(L) Khopolo ea hore boikoetliso bo bohlokoa ho feta ho ja ho loantšang botenya e 'nile ea hanyetsoa ke lipatlisiso tse ncha. (2012)

Ntlha ea ho bokella tlala

E ngotsoe ke Helen Briggs News ea BBC. 25 Julayi 2012 

Ba Hadza ba phela joaloka setsomi se bokellaneng se fetohileng hanyane lilemong tsa 10,000

Mohopolo oa hore boikoetliso ke ba bohlokoa ho feta lijo ho loants'a botenya o hanyetsitsoe ke lipatlisiso tse ncha.

Phuputso ea leloko la Hadza, e ntseng e le teng ha e le babuni ba litsomi, e fana ka maikutlo a hore na boholo ba likhalori tseo re li hlokang ke tšobotsi e tsitsitseng ea motho.

Bo-rasaense ba re sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba Bophirimela ba eketseha ka lebaka la ho ja ho feta tekano ho e-na le ho phela ka tsela e sa sebetseng.

E mong ho batho ba 10 o tla ba motenya ka 2015.

'Me, hoo e ka bang a le mong ho ba bararo ba baahi ba lefatše ka bophara o lebelletsoe ho ba motenya, ho ea ka lipalo tse tsoang Mokhatlong oa Lefatše oa Bophelo.

Mokhoa oa bophelo oa Bophirimela o nahanoa hore ke ona o bakang "seoa" sa botenya haholo.

"Ts'ebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea matla e kanna ea ba tšobotsi e iphetotseng e bileng teng ka lebaka la ho iphetola ha lintho 'me e atile har'a batho bohle eseng ponahatso e bonolo ea mekhoa ea rona ea bophelo"

Ho ameha lintho tse ngata, ho kenyelletsa lijo tse halikiloeng ka tsoekere le mafura, boholo bo boholo ba likarolo le bophelo ba ho lula fatše moo likoloi le mechine li etsang mosebetsi o mongata oa letsatsi le letsatsi.

Leha ho le joalo, ke phehisano e lekantsoeng ea ho ja ho feta tekano mabapi le ho se ikoetlise.

Litsebi tse ling li hlahisitse hore tlhoko ea rona ea lik'halori e theohile haholo ho tloha phetohong ea indasteri, 'me sena ke sesosa se seholo sa ho nona ho feta liphetoho tsa lijo.

Phuputso e phatlalalitsoeng koranteng ea PLoS ONE e ile ea leka taba eo, ka ho sheba tšebeliso ea matla molokong oa Hadza oa Tanzania.

Batho ba Hadza, ba ntseng ba phela e le babokelli ba litsomi, ba ne ba sebelisoa e le mohlala oa mokhoa oa khale oa batho.

Litho tsa baahi ba sekete ba tsomang liphoofolo le furu ea monokotšoai, metso le litholoana ka maoto, ba sebelisa liqha, lilepe tse nyane le lithupa tsa ho cheka. Ha ba sebelise lisebelisoa tsa sejoale-joale kapa lithunya.

Mekhoa e mengata ea bophelo

Sehlopha sa bo-rasaense ba tsoang US, Tanzania le UK, se lekantse tšebeliso ea matla ho 30 Hadza banna le basali ba lilemo li pakeng tsa 18 le 75.

Ba fumane maemo a ho ikoetlisa a phahame haholo ho banna le basali ba Hadza, empa ha ba khalemeloa ka boholo le boima, tekanyo ea bona ea metabolic e ne e sa tšoane le ea Bophirimela.

Ngaka Herman Pontzer oa lefapha la anthropology k'holejeng ea Hunter, New York, o re motho e mong le e mong o nahanne hore barekisi ba litsomi ba tla chesa likhalori tse makholo ka letsatsi ho feta batho ba baholo ba US le Europe.

Boitsebiso bo ile ba makatsa, a re, bo hlakisa mathata a ts'ebeliso ea matla.

Empa o hatelletse hore boikoetliso ke ba bohlokoa haholo ho boloka bophelo bo botle.

"Sena ho nna se re lebaka le leholo la hore batho ba Bophirimela ba nona ke hobane re ja haholo - ha se hobane re ikoetlisa hanyane," ho boletse Ngaka Pontzer.

“Ho ba mafolofolo ho bohlokoa haholo bophelong ba hau empa ho ke ke ha u boloka u le mosesaane - re hloka ho ja hanyane ho etsa joalo.

Ts'ebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea matla e kanna ea ba tšobotsi e iphetotseng e bileng teng ka lebaka la ho iphetola ha lintho ebile e atile har'a batho bohle eseng mohlala o mong feela oa mekhoa ea rona ea bophelo e fapaneng. "


PHAPUSI EA HO BALA

Hunter-Gatherer Matla le Boima ba Batho.

Herman Pontzer, David A. Raichlen, Brian M. Wood, Audax ZP Mabulla, Susan B. Racette, Frank W. Marlowe. 

PLoS ONE, 2012; 7 (7): e40503 DOI: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0040503

inahaneloang Top

Mekhoa ea bophelo ea Bophirimela e fapana haholo le ea baholo-holo ba rona ba litsomi, mme liphapang tsena maemong a lijo le a ts'ebetso li atisoa haholo ke seoa sa lefats'e sa botenya. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le lintlha tse fokolang tsa 'mele bakeng sa litsomi tse tsomang ho leka liteko tsena tsa botenya. Thutong ena, re sebelisitse mokhoa oa metsi o ngotsoeng ka makhetlo a mabeli ho lekanya litšenyehelo tsa matla a letsatsi le letsatsi (kCal / ka letsatsi) ho ba ts'oereng litsotsi tsa Hadza ho lekola hore na bakotuli ba sebelisa matla a mangata letsatsi le leng le le leng ho feta balekane ba bona ba Bophirimela. Joalo ka ha ho lebelletsoe, PAL level, e ne e le kholo haholo ho lifofane tsa Hiza ho feta har'a Bophirimela. Leha ho le joalo, litšenyehelo tsa matla a letsatsi le letsatsi tsa li-mothetsi oa Hadza oa setso li ne li sa tšoane le tsa batho ba Bophirimela ka mor'a ho laola boholo ba 'mele. Litsenyehelo tsa metabolic tsa ho tsamaea (kcal kg-1 m-1) le ho phomola (kcal kg-1 s-1) le tsona li ne li tšoana hara Hadza le lihlopha tsa Bophirimela. Ho ts'oana ha litekanyetso tsa metabolic ho pholletsa le litso tse fapaneng ho phephetsa mehlala ea hona joale ea botena bo fanang ka maikutlo a hore mekhoa ea bophelo ea Bophirimela e lebisa ho tšebeliso ea matla. Re nahana hore tšebeliso ea matla a motho ea letsatsi le letsatsi e ka ba tšobotsi e ntlafalitsoeng ea 'mele e ikemetseng e sa ikemetseng lipakeng tsa setso.

