Lijo-Ho bolela hore li-Stimuli li fapane ka tsela e fapaneng li susumetsa maeto a mahlo le sepheo se tsamaisanang le sepheo sa boima-boima ba 'mele, boima ba' mele, le batho ba mahlomoleng (2017)

. 2017; 8: 230.

E hatisitsoe Inthaneteng 2017 Nov 13. doi:  10.3389 / fpsyt.2017.00230

PMCID: PMC5693873

inahaneloang

Ho bontšitsoe batho ba bonts'ang lintho tse sa tloaelehang mabapi le meputso le litheko tse boletsoeng esale pele mabapi le meputso e amanang le lijo tse sebelisoang khafetsa lipapatsong. Ho boetse ho bontšitsoe hore litloaelo tse amanang le lijo li ka eketsa boitšoaro bo lebisitsoeng ho sepheo empa hajoale ha bo tsejoe, hore na phello ena e fapana pakeng tsa boima bo tloaelehileng, boima bo feteletseng le batho ba batenya haholo. Mona, re fuputsa potso ena ka ho sebelisa mosebetsi oa phetiso ea Pavlovian-to-instrumental (PIT) ka boima bo tloaelehileng (N = 20), boima bo feteletseng (N = 17), le botenya (N = 17) batho ka bomong. Ntle le moo, re sebelisitse ho lata mahlo nakong ea maemo a Pavlovian ho lekanya karabelo ea barupeluoa joalo ka moemeli oa matla a khothatso a moputso o boletsoeng esale pele. Liphetho tsa rona li bonts'a hore boits'oaro bo tataisoang ke sepheo sa batho ba nang le boima bo feteletseng bo ne bo susumetsoa haholo ke likhakanyo tsa ponelopele ea lijo (ke hore, phello e matla ea PIT) ho feta ea batho ba boima bo tloaelehileng le ba nonneng (p <0.001). Lihlopha tsa boima li ne li lekana le lilemo, bong, thuto le thuto ea botsoali. Ho sisinyeha ha mahlo nakong ea maemo a Pavlovia le hona ho ne ho fapana lipakeng tsa mekhahlelo ea boima ba 'mele (p <0.05) mme li sebelisitsoe ho arola batho ka bomong ho ipapisitsoe le setaele sa bona sa "fixation" hore e be "index ea mahlo a holimo" le "index of eye low" hape. Sephetho sa rona sa mantlha ke hore setaele sa fixation se bonts'itse tšebelisano e rarahaneng le sehlopha sa boima. Ho feta moo, re fumane hore batho ba boima bo tloaelehileng ba sehlopha "index ea mahlo a phahameng" ba na le index e phahameng ea 'mele kahare ho sebaka se phetseng hantle ho feta batho ba sehlopha "index ea mahlo a tlase" (p <0.001), empa kamano ena e ne e sa fumanoe kahare ho sehlopha sa batho ba batenya kapa ba nonneng haholo (p > 0.646). Liphuputso tsa rona li tsamaellana haholo le khopolo ea khothatso ea ho hlohlelletsa ho bolela hore batho ba nonneng haholo ba ka angoa habonolo ke lintho tse amanang le lijo ho feta taolo e tloaelehileng ea boima. Leha ho le joalo, hypersensitivity ena e ka fokotsoa ho batho ba batenya ho tlola, mohlomong ka lebaka la tloaelo e tloaelehileng / e tlamang ea ho ja ho tlōla kapa phapang ea boleng ba moputso.

Keywords: Ho fetisoa ha ntho e tsamaeang ka letsoho la Pavlovian, boitšoaro bo laoloang ke khoele, ho hlohlona, ​​ho arabela ka boemo, ho sisinyeha ha mahlo, botenya

Selelekela

Keketseho ea lefatše ka bophara ea batho ba batenya kapa ba batenya haholo e hlahisa moroalo o mongata oa bongaka le kelello.-), haholo hobane boemo bona bo amana le li-comorbidities tse ngata, joalo ka lefu la pelo, le tsejoang e le sesosa se ka sehloohong sa lefu (, ).

Ntho e 'ngoe e faneng ka tšusumetso ea ho susumetsa ho nka liqeto molemong oa boitšoaro ba ho ingestive le botsitso ba matla (, ) ke papatso ea lijo e kholisitsoeng (-) Ho theha tikoloho eo ho thoeng ke "obesogenic", ke ho re, bareki ba pota-potiloe ke mefuta e mengata ea maikutlo e amanang le lijo e ba hopotsang khafetsa ka lijo le lino, joalo ka mohlala, lipapatso tsa lijo seteisheneng sa literene, likhoebo tsa Coke ho TV, kapa tse peli. li-arches tsa letšoao la McDonald ka pel'a lebenkele le leng le le leng.

Boithuto ba morao-rao ho batho bo bontšitse hore litloaelo tse amanang le lijo li susumetsa boitšoaro esita leha li khotsofetse kapa ha meputso e se e fumaneha (-). Tloaelo ea ho batla moputso ea mantlha e laoloang ke mekhoa ea lijo e ka lebisa ho ho ja ho feta tekano le ho phehellang ka matla joalo ka ha ho khothalelitsoe ke mohopolo oa tšusumetso ea bokhoba ba tahi (-). Taba-taba ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore mohatong oa pele, boleng bo susumetsoang bo lebisoa moputsong ka bo bona, 'me mohatong oa bobeli, ho lithahasello le lintho tse amanang le moputso, li ba fetola mehopolo e hohelang tlhokomelo (). Ho liphoofolo, ts'ebetso ena e ka lekanngoa ka mokhoa oa karabelo / karabelo ea Pavlovian, ke ho re, ha liphoofolo li qala ho foka, ho nyeka, kapa ho loma mokoloto kapa sekepe sa lijo, se boletseng esale pele ho tlisa meputso (-). Litloaelo tse joalo li ka fetoha khothatse 'me tsa sebetsa e le tse matlafatsang tse isang boits'ebetsong bo matla ba ho batla moputso (, , ). Leha ho le joalo, hajoale ho tsekisanoa ka khang ea hore na mohlala ona o hlahisitsoeng molemong oa bokhoba o sebetsa le ho botenya (, , , -). Boithuto bo fetileng bo bontšitse kutloelo-bohloko e sa tloaelehang ea ho fumana meputso le mekhoa e boletsoeng esale pele ea moputso ho batho ba batenya haholo (-) empa ha a ka a hlahloba hore na sena se fetola boitšoaro bo tataisoang ke sepheo. Mona, re araba potso ena 'me re lekola hore na litekanyetso tse boletsoeng esale pele tsa lijo li na le tšusumetso e mpe e tataisoang ke sepheo sa batho ba tloaelehileng, boima bo feteletseng le ba batenya haholo. Re sebelisitse phetolelo ea Pavlovian-to-ala (PIT) bakeng sa tlhahlobo, bona Ref. ()] ho lekola tšusumetso ea litekanyetso tse amanang le lijo ka boits'oaro bo lebisitsoeng ho sepheo. Ntho ea PIT e fuputsoe haholo liphoofolong ka bobeli [bakeng sa tlhahlobo, bona Ref. ()] le batho (-, , -), ho etsa hore sena e be paradigm e sebetsang bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa phetolelo.

Ntle le moo, re ile ra sebelisa mokhoa oa ho shebella mahlo nakong ea boemo ba Pavlovia e le mohopolo oa boiketlo ba moputso o boletsoeng esale pele, o ka hlalosang menyetla e ka bakoang ke motho ka mong. Boithuto bo 'maloa ba litoeba bo bonts'itse hore ho na le phapang e kholo e fapaneng le e' ngoe ha motho a hakanya hore na batho ba reng ba susumetsoa ke menyetla ea ho bolela moputso esale pele., , -). Leha ho le joalo, hajoale ha ho hlake hore na lintho tse fumanoeng ho tsoa lipatlisisong tsa liphoofolo li fetolela ho batho joang haese lithuto tse peli feela tse fumanehang (, ) li fapane hofeta ka moo likarabo tsa maemo li hlalosoang le ho hlakisoa.

Lisebelisoa le mekhoa

barupeluoa ba

Ka kakaretso, baithaopi ba 64 ba ile ba khetheloa thuto ena ea taolo ea nyeoe ena. Ho sebelisitsoe merero e latelang ea ho hira: liphatlalatso tsa motheo oa Swiss Adiposity le lipapatso ka litleliniking tsa lehae, lihlopha tsa ho ithusa, mabenkele a liaparo tsa boholo bo holimo le webosaeteng ea univesithi. Barupeluoa ba ne ba kenyellelitsoe ha ba lumellana le mekhoa e latelang: lilemo tsa 18-65 lilemo, libui tsa Majeremane, pono e tloaelehileng kapa e lokiselitsoeng hantle ka lense ea khokahano ebile ho se na litlatsetso tsa lijo khahlano le motsoako ofe kapa ofe oa lijo tse 'ne tse sebelisitsoeng boitekong. chokolete, Haribo gummy libere, TUC crackers, le Zweifel crisps).

