Batho ba tlaase ba nang le bokooa ba Dopamatal D2 ba kopane le Prefrontal Metabolism Lihloohong Tse Bohloko: Lintho Tse ka Etsanghalang Tse ka Etsang (2008)

LIQOLE: Tlhahlobo ena mabapi le botenya, e tsepamisitsoeng ho li-receptor tsa dopamine (D2) le kamano ea tsona ho frontal lobe e sebetsang. Patlisiso ena, e etelletsoeng ke hlooho ea NIDA, e bonts'a hore likelello tsa batho ba jang tse ling tse ngata li tšoana le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi mekhoeng e 'meli e hlahlobiloeng. Joalo ka lithethefatsi, lithethefatsi li na le li-receptor tsa D2 tse tlase, le hypofrontality. Li-receptor tsa D2 tse tlase ke eona ntho e ka sehloohong ho desensitization (palo ea karabelo ea thabo) ea potoloho ea moputso. Hypofrontality e bolela metabolism e tlase ka pele ho cortex, e amanang le taolo e mpe ea tšusumetso, maikutlo a eketsehang, le kahlolo e mpe ea litlamorao. Ho bonahala ho na le kamano pakeng tsa li-receptor tse tlase tsa D2 le tšebetso e tlase ea li-lobes tsa pele. Ka mantsoe a mang, ts'usumetso e fetisang e lebisa ho theoha ha li-receptor tsa D2 tse amang li-lobes tsa pele.

Nako ea mokokotlo. 2008 Oct 1; 42 (4): 1537-43. Doi: 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2008.06.002.

Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Telang F, JS Fowler, Thanos PK, Logan J, Alexoff D, Ding YS, Wong C, Ma Y, Pradhan K.

mohloli o moholo

Setsi sa Naha sa Tlhekefetso ea Lithethefatsi, Bethesda MD 20892, USA. [imeile e sirelelitsoe]

inahaneloang

Karolo ea Dopamine taolong ea thibelo e tsebahala hantle mme pherekano ea eona e ka tlatsetsa mathateng a boitšoaro a ho se laole joalo ka botenya. Leha ho le joalo, mochini o fokolisang dopamine neurotransmission o sitisa taolo ea thibelo ha o utloisisoe hantle. Pele re ne re tlaleha phokotseho ea li-receptor tsa dopamine D2 lithutong tse khahlisang boitšoaro. To hlahloba hore na phokotso ea li-receptor tsa dopamine D2 e ne e amana le ts'ebetso libakeng tsa bongoaneng tse kentsoeng taolong ea inhibitory Re lekotse kamano lipakeng tsa dopamine D2 receptor fumaneha ka striatum le "glucose metabolism" ea leseli la tšebetso ea boko lithutong tse leshome tsa boitšoaro bo bobe. (BMI> 40 kg / m2) mme ka e bapisa le taolong e leshome le metso e 'meli e sa bateng. PET e sebelisitsoe le [11C] raclopride ho lekola li-receptors tsa D2 le ka [18F] FDG ho hlahloba metabolism ea "glucose" ea tikoloho.

Lithutong tsa "monokotšoai" oa "striatal" D2 e fumaneha ka bongata e ne e le tlase ho feta taolo mme e ne e tsamaellana hantle le metabolism ho dorsolateral pele, medial orbitof Pambal, anterior cingulate gyrus le somatosensory cortices.

Litabeng tsa taolo ea amanang le "metabolism" ea mantlha e ne e se bohlokoa empa ho bapisoa le ba lithutong tse batenya ho ne ho se bohlokoa, e leng ho sa lumelleng ho anya mekhatlo e le e ikhethang le botena. Litloaelano lipakeng tsa li-receptor tsa D2 tsa striatal le metabolism ea mantlha lithutong tsa botenya li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho fokotseha ha li-receptor tsa D2 ho ka kenya letsoho ho chesoa ke ho fetofetola ha litsela tsa pele, tse nkang karolo taolong ea thibelopele le boits'oarong..

Kopano e pakeng tsa li-receptor tsa DriNUMX tsa striatal le metabolism ho li-cortices tsa somatosensory (libaka tse sebelisang ts'ebetso ea botsitso) li ka koala e 'ngoe ea mekhoa eo dopamine e laolang thepa ea matlafatso ea lijo.properties ea lijo.

Keywords: Orbitofrontal cortex, Cingulate gyrus, Dorsolateral pele, Dopamine baeti, Raclopride, PET

Keketseho ea botena le mafu a amanang le metabolic a bonoang lilemong tse fetang tse leshome tse fetileng e hlahisitse matšoenyeho a hore haeba e sa laoloe sena e ka ba tšokelo ea bophelo bo botle ba sechaba e ka thibeloang lekholong la 21st la lilemo (Sturm, 2002). Leha mabaka a mangata a tlatsetsa ho eketseheng ha botenya bona keketseho ea phapang le phallo ea lijo tse fumanehang habonolo e ka se nyenyefatsoe (Wardle, 2007). Kaha khaello ea lijo le mefuta e fapakaneng li eketsa menyetla ea ho nona haholo (tlhahlobo Wardle, 2007) phihlello ea ho fumana lijo tse ipiletsang e hloka tlhoko ea khafetsa ea ho thibela takatso ea ho e ja (Berthoud, 2007). Hore na batho ba fapana hakae ka bokhoni ba bona ba ho thibela likarabo tsena le ho laola hore na ba ja hakae ho ka fokotsa kotsi ea bona ea ho ja ho feta tekano libakeng tsa rona tse fumanehang kajeno tsa lijo (Berthoud, 2007).

Re ne re bonts'itse hore ho batho ba phetseng hantle D2 phumano ea li-receptor ka har'a mekhoa ea mekhoa ea ho ja ea striatum (Volkow et al., 2003). Haholo-holo tloaelo ea ho ja ha e pepesetsoa maikutlo a mabe e ne e amana hampe le ho fumaneha ha receptor ea D2 (ho theola li-receptor tsa D2 ho phahamisa monyetla oa hore motho a ka ja haeba a imetsoe kelellong). Ntle le moo, thutong e fapaneng, re bonts'itse hore lithuto tse feteletseng tse bobebe (BMI> 40) li ne li le tlase ho feta phumaneho e tloaelehileng ea receptor ea D2 mme phokotso ena e ne e lekana le BMI ea eona (Wang et al., 2001). Liphumano tsena li re lebisitse ho hatisa hore ho fumaneha ha D2 e tlase ho ka beha motho kotsing ea ho nona. Ha e le hantle sena se lumellana le liphumano tse bonts'ang hore ho thibela li-receptor tsa D2 (meriana ea antipsychotic) ho eketsa takatso ea lijo mme ho hlahisa kotsi ea ho ba le botenya (Allison et al., 1999). Leha ho le joalo, mekhoa eo ho fumaneha ha li-receptor tsa D2 tse fokolang e eketsang kotsi ea ho nona ha e utloisisehe hantle.