Selelekela Top

Ka 2015, hoo e batlang e le motho a le mong ho ba bararo lefatšeng ka bophara o na le boima ba 'mele,' me a le mong ho ba leshome o lebelletsoe hore a be motenya [1]. Likotsi tsa bophelo ba mosebeletsi tsa ho ba le motenya haholo kapa ho batenya, ho kenyeletsa lefu la tsoekere la Type 2, lefu la pelo le methapo e itseng ea kankere li tsebahala. [1]. Sesosa se ka sehloohong sa phaello ea boima ba 'mele ke ho se lekane ka matla, ka tšebeliso ea matla a lijo (kCal / ka letsatsi) tšebeliso e matla ea matla (kCal / ka letsatsi), empa lisosa tsa sechaba tsa seoa sa botenya ba lefats'e li lula e le sepheo sa ngangisano [1]-[7]. Ka kakaretso, ketsahalo ea ho nona e ntseng e eketseha e nahanoa hore e bakoa ke bophelo ba hona joale ba Bophirimela, moo maemo a ts'ebetso le lijo li khelohang haholo ho tsoa maemong ao 'mele ea rona ea' mele e ileng ea fetoha ka nakoana [2]-[6]. Ba bang ba fana ka maikutlo a hore menyetla ea sejoale-joale e sebelisang mokhoa oa sejoale-joale e lebisa ho fokotseng ts'ebetso ea 'mele le tšebeliso e tlase ea matla mafapheng a tsoetseng pele [1]-[3]. Ba bang ba nahana hore phetoho mokhoeng oa ho ja le ho ja matla o na le boikarabello, ba supa keketseho ea morao-rao ea lijo tse matla tse nang le mafura, haholo-holo lijo tse halikiloeng tse nang le mafura a mangata le tsoekere tse ling tse ka nyenyefatsang tšebeliso ea matla le ho eketsa takatso ea lijo le maemo [4]-[7].

Ho lekola hore na ke likarolo life tsa bophelo ba Bophirimela tse amohelang mefuta ea rona mme e beha kotsi e kholo ea botenya e thatafatsoa ke datha tse loantsanang le tse fokolang tsa lijo le metabolism bathong bao e seng ba Bophirimela. Mohlala, leha lijo tsa Bophirimela li hlile li na le tsoekere e ngata hape li le mafura ho feta lijo tse "setso" le lijo tse hlaha [4], [8], [9], ka linako tse ling litsomi li tsoma karolo e kholo ea likhalori tsa tsona tsa ka mehla joaloka mahe a linotsi [10], [11] (Setšoantšo sa S2), e nang le likhahla tse ngata tsa tsoekere le fructose [12]. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, le ha maemo a ts'ebetso e phahameng a tlalehiloe libakeng tse ling tsa temo ea ho iphelisa [13]-[15], tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea meta ea batho ba fapaneng ba 98 lefatšeng ka bophara ha ea ka ea ba le phello ea nts'etsopele ea sechaba le sechaba - index e mpe ea mechanization le ja - ts'ebeliso ea matla a letsatsi le letsatsi kapa boemo ba ts'ebetso [16]. Haholo, litekanyetso tsa metabolic li haella bakeng sa mekhatlo ea litsomi, eo ho ja le mokhoa oa eona oa bophelo e fanang ka mehlala e metle bakeng sa lithuto tsa thuto ea ho iphetola ha batho. [10].

Thutong ena, re ile ra hlahloba litšenyehelo tsa matla a letsatsi le letsatsi le tšebetso ea 'mele ho bahahlauli ba Hadza ho lekola khopolo ea hore litsomi li sebelisa matla a mangata letsatsi le letsatsi ho feta lithuto tsa moruo le tsa temo. Ba Hadza ke bongata ba batho ba tsomang litsotsi ba lulang tikolohong e nang le lehong e savannah ho la Tanzania Leboea; Mokhoa oa bona oa bophelo ba ho qala bophelo ba setso o tlalehiloe haholo mosebetsing o fetileng [17]. Le ha ho se na baahi ba phelang e le mohlala o phethahetseng oa mefuta ea rona ea nako e fetileng, mokhoa oa bophelo oa Hadza o ts'oana ka litsela tse mahlonoko ho ba baholo-holo ba rona ba Pleistocene. Ba ha Hadza ba tsoma le ho bokella ka maoto ka liqha, lilepe tse nyane le lithupa, ntle le thuso ea lisebelisoa kapa lisebelisoa tsa sejoale (mohlala, ha ho likoloi kapa lithunya). Joalo ka mekhatlong e meng e mengata e meholo [10], ho na le karohano ea thobalano e lekang boiteko ba ho qala; Banna ba Hadza ba tsoma papali le ho bokella mahe a linotsi, athe basali ba Hadza ba bokella lijo tsa semela. Hangata likharebe tsa banna li telele ho feta tsa basali, joalo ka ha li bonts'a meelelo ea bona ea maeto a maeto a letsatsi le letsatsi (bona ka tlase). Hangata basali ba fula ka lihlopha, ha banna bona ba tloaetse ho tsoma ba le bang [17]. Joalokaha ho tloaelehile ho Hadza ea setso ea setso, ka holim'a 95% ea khalori ea bona nakong ea thuto ena e tsoa lijong tsa hlaha, ho kenyeletsoa li-tubers, monokotsoai, papali e kholo le e kholo, litholoana tsa baobab le mahe a linotsi [17] (Setšoantšo sa S2).