Barupeluoa ba nang le ts'oaetso ea lefu leha e le lefe la kelello kapa lefu la methapo, tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi nakong e fetileng, mathata a ocular, kapa ho ja lithethefatsi tsa mafu a kelello kapa methapo nakong ea likhoeli tsa 6 tsa ho qetela li ile tsa behelloa ka thoko (ke hore, barupeluoa ba bararo). Barupeluoa ba bang ba bahlano ba ile ba qheleloa ka thoko hobane ba ile ba hloleha ho ithuta mekhatlo ea matsoho le / kapa mekhatlo ea Pavlovian. Re sebelisitse classical index index (BMI) ho latela World Health Organisation (), Ho khetholla pakeng tsa boima bo tloaelehileng (BMI <25 kg / m2), boima bo feteletseng (25 kg / m2 MI BMI <30 lik'hilograma / limithara2), le batho ba batenya haholo (BMI ≥ 30 kg / m2). BMI e ne e baloa ka ho arola boima ba lik'hilojule ka bophara ba limithara. Boima bo ne bo lekantsoe sekaleng (seca 635, Seca, Hamburg, Jeremane) le bophahamo ka lere la ho lekanya la telescopic (Seca 222, Seca, Hamburg, Germany). Ho nka hore BMI e phahameng e ka hlaha ka lebaka la boima ba mesifa, barupeluoa ba nang le BMI ≥ 25 ba ile ba botsoa ho hakanya hore na sena se bakiloe ke mesifa kapa mafura a mangata. Ho khetha khetho ea boima ba mesifa ho lebisitse ho khethollo (ke hore, barupeluoa ba babeli). Mohlala oa ho qetela o ne o kenyelletsa barupeluoa ba mashome a mahlano a metso e mene (ho bolela lilemo = 31 ± 10 lilemo, ho bolela ± SD, moholo-moholo ea nkang karolo = lilemo tsa 55, mosali oa 55.6%). Leha palo ea sampole ea rona e ne e le e pharaletseng, liphetoho mekhoeng ea ho sebetsana ka katleho le bophelo bo botle ba motho ha lia lokela ho soabisa litholoana tsa rona ka lebaka la sehlopha. Linyeoe le taolo li ne li tsamaisana le lilemo, bong, thuto le thuto ea botsoali. Litšobotsi tsa ho qetela tsa mohlala li bontšoa ka Lethathamo Lethathamo11.

Lethathamo 1 

Lipalo-palo tse hlalosang (li bolela ± SD) bakeng sa sehlahisoa se seng le se seng sa boima bo thehiloeng ho index ea boima ba 'mele (BMI).

Lithuto tsohle li fane ka tumello e ngotsoeng e nang le tsebo ho latela Phatlalatso ea Helsinki. Protocol e amohetsoe ke Komiti ea Boitšoaro ea Canton Zurich. Barupeluoa ba ile ba putsoa ka li-franc tsa 20 Swiss ka hora le seneke (ke hore, sephutheloana sa lijo tse khethiloeng le apole).

Mehato e sa amaneng le Mafura a 'mele: BMI le Waist Circumference

Ho nona lijo tse nang le khalori e phahameng le lijo tse matlafatsang haholo ho lebisa ho bokelleng mafura a visceral (), e bonts'itsoeng ka litekanyo tsa potoloho ea chiist (sheba Lethathamo Tafole1) .1). Ho tsitsa ho ne ho lekantsoe mokokotlong o haufi pakeng tsa bokaholimo ba lesapo la mokokotlo le mokokotlo oa mokokotlo o tebileng ka ho fetesisa. E ne e lekantsoe ka ho ts'oara teipi e lekanyang hantle ho fihlela tlase (, ).

Lipotso tsa lipotso

Barupeluoa bohle ba ile ba tlatsa lipotso tse ngata ka Sejeremane (sheba Lethathamo Tafole1) .1). Lintlha tse latelang tsa botho li fumanoe: bong, letsatsi la tsoalo, thuto ea motho ea nkang karolo, hammoho le thuto ea botsoali. Barupeluoa ba ile ba tlatsa lipotso tse tloaelehileng) ho tseba letsoho le hlahelletseng la ho etsa likhatello tsa konopo nakong ea mesebetsi.

Re kenyelelitse tekanyo ea ho itšunya-tšunya ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ka mofuta oa 15 o mokhuts'oane oa Barratt Impulsiveness Scale [BIS; (-)]. BIS e na le botsitso bo botle ba ka hare le ho tšepahala ha liteko (). E khetholla pakeng tsa subscales tse tharo tsa ho se ts'oenyehe: ho se hlophisehe, ho khanna koloi le ho tsepamisa mohopolo.

Re ile ra lekanya matšoao a ho itlaleha a sithabetsang ka mofuta oa 21-item oa Beck Depression Inventory [BDI-II; (-)]. BDI-II e bonts'a botsitso bo phahameng ba kahare le ts'epahalo ea ho hlahloba liteko hape ().

Ntle le moo, tlhahlobo e khethiloeng ea likhetho tse 'ne tse fapaneng e ile ea hlahlojoa. Ho ile ha sebelisoa lino-mapholi tse 'ne tse monate, tse nang le khalori e ngata hobane pele ho ne ho bontšoa hore phello ea PIT e matla ho lihlahisoa tsena tsa lijo (). Khetho ea rona e ne e kenyelletsa tse peli tse tsoekere, likotoana tsa chokolete le libere tse tsoekere, le tse peli tse nang le lijo tse ngata, tse halikang le tse ling. Boemong ba pele, barupeluoa ba ile ba tlameha ho ba lekanya ho latela hore na ba ba rata hakae (1 = Ke e rata haholo, 4 = Ke e rata hanyane). Mohatong oa bobeli, tekanyetso ea analog e sebelisitsoeng ho hlalosa hore na ba ratile khetho ea bona ea pele hakae. Setšoantšo sa khetho ea motho ea nkang karolo se ile sa sebelisoa kamoso e le moputso / sephetho litekong tsa PIT.

Kamora mosebetsi oa boemo bo hlophisehileng le oa Pavlovian, barupeluoa ba ile ba araba potso ho bona hore na ba ithutile litumellano tse nepahetseng (ke hore, karabelo-sephetho maemong a tšebetsong, sephetho sa boemo ba Pavlovian). Qetellong ea karolo ea ho ithuta, barupeluoa ba ile ba lekanya hore na ba bone joang sephetho sa ho se nke lehlakore maemong a pono a analog (0 = ho se nke lehlakore, 10 = kotlo).

Ho ne ho se na phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa boima bakeng sa ho se ts'oenyehe, matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo, ho rata lijo le pono ea sephetho se sa nke lehlakore lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse tharo tsa boima (tlhahlobo ea ANOVA / Kruskal-Wallis, Tafole Lethathamo11).

Teko ea Boitšoaro

Seketso ea Tlhahlobo

Sesebelisoa sa liteko se ne se kenyelletsa se-tracker sa mahlo se nang le moemeli ea tsamaisanang (Tobii TX300 Eye Tracker, Technology ea Tobii, Stockholm, Sweden), phomolo e entsoeng ka tloaelo ea chin le khomphutha (HP EliteDesk 800 G1 Fomu Factor PC e nyane, HP Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA).

Re sebelisitse li-fracture tse peli tse soeufalitsoeng joaloka tšusumetso nakong ea boemo ba Pavlovian le PIT, e neng e bapisoa le ho hlakisa le ho ba thata (). Ntle le moo, re sebelisitse litšoantšo tsa chokolete ea Maltesers, libere tsa Haribo gummy, TUC crackers le Zweifel crisps setlaong se setšo e le ho tiisa sephetho sa lijo nakong ea tokiso ea lisebelisoa le tsa Pavlovian (Setšoantšo. (Figure1) .1). Ke lijo feela tse ratoang ke karolo tsa motho ea nkang karolo tse sebelisitsoeng e le sephetho se matlafatsang mesebetsing e latelang. Hlokomela hore barupeluoa ba ile ba laeloa hore litšoantšo tsena li ne li emela meputso ea 'nete ea lijo, e ileng ea bokelloa tlhahlobong eohle' me ea amoheloa qetellong. Lits'oants'o tse lumellanang tsa sephetho li ne li na le sebopeho se tšoanang le 'mala joaloka sejo sa pele sa lijo (ke hore, oval e mosehla ea li-crisps) empa e se na thepa e lefisang. Ka lebaka la hore likarolo tsa pono tsa sephetho li ne li bapisoa, liphapang tse tsamaeang le mahlo li ka fokotseha ho ea ho mehloli e metle ea sephetho sa lijo.

Setšoantšo sa 1Setšoantšo sa 1 

Sesebelisoa sa liteko. Barupeluoa ba ile ba khetha lijo tseo ba li ratang ho tsoa likhethong tse 'ne (chokolete, libere tsa mofuta oa gummy, li-crrisps). Setšoantšo sa lijo tsena se ile sa sebelisoa e le moputso nakong ea ho ithuta. Barupeluoa ba ile ba laeloa hore ba tla fumana se lekanang ...