Haufinyane ho bonts'itsoe hore maemong a phetseng hantle a laola li-polymorphisms ho mofuta oa li-receptor tsa D2 li amanang le mekhoa ea boitšoaro ea taolo ea inhibitory (Klein et al., 2007). Ka ho khetheha, batho ba nang le mofuta oa gene o amanang le polelo ea D2 e tlase ba ne ba se na taolo e nyane ho feta batho ba nang le mofuta oa gene ba amanang le polelo e phahameng ea D2 receptor mme likarabo tsena tsa boits'oaro li ne li amana le phapang ea ts'ebetso ea cingulate gyrus (CG) le dorsolateral pele. cortex (DLPFC), e le dikarolo tsa boboko tse di tsentsweng mo dikarolong tse di farologaneng tsa taolo ya inhibitory (Dalley et al., 2004). Sena se re lebisitse ho nahana hape ka monyetla oa hore kotsi e kholo ea ho ja ho feta lithutong tse nang le phihlello e tlase ea D2 e ​​kanna ea tsamaisoa ke taolo ea DA ea DLPFC le libaka tse ka pele ho naha, tse bontšitsoeng hore li nka karolo ho thibeleng mekhoa e sa lokelang ea boits'oaro (Mesulam, 1985; Le Doux, 1987; Goldstein le Volkow, 2002). Ka hona re entse tlhahlobo ea bobeli ea data ho tsoa lithutong tse neng li hiriloe pele e le karolo ea lithuto ho lekola liphetoho ho li-receptor tsa D2 (Wang et al., 2001) le "metabolism" ea "glucose metabolism" ho feteletsengWang et al., 2002) le datha ho tsoa lits'ebetsong tse tšoanang Mehopolo ea rona e neng e sebetsa e ne e le hore ho fumaneha ha li-D2 lithutong tse batenya ho ka amahanngoa le ts'ebetso e sitisitsoeng libakeng tse pele.

Bakeng sa boithuto bona bo litekanyetso tsa boitšoaro bo hlephileng bo feteletseng le lithuto tse seng tse nyonyehang li ile tsa hlahlojoa le Positron Emission Tomography (PET) ka kopanelo le [11C] raclopride ea ho lekola li-receptors tsa DA D2 (Volkow et al., 1993a) le ka [18F] FDG ho lekanya metabolism ea "glucose metabolism"Wang et al., 1992). Re kholoa hore li-receptors tsa D2 tsa DA li ka amahanngoa le metabolism libakeng tsa pele (DLPFC, CG le orbitofrontal cortex).

Eya ho:

Method

Lihlooho

Lithuto tse leshome tsa boitšoaro bo bobe haholo (basali ba 5 le banna ba 5, li bolela lilemo tsa 35.9 ± 10 ea lilemo tse) le boima ba 'mele (BMI: boima ba li-kilogram o arotsoe ke sekwere bolelele ba limitara) ea 51 ± 5 kg / m2 ba ile ba khethoa letamong la lithuto tse bateng tse arabelang papatsong. Lithuto tse leshome le metso e 'meli tse sa batleng ho feta (basali ba 6 le banna ba 6, ba bolela hore 33.2 ± 8 ea lilemo li) ka BMI ea 25 ± 3 kg / m2 li khethiloe bakeng sa papiso. Barupeluoa ba ile ba hlahlojoa ka hloko ka nalane e qaqileng ea bongaka, tlhahlobo ea 'mele le methapo ea pelo, EKG, liteko tsa mali tse tloahelehileng, le chefo ea moroto bakeng sa lithethefatsi tsa psychotropic ho netefatsa hore li phethela mekhoa ea ho kenyelletsa le ho qhelela ka thoko. Mekhoa ea ho kenyelletsa e ne e le: 1) bokhoni ba ho utloisisa le ho fana ka tumello e nang le tsebo; 2) BMI> 40 kg / m2 bakeng sa lithuto tse feteletseng le BMI <30 kg / m2 bakeng sa lithuto tse bapisoang le 3) lilemo tsa 20-55 tsa lilemo. Litekanyetso tsa ho lelekoa e ne e le: (1) lefu la kelello la morao-rao kapa la morao-rao le (kapa la lefu la methapo, (2) hlooho e sithabetsang ka lebaka la ho lahleheloa ke letsoalo ho feta 30 min, (3) khatello ea mali, lefu la tsoekere le maemo a bongaka a ka fetolang ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea likhoele, (4) ea meriana e nang le tahi kapa mekhoa ea ho buuoa bakeng sa tahlehelo ea boima ba 'mele likhoeling tse fetileng tsa 6, (5) meriana (ling) tsa bongaka ho libeke tse fetileng tsa 4, (6) kapa tsa morao-rao tsa nalane ea joala kapa lithethefatsi (ho kenyeletsa le ho tsuba koae). Bafetsi ba ile ba laeloa hore ba khaotse ho sebelisa meriana le litlatsetso tsa phepelo ea phepelo ea phepo ea phepelo ea 1 bekeng pele ho scan. Liteko tsa pele tsa moroto li ile tsa etsoa ho netefatsa hore ha ho na ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa psychoactive. Litumello tse saennoeng tse fumanoeng li fumanoe ho tsoa lithutong pele ho nka karolo ha ho lumelletsoe ke Boto ea Thupelo ea Setheo ho la Brookhaven National Laborator.

PET imaging

Lits'oants'o tsa PET li entsoe ka CTI-931 (Computer Technologies, Incorporate, Knoxville, Tenn.) Tomograph (resolution 6 × 6 × 6.5 mm FWHM, slices 15) [11C] raclopride le [18F] FDG. Lintlha tse mabapi le mekhoa ea ho beha maemo, ho khahlapetsa batho ba bang le ho ba le lesapo la mokokotlo, phatlalatso ea radiotracer le phetiso le likhechana tsa ho tsoa li phatlalalitsoe bakeng sa [11C] moralo oa leqhubu (Volkow et al., 1993a), le bakeng sa [18F] FDG (Wang et al., 1992). Ka bokhutšoanyane bakeng sa [11C] raclopride, lisene tse matla li ile tsa qalisoa hang kamora ho entoa iv ea 4-10 mCi (ts'ebetso e ikhethileng> 0.25 Ci / μmol ka nako ea ente) bakeng sa kakaretso ea 60 min. Bakeng sa [18F] FDG, scan ninemete e le 'ngoe (20 min) e nkuoe X 35 min kamora ho entoa ka iv le 4-6 mCi ea [18F] FDG. Sekala se entsoe ka letsatsi lona leo; le [11C] raclopride scan e ile ea etsoa pele mme ea lateloa ke [18F] FDG, e ileng ea kenngoa 2 h ka mor'a [11C] raclopride ho lumella ho bola ha 11C (halofo ea bophelo ba 20 metsotso). Nakong ea lithuto li ne li lula li robetse ka har'a kh'amera ea PET mahlo a bona a bulehile; kamore eo e ne e fifalitsoe ke lerata 'me lerata le lula le bonyane. Mooki o ile a lula le lithuto nakong ea ts'ebetso eohle ho netefatsa hore sehlooho ha se robala nakong ea thuto.

Tlhatlhobo ea litšoantšo le ya data

Melao ea lithahasello (ROI) ho [11Litšoantšo tsa C] raclopride li ile tsa fumanoa bakeng sa striatum (caudate le putamen) le bakeng sa cerebellum. ROI qalong e ne e khethiloe skrineng se karolelitsoeng (tšebetso ho tsoa 10-60 min bakeng sa [11C] raclopride), 'me joale e ne e fuoa liteko tse matla joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe pele (Volkow et al., 1993a). Ketsahalo ea nako ea "11C] raclopride in striatum, le cerebellum le nako ea nako eo li-tracer tse sa fetoheng ho plasma li neng li sebelisoa ho lekanya palo ea lipalo (DV) ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa ho hlaka oa graphical bakeng sa sistimi e fetohelang (Logan Plots) (Logan et al., 1990). Paramente Bmax / Kd, e fumanoeng e le karo-karolelano ea DV ho striatum ho eo e leng cerebellum (DVstriatum / DVcerebellum) minus 1, e ne e sebelisoa e le mohlala oa paramente ea DA D2 receptor. Paramente ena ha e na taba le liphetoho tse bang teng phakeng ea phallo ea mali (Logan et al., 1994).