Re bapisitse tšebeliso ea matla le sebopeho sa 'mele har'a Hadza, re lekanya ho sebelisa mokhoa oa metsi o ngotsoeng ka makhetlo a mabeli [18], ho data tse tšoanang tse tsoang liphoofolong tse ling tse nkiloeng lithutong tse fetileng [19]-[26] le litekanyo tse ncha tsa batho ba baholo ba US (Mekhoa). Ka lebaka la bophelo ba bona ba setso, bo mafolofolo, re ne re lebelletse hore Hiza e be le mafura a fokolang a mmele ho feta batho ka bomong ba Bophirima. Ho feta moo, haeba mefuta ea hona joale ea botona bo nepahetse, ba Hadza, ka lijo tsa bona tsa tlhaho le tlhokahalo ea mechini, ba tlameha ho sebelisa matla a mangata ho feta batho ba lulang moruong oa 'marakeng ba nang le mekhoa ea boipheliso le lijo tse phetoang haholo tse nang le tsoekere.

Re boetse re lekanya sebaka sa ho tsamaea ka maoto letsatsi le leng le le leng (km / day) re sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa GPS tse ts'oaroang, le theko ea ho tsamaea (kCal kg-1 m-1) le sekhahla sa phomolo sa metabolic (RMR, kCal kg-1 s-1) sebelisa sistimi e nkehang ea ho phefumoloha (Sengoloa S1). Hobane ho ne ho sa khonehe ho lekanya tekanyo ea basal metabolic (BMR, kCal / letsatsi), re balile boemo ba tšebetso ea 'mele (PAL) joalo ka TEE / BMR e lekantsoeng (Mekhoa). Tumello ea setheo le tumello e nang le tsebo li fumanoe pele ho pokello ea data.

mekhoa Top

Lihlooho

Re lekantse litšenyehelo tsa matla a letsatsi le letsatsi (TEE, kCal / letsatsi) ka nako ea matsatsi a 11 ho batho ba baholo ba 30 Hadza (banna ba 13 ba lilemo tsa 18-65, 17 ea lilemo tsa basali 18-75; Sengoloa S1). Ho tsofala, boima ba 'mele, le lipalo-palo tse ling tsa baahi Lethathamo 1.

ponahalo e nyaneTafole 1. Libopeho tsa baahi, tšebeliso ea matla, le sebopeho sa 'mele.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0040503.t001

 

Boitšoaro ba Melao

Likamohelo tsa setheo, ho kenyelletsa le univesithi (Boto ea Tlhahlobo ea Setsi sa Thupelo ea Univesithi ea Washington) le mafapha 'ohle a hlokolosi a mmuso oa lehae (ho kenyeletsoa Setsi sa Naha sa Tanzania sa Patlisiso ea Bongaka le Khomishene ea Saense le Theknoloji), li fumanoe pele li etsa thuto ena. Lihlooho tsohle li fane ka tumello pele ba nka karolo. Tumello ea mantsoe ka nepo e ne e nkuoa e loketse ho latela maemo a tlase a ho bala ho Hadza, mme e ananetsoe ka kotloloho ke liunivesithi tsa IRB le mekhatlo ea Tanzania. Letsatsi la thuto ka 'ngoe le nako ea tumello, le mofuputsi ea fumanang tumello, li ngotsoe ho lintlha tsa lefapha la morero.

Ho lekanya TEE u sebelisa metsi a nang le lipelaelo

Kakaretso ea ts'ebeliso ea matla a letsatsi le letsatsi (TEE, kCal / letsatsi), e ne e lekantsoe ho sebelisoa mokhoa o bitsitsoeng oa metsi (DLW) ka mokhoa o hlalositsoeng ka botlalo libakeng tse ling [18]. Ka bokhutšoanyane, lithuto li ile tsa tsamaisoa ka tekanyetso ea molomo ea DLW (120 g; 10% H218O, 6% 2H2O); Lijana tsa lethaliti li ile tsa hlatsuoa ka metsi a botlolo makhetlo a mararo ho netefatsa hore tekanyetso eohle e felile. Pele ho dosing, 'me joale ho 12-24 hr, 4 d, 8 d, le 11 d kamora ho tsamaisoa ha lethal dose, mehlala ea moroto e ile ea bokelloa ka har'a likopi tsa polasetiki tse omileng, tse hloekileng, tsa fetisetsoa ho 2 ml cryovials (Sarstedt), e hoamisitsoeng ka nitrogen ea metsi ho tšimo ea matsatsi a 1-5, ebe e fetisetsoa foleteng ea −5 ° C bakeng sa polokelo ea nako e telele. Matsatsi a ho bokelloa ha moroto a ne a fapana bakeng sa lithuto tse ling ka lebaka la mathata a tlisoang ke thepa. Mehlala ea urine e ile ea hlahlojoa 18O mme 2H ngata ho Baylor College of Medicine sebelisa khase isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Mokhoa o thellisang oa letsopa o ne o sebelisetsoa ho lekanya libaka tsa ho hlapolla le boima ba mafura (FFM); Sekhahla sa tlhahiso ea khabone e ne e baloa ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa ho sesa habeli [18]. Tlhahiso ea Carbon dioxide e fetohile TEE [18] o sebelisa quotient ea ho phefumoloha (RQ) ea 0.85, o latela boleng ba RQ bo tlalehiloeng nakong ea litekanyo tsa RMR (Sengoloa S1).

Boemo ba ts'ebetso ea 'mele (PAL) bo ne bo baloa joalo ka TEE / BMR e hakantsoeng bakeng sa thuto e ngoe le e ngoe e latelang lithuto tse fetileng [13]-[16]. Ho hakanya BMR bakeng sa lithuto tsa Hadza, re kentse boima ba 'mele ka mong le bophahamo ho litekanyetso tse boletsoeng esale pele tsa kemiso e ntlafalitsoeng ka sampole e kholo (n = 10,552) ho tsoa lenaneong le pharalletseng la libaka le kenyelletsang baahi naheng e ka boroa ho Sahara [27].