Ts'ebetso ea Kakaretso

Re sebelisitse paradigm e tloaelehileng ea PIT [bakeng sa tlhahlobo, bona Ref. ()], e kenyelletsang mesebetsi e meraro: mosebetsi oa ho lokisa maemo (ke hore, mekhatlo ea karabelo-sephetho e ithutile), mosebetsi oa maemo a Pavlovian (ke hore, mekhatlo ea sephetho sa sephetho-thuto e ithutile) mme qetellong, tlhahlobo ea PIT. Teko ena e hlophisitsoe ho Matlab (mofuta R2013b, The Mathworks Inc., Natick, MA, USA) ka Psychtoolbox [mofuta oa 3; ()].

Barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa hore ba se ke ba ja 4 h pele ho teko bakeng sa ho eketsa boleng ba tšusumetso ea lijo le cue e amanang le lijo (). Teko e entsoe pakeng tsa 8 am le 7.30 pm ho latela laboratori, liteko, le phihlello e nkang karolo. Tlhahlobo ea taolo ha ea senola phello ea nako ea liteko ho PIT (r = -0.08, p = 0.550), leha e le hore lihlopha tsa boima li ne li fapana nakong ea liteko (ANOVA, p = 0.208). Hlokomela hore ha rea ​​ka ra laola boroko kapa boleng ba boroko bosiung ba pele ho letsatsi la liteko, le ka fetolang boleng ba khothatso ea lijo () ts'ebetso ho mesebetsi e bonoang le ea kelello (, ). Hape, ha rea ​​bokella datha mokhatlong oa ho ea matsatsing 'me ka hona ha re khone ho hakanya kapa ho laola bakeng sa litlamorao tsa ho ilela khoeli ka mehato ea rona ea khahleho. Ho bontšitsoe hore lintho tse potolohileng li-estradiol li na le tšusumetso tšebeliso ea matla () hape e ka fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea lijo ka ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea neural ho mekhoa ea lijo libakeng tse amanang le moputso (, ).

Barupeluoa ba ile ba fumana taelo ka kakaretso pele ho teko. Pele ho mosebetsi o mong le o mong, liteko tse tharo ho isa ho tse 'ne li bontšitsoe ke e mong oa baetsi ba liteko tsa basali ho ahlola ho se utloisisane. Nakong ea mesebetsi, barupeluoa ba ne ba lokela ho beha chinka ea bona phomolong ea chin. Ba ne ba laetsoe ho sheba skrineng nakong ea tlhahlobo eohle, ho boloka maemo a bona a tiile a hlooho le ho phatsima hanyane kamoo ho ka khonehang. Habohlokoa, ba ile ba bolelloa hore ba tla fumana litholoana tsohle tsa lijo tse bokelitsoeng nakong ea teko eohle ea PIT kamora teko. Kahoo, barupeluoa ba ne ba sa tsebe ka kotloloho meputso e mengata eo ba e bokelletseng mosebetsing oa popo le oa Pavlovia, o fokotsang phello ea satiation. Leseli le ile la tima nakong ea teko eohle ho ntlafatsa boleng ba ho latela leihlo le ho boloka maemo a lula a le holim'a mesebetsi eohle e meraro ea tlhahlobo ea PIT.

Mosebetsi oa Boemo ba Metlakase

Morero oa mosebetsi ona e ne e le hore litho tsa sehlopha li ithute mekhatlo ea sephetho (Setšoantšo (Figure1A) .1A). Morupeluoa o ne a lokolohile ho khetha pakeng tsa likhetho tse peli tse fapaneng tsa karabo (ka ho le letšehali kapa ka ho le letona) ka ho sebelisa letsoho la bona le ikhethang ho etsa motsu o ka letsohong le letšehali kapa moqolo oa konopo ea letsoho le letona. E 'ngoe ea likonopo tsena e ile ea fuoa lijo (mohlala, crisp), e' ngoe ea ea ka sepheo sa ho se nke lehlakore, e neng e na le sebopeho se tšoanang le 'mala joaloka lijo (ke hore, oval e mosehla). Karabo e lebisang moputsong e ile ea bitsoa "karabelo e atlehileng," e 'karabelo e' ngoe. "Kamora karabelo, moputso kapa sephetho sa ho se nke lehlakore se ile sa bonts'oa 1 s ka holimo kapa sethaleng ho ea ka khethollo. Lenane la matlafatso la karolo le ne le sebelisoa ka nako e fapaneng pakeng tsa 4 le 12 s (4 / 12 s interval). Sena se bolela hore kamora karabelo ea moputso e lateloang ke sephetho se putsoeng, likarabo tse ileng tsa latela tsa moputso bakeng sa nako e liehang ea 4-12 s li ile tsa lebisa sephethong sa ho se nke lehlakore. Mosebetsi ona o nkile 6 min. Barupeluoa ba ile ba kopuoa ho bokella meputso e mengata kamoo ho ka khonehang le ho tšoara ka hlooho, e leng senotlolo se neng se amana le moputso. Barupeluoa ba ile ba bolelloa hore ha se "karabelo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e fuoang" e tla lebisa moputsong (ke hore, tlhokomeliso ea kemiso ea ho matlafatsa ea karolo). Hang kamora ho qeta mosebetsi, barupeluoa ba ile ba lekoa ho mekhatlo ea likarabo. Ka karolelano, ke 20% feela ea likarabo tsohle e ileng ea putsoa.

Mosebetsi oa Boemo ba Pavlovian

Morero oa mosebetsi ona e ne e le ho ithuta mekhatlo ea sephetho sa cue-Figure (Figure1B) .1B). Setsebi sa mahlo sa mahlo (Tobii TX300 Track Tracker, Teknoloji ea Tobii, Stockholm, Sweden) se ne se sebelisetsoa ho lekanya metsamao ea mahlo. Ho tsamaisa mahlo ho tlalehiloe ho 60 Hz e le ho sekaseka nako e sebelisitsoeng libakeng tse peli tse khahlisang. Libaka tsa lithahasello li ne li hlalosoa e le sebaka sa holimo le se tlase (8.4 cm)2), moo ho hlahisitsoeng cue le sephetho. Tsamaiso ea mahlo libakeng tsena tse peli tsa khahleho (ke hore, sephara se kaholimo le tlase) e ile ea nkuoa e le mokhoa oa karabelo e bonts'itsoeng e hlahang nakong ea mosebetsi oa boemo ba Pavlovia (). Karabelo ena e nang le maemo e ile ea sebelisoa hamorao ho khetholla litho tsa sehlopha hore e be barekisi ba saenneng le ba sepheo. Ntle le e 'ngoe ea mekhoa e' meli e ka khonehang e bonts'itsoe karolong e ka holimo kapa e ka tlase skrineng ea 1 s. Cue e le 'ngoe e ne e amana le moputso oa lijo, o bitsoang "cue o lefsitsoeng", mme e' ngoe e ne e amana le sephetho se sa nke lehlakore, se bitsoang "ho se nke lehlakore." Mekhatlo ea sephetho sa cue-sephetho e ile ea hanyetsoa ho nka karolo ke bohle. Liphetho li hlahisitsoe sekwereng se le seng ha li ntse li sebetsa 'me litšitiso li ne li hlahisoa sebakeng se fapaneng. Kamora tlhahiso ea tlhahiso-leseling, skrineng se sa nke lehlakore se bonts'ang mabatooa a mane a se nang letho a hlaha. Tsamaiso ea mahlo e ile ea rekisoa nakong ea papali ea cue le ho se nke lehlakore. Screen ena e sa jeleng paate e ne e sebelisoa hobane ho seng joalo, ho tsamaisa mahlo ka tsela ea tlhaho ho khetholoha mekhoa e bonahalang. Tlhahiso ea skrini e sa jeleng paate e ne e soenyehile pakeng tsa 2.5 le 3.5 s. Kamora jitter, moputso kapa sephetho sa ho se nke lehlakore se amanang le cue e hlahisitsoeng se bonts'itsoe 1 s. Cue e hapiloeng e ile ea lateloa ke moputso ho 80% ea liteko le ka sephetho sa ho se nke lehlakore ho 20% ea liteko, athe sephetho sa ho se nke lehlakore se ne se lula se atlehisa cue (100%). Morupeluoa o ile a bolelloa ho tšoara ka hlooho likoluoa. Ho ne ho e-na le nako ea liteko (XI) ea 3.6-4 s ea nako e telele. ITI (e bolelang = 3.8 s) e ile ea khethoa ka boomo hore e be telele ho feta jitter (bolela = 3 s), e le ho etsa bonnete ba hore nako ea nakoana ea teraba e haufi le sephetho se lumellanang. Liteko tse mashome a mararo ka bomong li ile tsa etsoa 'me mosebetsi oohle oa nka 8 min. Ka kakaretso, meputso ea 24 e fumanoe nakong ea mosebetsi ona.

