Molao oa Hedonics o kopane le Homeostatic System ho sa lemohe ho laola Boima ba 'mele (2016)

. 2016; 3: 6.

E hatisitsoe Inthaneteng 2016 Feb 15. doi:  10.3389 / fnut.2016.00006

PMCID: PMC4753312

Selelekela

Ha koluoa ​​ea botena ba lefatše e ntse e tsoela pele ho baka mathata a bona, tlhoko ea tharollo e eketsehile. Puisano mabapi le tlhaho le ho holisa le biology khahlanong le psychology e fihlile sehlohlolong sa ho phatlalatsa botenya joalo ka lefu ke mekhatlo e meng ea bongaka. Lintho tse amanang le tikoloho le bohloeki ba liphatsa tsa lefutso, ho fapana le boikarabello ba motho ke tsona tse jarang molato joalo ka lefu le leng. Pono ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore mekhoa ea likokoana-hloko e laolang boima ba 'mele e hlile e sebetsa sebakeng se sa tsebeng letho. Le ha e le mona esale e amoheloa bakeng sa taolo e bitsoang homeostatic ea tekanyetso ea matla, ha e hlake haholoanyane bakeng sa taolo ea hedonic. Mona, re hlahlobisisa haholo potso ea bohlokoa hore na mehlala ea litoeba e ka thusa joang ho utloisisa tlatsetso ea methapo ea hedonic ho taolo ea boima ba 'mele. Ha u sheba mehopolo ea moputso, matlafatso, tšusumetso, litlamorao tsa boithabiso, le mekhoa ea bona ea neural, maemong a ho ja le ho ikoetlisa, pono e ncha e hlaha ea hore homeostatic le hedonic control li tsamaellana haholo mme hangata li sebetsa ka bonngoe ho se boemong ba ho se tsebe. fihlella likarabo tse lumellanang. Leha puisano ea ntlha e behiloeng ea boima ba 'mele e sa tsotelloe lilemong tsa morao tjena, sehlooho sena se fetoha khatello e le karolo ea bohlokoa bakeng sa kalafo e sebetsang ea botenya.

Hedonic Mechanisms Overpower Homeostatic Regulation

Ha boima ba 'mele ba liphoofolo le ba batho bo tšoenngoa ke nako ea ho qeta kapa ho nona ho feta tekano, e khutlela mekhoeng ea boitšisinyo pele ho ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebetso ea homeostatic e kenyeletsang taolo ea ts'ebeliso ea matla le tšebeliso ea matla a mangata (, ). Haesale ho tsebahala ka hore ke "potoloho ea" hypothalamic ".) mme e ntlafalitsoe haholo, haholoholo lilemong tse fetileng tsa 20 kamora ho sibolloa ha leptin. Ka bokhutšoanyane, lipalo tse peli tse ikhethileng tsa neural ho mediobasal hypothalamus li sebetsa e le li-sensor tsa matla a mantlha mme li kenella marang-rang a rarahaneng a lipotoloho tse tsamaisang matla le ho felloa ke matla ka tsela e lumellanang ea bioloji [bakeng sa tlhahlobo, bona Ref. (-)].

Leha ho le joalo, leha boholo bo lumellana le molaoana o joalo oa mantlha oa homeostatic, ho bile le lipuisano tse ngata mabapi le boemo ba 'mele bo sirelelitsoeng le mekhoa e amehang (-). Ho hlakile hore, ha ho na sebaka se tsitsitseng seo mefuta ea liphoofolo tse anyesang e lekanang le boima ba 'mele oa tsona. Ho fapana le moo, e fetoha le maemo, ho latela maemo a kahare le a kantle ho kenyelletsa liphatsa tsa lefutso le li-epigenetic, ho fumaneha ha lijo, ho fumaneha ha lijo, le lintlha tse ling tsa tikoloho (). Sena se bontšoa hamolemo ke sebaka se tsitsitseng sa ho itšireletsa ha boima ba 'mele ka nako e behiloeng ka nako).