Ho phomola Rate ea Metabolic le Litsenyehelo tsa ho Tsamaea

Litšenyehelo tsa matla nakong ea ho phomola le ho tsamaea li ne li lekantsoe ho sebelisoa sistimi e nkehang, e ts'oarang ea ho hema (cosmed, K4b2) e lekanyang tlhahiso ea carbon dioxide le ts'ebeliso ea oksijene ka tlhahlobo ea "phefumoloho ka moea". RMR e lekantsoe lithutong tsa 19 (basali ba 11, banna ba 8) ha ba ntse ba lutse ka khutso metsotso e 15-20 (Sengoloa S1). Litšenyehelo tsa ho tsamaea li ile tsa lekanngoa lithutong tsa 14 (basali ba 5, banna ba 9) nakong ea ho tsamaea ka maoto tseleng e tiisitsoeng e haufi le kampo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e mokatong o bataletseng (Sengoloa S1). Litsenyehelo tse tlase tsa thepa, COTle 'na (kCal kg-1 m-1), eo bakeng sa sehlooho se le seng ntle le e le 'ngoe e etsahetseng ka lebelo le fokolang haholo la ho tsamaea, e ne e kenyellelitsoe lithuto tse ngata. Boima COTle 'na bakeng sa sampole ea Hadza e ne e bapisoa le mehlala e lekantsoeng ho palo ea batho ba Bophirimela e hlahisitsoeng tlhahlobisong ea morao-rao ea litšenyehelo tsa ho tsamaea [28].

Ho hakanyetsa litšenyehelo tsa ho tsamaea letsatsi le leng le le leng (kCal / ka letsatsi) bakeng sa thuto e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, moelelo oa motho ka mong o bolela COTle 'na e ne e atisoa ke boima ba 'mele ea bona le sebaka sa ho tsamaea sa letsatsi le letsatsi. Bakeng sa ho lekanya sebaka sa maeto a letsatsi le letsatsi, lithuto tsa Hadza li ne li roala sesebelisoa se fokolang sa boemo ba lefats'e (GPS) (Garmin 301 Forerunner) nakong ea lihora tsa motšehare bakeng sa nako eohle ea bona ea tekanyo ea matsatsi a 11. Nako le nako, ho hloleha ha betri kapa litaba tse ling (mohlala, ho tima yuniti ka phoso) ho ne ho ka thibela sesebelisoa hore se se ke sa hapa letsatsi le felletseng la tlhaiso ea data. Ho netefatsa hore mehato e sa phethahalang ea ho tsamaea letsatsi le letsatsi ha e so lekanye litekanyetso tsa maeto ho ea tlase, mehato e ne e nkuoa feela ho emela letsatsi le felletseng la ho tsamaea haeba sesebelisoa sa GPS se hapile 10 kapa lihora tse eketsehileng ka letsatsi leo; Rekoto tse sa phethahalang li ile tsa qheleloa ka thoko ho hlahlobisiso e ileng ea latela.

Lintlha tse bapisoang

Re bapisitse Hadza le baahi ba bang ba sebelisa litekanyetso tse peli tsa sekaseka, e 'ngoe e neng e lekola phapang ho TEE har'a batho ka bomong, le e 'ngoe e ileng ea hlahloba phapang e bolelang TEE har'a batho ba bangata. Bakeng sa litlhahlobo tsa TEE har'a batho ka bomong, datha ho TEE e ile ea bokelloa ho tsoa lithutong tse fetileng tsa DLW [16], [19]-[26] le ho tsoa mehatong e ncha ea TEE ho batho ba baholo ba US (n = 68). Bakeng sa mehato e mecha, TEE e ile ea hlahlojoa lithutong tsa batho ba sa pheleng nakong ea libeke tsa 2-beke e sebelisa mokhoa oa DLW [18]. Lithuto li ngolisitsoe lipatlisisong tse fapaneng tse kenyelletsang ts'ebetso ea lijo le / kapa boikoetliso, empa ke data feela ea ho kenella pele ho nako nakong ea botsitso ba boima e kenyelelitsoeng tlhahlobisong ea hajoale. Lintlha tse ling tsa TEE li nkuoe ho boleng bo phatlalalitsoeng bakeng sa lithuto ka bomong linaheng tsa Bophirima (US le Europe) [19]-[26]; mona hape, ho kenyellelitsoe tlhaiso-leseling pele kapa tlhaiso-leseling ea sehlopha. Lintlha tse ling tsa papiso li nkuoe ho moruo o seng oa bophirimela [29], [30] le bongata ba balemi ba iphelisa ka temo holima alteplano ea Bolivia [13], [31]. Boholo ba lithuto (n = 221) tse tsoang liphatlalatsong tsa bapiso li ne li lekantse data ea BMR hape e re thusa ho bala PAL joalo ka TEE / BMR. Batho ka bomong ba ne ba hlophisitsoe ka mekhoa ea boipheliso kapa moruo bakeng sa bohlahlobisiso: "setsomi" se kenyeletsa lithuto tsa Hadza feela, "Bophirimela" bo kenyeletsa batho ba lulang Europe kapa US, "mmaraka" o kenyeletsa batho ba Bophirimela le batho ba bang ba lulang libakeng tsa moruo tse seng tsa bophirimela. (mohlala, Siberia), le "temo" li kenyeletsa balemi ba Bolivia [13], [31].

Bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea maemo a palo ea baahi, re bapisitse mofuta oa TEE bakeng sa banna le basali ba Hadza ho tsoa ho batho ba bong bo le bong ho tsoa tlhahlobisong ea morao-rao ea TEE har'a sampole ea lefats'e ea batho ba bangata e kenyelletseng lihlopha tsa 198 tsa batho ba bong bo le bong tse emelang lithuto tsa 4,972 [16]. Baahi ba ne ba nkuoa e le “setsomi” (ke hore, Hadza), “moruo oa mebaraka” kapa “temo” ho latela litlhaloso tsa batho ka bomong ba lingoliloeng tsa mantlha. Baahi ba polasi ba anngoeng ba ne ba le Nigeria, Gambia le Bolivia (hlokomela hore ke mekhoa ea cohort feela e fumanehang bakeng sa lihoai tsa Nigerian le tsa Gambian kahoo lipalo tsena ha li kenyelelitsoe tlhahlobisong ea motho ka mong). FFM e ne e sa fumanehe bakeng sa baahi ba bangata ka hona boima ba 'mele kaofela bo ne bo sebelisoa e le index ea boholo ba' mele. Ka lebaka leo, thobalano le lilemo e ne e le baetapele ba bohlokoa ba TEE litlhahlobisong tsena (Letlapa la S1) hobane liphesente tse mafura a mmele ka bobeli.