Teko ea PIT

Morero oa mosebetsi ona e ne e le ho lekanya tšusumetso ea mekhatlo eo ba ithutileng eona pejana mabapi le boitšoaro ba karabelo (Figure1C) .1C). Nakong ea tlhahlobo ea PIT, ho bonts'oa karabelo ea mosebetsi oa ho lokisa maemo hammoho le lintlha tse tsoang maemong a Paplo. Ka li-block tsa 30 s, cue ea moputso le e sa nke lehlakore e ile ea bontšoa ka mokhoa o sa reroang sebakeng se lekanang le se sebelisitsoeng nakong ea boemo ba Pavlovian. Mona hape, barupeluoa ba ne ba lokolohile ho fana ka likarabo tse ngata ka matsoho a bona a maholo kamoo ba neng ba batla ho. Teko e entsoe ka tlasa moelelo oa phethoho ho bolelang hore karabo ea bona ha e ea hlahisa sephetho leha e le sefe se hlahisitsoeng empa barupeluoa ba ile ba laeloa hore moputso o baliloe kamorao. Barupeluoa ha baa ka ba bolelloa ka ho hlaka hore ba bokelle meputso e mengata kamoo ho ka khonehang kapa ho ela hloko hore ba se ke ba hlokomoloha mekhoa ea batho ba Patlovian. Mosebetsi o nkile metsotso ea 6, cue ka 'ngoe e bontšitsoe 30 s le makhetlo a tšeletseng.

Analysis

Lintlha tsa ho Batla Mahlo

Ho batla leihlo la bobeli bakeng sa teko e 'ngoe le e' ngoe (ke hore, nakong ea tlhahiso ea cue) ho ile ha lahloa hobane litho tsohle li ile tsa lokisa setšoantšo. Ho tloha ho tse setseng, "index ea mahlo" e fapaneng e ne e balelloa karolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, setho se seng le se seng (se putsoa kapa se sa nke lehlakore) le bakeng sa likheo tse tšeletseng tsa liteko tse hlano tsa mosebetsi oa boemo ba Pavlovia. Re mpa re nka linako tsa tokiso e le kholo ho feta 116 ms joalo ka ha ho laetsoe ke lingoliloeng tse fetileng (). Lenane la mahlo le ne le balelloa e le nako ea sebaka sa moputso e le liperesente tsa nako eohle e sebelisitsoeng ho moputso le sebaka sa cue (ke hore, sekwere se holimo le se tlase):

lenane la mahlo=nako sebakeng sa moputsonako sebakeng sa moputso + nako sebakeng sa cue*100.

Leha barupeluoa ba bangata ba qetile nako e eketsehileng ba le moo moputso o neng o le teng, ho bile le phapang ea hore na barupeluoa ba ne ba shebile sebaka seo sa cue hakae. Ka hona, "mokhoa oa" fixation "o ile oa hlahisoa bakeng sa motho e mong le e mong ea nkang karolo ho ipapisitse le karohano ea lenane la mahlo e thehiloeng ho data ho tsoa halofo ea bobeli (liteko tsa 16-30) tsa boemo ba moputso. Re sebelisitse halofo ea bobeli ea data hobane ho ithutile ka maemo a tšohanyetso ho bontšitsoe ho tsitsa nakong ea liteko tsa maemo a morao tsa Pavlovian (). Batho ba sehlopha sa "index ea leihlo le tlase" ba ne ba shebahala nako e telele ho feta moo ba leng teng ho feta batho ba sehlopha sa "index ea leihlo le phahameng."

Ditaba tsa Boits'oaro

"PIT" e hlalosoa e le tšebelisano lipakeng tsa "boemo" le "karabelo", ke ho re, ha barupeluoa ba putsoa haholo ho feta karabelo nakong ea ha ho hlahisoa lefapha le boletsoeng esale pele la moputso le ka ho fapanyetsana bakeng sa cue ea se nke lehlakore. Ha PIT e phahame haholoanyane, e matla le ho feta ke tšusumetso ea sets'oantso sa Pavlovia ka boits'oaro bo lebisitsoeng ho sepheo.

Lipalo-palo li

Lintlha li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mehlala ea litla-morao tsa SPSS 23 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Mefuta ea litlamorao e kopantsoe le tšebeliso ea data eo e seng ea tloaelo, 'me e bonts'a litekanyetso tse hantle ho feta tse ling tse tloaelehileng., ). Ho ipapisitsoe le tlhahlobo, boemo le nako kapa boemo le karabelo li entsoe joalo ka litlamorao tse tsitsitseng mme lithuto li ne li lula li etsisoa e le phello e sa reroang. Re sebelisitse sebopeho sa cymariance se kopaneng, se nkang phapang e lekanang le covariance ho lintlha 'me ka lebaka leo, se nepahetse bakeng sa meralo e lekantsoeng ea mehato (). E ipapisitse le lingoliloeng tse fetileng (, , -), re ekelitse khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo joaloka li-covariate tse se nang thahasello mohlaleng oa rona oa PIT. Bonferroni-e lokisitsoe post hoc Liteko li sebelisitsoe haeba ho fumanoe phello e kholo ea bohlokoa. Re tlaleha tsa Cohen d ka tekanyo ea boholo ba phello (e nyane d = 0.20-0.49, mahareng d = 0.50-0.80, e kholo d > 0.80) ().

Results

Mosebetsi oa liletsa

Barupeluoa (N = 54) ba khethile karabelo e putsoang khafetsa ho feta karabelo e sa nke lehlakore e bontšang hore ba atlehile ho ithuta mekhatlo ea sephetho sa karabelo (Setšoantšo (Figure2A; 2A; Tafole Tafole2) .2). Phello ea ho ithuta e ka nkoa e le matla (p <0.001, d = 2.9). Sehlopha sa boima ha sea ka sa susumetsa haholo palo ea ba putsitsoeng le ba sa jeleng paate kapa kakaretso ea likarabo maemong a seletsa (Tafole (Tafole2) .2). Barupeluoa ba nkang karolo ba sa nke lehlakore mecha ea khatiso e etsa hoo e ka bang 25% ea likarabo tsohle, mohlomong e le ka lebaka la kemiso ea tšebetso ea karolo e sebelisitsoeng nakong ea mosebetsi oa matsoho.

Setšoantšo sa 2 

Liphetho ho tsoa ho sebopeho sa lisebelisoa le tsa Pavlovian. Mehala ea liphoso e supa SEM. Senotlolo / boemo bo putsa bo bonahatsoa ka botala le senotlolo / boemo bo sa nkeng lehlakore ka bofubedu. (A) Palo eohle ea likarabo bakeng sa boemo bo bong le bo bong nakong ea sebopeho sa lisebelisoa. Barupeluoa ...
Lethathamo 2 

Tlhahlobo ea lipalopalo tsa sebopeho sa lisebelisoa.

Mosebetsi oa Boemo ba Pavlovian

Tlhahlobo ea rona ea metsamao ea mahlo e bonts'itse hore barupeluoa bohle (N = 54) o atlehile ho ithuta mekhatlo ea sephetho sa khothatso nakong ea boemo ba Pavlovian. Haholo-holo, re hlahlobile barupeluoa motsamao oa mahlo kamora ho qala hoa ts'usumetso pele sephetho se bonts'oa (ke hore, nakong ea skrini se sa nke lehlakore, bona setšoantšo Figure11B).

Lenane la mahlo le ile la hlahlobisisoa litsing tsa liteko tse hlano ho fumana sephetho sa ho ithuta bakeng sa moputso le boemo ba ho se nke lehlakore (setšoantšo (Figure2B) 2B) le sehlopha ka seng sa boima (Litšoantšo (Litšoantšo2C-E; 2C-E; Tafole Tafole3) .3). Boemo bo putsoeng bo bontšitse lenane la mahlo le phahame haholo ho feta boemo ba ho se nke lehlakore (p <0.001, d = 0.41, Setšoantšo Figure2B) .2B). Phumano ena e bonts'a hore boemong ba moputso le mosebetsing oohle oa ho hlophisa, barupeluoa ba qetile nako e ngata ba lokisa moputso ho feta sebakeng sa cue. Sena se ne se fapane le boemo ba ho se nke lehlakore, moo barupeluoa ba ileng ba qeta nako e ngata ho lokisa sebaka sa cue.

Lethathamo 3 

Tlhahlobo ea lipalo ea index ea mahlo nakong ea boemo ba Pavlovia.

Re fumane tšebelisano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa boemo, nako le boemo ba boima (p <0.05, Lipalo Figures2C-E; 2C-E; Tafole Tafole3) .3). Phello ena e ne e tsamaisoa ke mekhoa ea ho lokisa maemo ka nako le e 'ngoe ho lihlopha tse tharo tsa boima. Barupeluoa ba boima ba tloaelo ba ne ba lula sebakeng sa moputso bakeng sa meputso e fumanehang le sebaka sa cue bakeng sa litloaelo tse sa jeleng paate ka mor'a nako ea pele. Ho fapana le hoo, barupeluoa ba boima ba 'mele ba ne ba lutse holima lefelo la moputso ho sa tsotelehe hore na ba bone moputso kapa chebahalo e sa nke lehlakore' me mokhoa ona oa tokiso o tsitsitse ha nako e ntse e tsamaea. Barupeluoa ba nang le botona ba bonts'a mokhoa o mong hape oa ho lokisa hobane ba potlakela ho amohela sebaka sa moputso bakeng sa likooa tse fuoeng moputso 'me qalong ba rata sebaka sa cue litekong tse sa nke lehlakore. Leha ho le joalo, halofong ea bobeli ea liteko, batho ba batenya haholo ba ile ba fetohela sebakeng sa moputso bakeng sa litefiso tse sa nke lehlakore.