Ho hlahloba khokahano lipakeng tsa ho fumaneha ha D2 receptor le metabolism ea "glucose metabolism" re kenyelelitse likhokahanyo re sebelisa Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) (Friston et al., 1995). Liphetho tsa SPM li ile tsa kopanngoa le libaka tse khahliloeng ka boiketlo (ROI); ke hore, libaka tse fumanoeng li sebelisa template e neng e sa tataisoe ke lihokela tse fumanoeng ho tsoa ho SPM. Bakeng sa SPM e sekaseka litšoantšo tsa mehato ea metabolic li ile tsa hlophisoa ka mokhoa o hlakileng ka sebopeho se fanoeng ka har'a sephutheloana sa SPM 99, 'me ka mor'a moo sa ntlafatsoa ka 16 mm isotropic Gaussian kernel. Bohlokoa ba khokahano e thehiloe ho P<0.005 (e sa nepisoang, li-voxels tse 100) le limmapa tsa lipalo-palo li ne li manehiloe setšoantšong sa sebopeho sa MRI.

Bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea ROI re nkile libaka re sebelisa template, eo re neng re e hatisitse pele (Wang et al., 1992). Ka har'a template ena re khethile li-ROI tsa medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior cingulate gyrus (CG) le dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) eo re ileng ra e kopanya "pele" ho ba mokhatlo le DA D2 receptors, ROIs for caudate and putamen, tseo e neng e le ROI e ne e le li-striatal D2 receptors li ile tsa lekanngoa, 'me li-ROIs tsa parietal (somatosensory cortex le angular gyrus), temporal (e phahameng le e tlase ea tempori gyri le hippocampus), le occipital cortices, thalamus le cerepatum, tse khethiloeng joalo ka li-ROI tse sa jeleng paate.

Litlhahlobo tsa ntlafatso ea tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa tsa Pearson li entsoe pakeng tsa ho fumaneha ha D2 receptor ho striatum le mehato ea metabolic ea tikoloho. Boemo ba bohlokoa ba khokahano pakeng tsa li-receptor tsa D2 le metabolism ea tikoloho ho tsoa ho ROI e behiloe ho P<0.01 le makgabane a P<0.05 e tlalehiloe e le litloaelo. Liphapang lipakeng tsa likamano lipakeng tsa lihlopha li ile tsa lekoa ho sebelisoa tlhahlobo e akaretsang ea liketsahalo tse tšoanang bakeng sa ho khutlela morao le bohlokoa P

Eya ho:

Results

Mehato ea ho fumaneha ha li-striatal D2 receptor (Bmax / Kd) e ne e le tlase haholo lithutong tsa botenya ho feta taolong e senang li -eseese (2.72 ± 0.5 khahlanong le 3.14 ± 0.40, Student t teko = 2.2, P

Tlhahlobo ea SPM e etsoang lithutong tse nyane ho lekola ho lumellana pakeng tsa ho fumaneha ha D2 receptor le metabolism ea "glucose" ea tikoloho e bontšitse hore e ne e le bohlokoa manonyeletsong a 4 a neng a tsepamisitsoe (1) ka ho le letšehali le ka pele le letona (BA 9), CG (BA 32) le ka ho le letšehali lateral orbitofrontal cortices (BA 45) :( 2) ka ho le letšehali le ka pele le letona (BA 10); (3) ventral cingulate gyrus (BA 25) le medial orbitofrontal cortex (BA 11); le (4) tokelo ea somatosensory cortex (BA 1, 2 le 3) (Feie. 1, Lethathamo 1).

Feie. 1  

Limmapa tsa Brain tse fumanoeng le SPM tse bonts'a libaka tseo ho tsona ho fumanehang lipakeng tsa li-striatal D2 receptor le metabolism ea "glucose metabolism" li bohlokoa haholo. Bohlokoa bo tsamaisana le P<0.005, e sa nepisoang, boholo ba sehlopha> li-voxels tse 100.
Lethathamo 1  

Libaka tsa boko moo SPM e senotseng bohlokoa ba teng (P<0.005) likamano lipakeng tsa phumaneho ea striatal D2 receptor le metabolism metabolism

Tlhahlobo e ikemetseng bakeng sa khokahano lipakeng tsa DA D2 receptor phumaneho ho li-striatum le mehato ea metabolic e ntšitsoeng ho sebelisoa ROI e kopantseng liphetho tsa SPM. Tlhahlobo ena e bonts'itse hore lihokelo li ne li le bohlokoa ho DLPFC ea letsoho le letšehali (le tsamaellanang le BA 9 le 10), anterior CG (e tsamaellanang le BA 32 le 25) le medial orbitofrontal cortex (medial BA 11). E boetse e lokisa khokahano ea bohlokoa le cortex e nepahetseng ea somatosensory (postcentral parietal cortex) (Lethathamo 2, Feie. 2).

Feie. 2  

Ho theoha ha methapo pakeng tsa DA D2 phumano ea li-receptor (Bmax / Kd) le metabolism ea "glucose" ea tikoloho (μmol / 100 g / min) libakeng tse tlang pele le sebakeng sa cortex ea somatosensory. Lits'ebetso tsa likhokahano tsena li bonts'itsoe Lethathamo 2.
Lethathamo 2  

Crelation coefficients (r boleng) le maemo a bohlokoa (P boleng) bakeng sa khokahano lipakeng tsa mehato ea ho fumaneha ha DA D2 receptor receptor (Bmax / Kd) le metabolism ea boko ea tikolohong lithutong tsa botenya le taolong

Ntle le tlhahlobo e sebelisang ROI e boetse e bonts'itse lihokelo tsa bohlokoa le cortex ea letsoho le letšehali mme e bonts'itse tloaelo ho li-girase tse ka letsohong le letona le ka ho le letona la caudate (Lethathamo 2, Feie. 2). Litokellano le likarolo tse ling tsa cortical (occipital, temporal and lateral orbitofrontal cortex), subcortical (thalamus, striatum) le libaka tsa cerebellar li ne li se bohlokoa.

Ho fapana le seo, lits'ebetsong tlhahlobo ea ROI e bonts'itse hore ho kopanya feela bohlokoa ba pakeng tsa ho fumaneha ha D2 le metabolism e ne e le "gyrus" ea morao-rao ea morao. Ho ne ho e-na le tloaelo ea ho ikopanya ho "cortex" ea morao-rao ea morao-rao kapa gyrus e nepahetseng.

Eya ho:

Puisano

Mona re bonts'a hore lithutong tse fumanehang ka moriti oa ho sebelisa li-DA D2 ho fumaneha ha li-receptor ho ne ho amana le ts'ebetso ea metabolic libakeng tsa pele (DLPFC, medial orbitofrontal cortex le anterior CG). Libaka tsena kaofela li bile le tšusumetso ea taolo ea tšebeliso ea lijo le hyperphagia ea batho ba batenya haholo.Tataranni et al., 1999, Tataranni le DelParigi, 2003). Re boetse re bonts'a khokahano ea bohlokoa ea metabolism ho somatosensory cortex (postcentral cortices) e neng e le bohlokoa haholo lits'ebetsong tse feteletseng le tse sa laoloeng haholo (libaka tse setseng feela). Le ha re ne re kentse likamano tsa rona hantle le libaka tsa pele ho kamano ea bona le somatosensory cortex e ne e le litholoana tse sa lebelloang.

Kamano pakeng tsa li-receptor tsa D2 le metabolism ea pele

Kopano e bohlokoa pakeng tsa ho fumaneha ha li-D2 receptors le metabolism libakeng tse tlang pele li lumellana le seo re se fumaneng pele lithutong tse lemaletseng lithethefatsi (cocaine, methamphetamine le joala) tseo re bonts'itseng hore phokotso ho li-receptor tsa D2 li ne li amana le ho fokotseha ha metabolism libakeng tsa pele tsa cortical cortical. (Volkow et al., 1993b; Volkow et al., 2001; Volkow et al., 2007).

Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho batho ba kotsing e kholo ea malapa bakeng sa joala re ngotse setsoalle pakeng tsa ho fumaneha ha D2 receptor le metabolism ea pele ho nako (Volkow et al., 2006). Bobeli ba botenya le bokhoba ba tahi bo arolelana ho se khone ho thibela boitšoaro le ha ba elelloa litholoana tse babang. Kaha libaka tsa pele li ameha likarolong tse fapaneng tsa taolo ea inhibitory (Dalley et al., 2004) re beha lebaka la hore fumaneha e tlase ea D2 receptor lithutong tsa lithuto tse bateng.Wang et al., 2001) le mefuteng ea methapo ea botenaHamdi et al., 1992; Huang et al., 2006; Thanos et al., 2008) e ka kenya letsoho botebong bo bong ka ho feto-fetoha ha DA ha libaka tse etelletseng pele tse nkang karolo taolong ea thibelo.

Liphumano li boetse li fana ka maikutlo a hore taolo ea dopaminergic ea libaka tse tlang pele pele e le mabapi le kotsi ea botenya e ka nahanisisoa ka li-receptors tsa D2. Sena se lumellana le lithuto tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso, tse thathamisitseng mofuta oa D2 receptor gene (TAQ-IA polymorphism), e le eona e amehang tlokotsing ea botenya.Fang et al., 2005; Pohjalainen et al., 1998; Bowirrat le Oscar-Berman, 2005). Ho feta moo, polymorphism ea TAQ-IA, e hlahang e baka maemo a tlase a D2 receptor bokong (striatum) (Ritchie le Noble, 2003; Pohjalainen et al., 1998; Jonsson et al., 1999) e sa tsoa fumanoa e amana le bokhoni bo fokotsehileng ba ho thibela boits'oaro bo hlahisang litlamorao tse mpe le ts'ebetso e sa sebetseng ea libaka tsa pele (Klein et al., 2007). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang lithuto tsa preclinical li bontšitse tliphoofolo tsa likatse tse nang le li-receptor tse tlase tsa D2 li na le khatello e matla ho feta li -terter tsa bona tse nang le maemo a phahameng a receptor ea D2 (Dalley et al., 2007). Kahoo liphumano tse tsoang thutong ea rona li fana ka bopaki bo bong ba hore mokhatlo oa li-receptor tsa D2 ka taolo ea thibelo le tšusumetso e kopantsoe le karolo ea bona ka ho feto-fetoha ha libaka tsa pele. Mabapi le taba ena, ho a khahlisa ho tseba hore lithuto tsa boithuto ba kelello le tsa bongaka bo tlalehileng li fokotse taba ea bohlooho lithutong tsa pele tse phahameng ha li bapisoa le batho ba fokolang (Pannacciulli et al., 2006).

Kopano e pakeng tsa li-receptor tsa D2 le DLPFC e khahlisa haholo kaha sebaka sena sa morao-rao se ne se kenyellelitsoe thibelong ea merero ea maikemisetso (Brass le Haggard, 2007). Bopaki ba hore tšebetso ea methapo ea kutlo e etella pele tlhokomeliso ea motho ka sepheo sa 200-500 ms (Libet et al., 1983), e lebisitse ho ba bang ho belaella mohopolo oa "bolokolohi ba ho ikhethela" kamora liketso tsa ka boomo le ho sisinya hore taolo e bonts'a bokhoni ba ho thibela liketso tseo re sa li batleng. Ka 'nete, ho ile ha hlahisoa hore matla ana a veto kapa "free will" e ka ba tsela eo re sebelisang "bolokolohi ba ho ikhethela" (Mirabella, 2007). Maemong a botenya motho a ka tiisa hore ho pepesetsoa lijo kapa maemo a lijo ho tla etsa hore ts'ebetso e seng ea boithatelo ea methapo ea methapo e amanang le ho reka le ho ja lijo le hore taolo e bonts'a bokhoni ba ho thibela liketso tsena tse ikemiselitseng ho batla ho ja the food. Motho a ka nahana hore na ho se sebetse hantle joang ha DLPFC, e thusang ho thibela liketso tse hlahisang litlamorao tse mpe, joalo ka ho ja ha re lapile hobane re sa batle ho nona, ho ka fella ka ho nona. Liphumano tse entsoeng tse bonts'ang li fokotsehile haholo ts'ebetsong ea DLPFC kamora ho ja lithutong tse monate haholo ho fapana le ho batho ba bohelehele ba tšehetsang maikutlo anaLe et al., 2006).

Kopano pakeng tsa ho fumaneha ha D2 receptor le medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) le bokantle ba CG bo tsamaisana le ho nka karolo ha bona ho taolo ea takatso ea lijo. (Pliquett et al., 2006). Ho na le mekhoa e mengata eo motho a ka fanang ka maikutlo ka eona e sitisang ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic ea OFC le CG e ka eketsang kotsi ea ho nona. Medial OFC e ameha ka semelo sa sesapo ho kenyelletsa boleng ba lijo (Roll le McCabe, 2007; Grabenhorst et al., 2007; Tremblay le Schultz, 1999) mme ka hona ts'ebetso ea eona ea ts'ebetso ea bobeli ho ts'usumetso ea DA e susumetsoang ke lijo e ka baka tšusumetso e matla ea ho ja lijo ka ho se khone ho li thibela. Ho feta moo, hobane ho sitisoa ke ts'ebetso ea OFC ho baka ho senyeha ho khutlisetsano ea litloaelano tse ithutileng ha morekisi a fokotsoa (Gallagher et al., 1999) hona ho ka fella ka ho tsoela pele ho ja ha boleng ba lijo bo senyeha ka ho satiety mme bo ka hlalosa hore na ke hobaneng ha tšenyo ea OFC e amanang le boits'oaro bo qobellehang ho kenyeletsa ho nona haholo (Butter et al., 1963, Johnson, 1971). Hape OFC e nka karolo ho ithuteng mekhatlo e matlafatsang ea khothatso le maemo (Schoenbaum et al., 1998, Hugdahl et al., 1995) ka hona ba ka nka karolo ho fepteng litefiso tse matla tsa cue (Weingarten, 1983). Sena se bohlokoa hobane likarabo tse susumetsoang ke lijo li kanna tsa baka ho nona ho sa natsoe matšoao a tlala (Ogden le Wardle, 1990).

Dorsal CG (BA 32) e kenelletse taolong ea thibelo maemong a batlang tlhokahalo ea ho lekola ts'ebetso mme ka hona ts'ebetso ea eona e sitisitsoeng hammoho le ea DLPFC eo e sebetsanang le eona (Gehring le Knight 2000) e kanna ea sitisa matla a motho ea motenya ho thibela mokhoa oa ho ja ho feta tekano. Cralral CG (BA 25) e sebetsa haholo ho arabella likarabo tsa maikutlo ho maikutlo a sisimous (a putsa le a ho phethola khang) (Elliott et al., 2000) le lithuto tse inahaneloang li bontšitse hore BA 25 e hlahisoa ke meputso ea tlhaho le lithethefatsi (Breiter et al., 1997, Francis et al., 1999; Berns et al., 2001). Kahoo kamano e mpe lipakeng tsa li-receptors tsa D2 le tšekamelo ea ho ja ha li pepesetsoa maikutlo a mabe ao re neng re a tlalehile ka taolo e phetseng hantle ((Volkow et al., 2003) e ka kopanngoa ka phetisetso ea BA 25.