Lipatlisiso tsa Statistical

TEKO, boima ba 'mele, le FFM li ne li le tsamaee10 e fetotsoe pele ho tlhahlobo (JMP ®); Bohlokoa ba bohlokoa ba tlhahlobo eohle e ne e le p = 0.05. Re lekile liphapang tsa TEE le PAL lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa mekhoa ea bophelo ha re ntse re laola FFM, lilemo, le lintho tse ling tse fapaneng re sebelisa li-modelling tse akaretsang tsa mochini (GLM), mokhoa o khothaletsoang ke Tschop le basebetsi mmoho [32]. Har'a sampole e kholo ea Bophirimela (n = 239), tlhahlobo ea homogeneity ea matsoapo e senotse hore banna le basali ba fapane kamanong pakeng tsa FFM le TEE (F (238) = 2.68, p <0.001). Ho sosobana ha matsoapo ho tlola mehopolo ea ANCOVA le lipapiso tse ling tsa GLM, ka hona banna le basali ba ile ba bapisoa ka thoko litlhahlobong tse ngata tsa TEE. Liteko tsa homogeneity ea matsoapo li senotse hore matsoapo a ne a tšoana le basali ba Bophirimela le ba Hadza (F (201) = 0.36, p = 0.55) le hara banna ba Bophirima le ba Hadza (F (64) = 0.77, p = 0.38). Ho sekaseka banna le basali ka thoko ha ho ame mokhoa oa papiso ea baahi; liphetho tsa litlhahlobo tsa thobalano e kopaneng li ne li ts'oana (bona ka tlase).

Mokhoa o ts'oanang o ne o sebelisetsoa ho bapisa mekhoa ea baahi. Teko ea homogeneity ea matsoapo e senotse matsoapo a ts'oanang lipakeng tsa TEE le boima ba 'mele ho lihlopha tsa banna le tsa basali (F (162) = 0.10, p = 0.75). TEE ho banna e ne e le kholo haholo ho feta palo ea basali kamora ho laola boima ba 'mele (F (162) = 86.75, p <0.001, ANCOVA), mohlomong ka lebaka la liperesente tse ngata tsa mafura a mmele ho basali.

Results Top

Hadza e ne e le motho ea mahlahahlaha ebile a le mahlahahlaha, 'me liperesente tsa mafura a' mele li ne li le pheletsong e tlase ea maemo a phetseng hantle bakeng sa baahi ba Bophirimela [33] (Lethathamo 1). Tee har'a batho ba baholo ba Hadza e ne e amana haholo le boholo ba 'mele, haholo-holo mafura a seng boima (FFM) (r2 = 0.66, = 30, p <0.001; Letlapa la S1). Ha ho bapisoa multivariate ho laola boima, bolelele, bong le lilemo, liperesente tsa mafura a 'mele bakeng sa batho ba baholo ba Hadza li ne li le tlase ho feta batho ba tsoang Bophirimela (US le Europe) baahi (F (228) = 22.72, p <0.001). Liphesente tsa mafura a 'mele, TEE, le litšobotsi tse ling tsa baahi li thathamisitsoe ho Lethathamo 1.

Ho fapana le litebello, mehato ea TEE har'a batho ba baholo ba Hadza e ne e tšoana le ea batho ba Bophirima (US le Europe). Papisong ea multivariate ea taolo ea taolo ea TEE bakeng sa FFM le lilemo, ts'ebeliso ea matla a basali ba Hadza e ne e tšoana le ea basali ba Bophirimela (n = 186) le Hadza banna'sEE e ne e tšoana le banna ba Bophirimela (n = 53); Mokhoa oa bophelo o ne o sena tšusumetso ho TEE (basali: F (139) = 0.18, p = 0.67; banna: F (49) = 0.17, p = 0.68) (Feie. 1, Letlapa la S1). Liphetho li ne li sa fetohe ha Hadza a bapisoa le batho bohle ba moruo, kapa ha boima ba 'mele bo nkeloa sebaka ke FFM (Letlapa la S1), kapa ha likamano tsa botona le botšehali li kopantsoe bakeng sa ho hlahlojoa (mokhoa oa bophelo: F (189) = 0.25, p = 0.62). Ho kenyelletsa boima ba mafura joalo ka mokhoa o ikemetseng o fetohileng ka mokhoa o ikhethileng o ntlafalitse mokhoa oa mefuta ea li-multivariate bakeng sa TEE empa ha oa ka oa ama mohlala oa sephetho (Letlapa la S1). Ho ba sieo ha liphapang tsa bohlokoa ha ho bonahale ho hlaha ka lebaka la mehlala e menyenyane ea Hadza. Tlhahlobo ea matla e bonts'itse hore mehlala ea sampole e ne e lekane ho bona phapang ea 4.2% ho bolelang TEE (Hadza vs. Western, α = 0.05) ka papiso lipakeng tsa basali (matla 97%) le 7.6% phapang har'a banna (matla 93%).

ponahalo e nyaneSetšoantšo sa 1. Papiso ea motho ka mong ea TEE le FFM.

Litsenyehelo tsa matla bakeng sa litsomi tsa Hiza setsomi (mekoloko e khubelu) li ne li ts'oana le tsa Bophirimela (bohlooho) [19]-[26]). Balemi ba basali ba Bolivia (lipotoloho tse bulehileng tse putsoa [13], [31]) o ne a na le TEE e phahameng ho feta Hadza kapa basali ba Bophirimela. Lits'oants'o ke libaka tse tloaelehileng tsa likhetla ka banna ba Bophirimela (mola o tiileng) le basali ba Bophirimela (mola o theotsoeng).

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0040503.g001

 

Ho tšoana ho TEE pakeng tsa Hadza le baahi ba bang ho ile ha totobala hape ha ho bapisoa mekhoa ea baahi. Tlhahlobisong e hlahisang likamano tsa botona le botšehali, lilemo, le boima ba 'mele, TEE har'a ba ts'oanang le litsotsi tsa Hadza ha ea fapana (t (155) = −0.35, p = 0.73) ho tsoa ho baahi ba maemong a moruo a marakeng (Feie. 2, Letlapa la S1). Ke baahi ba temo feela ba neng ba na le TEE e kholo ho feta e boletsoeng ka boholo ba 'mele ea bona. Ha ho bapisoa le lithuto tse ikhethang, lihoai tsa Bolivia [13] ba ne ba e-na le TEE e phahameng ho feta basali ba Bophirimela le ba Hadza (p <0.001 papiso ka bobeli, Lethathamo 1), le lihlopha tsa temo (n = 3) li ne li na le TEE e kholo ho bapisoa ha batho (t = 2.76, p = 0.006, Letlapa la S1) (Feie. 1, 2).

ponahalo e nyaneSetšoantšo sa 2. Papiso ea palo ea batho ea TEE.