Taba e 'ngoe eo ho lumeloang hore e bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa ho susumetsa ntlha e behiloeng ea boima ba' mele ke lijo tse matlafatsang, haholo-holo phetoho e lebisang boima ba 'mele ka lijo tse matlafatsang, tse nang le khalori. (Setšoantšo (Figure1A) .1A). Mohlala o hlakileng oa phetoho ena ho boima ba 'mele bo sirellelitsoeng ke mokhoa oa ho ja lijo tse nang le takatso e matla ea lijo tse nang le phepo.). Leha ho belaelloa hore ho fumaneha ho eketsehang ha lijo tse matlafatsang haholo, tse nang le mafura a mangata haholo ke hona ho ikarabellang bakeng sa seoa sa ho nona hona joale, ho thata le ho feta ho paka, ka lebaka la mathata a ho laola matla a maemo le tikoloho ho batho ka nako e telele. nako kamoo ho ka khonehang mehlaleng ea liphoofolo. Pono e amoheloang ka bongata ke hore ho batho ba ts'oaroang ke liphatsa tsa lefutso, tikoloho ea lijo tsa obesogenic e khona ho theha ntlha e ncha, e phahameng ea boima ba 'mele e sirelelitsoeng ka mokhoa o ts'oanang khahlanong le ho itima lijo ka ho qobelloa le ho nona ka ho feteletseng joaloka ho batho ba tloaelehileng ba boima (). Ka hona, e 'ngoe ea lintlha tsa bohlokoa ho utloisisa melao ea boima ba' mele ke tlhaloso ea methapo bakeng sa phetoho ena ho boima ba 'mele bo sirelelitsoeng. Ke mekhoa efe ea neural e lumellang ho fumaneha le lijo tse matlafatsang tsa lijo tse matla ho hlola tsamaiso ea mantlha ea ts'ireletso ea lapeng? Ho utloisisa mekhoa ena ho ka lebisa ho nts'etsopele ea lithethefatsi tse ikhethang kapa ts'ebetso ea boitšoaro ho loants'a botenya.

Setšoantšo sa 1 

Semiatic setšoantšo sa (A) dichotomy le (B) meetso e kopanyang ea homeostatic le taolo ea hedonic ea lijo le taolo ea boima ba 'mele. Ka mohlala oa dichotomy, mekhoa ea homeostatic le hedonic e ikemetse haholo. Ka har'a karolo ...

Hedonic Processing ke Karolo e Kopaneng ea Sisteme ea Homeostatic Regulatory

Maikutlo a hore li-circular tsa hedonic le homeostatic ha li likarolo tse arohaneng empa ke karolo ea ts'ebetso e ts'oanang ea taolo e ntse e eketseha ka potlako. Sena se ipapisitse le bopaki ba ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo ha libaka tsa boko tsa corticolimbic ka matšoao a nahanang, le a hypothalamus ka matšoao a tsoang ntle le litlatsetso tsa bona tsa kelello le maikutlo (Setšoantšo. (Figure11B).

Phallo e Phahameng ea Corticolimbic Circuits of Cognition and Motivation ke Matšoao a Khethollang a Ho Fumaneha ha Nutrient

Taolo e ka tlase ea lits'ebetso tsa hedonic le temoho ka lipontšo tsa kahare hase temohisiso e ncha. Ka lebaka la bohlokoa ba bohlokoa ba limatlafatsi bakeng sa ho iphelisa, ke tšobotsi ea mantlha ea polelo ea tlala 'me e khutlela morao qalehong ea kholo ea ts'ebetso ea methapo. Ka ho khetheha, naha e lapileng e tšoauoa ka tšusumetso e eketsehileng ea ts'usumetso ea sesapo (mochine oo ntho ea sepheo e kang lijo o se o se lakatsa haholo ebile o e batla - semelo sa boits'oaro), se bonahatsoang ke ts'ebetso ea methapo ea ts'ebetso ea mesolimbic dopamine system (-). Ntho e ncha ke eng, ke tse ling tsa melaetsa le mekhoa ea neural e bonts'itsoeng ho nka karolo. Mohlala, hona joale ho hlakile hore e mong oa batsamaisi ba lapeng ba hlahelletseng ka ho fetisisa ba boima ba 'mele - leptin - modulates takatso ea lijo ka ho sebetsa eseng feela ho hypothalamus empa hape le likarolo tsa mesolimbic dopamine system (-) le ts'ebetsong ea kutlo le likhopolo tsa maiketsetso (-). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, lipontšo tse ling tse ngata tsa kahare tsa phepelo ea phepo, joalo ka ghrelin, intestinal GLP-1 le PYY, le insulin, hammoho le tsoekere le mafura, le tsona li sebetsa ka likarolo tsa corticolimbic tse kenyelletsang likarolo tsa kelello le tse putsa tsa taolo ea lijo (-). Litlamorao mesebetsing ea kutloisiso ea lihormone tsena lia khahla molemong oa lithuto tsa batho tse bonts'ang ho senyeha hoa ts'ebetso ea kelello le ea metabolic ho bakuli ba batenya haholo.-). Le ha khokahano e tloaelehileng e e-so tsejoe, maikutlo a ka pele a hlahisa hore dysbiosis e bakoang ke tšebelisano pakeng tsa phepo e nepahetseng, 'mele oa mafu a tsoang ka mpeng, le tsamaiso ea' mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung e nang le liphetoho tse ileng tsa etsahala ka nako ea ho saena ka bokong le bokong ba tšireletso ea mali le bokong li bohlokoa (-).