Kopano pakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea metabolic libakeng tse tlang pele le li-receptor tsa D2 e ka bonts'a likhakanyo tsa "cortex" tsa pele ho "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "cortex" e tsoang pele le "dorsal striatum"Ray le Price, 1993), e leng libaka tse amehang ho matlafatsong le litlamorao tsa lijo (Koob le Bloom, 1988) le / kapa ho tsoa sebakeng sa sephethephethe sa (VTA) le substantia nigra (SN), e leng merero ea mantlha ea DA ho striatum (Maobane le Halliday, 1987). Leha ho le joalo, cortex ea pele le eona e romella likhakanyo ho striatum e le mokhatlo o ka bonts'a taolo ea pele ea tšebetso ea mokhatlo oa DA (Murase et al., 1993).

Ts'ebetsong ea li-non-oese tse ngata tse amanang le li-receptor tsa D2 le metabolism ea pele li ne li se bohlokoa. Ho liphumano tsa pejana re ne re bonts'itse khokahano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa D2 receptor le metabolism ea mantlha lithutong tse lemaletseng tse fumanehang ka D2 receptor e fumanehang empa e se litulong (Volkow et al., 2007). Leha ho le joalo, ho bapisoa ha khokahano lipakeng tsa botenya le lihlopha tsa taolo e ne e se ntho ea bohlokoa, ho bolelang hore ha ho na monyetla oa hore setsoalle pakeng tsa li-receptor tsa D2 le metabolism ea pele li ikhethile ho botenya (kapa ho lemalla joalo ka Volkow et al., 2007). Ho ka etsahala hore litokellano tse matla ho feta tse bonoang ho batho ba batenya li bonts'a mehato e mengata ea methapo ea methapo ea D2 li-fetaese (Bmax / Kd range 2.1-3.7) ho feta lithutong tsa taolo (Bmax / Kd range 2.7-3.8).

Ha re toloka liphumano tsena ho bohlokoa hape ho nka hore [11C] raclopride ke radiotracer eo tlamo ea eona ho li-receptor tsa D2 e amehang ho endo native DA (Volkow et al., 1994) mme ka hona phokotso ea ho fumaneha ha D2 receptor lithutong tse batenya ho ka bonts'a maemo a tlase a receptor kapa keketseho ea tokollo ea DA. Lithuto tsa preclinical mehlaleng ea liphoofolo tsa botona li tlalehile phokotso ea khatello ea li-receptor tsa D2 (Thanos et al., 2008), e fanang ka maikutlo a hore phokotso lithutong tsa botenya ho bontša ho fokotseha hoa maemo a li-receptor tsa D2.

Correlation pakeng tsa D2R le somatosensory cortex

Re ne re sena "sepheo sa" "hypothesised" mokhatlo pakeng tsa li-receptor tsa D2 le metabolism ho cortex ea somatosensory. Ha ho bapisoa le libaka tsa pele kapa tsa nakoana ho na le tse nyane tse tsejoang ka tšusumetso ea DA papaling ea parietal. Ka bokong ba motho mahloriso a li-receptor tsa D2 le D2 mRNA ho parietal cortex ha a le tlase haholo ho feta libakeng tse subcortical a lekana le a tlalehiloeng ho cortex ea pele (Suhara et al., 1999; Mukherjee et al., 2002; Hurd et al., 2001). Leha ho na le lingoliloeng tse fokolang tse mabapi le karolo ea somatosensory cortex ho ja lijo le botenya. Liphuputso tse entsoeng ka boqhetseke li tlaleha ts'ebetso ea somatosensory cortex lithutong tse tloaelehileng tsa boima ka ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse bonoang tsa lijo tse tlase tsa caloric (Killgore le al., 2003) le ka ho hlasimoloha (Tataranni et al., 1999), 'me re ne re bonts'itse phahameng haholo ho feta metabolism ea motheo ea mantlha cortex ea somatosensory lithutong tse batang haholo (Wang et al., 2002). Phuputso e entsoeng haufinyane e tlaleha hore ho batho ba batenya ba nang le leptin ba haelloang ke leptin ba ile ba ntlafatsa boima ba 'mele le ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea kelello ho parietal cortex ha ba ntse ba shebile maikutlo a amanang le lijo (Baicy et al., 2007). Khokahano e sebetsang pakeng tsa striatum le somatosensory cortex e sa tsoa hlophisoa bakeng sa boko ba motho ka boithuto ba boithuto ba meta lithutong tsa maiketsetso tsa 126 tse sebetsang, tse neng li fana ka tumellano ea ts'ebetso ea somatosensory cortex le ea dorsal striatum (Postuma le Dagher, 2006). Leha ho le joalo, ho tsoa likopanong tse ithutoang re ke ke ra tseba tataiso ea mokhatlo; ka hona re ke ke ra tseba hore na botsoalle le li-receptor tsa D2 bo bonts'a ho feto-fetoha ha DA ha cortex ea somatosensory le / kapa tšusumetso ea cortex ea somatosensory ho fumaneha ha receptor ea D2. Ho hlile ho na le bopaki bo bongata ba hore cortex ea somatosensory e susumetsa tšebetso ea boko ba DA ho kenyelletsa le ho lokolloa ha DA ha motho a le teng (Huttunen et al., 2003; Rossini et al., 1995; Chen le al., 2007). Ho boetse ho na le bopaki ba hore DA e hlophisa cortex ea somatosensory bokong ba motho (Kuo et al., 2007). Hobane DA e hlohlelletsa boselamose mme e thusa maemoZink le al., 2003, Kelley, 2004), Tlhatlhobo ea DA ea karabelo ea "somatosensory cortex" lijong e kanna ea nka karolo ho theheng mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng lipakeng tsa lijo le litaba tse amanang le lijo tikolohong le ho ntlafatseng boleng ba lijo bo hlahang botenya (Epstein et al., 2007).

Meeli ea ho ithuta

Taba-kholo lithutong tsena ke hore ha rea ​​ka ra fumana mehato ea methapo ea kutlo, ka hona re ke ke ra hlahloba hore na tšebetso e libakeng tse ka pele e amanang le boits'oaro ba taolo ea kelello lithutong tsena tse motenya. Le ha lithuto tsa neuropsychological mabapi le botona bo haella mme litlamorao li ferekantsoe ke mathata a bongaka a botenya (ke hore lefu la tsoekere le khatello ea mali), ho na le bopaki ba hore lithutong tse thibelang khatello ea kelello li ka sitisoa. Haholo-holo ha ho bapisoa le batho ba tloaelehileng ba boima, lithuto tse batenya haholo ha li etse likhetho tse fokolang, e leng ho fumana mokhoa o lumellanang le taolo e thibelang likokoana-hloko le ho hloka taolo pele.Pignatti et al., 2006). Ho feta moo, litekanyetso tsa khatello ea kelello tse fokolisang khatello ea kelello (ADHD), tse kenyelletsang pherekano e teng manonyeletsong, li phahamisoa ho batho ba batenya haholo (Altfas, 2002). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho ts'oaroa ho kopantsoe le BMI e phahameng liphoofolong tse ling (Fassino et al., 2003) le taolong e phetseng hantle BMI e boetse e amahanngoa le ts'ebetso ea mesebetsi ea ts'ebetso e kholo e kopanyang ho hloka botsitso (Gunstad et al., 2007).

Ha re ntse re le pampiring ena re shebana le karolo eo preortal cortex e nang le eona taolong ea thibelo le bohloka, re hlokomela hore pele-pele ho na le karolo ea ts'ebetso e mengata e fapaneng e sa sebetsoang lithutong tse batsi (Kuo et al., 2006, Wolf le al., 2007). Ho ka etsahala hore mesebetsi ea "preortalal cortex" e tlatsetsang boteng ke eona e elang hloko modumo oa DA ka litselana tsa pele tse tlang (Robbins, 2007; Zgaljardic et al., 2006).