Litsenyehelo tsa matla har'a ba ts'oanang le litsotsi tsa Hadza (mekoloko e khubelu) li ne li ts'oana le palo ea batho ba bangata moruong; Baahi ba temo ea ho iphelisa (Nigeria, Gambia, Bolivia; li-circuits tse putsoa) ba ne ba le TEE e phahameng ho feta lihlopha tse ling. Lintlha tsohle tse seng tsa Hadza ho tloha [16] (Sengoloa S1). Letšoao ka leng ke palo ea batho ba bong bo le bong e bolelang; Mekhoa ea banna le basali e reriloe ka thoko bakeng sa lithuto tsa batho ba bong bo fapaneng. Litsela tse tloaelehileng tsa mekotla e bontšoa bakeng sa banna bohle (masakana a tlatsitsoeng, mohala o tiileng) le basali bohle (masakana a bulehileng, mola o senyehileng). Ha ba ne ba laola boima ba 'mele, banna ba ne ba e-na le TEE e phahameng ho feta basali (F (162) = 86.75, p <0.001).

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0040503.g002

 

Litekanyo tsa mesebetsi ea mmele e hakantsoeng (PAL, e baloang joalo ka TEE / BMR e hakantsoeng), li khothaletsa hore batho ba baholo ba Hadza ba sebelise karolo e nyane ea TEE ho BMR ho feta Bophirimela. Banna ba Hadza ba ne ba na le PAL e lekantsoeng ea 2.26 X 0.48, e kholo haholo ho feta e bonoang ke PAL ho banna ba Bophirimela (n = 31, PAL = 1.81 ± 0.21) (F (43) = 13.07, p = 0.001), ha ho hakanyetsoa PAL ea basali ba Hadza ( 1.78 ± 0.30) e ne e phahame hanyane ho feta ea basali ba Bophirimela (n = 145, PAL = 1.68 ± 0.22) (F (162) = 3.80, p = 0.05) ha e laoloa ka lilemo (Letlapa la S1). Ho hatella TEE ho BMR e hakantsoeng ho fana ka maikutlo a hore liphapang tsa sehlopha ho PAL li ne li amana le phapang ea boholo ba 'mele, kaha ba Hadza ba nyane haholo ho feta balekane ba bona ba Bophirimela (Lethathamo 1). Tlhahlobisong ea multivariate e laolang lilemo le thobalano, kamano e pakeng tsa TEE le BMR e hakantsoeng e ne e sa fapana lipakeng tsa Hadza le lithuto tsa Bophirimela (F (239) = 0.73, p = 0.39) (Setšoantšo sa S3). Leha ho le joalo, hobane TEE e hokahane le BMR e hakantsoeng le letsoapo <1.0, PAL (karolelano ea TEE / BMR) e tloaetse ho ba kholo ho batho ba banyane; sena se bonahala ka ho khetheha har'a banna sampoleng ea rona (Setšoantšo sa S3).

Maeto a letsatsi le letsatsi a basali ba Hadza (bolelele ba 5.8, std. ho bokella mekhatlo [10]. Leha ho le joalo, phapang e fapaneng le e 'ngoe ea bohole ba ho tsamaea letsatsi ka leng ha e hlalose phapang ho TEE. Khakanyo ea tšebeliso ea matla a letsatsi le letsatsi ha motho a tsamaea (kCal / ka letsatsi) a fumaneha ka karolelano ea 6.7% (± 1.9%) ea TEE har'a basali ba Hadza le 11.0% (± 3.4%) har'a banna ba Hadza (Sengoloa S1), empa TEE e ne e sa kopantsoe le bolelele ba maeto a ho tsamaea letsatsi le leng le le leng (F (28) = 0.75, p = 0.39) (Letlapa la S1). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, TEE ea basali ba Hadza ba neng ba imme kapa ba lactating (n = 8; 1 e imme, 7 lactating) e ne e sa tšoane le basali ba bang ba Hadza (n = 9; F (16) = 0.96, p = 0.35) kamora ho laola FFM (Letlapa la S1).

Le ha Hadza mohlomong a etsa mesebetsi e tloaelehileng ea ho bululela (mohlala, ho cheka sethopo kapa ho khaola maoto le matsoho bakeng sa mahe a linotsi) hantle ho feta kamoo Bophirimela ba sa sebetseng [34], papiso ea lits'oants'o tse tloaelehileng litsong tsohle ha e bonts'e hore mmele oa Hadza mesifa le phofo ea tlhaho e sebetsa hantle haholoanyane. Litsenyehelo tsa matla a ho tsamaea (kCal kg-1 m-1) bakeng sa batho ba baholo ba Hadza e ne e le har'a litekanyetso tse tlalehiloeng bakeng sa lithuto tsa Bophirimela: ea 20 US le baahi ba Europe ba kenyellelitsoe tlhahlobisong ea morao-rao ea meta [28], 14 e ne e bolela COTle 'na boleng ka tlase ho Hadza bolela (Tlhahisoleseding e Tšehetsang, Setšoantšo sa S1). RMR ea batho ba baholo ba Hadza e lekantsoe ha e lutse 11% ka holimo e boletsoeng esale pele ka BMR [27], ka har'a mefuta ea boleng (7-35%) e tlalehiloeng molemong oa baahi ba bang [35].