Phetoho e holimo-tlase ea "Classical Hypothalamic Regulator" ka Sensory, Cognitive, and Signavational Signals

Mokhanni e mong oa pono ena e kopantsoeng ke leseli le lecha mabapi le ho fetoloa ka mokhoa o hlakileng oa li-circular tsa homeostatic ka ho li hlokomela le ho tsepamisa maikutlo maikutlong a corticolimbic (). Takatso ea lijo tse matlafatsoang ke moea oa cue tse khothalletsoang ke moea oa mantlha, ho nahanoa hore ke sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa sa ho nona batho ho feta tikolohong ea obesogenic (, ) mme o ithutile ka litoeba nako e telele (). Tse ling tsa litsela tse amehang ts'ebetsong ena ea lijo tse itšetlehileng ka kelello li bontšitsoe ka har'a ratoa ka ho bonts'a ho itšetleha ka li-amygdala le preortal cortex-to-lateral hypothalamus (, ). Haufinyane tjena ho ile ha hlahisoa bopaki ba phetisetso ea li-neuron tsa AGRP tse kaholimo ho tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo. Li-neuron tsena tse matla li 'nile tsa nahanoa hore li laoloa haholo ke lihormone tse potileng le li-metabolites maemong a batlang a lieha ho phahama le ho putlama ha feshene ho tšoana le linaha tse potlakileng le tse fepehileng. Re sebelisa theknoloji ea mehleng ea kajeno e amanang le "neuron", ho ile ha bonts'oa hore ts'ebetso ea li-neuron tsa AGRP e boetse e laoloa ka nako ea bobeli le ea bobeli ka tebello ea boemo ba lijo tse kenang (, ). Tekanyo ena e matla ea kantle ea kelello le taolo ea kelello ea AGRP ea ho thunya ha neuron e kanna ea phethoa ka ho kenella ka kotlolloho kapa ka kotlolloho ho tsoa libakeng tse 'maloa tsa cortical le subcortical joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ke "neuron" e itseng ea morao-rao ea patala ea viral.).

Taolo ea Ts'ebetso ea Lijo le Taolo ea Matla Balance e Nts'oa Pele

Ho totobetse hore classical hypothalamic neural circry e ikarabellang bakeng sa taolo ea homeostatic ea tekanyo ea matla le boima ba 'mele, e ts'oanang le taolo ea homeostatic ea mesebetsi e meng ea' mele, joalo ka glucose ea mali kapa khatello ea mali, e sebetsa haholo ho feta tlhokomeliso, maemong a sa tsebeng. Ntle le moo ho tšohliloeng kaholimo, mochine o khothalletsang tšusumetso ea matla a ho fokolisa matšoao a bontšang ho theoha ha matla joaloka "leptin drive e tlase" e batlang "ka mesolimbic dopamine system (, , ) e sebetsa haholo ntle le tlhokomeliso e bonts'itsoeng liphuputsong tsa batho tsa neuroimaging (-). Le ha ho e-na le tlala ea metabolic le matšoao a amanang le ho susumetsa a maiketsetso, ho lemoha temoso ha ho bonahale ho hlokahala. Sena se bontšitsoe ho likhoto tse nang le tšebeliso ea lijo tse matlafatsoang ke cue, ). Ntle le moo, boko ba motho bo ka ithuta boleng ba moputso oa chelete mme ba bo sebelisa bakeng sa ho etsa liqeto ba sa tsebe hore na ho latela lintlha life (). Leha ho etsa liqeto tse nepahetseng ho hloka boitaolo, bo bontšitsoeng ka cortex ea dorsolateral pele., ), phetoho ea ts'ebetso ea boits'ebetso e khannoang ke moputso ha e tlas'a taolo e tlamang ea sebaka sena sa boko mme hangata e hatella bolokolohi ba ho etsa (). Kamora nako, ts'ebetso ea neural libakeng tse itseng tsa boko e ka etsahala hangata ka nako e telele pele batho ba tseba ka qeto ea bona (, ), ho fana ka maikutlo a hore boholo ba lits'ebetso tse lebisang qeto li etsahala boemong ba ho se tsebe.