Ha ho ts'oaetso ea tšebetso ea pele kapa ho senyeha ha ts'ebetso ea phethahatso ha hoa totobala bakeng sa botenya. Ka 'nete ho se tloaelehe ha metabolism ea pele le ho holofala ts'ebetsong ea bolaoli ho tlalehiloe mathateng a fapaneng ho kenyelletsa le ba nang le seabo sa dopaminergic joalo ka bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, schizophrenia, lefu la Parkinson le ADHD (Volkow et al., 1993b; Gur et al., 2000; Robbins, 2007; Zgaljardic et al., 2006).

Qobello e 'ngoe e ne e le hore tharollo e fokolang ea sebaka sa PET [11C] raclopride mokhoa ha oa ka oa re lumella ho lekanya ho fumaneha ha D2 receptor libakeng tse nyane tsa boko tse bohlokoa ho hokahaneng le litloaelo tse amanang le lijo tse kang hypothalamus.

Qetellong litokiso ha li bolele hore ho na le mekhatlo e kopaneng, 'me ho boetse ho hlokahala lithuto tse ling ho hlahloba litlamorao tsa ts'ebetso ea kelello ea DA ts'ebetsong ea pele lithutong tsa motenya.

Summary

Phuputso ena e bonts'a setsoalle se bohlokoa lithutong tse nyarosang pakeng tsa li-receptor tsa D2 ho striatum le tšebetso ho DLPF, medial OFC le CG (libaka tsa boko tse kentsoeng taolong ea inhibitory, tumello ea ho se sebe le ho se sebetse maikutlong le ho sitisoa ha tsona ho ka baka boitšoaro bo sa tsitsang le bo qobelloang), bo e fana ka maikutlo a hore ena e ka ba e 'ngoe ea mekhoa eo li-receptor tsa D2 tse tlase li ka sebelisang ho nona haholo ho ka nona le ho nona haholo. Ntle le moo re boetse re ngola kamano e kholo lipakeng tsa li-receptors tsa D2 le metabolism ho somatosensory cortex e ka fetolang thepa ea matlafatso ea lijo (Epstein et al., 2007) mme seo se lokela ho etsa lipatlisiso tse ling.

Eya ho:

lumela hore baa fokola

Re leboha David Schlyer, David Alexoff, Paul Vaska, Colleen Shea, Youwen Xu, Pauline Carter, Karen Apelskog, le Linda Thomas bakeng sa menehelo ea bona. Phuputso ena e ne e tšehelitsoe ke Lenaneo la Thupelo ea Intramural Research (NIAAA) le DOE (DE-AC01-76CH00016).

Eya ho:

References

  • Allison DB, Mentore JL, et al. Ho eketsa boima ba 'mele oa antipsychotic: tlhahlobo e felletseng ea lipatlisiso. Na. J. Psychiatry. 1999;156: 1686-1696. [E fetotsoe]
  • Altfas J. Boiteko ba ho fokola ha tlhokomelo ea kelello / pherekano e mpe bathong ba baholo ka kalafo ea botena. BMC Psychiatry. 2002;2: 9. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Baicy K, London ED, et al. Leptin e fetola karabelo ea boko ho likaroloana tsa lijo ho batho ba baholo ba nang le tšoaetso ea leptin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Saense USA. 2007;104: 18276-18279. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Berns GS, McClure SM, Pagnoni G, Montague PR. Predictability modula karabelo ea kelello ea motho ea moputso. J. Neurosci. 2001;21: 2793-2798. [E fetotsoe]
  • Berthoud HR. Ts'ebetsano lipakeng tsa "kelello" le "metabolic" bokong ba taolo ea lijo. Physiol. Behav. 2007;91: 486-498. [E fetotsoe]
  • Kamano ea Bowirrat A, Oscar-Berman M. Lipakeng tsa dopaminergic neurotransication, botahoa le lefu la khaello ea moputso. J. Med. Liphatsa tsa lefutso. B. Neuropsychiatr. Liphatsa tsa lefutso. 2005;132(1): 29-37.
  • Brass M, Haggard P. Ho etsa kapa ho se etsa: lets'oao la neural la boitšoaro. J. Neurosci. 2007;27: 9141-9145. [E fetotsoe]
  • Breiter HC, Gollub RL, et al. Litlamorao tse mpe tsa cocaine tšebetsong ea kelello ea motho le maikutlo a hae. Neuron. 1997;19: 591-611. [E fetotsoe]
  • Butter CM, Mishkin M. Boemo le ho timela ha karabelo e atlehileng ea lijo ka mor'a ho khetha li-cortex tsa pele ho litšoene tsa rhesus. Exp. Neurol. 1963;7: 65-67. [E fetotsoe]
  • Chen YI, Ren J, et al. Thibelo ea ts'usumetso ea dopamine e hlahisitsoeng le karabelo ea hemodynamic bokong ka tšusumetso ea motlakase ea ponelo-pele ea rat. Neurosci. Lett. 2007 [Epub pele ho khatiso]
  • Dalley JW, Cardinal RN, et al. Mesebetsi ea mantlha ea bolaoli le tlhaiso-leseling ka litoeba: likarolo tse tlase tsa neural le neurochemical. Neurosci. Biobehav. Tšen. 2004;28: 771-784. [E fetotsoe]
  • Dalley JW, Fryer TD, et al. Li-receptor tsa nyutlelie D2 / 3 receptors li bolela tšusumetso ea ts'usumetso le matlafatso ea koae. Saense. 2007;315: 1267-1270. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Elliott R, Rubinsztein JS, Sahakian BJ, Dolan RJ. Tlhokomelo e khethehileng ea maikutlo a susumetsang ha motho a bua ka mokhoa oa ho bua / ho se ee: thuto ea fMRI. Neuroreport. 2000;11: 1739-1744. [E fetotsoe]
  • Epstein LH, Temple JL. Matlafatso ea lijo, mofuta oa dopamine D2 receptor genotype, le matla a jang ho batho ba batenya le ba sa batloeng. Behav. Neurosc. 2007;121: 877-886.
  • Fang YJ, Thomas GN, et al. Tlhahlobo ea setho sa batsamaisi ba methapo e amehang ea kamano pakeng tsa dopamine D2 receptor gene TaqI polymorphism le botenya le khatello ea mali. Int. J. Cardiol. 2005;102: 111-116. [E fetotsoe]
  • Fassino S, Leombruni P, et al. Mood, maikutlo a ho ja le khalefo ho basali ba batenya ba nang le bothata ba ho ja le ntle le ho itlopa lijo. J. Psychosom. Res. 2003;54: 559-566. [E fetotsoe]
  • Francis S, Rolls ET, et al. Setšoantšo sa ho ts'oara ho monate bokong le kamano ea eona le libaka tsa tatso le tsa boikoetliso. Neuroreport. 1999;10: 453-459. [E fetotsoe]
  • Friston KJ, Holmes AP, et al. Limmapa tsa Statistical parametric ka ts'ebetso ea ho nahana: mokhoa oa kakaretso oa ho latela. Hum. Brain Mapp. 1995;2: 189-210.
  • Gallagher M, McMahan RW, et al. J. Neurosci. 1999;19: 6610-6614. [E fetotsoe]
  • Gehring WJ, Knight RT. Pele-cingulate tšebelisano 'moho leihlo la ts'ebetso. Nature Neuroscience. 2000;3: 516-520.
  • Goldstein R, Volkow ND. Bokhoba ba lithethefatsi le motheo oa eona oa motheo oa neurobiological: Bopaki ba neuroimaging ba ho kenya letsoho mokokotlong oa pele. Na. J. Psychiatry. 2002;159: 1642-1652. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Grabenhorst F, Rolls ET, et al. Kamoo kelello e bolokang likarabo tse lumellanang le tatso le tatso: litheko tse holimo-tlase ho li-cortices tsa orbitof Pambal le pregenual cingrate. Cereb. Cortex. 2007 Dec 1; [Epub pele ho khatiso]
  • Gunstad J, Paul RH, et al. Lenane le phahamisitsoeng la boima ba 'mele le amahanngoa le ho se sebetse hantle ho batho ba baholo ba phetseng hantle. Compr. Psychiatry. 2007;48: 57-61. [E fetotsoe]
  • Gur RE, Cowell PE, Latshaw A, Turetsky BI, Grossman RI, Arnold SE, Bilker WB, Gur RC. Fokotsa bothata ba dorsal le orbital predomal grey ka schizophrenia. Sethapo. Gen. Psychiatry. 2000;57: 761-768. [E fetotsoe]
  • Hamdi A, Porter J, et al. Li-receptor tsa dopamine tse fokotsitsoeng tsa D2 li theohile litsing tsa Zucker tse holima: liphetoho nakong ea botsofali. Boko. Res. 1992;589: 338-340. [E fetotsoe]
  • Huang XF, Zavitsanou K, et al. Dopamine transporter le D2 receptor e tlamang methapo ea methapo kapa e hanyetsanang le botenya bo phahameng bo sa foleng. Behav. Resin ea Boko. 2006;175: 415-419. [E fetotsoe]
  • Hugdahl K, Berardi A, et al. Mekhoa ea methapo ea mali maemong a motho a mantlha: thuto ea phallo ea mali ea PET. NeuroReport. 1995;6: 1723-1728. [E fetotsoe]
  • Hurd YL, Suzuki M, et al. D1 le D2 dopamine receptor mRNA ka likarolo tsohle tsa hemisphere ea boko ba motho. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 2001;22: 127-137. [E fetotsoe]
  • Huttunen J, Kahkonen S, et al. Litlamorao tsa thibelo e matla ea D2-dopaminergic blockade ho likarabelo tse ling tsa somatosensory cortical ho batho ba phetseng hantle: bopaki bo tsoang mefuteng ea matla a khoheli. Neuroreport. 2003;14: 1609-1612. [E fetotsoe]
  • Johnson TN. Morero oa "topographic" o mabapi le "globus pallidus" le "ligate" tse lenngoeng ka mokhoa o ikhethileng holima semousse oa caudate le putamen ho monkey. Hlakola Neurology. 1971;33: 584-596.
  • Jönsson EG, Nöthen MM, et al. Li-polymorphisms tse liphatseng tsa dopamine D2 receptor le likamano tsa bona ho drietri dopamine receptor density ea baithaopi ba phetseng hantle. Mol. Psychiki. 1999;4: 290-296. [E fetotsoe]
  • Kelley AE. Ho hopola le ho lemalla: mekhoa ea ho potoloha ea neural le methapo ea limolek'hule. Neuron. 2004;44: 161-179. [E fetotsoe]
  • Killgore WD, Mocha oa AD, et al. Cortical le limbic activation nakong ea ho shebella lijo tse phahameng haholo le khalori e tlaase. Nako ea mokokotlo. 2003;19: 1381-1394. [E fetotsoe]
  • Klein TA, Neumann J, et al. Ka tlhaho ho khethiloe phapang ea ho ithuta liphosong. Saense. 2007;318: 1642-1645. [E fetotsoe]
  • Koob GF, Bloom FE. Mekhoa ea lik'hemik'hale le tsa limolek'hule tse itšetlehileng ka lithethefatsi. Saense. 1988;242: 715-723. [E fetotsoe]
  • Kuo HK, Jones RN, Milberg WP, Tennstedt S, Talbot L, Morris JN, Lipsitz LA. Ts'ebetso ea kelello ho batho ba baholo ba tloaelehileng, boima bo feteletseng le ba batenya haholo: tlhahlobo ea Koetliso e Tloaelehileng ea Tlhaho bakeng sa sehlopha sa batho ba baholo ba ikemetseng. J. Am. Geriatr. Motsoalle 2006;54: 97-103. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Kuo MF, Paulus W, et al. Ho matlafatsa bokaholimo ba kelello bo hlahisitsoeng ke dopamine. Cereb. Cortex. 2007 [Epub pele ho khatiso]
  • Le DS, Pannacciulli N, et al. Ts'ebetso e fokolang ea "cortex" e ka pele ea dorsolateral pele ho karabelo le lijo: tšobotsi ea botenya. Na. J. Clin. Lijo. 2006;84: 725-731. [E fetotsoe]
  • Le Doux JE. Handbook of Physiology. Ka: Plum F, Mountcastle VB, bahlophisi. Am. Physiol. Motsoalle Washington, DC: 1987. maq. 419-459.
  • Libet B, Gleason CA, et al. Nako ea boikemisetso ba ho nka bohato bo amanang le ho qala ts'ebetso ea likhoerekhoere (ho ikemisetsa ho ba teng). Qalo e sa tsebeng letho ea ketso ea boithatelo e sa lefelloeng. Boko. 1983;106: 623-642. [E fetotsoe]