Puisano Top

Litekanyo tsa TEE har'a ba ts'oanang le litsomi tsa Hadza li phephetsa maikutlo a hore mekhoa ea bophelo ea Bophirimela e baka tšebeliso e tlase haholo ea matla, mme ho fokotseha ha ts'ebeliso ea matla ke sesosa sa mantlha sa botenya linaheng tse tsoetseng pele. Leha a na le PAL e phahameng le ho itšepa lijo tse hlaha, Hadza TEE e ne e tšoana le Bophirimela le ba bang moruong oa 'maraka (Feie. 1, 2). Ho feta moo, ha Hadza e ne e fapane le baahi ba Bophirimela ka liperesente tsa mafura a 'mele (F (202) = 44.05, p <0.001), phapang ea ho ba le lipelaelo kahare le lipakeng tsa baahi e ne e sa tsamaellane le PAL (F (207) = 0.36, p = 0.55) (Feie. 3) leha e le ka TEE (F (209) = 3.02, p = 0.08, β = 12.06; hlokomela hore phello ea TEE mabapi le ho bapisoa, leha e se bohlokoa ba lipalo, e ntle mohlaleng ona. Ho hloka mangolo ha lipuisano lipakeng tsa TEE, PAL, le boits'oaro ho Hadza le mehlala ea papiso li lumellana le lithuto tsa DLW tsa pele ho lipalo tsa batho ba Bophirimela. [36]-[38]. Ho tšoana ho TEE hara ba ts'oanang le litsomi tsa Hadza le Bophirimela ho fana ka maikutlo a hore le phapang e makatsang ea mokhoa oa bophelo e ka ba le phello e sa tsotelleng ho TEE, mme e tsamaisana le pono [4]-[7], [16] hore phapang ea ho ata ha botenya lipakeng tsa batho e baka haholo liphapang tsa tšebeliso ea matla ho fapana le ts'enyehelo. Tekanyo ea TEE le PAL ea lipalo tse ling tsa setso, haholo-holo ba batlang litsomi, lia hlokahala ho lekola hore na mokhoa oa tšebeliso ea matla hara Hadza ke mohlala o tloaelehileng oa boloi ba batho.

ponahalo e nyaneSetšoantšo sa 3. Peresente e mafura ea 'mele e reriloeng khahlanong le boemo ba tšebetso ea' mele, PAL.

Li-BMH tsa Hadza li hakanngoa (Mekhoa). Mekhoa ea morao-rao e bonts'itsoeng ka thoko bakeng sa sehlopha ka seng sa bong / bophelo; mela e senyehileng e bontša lihlopha tsa basali. Phapang ea sehlopha sa mafura a 'mele e bohlokoa (p <0.001), empa matsoapo a% mafura a' mele ha a bapisoa le PAL ha a (Letlapa la S1).

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0040503.g003

 

Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore hona e ne e se thuto ea ho kenella; Re ile ra hlahloba mofuta oa tloaelo ea setho sa 'mele, PAL, le' mele ho batho ba tsomang litsomi le batho ba linaha tsa Bophirimela, empa ha rea ​​ka ra hlahloba litlamorao tsa ho beha ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea 'mele ho batho ba Bophirimela. Ho ikoetlisa ho na le litlamorao tsa bohlokoa bophelong bo botle [39], le ho ikoetlisa ho eketsehileng ho bontšitsoe ho bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele le mananeo a ho hlokomela boima ba' mele [40]. Boithuto bo bong ba mosebetsi oa ho itlaleha bo boletse hore boikoetliso bo ka thusa ho thibela boima ba 'mele bo seng kotsi, leha bopaki bo le motsoako [40]. Ho hlokahala mosebetsi o mongata ho hokahanya liphetho ho tsoa lipatlisisong tsa PAL le TEE le lipapatso tsa boemo ba sechaba tsa tšebeliso ea matla a tloaelo.

Liphetho tsa rona li supa hore mekhoa ea bophelo ea "setso" e sebetsang e kanna ea se sirelle khahlanong le botenya haeba phetoho ea lijo e khothaletsa tšebeliso ea caloric e eketsehileng. Kahoo, boiteko ba ho tlatselletsa lijo tsa batho ba phetseng hantle libakeng tse ntseng li hola li tlameha ho qoba ho ruisa batho bana lijo tse matlafatsoang tse matla haholo empa tse se nang phepo. Kaha tšebeliso ea matla liphoofolong tsena ha e na monyetla oa ho chesa likhalori tse eketsehileng tse fanoeng, boiteko bo joalo bo ka eketsa ka boomo monyetla oa ho tsitsa ho feteletseng le mathata a amanang le metabolism a joalo ka ho hanyetsa insulin. Ha e le hantle, lijo tse matlafatsoang, tse matlafalitsoeng li hokahantsoe le ho hanyetsoa ha insulin le lefu la pelo lipakeng tsa batseteli ba Australia ba feteletsoeng bophelong ba motsaneng [41].

Ho tšoana ho TEE lipakeng tsa sehlopha sa Hadza le batho ba Bophirimela ho tšoana le ha ho fuoe mokhoa oa Hadza oa ho ikoetlisa 'meleng le PAL e phahameng. Tee har'a Hadza le Westerners e ne e sa tsejoe ha e ne e laola boima le mafura a mangata (liprotheine tse tloaelehileng tsa litšenyehelo tse sa sebetseng tsa metabolic) leha ho ne ho fapana ka tsela ea bophelo 'me ho hakantsoe PAL. Liphetho tsena, le tšebelisano e ka bang teng lipakeng tsa PAL le boholo ba 'mele (Setšoantšo sa S3), bonts'a mosebetsi o mong ho physiology ea lihlahisoa tsa setso ho hlokahala ka mokhoa o hlakileng. Ntle le moo, ho haella ha mangolo lipakeng tsa TEE le sebaka sa ho tsamaea sa letsatsi le leng le le leng (karolo e kholo ea tšebetso ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea Hadza), kapa pakeng tsa TEE le boemo ba bo-mme (baimana / baoki kapa che), hammoho le lipatlisiso tse ling tsa physiology e liehang ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ho sebelisana pakeng tsa metabolism ea mmele , ho ikoetlisa le tikoloho e rarahane ho feta kamoo ho nahanoang hangata. Mohlala, ho sebetsa le baetsi ba li-Ache ho la Paraguay ho bontšitse hore leptin, e bohlokoa haholo ho litekanyetso tsa mafura, le testosterone, hormone ea anabolic, e tlaase haholo ho feta maemo a bonoang ho batho ba baholo ba US [42], [43]. Mme liphuputso tsa basali baimana le ba anyesang litsong tsa setso li bonts'itse hore liphetoho mokhoeng ka bobeli (mohlala, mojaro oa mosebetsi) le physiology (mohlala, BMR) li ba nolofalletsa ho boloka TEE maemong a tšoanang le a bo-mphato ba bona ba Bophirimela [44], [45]. Boithuto bo kang bona, hammoho le sephetho mona, bo fana ka maikutlo a hore ho ikoetlisa e ka ba karolo e le 'ngoe feela ea leano le matla la metabolic le ntseng le arabela ka phetoho liphetoho tsa ho ba teng ha matla le tlhokeho. Mosebetsi oa morao-rao o hlahloba likarabo tse rarahaneng tsa 'mele mabapi le ho ja le ho theola boima ba' mele [46] e tšehetsa pono ena.

