JI. Karolo ea lithethefatsi tsa antiepileptic taolong ea mathata a ho ja. Lithethefatsi tsa CNS. 2009; 23: 139-156. [E fetotsoe]
180. Pecoraro N, Reyes F, Gomez F, Bhargava A, Dallman MF. Ho sithabela maikutlo ho sa feleng ho khothaletsa ho feptjoa ka mokhoa o monate, o fokotsang matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo: litlamorao tsa khatello ea maikutlo le maikutlo. Endocrinology. 2004; 145: 3754-3762. [E fetotsoe]
181. Christianen AM, Dekloet AD, Ulrich-Lai YM, Herman JP. "Snacking" e baka karabelo ea nako e telele ea likarabo tsa khatello ea kelello ea HPA le ntlafatso ea polelo ea bokhabane ea FosB / deltaFosB likhethong. Physiol Behav. 2011; 103: 111-116. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
182. Pankevich DE, Teegarden SL, Hedin AD, Jensen CL, Bale TL. Phihlelo ea ts'ebetso ea caloric e khutlisa khatello ea maikutlo le mekhoa ea orexigenic mme e khothalletsa ho itlopa lijo. J Neurosci. 2010; 30: 16399-16407. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
183. Nava F, Caldiroli E, Tonakholo ea S, Lucchini A. Kamano lipakeng tsa plasma cortisol, matšoao a ho khaotsa le ho lakatsa ho lemalla lithethefatsi tsa "heroin" tse se nang letho. J Khotso Dis. 2006; 25: 9-16. [E fetotsoe]
184. Gluck ME, Geliebter A, Hung J, Yahav E. Cortisol, tlala le takatso ea ho itlopa joala ka mor'a tlhahlobo ea khatello ea maikutlo ho basali ba bangata ba nang le bothata ba ho ja joala. Psychosom Med. 2004; 66: 876-881. [E fetotsoe]
185. Gluck ME, Geliebter A, Lorence M. Cortisol karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo e tsamaellana hantle le botenya bohareng ho basali ba batenya ba nang le bothata ba ho ja ka tsela e feteletseng (BED) pele le ka mora kalafo ea boits'oaro. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2004; 1032: 202-207. [E fetotsoe]
186. Epel E, Lapidus R, McEwen B, Brownell K. khatello ea maikutlo e ka eketsa takatso ea lijo ho basali: thuto ea mahlale ea cortisol e hatelletsoeng le boits'oaro ba ho ja. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2001; 26: 37-49. [E fetotsoe]
187. Coutinho WF, Moreira RO, Spagnol C, Appolinario JC. Ja Behav. Na ho itlopa lijo ka mokhoa o mongata ho fetola secortion ho fetola basali ba batenya? 2007; 8: 59-64. [E fetotsoe]
188. Piazza PV, Deroche V, Deminière JM, Maccari S, Le Moal M, Simon H. Corticosterone mokhatlong oa maemo a hatelitsoeng a nang le khatello ea maikutlo o na le thepa ea ho matlafatsa: litlamorao tsa boits'oaro bo batlang maikutlo. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1993; 90: 11738-11742. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
189. Dellu F, Piazza PV, Mayo W, Le Moal M, Simon H. Ho batla tsebo ka likhoto-litsobotsi tsa boitšoaro le kamano e ka bang teng le semelo se batlang maikutlo ho motho. Boithuto ba Neuropsychobiology. 1996; 34: 136-145. [E fetotsoe]
190. Ghitza UE, Gray SM, Epstein DH, Rice KC, Shaham Y. Setsebi sa lithethefatsi "yohimbine" se khutlisetsa lijo tse fumanehang habonolo ka har'a mofuta oa mokhoa oa ho khutla: karolo ea li-receptor tsa CRF (1). Neuropsychopharm. 2006; 31: 2188-2196. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
191. Ciccocioppo R, Cippitelli A, Economidou D, Fedeli A, Massi M. Nociceptin / orphanin FQ e sebetsa e le mohanyetsi ea sebetsang oa corticotropin-e lokollang sephetho ho thibela ts'ebetso ea eona ea anorectic. Physiol Behav. 2004; 82: 63-68. [E fetotsoe]
192. Micioni Di B MV, Cifani C, Massi M. Liphello tsa nociceptin / orphanin FQ (N / OFQ) ka mokhoa oa ho ja ho tlangoa ke likhoto tsa basali. Takatso ea lijo. 2010; 54: 663.
193. Per rich M, Mattioli L. Adaptogenic le methapo ea methapo e bohareng ea litekanyetso tse le 'ngoe tsa 3% rosavin le 1% salidroside Rhodiola rosea L. hula ka litoeba. Phytother Res. 2007; 21: 37-43. [E fetotsoe]
194. Mattioli L, Funari C, Perfumi M. Liphello tsa Rhodiola rosea L. e tlisa phetolelong ea boits'oaro le ea 'mele e hlahisoang ke khatello ea maikutlo e matla lithutong tsa basali. J Psychopharmacol. 2009; 23: 13-142. [E fetotsoe]
195. Kelly GS. Rhodiola rosea: adaptogen ea semela e ka khonehang. Altern Med Moruti 2001; 6: 293-302. [E fetotsoe]
196. Shaham Y, Erb S, Leung S, Buczek Y, Stewart J. CP-154,526, mohanyetsi ea ikhethileng, ea se nang peptide oa corticotropin-releasing factor1 receptor o ipehela khatello e tlisoang ke ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho lithethefatsi tsa koae- le tsa heroin. Psychopharmacology. 1998; 137: 184-190. [E fetotsoe]
197. Hagan MM, Moss DE. Phello ea peptide YY (PYY) ka likhohlano tse amanang le lijo. Physiol Behav. 1995; 58: 731-735. [E fetotsoe]
198. de Waal FBM. Psychology psychology: Koro le 'moko. Mahlale a kelello. 2002; 11: 187-191.
199. Geary N. Mohlala o mocha oa phoofolo ea ho itlopa lijo. Int J Dis Disord. 2003; 34: 198-199. [E fetotsoe]
200. Kas MJ, Adan RA. Mefuta ea liphoofolo ea litloaelo tsa ho ja. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2011; 6: 209-227. [E fetotsoe]
201. Hoebel BG. Mekha ea ho khothatsa le ho ithuta. Mahlale. 1978; 200: 653-654. [E fetotsoe]