Bohlohlelong ba taolo, re ile ra sekaseka liperesente tsa barupeluoa ba qetileng nako ba sheba libaka tse ling ntle le sebaka se hlalositsoeng (ke hore, sekwere se kaholimo le tlase) bakeng sa halofo ea pele le ea bobeli ea liteko maemong ohle (Tafole4) .4). Barupeluoa ba qetile nako e eketsehileng kantle ho sebaka sa khahleho kamora ho se nke lehlakore ho bapisoa le khothatso e fuoang (moputso = 19.13 ± 15.58, ho se nke lehlakore = 22.85 ± 15.72, p <0.001, d = -0.24). Ntle le moo, bankakarolo ba qetile nako e teletsana kantle ho sebaka sa thahasello ho ea bobeli ha ba bapisoa le halofo ea pele ea teko (ea pele = 19.85 ± 15.20, ea bobeli = 22.13 ± 16.23, p <0.05, d = -0.15). Ntle le moo, liperesente tsa nako eo metsamao ea mahlo e neng e ke ke ea latelloa ka mohlala ka lebaka la ho panya kapa ho se tsepamise maikutlo skrineng (ke hore, litekanyetso tse sieo) e fetohile haholo ha nako e ntse e tsamaea (pele = 7.58 ± 11.39, ea bobeli = 10.79 ± 14.66 d = -0.24, p <0.001) 'me e ne e phahame hanyane kamora ho se nke lehlakore (moputso = 8.60 ± 12.58, ho se nke lehlakore = 9.76 ± 13.82, p = 0.090) (Tafole (Tafole4) .4). Hoo e batlang e le 9% ea tlhaiso-leseling ea mahlo e ile ea lahloa tlhahlobisong. Habohlokoa, sehlopha sa boima ba 'mele se ne se se na tšusumetso e kholo mabapi le nako e sebelisitsoeng kantle ho libaka tse boletsoeng kapa litheko tse lahlehileng moo ho soseloa hoa mahlo ho hloleha.

Lethathamo 4 

Tlhahlobo ea lipalopalo ea barupeluoa ba nako eo ba e qetileng kantle ho lipheo le litheko tse sieo nakong ea boemo ba Pavlovian.

Mosebetsi oa PIT

Ho lekola phello ea PIT le phapang e teng lipakeng tsa mekhahlelo ea boima le mokhoa oa ho lokisa o lekantsoeng nakong ea boemo ba Pavlovian, re kenyelletse lintlha tsena mahareng a taba ho latela mohlala oa litla-morao tse kopaneng. Mekha ea boima e thehiloe ho ipapisitse le BMI le mokhoa oa ho ikatisa o thehiloeng karohanong ea mahlakore a mahlano ka leihlo le boneng ho cue e putsoeng halofong ea bobeli ea boemo ba Pavlovian (bona Analysis, bakeng sa lintlha tse ling). Ntle le moo, re kentse lintlha tse akaretsang tsa khatello ea maikutlo (BIS) le khatello ea maikutlo (BDI) e le li-covariate tse sa natefeloang ke mohlala oa rona oa PIT. Sena se ne se thehiloe ho lingoliloeng tse fetileng, tse bonts'ang hore phello ea PIT e kanna ea susumetsoa ke khatello ea maikutlo le hore karabelo e fanoang e amana le ho se ts'oanehe (, , -).

Re fumane phello ea PIT hoo barupeluoa ba khethileng karabelo e khahlisang khafetsa ho fapana le karabelo ha ho bontšoa senepe se khahlisitsoeng le ka mokhoa o fapaneng bakeng sa polelo e sa nke lehlakore. Matla a PIT phello a fetotsoe ho latela boemo ba 'mele ba motho ea nkang karolo joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ke CONDURE e kholo ea "RESPONSE TYPE * WEight CATEGORY (p <0.001, Litafole Lithane55 'me And6; 6;; Setšoantšo Figure3) .3). Matla ana a bontša hore phello ea PIT e ne e le matla ho batho ba feteletseng (Setšoantšo (Figure3B, 3B, pTLHOKOMELISO * HLOLA BOPHELO <0.001), tse neng li ameha haholo ka boteng ba mohopolo o putsitsoeng (ho baka khetho e hlakileng ea ho khetha senotlolo se putsoeng). Phello ea PIT ho boima ba 'mele le barupeluoa ba batenya le eona e ne e le teng empa ho hlakile hore e nyane (pTLHOKOMELISO * TLHALOSA TSA KAJENO-WEight <0.001, pTLHOKOMELISO * TLHOKOMELANG OBESE <0.025). Barupeluoa ba ile ba tobetsa konopo e sa jeleng paate hape nakong ea tlhahiso e hlahisitsoeng ea moputso mohlomong ka lebaka la kemiso e matlafatsang ea karoloana e sebelisitsoeng mosebetsing oa maemo a seletsa.

Lethathamo 5 

Tlhahlobo ea lipalo-palo ea likarabo nakong ea phetiso ea Pavlovia ho ea ho lintlha tse phetoang CONDURE, RESPONSE STYLE, le sehlopha se fapaneng sa WEIGHT CATEGORY.
Lethathamo 6 

Tlhahlobo ea lipalo-palo ea likarabo nakong ea phetiso ea Pavlovia ho ea ho lintlha tse phetoang CONDURE, RESPONSE STYLE, le sehlopha li fapana ka WEIGHT CATEGORY, FIXATION STYLE.
Setšoantšo sa 3 

Liphetho ho tsoa phetisong ea Pavlovian-to-instrumental (PIT) le sehlopha sa boima. Mehala ea liphoso e supa SEM. Boemo ba moputso bo bontšoa ka botala le boemo ba ho se nke lehlakore ka bofubelu. Matla a phello ea PIT a ipapisitse le sehlopha sa boima (boima bo tloaelehileng) ...

Re boetse re tlaleha phello e kholo ea WEIGHT CATEGORY (pMOLELEKI CHELE <0.05, Lethathamo Tafole5) .5). Leha ho le joalo, liphapang tsa palo e felletseng ea likarabo lipakeng tsa mekhahlelo ea boima li ne li le maemong a manyane haholo (tloaelehileng-weight = 57 ± 38, overweight = 55 ± 41, obese = 54 ± 32). Ka hona, ha re lumele hore hona ho emela phapano e akaretsang ea tšusumetso ea ho etsa mosebetsi.

Ka mor'a moo, re ile ra leka setsoalle pakeng tsa mokhoa oa karabelo o neng o lekantsoe nakong ea boemo ba Pavlovian (ke hore, mokhoa oa ho lokisa) le pIT. Ka hona, re bontsitse lihlopha tse peli "index ea leihlo le tlase" (ke hore, batho ba neng ba lokisa sebaka sa cue) pele le "index ea mahlo a phahameng" (ke hore, batho ba neng ba hlophisa sebaka sa moputso) ka mokhoa o tšoanang ba arotsoe likarolo tsohle tsa boima (Setšoantšo. (Figure4A) .4A). Lipalo-palo li senotse hore phello ea PIT e fetoloa ka mokhoa oa ho ikamahanya le maemo empa hore phello ena ea phetoho e itšetleha ka karolo ea boima (tšebelisano-'mele ea LITLHAKISO TSE KHOLO * PUISETSO TYPE * WEIGHT CATEGORY * FIXATION STYLE, Tafole Tafole6; 6; Lipalo Figures4B-D) .4B-D). Ka bobeli boima ba tloaelehileng (Setšoantšo (Figure4B) 4B) le lihlopha tse batenya haholo (Figure4C), 4C), batho ba bonts'ang index ea mahlo a phahameng ba bonts'itse phello e matla ea PIT e susumetsoang ke likhakanyo tsa meputso ho feta batho ba bonts'ang index ea mahlo a tlase. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho barupeluoa ba boima ba 'mele ho se arohane hona ho ne ho le sieo, ke ho re, re bone phello e phahameng ea PIT ho sa tsotelehe hore na batho ba bontšitse litšekamelo tsa leihlo le tlase kapa tse phahameng nakong ea maemo. Ho khahlisang ke hore batho ba batenya haholo ba nang le index ea mahlo a phahameng (Figure4D) 4D) ba ne ba sa ameha feela ka mokokotlo oa 'nete, empa hape ba ne ba amehile haholo nahaneleng ho ea sa jeleng paate ho tloha ha ba khetha konopo e khahlano le e sa sebetseng ka monyetla o lekanang oa boemo bona ba morao.

Setšoantšo sa 4 

Liphetho tsa ho fetisoa ha ntho e tsamaeang ka "Pavlovian-to-instrumental" (PIT) bakeng sa "index ea mahlo a tlase" le "index ea leihlo le phahameng". Mehala ea liphoso e supa SEM. Senotlolo / boemo bo putsa bo bonahatsoa ka botala le senotlolo / boemo bo sa nkeng lehlakore ka bofubedu. The ...