Boitšoaro bo kenang kahare ho batho le litoeba bo bonahala bo hanyetsa taolo ea kelello ha e le ntho e etsahalang haholo (, ). Tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng, tlhaiso-leseling mabapi le liphetho e ka bang teng e bohlokoa bakeng sa liketso tse tataisoang ke sepheo tse etsang hore liketso tse joalo li ananele tlolo ea moruo. Leha ho le joalo, boits'oaro bo tloaelo ha bo sa itšetleha ka tebello ea moputso o ithutileng mme ka hona ha e na taba le mekhoa ea ho theola moputso (, ). Li-circuits tsa neural tse tsamaisang boitšoaro bo sa tloaelehang li hlophisitsoe ka tsela e fapaneng ho feta ea mekhoa e tloahelehileng kapa e itlhomphang. Boitšoaro bo seng tloaelo bo itšetleha haholo ka li-ventral striatum (li-nucleus accumbens) le "cortex" ea boits'oaro, athe boits'oaro bo tloaetse ho feta dorsolateral striatum (, ). Mekhoa ea ho boloka memori le mekhoa ea ho hopola e boetse e fapane bakeng sa liketso le boits'oaro bo sa tloaelehang. Ho fapana le likhopolo tse nyenyefatsang tse hlokang ho ba le kelello, likhopolo tsa ts'ebetso li sebetsa haholo tlasa maemo a tlhokomeliso le polokelo e fetisoang haholoanyane (-). Ka lebaka leo, lits'ebetso tsa ho hopola lintho le boitšoaro bo sa tloaelehang tseo ba li tataisang li hanana le taolo ea kelello e thibelang kelello le mesebetsi e metle.

fihlela qeto e

Mefuta ea liphoofolo ke ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho khetholla mekhoa e rarahaneng e bakang botenya. Kaha ho na le bongata bo bongata ba liphatsa tsa lefutso tse amanang le botenya ba motho li amahanngoa le mesebetsi ea neural (), ha ho makatse hore ebe taolo ea neural ea takatso ea lijo le taolo ea tekanyetso ea matla ke karolo ea mantlha ea methati ena. Le ha ts'ebetso e sebetsang ho batho e ntse e qala ho etsa liphallelo tsa bohlokoa, ke mekhoa feela e kenang e kenang litlamong e atlehileng ho fana ka litlhaloso tsa mochini. Ka lebaka leo, dichotomy ea setso lipakeng tsa mekhoa ea homeostatic le eo e seng ea homeostatic / hedonic e ikarabellang bakeng sa taolo ea takatso ea lijo le taolo ea boima ba 'mele, leha e le hore heuristically e ntse e sebetsa, ha e sa hlalosa ka botlalo litšebelisano tse tebileng tsa anatomical le tšebetso pakeng tsa litsamaiso tsena tse peli. Ntle le moo, boholo ba tlhahiso ea sesebelisoa sena se seholo se sebetsang se fetisa tlhokomeliso. Litlamorao tsa leseli lena le lecha li fihla hole hobane li ke ke tsa tataisa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang feela empa le moralo oa litlhare tsa bongaka le boits'oaro bakeng sa botena le mathata a ho ja.

Menehelo ea Mongoli

HM le CM ba thusitse ho utloisisa mohopolo, ho bala lingoliloeng, ho ngola likarolo tsa buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho le ho hlophisa mofuta oa letsoho la pele ho sepheo. EQ-C le SY li ne li kentse letsoho lipuisanong tsa mohopolo oa mantlha, ho hlahloba likarolo tsa lingoliloeng, ho ngola likarolo tsa letsoho le ho hlophisa buka e ngotsoeng pele ho eona. H-RB o ile a fumana mohopolo oa mantlha bakeng sa maikutlo, a tšohla litokomane tse 'maloa tse ngotsoeng ka letsoho le batho bohle, a etsa lipatlisiso ka lingoliloeng,' me a ngola mongolo oa ho qetela.

Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso

Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.

dithuso tsa ditjhelete

Mosebetsi ona o tšehelitsoe ke National Institutes of Health Aid DK047348 (H-RB), DK092587 (HM), le DK081563 (CM).

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