Tlhahiso-leseling mabapi le litsomi tsa setsomi e fana ka maikutlo a mang ho batho ba Paleolithic le ka tšimoloho ea temo. Le ha mokhoa oa bophelo oa baballi ba morao-rao oa Pleistocene o ne o le mafolofolo joalo ka ha o bonoa ho li-furu kajeno, sephetho sa rona se bonts'a hore litlhoko tsa bona tsa matla a letsatsi le letsatsi li kanna tsa fapana le tsa batho ba Bophirimela ba hona joale. Hape, ho fapana le ho fokotsa mosebetsi o hlokahalang bakeng sa ho fumana lijo, temo ea pele e kanna ea bonts'a boikitlaetso ba ho ntlafatsa ts'ireletso ea lijo le ho bolela esale pele, leha e le ka litšenyehelo tsa tlhokeho e nyane ea matla. Tlhokahalo e kholo ea matla ea mekhoa ea temo ea setso e hlahang thutong ena (Feie. 1, 2) fana ka tlhahiso ea hore ho amoheloa ha temo ho tlisitse keketseho ea mesebetsi bakeng sa batseteli ba Neolithic. Pono ena e lumellana le Sahlins ' [47] Tlhahiso ea hore baballi ba Pleistocene ba natefeloe ke "matlotlo a mantlha," ba qeta nako e lekanyelitsoeng mosebetsing oa ho iphelisa letsatsi le leng le le leng, le lipatlisiso tsa morao tjena tse bonts'ang hore baetsi ba li-Neolithic ba ne ba se na litholoana tse ngata joaloka lihoai tsa pele ho fumana lijo [48].

Joalo ka litšobotsi tse ling tse rarahaneng, tse tsoelang pele (mohlala, bolelele), tikoloho e ka ba le tšusumetso ho TEE, joalo ka ha ho bonahala litšenyehelong tse phahameng tsa matla a lihoai tsa setso (Lethathamo 1). Leha ho le joalo, TEE e ts'oana ka mokhoa o hlollang ho palo e pharalletseng, ea lefatše ka bophara e nang le mefuta e mengata ea moruo, maemo a leholimo le mekhoa ea bophelo (Feie. 1, 2). Ha ho bonoe feela ka mokhoa o hlakileng lipakeng tsa Bokomonisi pakeng tsa Bophirimela le Hadza, empa boholo ba mofuta oa TEE ka Bophirima, oa ho theha, le oa mapolasi oa ata haholo, maemong ka bonngoe le palo ea baahi (Lethathamo 1, Feie. 1, 2). Re kholoa hore TEE e kanna ea ba mofuta o tsitsitseng, o fokolang oa 'mele oa motho, sehlahisoa sa lefa la rona le tloaelehileng ho feta mekhoa ea rona e fapaneng. Mosebetsi o ntseng o hola oa metabolism ea mammary o senola hore litekanyetso tsa metabolism tsa mefuta li bonahatsa nalane ea tsona ea ho iphetola ha lintho, joalo ka ha TEE e arabela ka nako ea ho iphetola ha lintho likhatellong tsa tikoloho tse kang ho fumaneha ha lijo le kotsi ea ho rerela lintho esale pele [49], [50]. Ka leseli lena, hoa thabisa ho nka TEE ea motho joalo ka tšobotsi e bululetsoeng e khethiloeng ke khetho ea tlholeho. Batho ba tsejoa ba na le TEE e kholo ho feta li-orangutan [50], ape e amanang haholo, empa e na le TEE e tlase ha e bapisoa le liphoofolo tse ling tse anyesang [50], [51]. Lintlha tse tsoang mefuteng e meng ea boleng bo holimo li hlokahala ho lumellana le leano la metabolic la motho molemong oa ho iphetola hoa lintho.

Ho tšehetsa Boitsebiso Top

Setšoantšo S1.

Litsenyehelo tsa ho tsamaea ho batho ba baholo ba Hadza ha li bapisoa le baahi ba bang. Boima COTle 'na boleng ba Hadza (n = 14) bo ka har'a bongata ba batho ba mashome a mabeli a Bophirimela bo tlalehiloeng tlhahlobisong ea morao-rao ea meta [28]. Mekoallo ea liphoso e bonts'a ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng. Hlokomela hore bara ea Hadza e emetse moelelo oa lithuto ka bomong, athe bar ea Bophirimela e emela moelelo oa mekhoa ea palo ea baahi ba 20 [28].

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Setšoantšo S2.

Lijo tsa bohlokoa lijong tsa Hadza nakong ea thuto ena e le liperesente tse kaofela tsa likhalori tse khutliselitsoeng kampong.

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Setšoantšo S3.

Kameho ea boholo ba 'mele ho PAL ho database ea hona joale. A. Tee ha e bapisoa le BMR e hakantsoeng ho Hadza le batho ba baholo ba Bophirimela. Matšoao joalo ka ho Setšoantšo sa 1. B. PAL le boima ba 'mele.

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Tafole S1.

Liphetho tsa litlhahlobo tsa multivariate.

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Sengoloa S1.

E hlalosa lintlha tse ling tsa mekhoa e sebelisitsoeng ho bokella le ho sekaseka data, le tlhaiso-leseling e tlatselletsang mabapi le sechaba sa Hadza.

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lumela hore baa fokola Top

Re leboha ba Hadza ka ho nka karolo ha bona, tšebelisano-mmoho le ho amohela baeti ka mofuthu. Herieth Cleophas, Fides Kirei, Lizing Lynen, Nathaniel Makoni, Carla Mallol, Ruth Mathias, Elena Mauriki, David Peterson, le Christopher le Nani Schmelling ba fane ka thuso ea bohlokoa tšimong. Sarah Daley, Janice Wang, le William Wong ba thusitse ka disampole US Re leboha Setsi sa Naha sa Tanzania sa Patlisiso ea Bongaka le COSTECH ka tumello ea ho etsa thuto ena.

Menehelo ea Mongoli Top

Rea tseba le ho rala liteko: HP DAR BMW AZPM SBR FWM. O entse liteko: HP DAR BMW SBR. Hlahloba data: HP DAR BMW SBR. Ngola pampiri: HP DAR BMW AZPM SBR FWM.

References Top

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