Kamora nako, re ile ra leka hore na ho na le kamano lipakeng tsa setaele sa ho ikamahanya le maemo nakong ea boemo ba Pavlovia le BMI ka ho tsamaisa mefuta e arohaneng ea mefuta e fapaneng ea lihlopha tse boima. Ka tšohanyetso, re fumane hore batho ba boima ba "sehlopha sa" mahlo a phahameng "ba bonts'a BMI e ngata hara boemo bo phetseng hantle (d = 1.7, p <0.001, Setšoantšo Figure4E) .4E). Tšusumetso ena e ne e le matla ka mokhoa o makatsang mme e ne e sa fumanehe ho batho ba nonofileng kapa ba batenya haholo (p > 0.646).

Puisano

Mona, re lekile hore na kutloisiso ea meputso le litekanyetso tse boletsoeng esale pele tsa moputso ha lia tloaeleha bathong ba boima haholo le ba batenya ho fapana le taolo e tloaelehileng ea boima le hore na phapang e joalo e mabapi le moputso kutloelo-bohloko bo fetisa tsela e tataisoang ke sepheo. Re ile ra araba potso ena ka tlhahlobo ea PIT 'me ra etsa lipatlisiso tsa hore na litekanyetso tsa lijo tse boletsoeng esale pele li na le tšusumetso e mpe e tataisoang ke sepheo sa batho ba tloaelehileng, boima bo feteletseng le ba batenya haholo. Ntle le moo, re ile ra sebelisa mokhoa oa ho shebella mahlo nakong ea boemo ba Pavlovia e le mohopolo oa boiketlo ba moputso o boletsoeng esale pele. Seo re se fumaneng se bolela hore boitšoaro bo laoloang ke boitšoaro bo botle bo ka fetoloa ho batho ba nonneng haholo le ba batenya haholo joalokaha ho boletsoe ka lintlha tse ling tse ka tlase.

Barupeluoa ba boima ba 'mele ba bonts'a litla-morao tse phahameng tsa PIT ho feta batho ba tloaelehileng ba boima ba' mele kapa Boima

Barupeluoa ba boima ba 'mele ba bontšitse phello e matla ea PIT ha e bapisoa le lithuto tse tloaelehileng tsa boima ba' mele le tse batenya haholo (bona Mosebetsi oa PIT, Litšoantšo Figures3A-C) .3A-C). Phumano ena e fana ka maikutlo a fetileng ho hore batho ba baholo ba nonofileng le ba batenya haholo ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea lijo nakong ea ho shebella ha boikoetliso, mosebetsi oa tlhahlobo ea letheba, litheko tse fapaneng tsa Stroop task kapa lipotsong tsa lipotso (, , ). Lithuto tsena li hlakisitse ho khutlisetsoa hoa lijo ka ho lekanya nako ea karabelo, bolelele ba leihlo le ho ts'oaroa ha methapo, bophara ba bana, electroencephalography, le monahano o sebetsang oa matla a matla a khoheli (). Ho latela leihlo ka ho hlaka ho bontšitse khethollo ea nako e telele litekatsong tsa lijo le ho fokotseha ha bophara ba sephaka [letšoao la ho eketseha ha noradrenergic le ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho hoholo (, )] ho lijo tse nang le khalori e phahameng lithutong tse boima haholo le tse batenya haholo (-). Liphetho tsa rona li holisa litlaleho tsena tse fetileng ka ho bonts'a hore boitsoaro bo tataisoang ke batho ba nonneng haholo bo susumetsoa haholo ke mekhoa e amanang le moputso oa lijo, joalo ka ha e lekoa ke PIT paradigm, athe tšusumetso ea ho se nke lehlakore e ne e tšoana le sehlopha se tloaelehileng. Ho khahlisang, ha ho na phello e joalo e khethehileng ea PIT e boneng sehlopha sa batho ba batenya haholo. Hlokomela hore ho ne ho se na phapang lipakeng tsa mofuta oa lijo tse ratoang. Leha sephetho sa batho ba batenya ho feta tekano qalong, se amana le phuputso ea morao-rao e fumanoeng hore batho ba batenya haholo ba na le PIT e tšoanang le lithuto tse tloaelehileng tsa boima ba 'mele (). Leha ho le joalo, Watson et al. () e bonts'itse phello e eketsehang ea PIT bakeng sa lijo tse nang le khalori e phahameng e bapisoang le lijo tse nang le khalori e tlase, e fumanoang feela lithutong tse batenya haholo (). Tlhaloso e 'ngoe e ka fumanoang ea ho fumana hore PIT e sebetsa ka tsela e tšoanang ho batho ba batenya le ba phetseng hantle, hore ho ja lijo tse matlafatsang tse nang le phepo e ngata ho ka baka mokhoa o qobelloang oa ho ja o sa tsotelleng lithahasello tsa tikoloho (bona Mechanism ea 'mele le lipotso tse bulehileng).

Ha re kopane, ho fumana ha rona hore takatso e susumetsoang ke litheko tse amanang le moputso ho eketseha ho batho ba boima bo feteletseng ho tsamaisana le mohopolo oa tšusumetso ea bokhoba ba tahi (-). Khopolo ea tšusumetso ea bokhoba ba bokhoba e fana ka maikutlo a khethollo e mabapi le mekhoa e amanang le moputso, e tsamaellanang le sephetho sa mahlo a rona nakong ea boemo ba Pavlovian, le tšusumetso ea thuto ea moputso le litheko tse amanang le moputso (ke hore, "ho hloka") (, ). Khothatso ea methapo ea lijo le likhakanyo tsa lijo esale pele e ne e bontšoa ke phello e eketsehang ea PIT ho batho ba nonneng haholo. Boithuto bo bong bathong bo batlisisang tšusumetso ea litekanyetso tsa Pavlovian mabapi le ho arabela ka matla ho itšetleha ka litheko le bona bo bontšitse phello e eketsehang ea PIT ho lithethefatsi ha li bapisoa le taolo (, , ). Leha ho le joalo ho na le bopaki bo bong ba hore ha ho kamano pakeng tsa PIT le ho its'etleha hoa lintho lithutong tse ling (, , , , , ).

Leha ho le joalo, datha ea rona e boetse e bonts'a hore hang hoba boemo bo batsi bo fihlellehe, ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso e ka khutlela maemong a tloaelehileng. Ho batla ho nahana hore hypersensitivity e kanna ea fokotsoa ho batho ba batenya ka lebaka la ho tšela lijo tse tlamang hangata /, ), empa sena ha sea ka sa lekoa ka kotloloho thutong ea hona joale. Hape ho ka etsahala hore batho ba batenya ba ka lebisa tlhokomelo e fokolang meputsong e nyane ea lijo (joalo ka ha ho sebelisitsoe mona) le / kapa seo ba se ratang se ka fetisetsoa ho susumetsoa ka boleng bo boholo ba subjective (mohlala, meputso e atileng haholoanyane le khalori e ngata), e bonts'itsoeng ho ba le tšusumetso e kholo PIT (). Ha re a ka ra bokella lintlha ka boleng ba moputso oa subjential thutong ea hona joale. Ka hona, liphapang tse ka bang teng mabapi le theko ea moputso lipakeng tsa boima ba 'mele li ka fana ka tlhaloso e' ngoe bakeng sa phello e fokotsoeng ea PIT e bonoang ho batho ba batenya.

Maqhubu a Mahlo nakong ea Phetolo ea Boemo ba Pavlovian pakeng tsa Batho ba Tloaelehileng-Boima, Boima le Boima

Re sebelisitse tšebeliso ea mahlo ho lekola liphetoho tsa boitšoaro nakong ea boemo ba sebaka sa Pavlovia. Mokhoa oa ho shebella mahlo o kile oa sebelisoa nakong e fetileng ho lekanya boteng hape ho susumetsa lijo ka mokhoa o sa reroang (, ) le ho etsa lipatlisiso ka liphapang tsa batho ka bomong ho latela hore na batho ba nka monyetla oa ho khothaletsa menyetla ea ho bolela moputso e bapisoang le moputso ka boeona joang (). Mona, re ile ra etsa leihlo la nako nakong e lipakeng tsa ho bona cue le ho fumana moputso, ke ho re, ha barupeluoa ba bona feela skrine se sa nke lehlakore empa ba sa susumetsoe ke pono. Re khethile ho fetola paradigms e fetileng () hobane ha mahlo a shebahala a khahloa ke litšobotsi tse bonoang ntle le haeba metsamao ena ea mahlo e sa thibeloa.