  • Logan J, Volkow ND, et al. Litholoana tsa phallo ea mali ho [11C] raclopride e tlamang bokong: lits'oants'o tsa mohlala le tlhahlobo ea kinetic ea data ea PET. J. Cereb. Mali a Phallo ea Mali. 1994;14: 995-1010. [E fetotsoe]
  • Logan J, Fowler JS, et al. Tlhatlhobo ea sebui sa ho khutlisetsoa ha nako ho latela mehato ea nako ea mesebetsi. J. Cereb. Mali a Phallo ea Mali. 1990;10: 740-747. [E fetotsoe]
  • Mesulam MM. Melao-motheo ea boitšoaro bo bobe ba Neurology. Davis; Philadelphia: 1985.
  • Mirabella G. Endogenous inhibition le motheo oa methapo ea "free will" J. Neurosci. 2007;27: 13919-13920. [E fetotsoe]
  • Mukherjee J, Christian BT, et al. Ho nahana ka Brain ha 18F-fallypride ho baithaopi ba tloaelehileng: tlhahlobo ea mali, phetisetso, lithuto tse khutlisetsang liteko, le tlhahlobo ea pele ea kutloisiso mabapi le litlamorao tsa botsofaling ho li-receptor tsa dopamine D-2 / D-3. Synapse. 2002;46: 170-188. [E fetotsoe]
  • Murase S, Grenhoff J, Chouvet G, Gonon FG, Svensson TH. Preortal cortex e laola ho thunya ho phatloha le ho fetisoa ha li-rat mesolimbic dopamine neurons tse ithutoang ho vivo. Neurosci. Lett. 1993;157: 53-56. [E fetotsoe]
  • Ods RD, Halliday GM. Sistimi ea Ventral tegmental (A10): neurobiology 1 Anatomy le kgokahanyo. Resin ea Boko. 1987;434: 117-165. [E fetotsoe]
  • Ogden J, Wardle J. Thibelo e nang le tlhalohanyo le kutloisiso ea mekhoa ea tlala le ho hlonepha. Physiol. Behav. 1990;47: 477-481. [E fetotsoe]
  • Pannacciulli N, Del Parigi A, Chen K, et al. Ho sitisoa ke litlolo botoneng ba motho: thuto ea morphometric e thehiloeng ho voxel. Nako ea mokokotlo. 2006;31: 1419-1425. [E fetotsoe]
  • Pignatti R, Bertella L, et al. Ho nka qeto ka botenya: thuto e sebelisang mosebetsi oa papali ea chelete. Ja. Mathata a boima ba 'mele. 2006;11: 126-132. [E fetotsoe]
  • Pliquett RU, Führer D, et al. Litholoana tsa insulin tsamaisong ea methapo e ka sehloohong - tsepamisa maikutlo ho melaoaneng ea takatso ea lijo. Horm. Metab. Res. 2006;38: 442-446. [E fetotsoe]
  • Pohjalainen T, Rinne JO, et al. AlXLUMX allele ea gener ea DopNUMX ea dopamine recopor ea motho e bolela esale pele hore D1 receptor e fumaneha ho baithaopi ba phetseng hantle. Mol. Psychiki. 1998;3(3): 256-260. [E fetotsoe]
  • Postuma RB, Dagher A. Basal ganglia khokahanyo e sebetsang e thehiloeng ho tlhahlobo ea meta ea 126 positron emission tomography le likhatiso tsa menahano ea matla a mahlale a sebetsang. Cereb. Cortex. 2006;16: 1508-1521. [E fetotsoe]
  • Ray JP, theko JL. Mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa likhakanyo tse tsoang molekong oa methapo ea methapo ho ea ho cortex ea orbital le ea medial pele ho litšoene tsa macaque. Comp. Neurol. 1993;337: 1-31.
  • Ritchie T, Noble EP. Mokhatlo oa li-polymorphism tse supileng tsa mofuta oa D2 dopamine receptor gene tse nang le litšobotsi tsa bokong ba li-receptor. Li-neurochemicals. Res. 2003;28: 73-82. [E fetotsoe]
  • Robbins TW. Ho fapanyetsana le ho emisa: methapo ea methapo ea kutlo, ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo le tšebetso ea methapo. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London. B. Biol. Sci. 2007;362: 917-932. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Rolls ET, McCabe C. Litlhahiso tse ntlafatsang tsa lipontšo tsa chokolete ho cravers vs. EUR. J. Neurosci. 2007;26: 1067-1076. [E fetotsoe]
  • Rossini RM, Bassetti MA, le al. Metsing ea bohareng ea methapo ea kutlo e hlahisitse menyetla. Matla a nakoana a bakoang ke Apomorphine a likarolo tse ka pele ho lefu la Parkinson le parkinsonism. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1995;96: 236-247. [E fetotsoe]
  • Schoenbaum G, Chiba AA, et al. Orbitofrontal cortex le basolateral amygdala encode tse lebelletsoeng nakong ea ho ithuta. Nat. Neurosci. 1998;1: 155-159. [E fetotsoe]
  • Sturm R. Litlamorao tsa botena, ho tsuba le ho noha mathateng le litšenyehelo tsa bongaka. Bophelo Aff. (Millwood) 2002;21: 245-253. [E fetotsoe]
  • Suhara T, Sudo Y, et al. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 1999;2: 73-82. [E fetotsoe]
  • Tataranni PA, DelParigi A. Ts'ebetso e sebetsang: moloko o mocha oa lithuto tsa boko ba motho lipatlisisong tsa botenya. Lihlahisoa. Tšen. 2003;4: 229-238. [E fetotsoe]
  • Tataranni PA, Gautier JF, et al. Likhakanyo tsa Neuroanatomical tsa tlala le satiation bathong ba sebelisang positron emission tomography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Saense USA. 1999;96: 4569-4574. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  • Thanos PK, Michaelides M, et al. Ho thibeloa ha lijo ho tšoaea haholo ho eketsa dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) mohlaleng oa litekanyetso ha o lekotsoa ka in-vivo muPET imaging ([11C] raclopride) le in-vitro ([3H] spiperone) autoradiography. Synapse. 2008;62: 50-61. [E fetotsoe]
  • Tremblay L, Schultz W. Likhetho tsa moputso o amanang le cortex ea primate. Tlhaho. 1999;398: 704-708. [E fetotsoe]
  • Volkow ND, Wang GJ, et al. Profound e fokotseha ka ho lokolloa ha dopamine ho striatum ho lino tse tahiloeng: ho nka karolo ha orbitofrontal. J. Neurosci. 2007;27: 12700-12706. [E fetotsoe]
  • Volkow ND, Wang GJ, et al. Maemo a phahameng a li-receptor tsa dopamine D2 ho litho tse sa amehang tsa malapa a joala: lintlha tse ka khonehang tsa tšireletso. Sethapo. Gen. Psychiatry. 2006;63: 999-1008. [E fetotsoe]
  • Volkow ND, Wang GJ, et al. Dopamine ea Brain e amahanngoa le mekhoa ea ho ja ho batho. Int. J. Eat. Mathata. 2003;33: 136-142. [E fetotsoe]
  • Volkow ND, Chang L, et al. Boemo bo tlase ba li-receptor tsa dopamine tsa D2 tsa boko ho bahlaseli ba methamphetamine: setsoalle le metabolism ho cortex ea orbitofrontal. Na. J. Psychiatry. 2001;158: 2015-2021. [E fetotsoe]
  • Volkow ND, Wang GJ, et al. Ho etsa papali ea tlholisano ea dopamine ea endopelo le "11C] raclopride bokong ba motho. Synapse. 1994;16: 255-262. [E fetotsoe]
  • Volkow ND, Fowler JS, et al. Phetiso ea likhato tse pheta-phetoang tsa 11C raclopride e tlamang bokong ba motho. J. Nucl. Moedi 1993a;34: 609-613. [E fetotsoe]
  • Volkow ND, Fowler JS, et al. Ho fumaneha ha dopamine D2 e fokotsitsoeng ho amana le metabolism e fokotsitsoeng ea botlokotsebe ba koae. Synapse. 1993b;14: 169-177. [E fetotsoe]
  • Wang GJ, Volkow ND, et al. Ntlafatso ea ho phomola e ntlafatsang ea somatosensory cortex lithutong tse batenya. Neuroreport. 2002;13: 1151-1155. [E fetotsoe]
  • Wang GJ, Volkow ND, et al. Bopaki ba ts'ebetso ea dopamine pathology ho botenya. Lancet. 2001;357: 354-357. [E fetotsoe]
  • Wang GJ, Volkow ND, et al. Bohlokoa ba ts'ebetso ea ho atoloha ha ventricular le atrophy ea cortical maemong a tloaelehileng le lino tse tahang joalo ka ha ho hlahlojoa ke PET, MRI le neuropsychological tlhahlobo. Radiology. 1992;186: 59-65. [E fetotsoe]
  • Wardle J. Ho ja boits'oaro le botena. Tlhahlobo ea botenya. 2007;8: 73-75. [E fetotsoe]
  • Wolf PA, Beiser A, Elias MF, Au R, Vasan RS, Seshadri S. Kameho ea botena ho ts'ebetso ea kelello: Bohlokoa ba botenya bo bohareng le tšusumetso ea synergistic ea khatello e matla ea methapo ea mali. Thuto ea Pelo ea Framingham. Borr. Alzheimer Res. 2007;4: 111-116. [E fetotsoe]
  • Weingarten HP. Litekanyetso tse nang le maemo li etsa hore ho feptjoe likhotsong tse telele: karolo ea ho ithuta ho qala lijo. Saense. 1983;220: 431-433. [E fetotsoe]
  • Zgaljardic DJ, Borod JC, Foldi NS, Mattis PJ, Gordon MF, Feigin A, Eidelberg D. Ho hlahlojoa ho se sebetse hoa phethahatso ho amanang le lipotoloho tsa frontostriatal lefung la Parkinson. J. Clin. Hlakola Neuropsychol. 2006;28: 1127-1144. [E fetotsoe]
  • Zink CF, Pagnoni G, et al. Karabelo e potlakileng ea motho litlamong tse ling tse sa fetoheng. J. Neurosci. 2003;23: 8092-8097. [E fetotsoe]