Thutong ea rona, karabelo ea leihlo le nchocho ho leba sebakeng sa moputso le se nke lehlakore nakong ea boemo ba Pavlovian e ile ea fetoloa ka mokhoa o fapaneng ho latela boemo ba boima ba motho ea nkang karolo (bona Mosebetsi oa Boemo ba Pavlovian, Litšoantšo Figures2C-E) .2C-E). Ka ho qaqileng, re fumane nakong ea boemo ba Pavlovia hore batho ba nonneng haholo ba bonts'a leeme la pharologanyo ho sa tsotelehe hore na ba entse teko ea cue ea moputso kapa teko ea ho se nke lehlakore. Ho haella hona ha karohano e hlakileng lipakeng tsa moputso le liteko tse sa nkeng lehlakore ho lula ho tsitsitse maemong ohle mme ho lumellana hantle le ho bona hore batho ba baholo ba nonneng haholo ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso ea ntlafatso ea lijo nakong ea ha ho shebiloe feela ke ts'usumetso, mosebetsi oa tlhahlobo ea letheba, le mefuta e fapaneng ea Stroop Mosebetsi kapa makaleng a lipotso (, , ). Ka ho khetheha, re netefalitse le ho holisa lithuto tsena ka ho bonts'a batho ba nang le boima bo feteletseng ba bonts'a maikutlo a ho fihlela nako ea moputso, ho fana ka maikutlo a ho tebisa melemo ea moputso o lebelletsoeng, tlhaloso e lumellanang le phello e kholo ea PIT bakeng sa likhetsi tse amanang le lijo. meputso. Hape, batho ba batenya haholo ba ne ba fapana ka taolo e tloaelehileng ea boima ba 'mele empa haholo nakong ea halofo ea pele ea boemo ba Pavlovian, moo ba bonts'itseng phapano e hlakileng pakeng tsa likarabo tse lumellaneng le karabelo ea meputso (e bakileng tumello ea nako e telele sebakeng sa moputso) le litheko tse sa nke lehlakore (tse hlahisitseng lebaka maemong a malelele a sebaka sa cue). Leha ho le joalo, phapang ena e matla ea pele e ne e fokotsehile ka mokhoa o hlakileng qetellong ea boemo ba Pavlovian.

Phapang e le 'ngoe ho likarabo tse nang le maemo a fapaneng e nang le tšusumetso ho litekanyetso tse fapaneng tsa boima ba' mele, boima bo feteletseng le ba batenya.

Re sebelisitse tšebeliso ea leihlo ho bona phapang pakeng tsa batho le ho arola barupeluoa sehlopheng sa batho ba nang le "index ea mahlo a tlase," ke hore, ba ne ba hlophisa sebaka sa "cue" kapa "index ea mahlo a phahameng" haholo-holo hore . Liteko tsa rona li senotse hore batho ba tloaelehileng ba sehlopha sa "index ea leihlo le phahameng" ba bonts'a phello e matla ea PIT bakeng sa moputso ho feta batho ba sehlopha sa "index ea leihlo le tlase" (Litšoantšo. (Figures4B, E) .4B, E). Ho na le sehlopha se le seng feela sa bafuputsi se entseng teko e ts'oanang ea ho fuputsa tšusumetso ea mokhoa oa ho lokisa motho ka mong ho PIT (). Khahlano le liphetho tsa rona, ba fumane hore karabelo e matla ea boemo ba mahlo e lebileng katse e lebisitse phetisong ea boitšoaro bo tataisoang ke sepheo. Leha ho le joalo, ba ile ba hlakisa ho sisinyeha ha mahlo ha sefahleho se ntse se le skrineng ho fana ka maikutlo a hore tsela eo a tsamaisang mahlo ka eona ke mohlala oa boits'oaro ba mekhoa ea ho rapela bo shebiloeng liphoofolong, o tsejoang hape e le "lets'oao la ho saena", , , , ). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, re ile ra leka karabelo ea leihlo le nchocho nakong ea skrini se sa nke lehlakore ra re mokhoa oa ho tsamaisa leihlo o ka bonts'a haholo boiketlo ba moputso o boletsoeng (bona setšoantšo. Figure1B) .1B). Re fumane hore liphapang tsa motho ka mong nakong ea boemo ba Pavlovian (ke hore, "tlase" le "index e phahameng ea mahlo") li sebelisana le sehlopha sa boima ho susumetsa PIT.

Lihlopheng tse tloaelehileng tse boima le tse batenya, sehlopha sa "index ea mahlo a phahameng" se bonts'itse phello e matla ea PIT e susumetsoang ke likhakanyo tsa meputso ho feta sehlopha sa "index ea leihlo le tlase". Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho barupeluoa ba boima ba 'mele re bone phello e phahameng ea PIT ho sa tsotelehe hore na batho ba bontšitse litšobotsi tse phahameng tsa mahlo kapa tse tlase nakong ea maemo. Leha ho le joalo, datha tsena li tlameha ho hlalosoa ka hloko hobane likarolo tse nyane li ne li le nyane haholo. Tlhaloso e le 'ngoe ea phapang e fapaneng ea motho ka mong ka litlamorao tsa PIT ke hore ha se feela ts'usumetso ea ts'usumetso, empa le taolo ea thibelo e na le tšusumetso ho moo boitsoaro bo tataisoang ke sepheo bo susumetsoang ke lithahasello tsa Pavlovia. Batho ba boima bo tloaelehileng le ba batenya haholo ba hlalosang "index ea mahlo a tlase" ba ka bonts'a phello e nyane ea PIT hobane ba fana ka mokhoa o laolang taolo, o laolang tšusumetso ea litekanyetso tse amanang le moputso ka boits'oaro bo lebisitsoeng ho sepheo. Leha ho le joalo, ka ho hlahisa "index ea mahlo e tlase" mochine ona o thibelang maikutlo o ka fetoloa e le hore ba hlahise phello e matla ea PIT, ho bolelang hore barupeluoa ba kotsing ea tšusumetso ea likeletso. Tšitiso ea karabelo mohlala ka mosebetsi oa Go / Nogo ha ea ka ea lekoa thutong ea hona joale. Leha ho le joalo, thibelo e fokotsehileng ea karabelo e kile ea bontšoa e amana le ho ja haholo le ho ja lijo tse sa atleheng (, ). Ho fumana ha rona ho tsamaisana le Trick et al. () ba bonts'itseng hore karabo e maemong a holimo e lekantsoeng nakong ea boemo ba Pavlovia ha e fetoleloe ka bo eona ho PIT e phahameng. Ho etsahala se tšoanang ho likarabo tsa electrophysiological (ke hore, P300) tse neng li sa tsamaellane le phello ea PIT ho ba noang sechaba ().

Ntle le moo, re fumane hore boima bo tloaelehileng bo hlalosang “leihlo le leholo” le bonts'itse BMI e ngata hara maemo a phetseng hantle. Sena se ka hokahanngoa le lipatlisiso tsa pejana tse khothaletsang hore leihlo le natefileng la likhahla tsa lijo e le monyetla oa ho nona (). Leha ho le joalo, tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea lingoliloeng e bonts'itse hore ho lebisa tlhokomelo litabeng tsa lijo kapa lithethefatsi ke leseli le fokolang la boits'oaro ba bothata ().

Litaba tsa Kutloano

Pampiri ea rona ea lipatlisiso e hlahisa pono e ncha mabapi le hore na litloaelo tse amanang le lijo li susumetsa joang ho sisinyeha ha mahlo le boitšoaro bo tataisoang ke sepheo ho batho ba nonofileng le ba batenya haholo. Le ha ho le joalo, tlhaloso ea seo re se fumaneng se tlasa meeli e itseng.

Taba ea pele, ho se tšoane ha boleng ba moputso ho ka be ho amme boitšoaro bo laoloang ke botle ba 'nete. Re lekile ho hlola bothata bona ka ho leka bohle ba nkang karolo ea lijo (ke hore, ba lapile) le ka ho ba tlohella hore ba khethe lijo tseo ba li ratang likhethong tse 'ne. Ho rata meputso ho latela sekala sa analog ea pono ho ne ho sa tšoane lipakeng tsa lihlopha (WEight CATEGORY, FIXATION STYLE) ebile ha e a ka ea susumetsa karabelo ea mahlo kapa PIT.

Taba ea bobeli, boiteko ba rona ha bo re nolofalletse ho tseba hore na maikutlo a batho ba boima haholo ho lithahasello tsa tikoloho a ts'oara feela litekanyetso tse amanang le lijo kapa hore na batho bana ba bonts'a maikutlo a matla a ho tsebahatsa moputso esale pele. Liphetho tsa moputso ka kakaretso le tse ikhethang tse fumanehang lithutong tse fetileng ho bakuli ba ts'ebelisang joala., ) le batho ba tsubang (). Ka hona, leha ho arohana ha litlamorao tsa moputso o akaretsang le o amanang le lijo e ne e se sepheo sa thuto e teng, e emela potso ea bohlokoa bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang.

Mechanism ea 'mele le lipotso tse bulehileng

Ha e le hantle mochini oa ho fumana phapang lipakeng tsa karabelo ea mahlo ke mohlomong le mokhoa o tataisoang ke sepheo ho batho ba tloaelehileng, boima bo feteletseng le ba batenya? Ho thehiloe hantle hore ho ja lijo tse matlafatsoang ho eketsa tšebetso ea boko libakeng tse amehang ts'ebetsong ea moputso (ke hore, striatum, midbrain, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex) mme ho lebisa ho lokolloe ha dopamine ka hara dorsal striatum. Palo ea dopamine e amana le litekanyo tsa monate (ke hore, "liking") le letsoalo la caloric la moputso / lijo [bakeng sa litlhahlobo, bona Ref. (, )]. Takatso ea lijo kapa litebello tse lebelletsoeng kapa litšoantšo tsa lijo li eketsa ts'ebetso libakeng tsa boko tse tsejoang ka theko ea moputso (ke hore, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex) (, , ) mme e fella ka tokollo e tšoanang ea dopamine e le meputso (). Moetso oa ts'usumetso ea maikutlo o khothaletsa hore ho ja lijo tse matlafatsang tse nang le phepo e ngata khafetsa ho lebisa tšebetsong ea boko libakeng tse amehang ho ananeleng theko ea litheko tse amanang le ho ja lijo tse matlafatsang. dessyecik boemo, bo thusang ho lakatsa le ho ja ho feta tekano ha lits'ila tsena li fumaneha (, , , ). Ho na le bopaki bo matla ba hore dopaminergic neurons e kenang ho striatum le ventral pallidum e arabela kamohelong ea lijo tse fumanehang habonolo, empa kamora ho qaqisoa habeli lipakeng tsa lijo le sefuba, mollo ha o araba sets'oants'o se amanang le lijo mme o se o sa arabe ho amohela. lijo [bakeng sa tlhahlobo, bona Ref. ()]. Phetoho ena nakong ea ho ithuta ka sepheo sa ho susumetsa se hlahisa boleng ho lithahasello le ka moo li tataisang boits'oaro bo susumetsang (, -). Ts'ebetso ena e kanna ea kenya letsoho ho ho ja ho feta tekano le ho lebisa ho boima ba 'mele. Tumellanong le mohopolo oa tšusumetso ea matla a ho susumetsa, batho ba batenya ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e eketsehileng libakeng tsa boko tse amanang le moputso le tšusumetso, libaka tsa boko tse amanang le likarabo tsa makoloi le libaka tsa boko tse amanang le tlhokomelo ea litšoantšo tsa lijo, likhakanyo tsa lijo, kapa lipapatso tsa lijo (, , , -). Karabelo e khōloanyane litekatsong tse amanang le lijo li ka bonts'oa karabelo e atileng ea mahlo ho batho ba batenya ba boneng teko ea rona. Cue e amanang le lijo e hlahisoang ke ho hlohlona ho ka baka lits'ebetso ho fumana lijo (ke hore, "ho hlokahala")). Thutong ea rona, "ho hloka" / "ho eketseha" hona ho bakoang ke mekhoa e amanang le lijo ke lebaka la ho bona litlamorao tse matla tsa PIT ho boima ba 'mele. Leha ho le joalo, boithuto ba rona bo fana ka maikutlo a hore mohlomong ha se joalo bakeng sa barupeluoa ba batenya. Ho na le bopaki bo bong bo tsoang ho liteko tsa liphoofolo le tsa batho tsa hore tloaelo ea ho ja lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata e fokotseha ho supa dopamine ho potry ea meputso (, , ). Sena se lumellana le liteko tsa batho ba sebelisang koae le koae., ). Leha ho le joalo, mekhoa ea tloaelo ha ea ka ea lekanngoa ka paradigm ea rona ea liteko.

Motsoako oa boits'oaro ba rona ba boits'oaro bo kopanetsoeng le mekhoa e meng e joalo ka ts'ebetso ea marang-rang kapa ts'ebetso ea meriana Sena se ka boela sa thusa ho kopanya liphumano tsa rona lipatlisisong tsa liphoofolo mabapi le phapano ea motho ka mong, tšusumetso ea boemo bo holimo, tšebeliso e feteletseng ea tahi le ho lemalla. Ho feta moo, ho tla ba ho thabisang ho etsa lipatlisiso ka tšusumetso ea mekhoa ea tikoloho sehlopheng sa bakuli kamora ho buuoa ka bariatric kapa kamora ts'ebetso e meng (ke hore, lijo, koetliso ea boitšoaro, bona. Tlatsetso ea Kliniki).

Tlatsetso ea Kliniki

Seo re se fumaneng se ka sebetsa hantle hobane re bonts'a hore karabelo ea leihlo e feteletseng ea sehlopha le boits'oaro bo tataisang sepheo hangata li kotsing ea tšusumetso ea lithahasello tsa tikoloho. Kahoo, ho ka ba molemo ho sebetsana le maano a kelello a ho hanela litekanyetso tse amanang le lijo le kalafong ea kelello / boits'oaro ba batho ba boima bo feteletseng [mohlala, koetliso ea ho fetella, koetliso ea taolo ea tlhokomelo, koetliso ea ho arabela (, -)]. Ho theola leeme ho lithahasello tsa lithethefatsi dessyecik mekhoa ea tlhokomelo ea tlhokomelo e ile ea bonts'oa ho fokotsa mekhoa e meng ea taolo ea lithethefatsi e nang le lithethefatsi tse fetang lithethefatsi (, -). Ka tsebo eohle ea rona, ho na le thuto e le 'ngoe feela e sebelisitseng lenaneo la tlhokomelo ea bias (ABM) le sebelisitsoeng mathateng a lemalloang ho batho ba nonneng le ba batenya haholo (ke hore, ba jang haholo) (). Phuputso ena e senotse ho fokotseha ha boima ba 'mele, matšoao a bokuli ba ho ja, ho itlopa joala, le tahlehelo ea taolo le karabelo ea lijo kamora thupelo ea beke ea XMUMX-beke ea ABM (). Leha ho le joalo, liphetho tsena li lokela ho hlalosoa ka hloko ka lebaka la boholo bo tlase ba sampole le teko e ngoliloeng ka sehlopha se le seng. Motsoako o fapaneng oa karabo ea lijo le thupelo ea tlhokomelo o atlehile ho theola moputso le ho tsotella marang-rang a kelello le ho theola mafura a mmele (, ). Bakeng sa batho ba batenya haholo, bao thutong ea rona ba neng ba sa fapana le taolo e tloaelehileng ea boima mabapi le ts'usumetso ea mekhoa ea kantle ho boits'oaro bo lebisitsoeng ho sepheo, kalafo tse ling li ka nepahala haholo hobane boits'oaro bo bobe ba ho ja bo se bo kopantsoe [mohlala, kalafo ea boits'oaro bo hlokolosi, bo susumetsang lipotso tsa boikoetliso, koetliso ea ho fetola tloaelo, koetliso ea taolo ea taolo (, )]. Ho fumana thuto hona joale le lithuto tse fetileng (, , , ) hape e lokela ho nahanoa ha ho tla ngolloa maano le melaoana e mecha ea tataiso bakeng sa lipapatso tsa lijo.

fihlela qeto e

Re fumane hore litlamorao tsa PIT bakeng sa meputso ea lijo li fapana e le ts'ebetso ea boemo ba boima. Haholo-holo, batho ba nonneng haholo ba ne ba susumetsoa ka matla ke maikutlo a amanang le lijo ho feta batho ba batenya le ba boima bo tloaelehileng. Tsamaiso ea mahlo nakong ea boemo ba Pavlovia e ne e sa amane le matla a PIT ho batho ba nonneng kapa ba batenya haholo. Leha ho le joalo, batho ba boima ba tloaelehileng ba nang le karabelo e matla ho leba sebakeng sa moputso ba bonts'a phello e matla ea PIT mme ba ka ba kotsing ea ho fumana boima. Seo re se fumaneng se lumellana hantle le mohopolo oa matlafatso oa boitšisinyo ba ho hakanya hore batho ba boima haholo ba kotsing ea ho fumana litšebeletso tse amanang le lijo ho feta taolo e boima ea boima ba 'mele. Re hakanya hore hypersensitivity ena e kanna ea fokotseha ho barupeluoa ba batenya ka lebaka la ho tloaela ho tlola tekano / ho qhekella kapa ho se tšoane ka theko ea moputso.

Boitšoaro ba Melao

Lithuto tsohle li fane ka tumello e ngotsoeng e nang le tsebo ho latela Phatlalatso ea Helsinki. Protocol e amohetsoe ke Komiti ea Boitšoaro ea Canton Zurich.

Menehelo ea Mongoli

Bangoli bohle ba iqapetse ba bile ba rala teko eo; RL o ile a hlophisa liteko, a hlahlobisisa tlhaiso-leseling, a ngola mongolo o moholo oa letsoho, 'me a lokisa lipalo; AB e bokelletse data; Bangoli bohle ba ile ba bala, ba lokisa 'me ba amohela mongolo oa ho qetela.

Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso

Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.

lumela hore baa fokola

Bangoli ba ka thabela ho leboha Dr. Daniel Woolley ka thuso ea tekheniki le Dr. Dr. Renward S. Hauser le Dr. med. Philipp Gerber bakeng sa temohisiso ea bona ea bohlokoa le litlhahiso mabapi le ho hira mokuli.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

 

Lithuso. Mosebetsi ona o ile oa khoneha ka chelete e fumanoeng e tsoang ho Eat2Learn2Move subsidence ea ETH Research Foundation.

 

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